DDK CORE 2.

1
WHITEPAPER
May 2021 | Version 1.0
Table of Content
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5 DELEGATES SECTION 23
INTRODUCTION 6 1. Changes in the number of Active Delegates 23
DDK BLOCKCHAIN 7 2. Delegates Rewards 23
DEVELOPER SECTION 8 USER SECTION 24
BLOCK 8 DDK CORE 2.1 FEATURES 24
1. Block Headers 8 1. New Payment Addresses 24
2. Accounts 9 2. Improved Key & Cryptographic Signatures 25
3. Accounts (Multisignature) 9 3. Built-in Smart Contracts 26
4. Transaction Types/ Flags 10 4. Native Assets: Token Issuance/ DAI 26
5. Transaction Receipt 11 5. Multi-Signature Capabilities 27
FLAGS OF TRANSACTION, TRANSACTION RECEIPT & FEES 12 6. Hierarchical Deterministic (HD)Wallets 28
1. Transaction types and flags 12 7. Enhanced Network Scalability 29
2. Transaction Receipt types and flags 13 8. On-Chain Referrals 30
3. Types of fee, fee calculation, and flags 14 9. Multiple thread of CPU: 30
DIAGRAM 15 10. New Transaction 30
1. DDK Technical Concepts 15 Additional Features for Core 2.1 31
2. Flow Diagram of Keys and Accounts Generation 16 Open for passphrase redemption and Send
3. Transaction Signature 17 Stake function 31
4. Signature Diagram 18 FEES SECTION 31
5. Double Signature Diagram 19 How Fees on Bytes work? 32
CORE 2.1 DEBUGGER 20 List of Transaction Fees 33

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PROBLEM SOLVING DDK 34
1. Security of A Decentralised Platform 34
2. Transaction Speed & Capacity 35
3. Easier the Development Process By Using Smart Contract. 37
4. Create Own Token In DDK Platform 39
5. The Rewards System for Community 40
USE CASES DDK 41
1. Payment system/ International payment 41
2. Smart Contracts 42
3. Decentralised Application (DApps) 43
DDK TOKENOMICS PERSPECTIVE 44
Five pillars of DDK open blockchains: 47
ROADMAP 48

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DISCLAIMER
Please read the following notice carefully before proceeding to read this Whitepaper document issued and endorsed by DDK
Management for the accuracy of the information given and confirm that, after having made all reasonable enquiries, and to the best of its
knowledge, information and belief, there are no false or misleading statements or other material facts the omission of which would make
any statement false or misleading. This notice applies to all persons who read this document. Please note this notice may be altered or
updated without notice and should not be construed as a commitment by DDK Management. This document is for informational purposes
only and does not constitute an offer or solicitation to sell shares or securities in DDKoin.com or any related or associated company.

All forward-looking statements such as “expects”, “plans”, “believes”, “projects”, “anticipates”, “will”, “aims”, “may”, “would”, “could”,
“continue” and similar statements describe for roadmap execution, financial performance, business strategy and future may involve risk
and uncertainties and as such should seek properly independent professional advice prior to relying on or entering any commitment or
transaction based on, material published in this Whitepaper, which material is purely published for reference purposes alone.

DDK will not be intended to constitute securities in any jurisdiction. This Whitepaper does not constitute a prospectus or offer the
document of any sort and is not intended to constitute an offer of securities or a solicitation for investment in securities in any jurisdiction.
DDK Management not provide any opinion on any advice to purchase, sell, or otherwise transact with DDKoin and the fact of presentation
of this Whitepaper shall not form the basis of, or is relied upon in connection with, any contract or investment decision. DDKoin is open
source which development of project and related documentations will be publish in Github made DDKoin provided “AS IS” basis, available
and contributed. Running an open source project, like any human endeavour, includes ambiguity and trade-offs. It may include mistakes
and can’t address every situation. However, DDK is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but without any warranty, to the extent
permitted by law; without even the implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose.” Any questions about project,
encourage to do own research, seek out experts, and discuss with community.

We do not guarantee or warrant, and accept no legal liability whether direct or indirect, consequential, compensatory, incidental, actual,
exemplary, punitive or special (including but not limited to lost capital, profits, loss of revenue or third-party loss whether foreseeable or
otherwise, trading losses or damages, data, use, goodwill or other intangible losses) as the result of its ecosystem activities arising from or
connected to the accuracy, reliability, currency, or completeness of any material in this whitepaper notwithstanding any negligence, default
or lack of care, is disclaimed.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
DDK is an open-source platform that provides blockchain/fintech solutions which are supported by a growing community of users. DDK
Team has conducted extensive research and development on the platform to improve its performance capacity along with its ecosys-
tem. The objective is to provide economic opportunities for the DDK community members and continue to innovate and contribute to
building blockchain solutions. DDK released Core 2.1 to make DDK become a fully decentralised platform.

In this whitepaper we will give a detailed explanation about the features and the technical concepts of DDK Core 2.1. This whitepaper
provides a high-level overview of the current state of the technology that has been implemented on DDK Platform. The features that
were implemented in DDK Core 2.1 are definitely in the direction of providing the best for the DDK ecosystem.

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INTRODUCTION

After the successful launch of its Genesis Block (NEW CORE) AEPOS
in 2019, DDK once again has upgraded its platform and come out
with the latest technology which is called DDK Core V2.1. There were
many features that have been improved in the platform. DDK team
has always ensured that DDK Platform is secure for the users and
their assets.

The success in implementation of this new core in DDK platform has

made DDK as one of cryptocurrencies that was built by its own
blockchain using DPoS protocol. The focus is towards creating the
stability of the platform and delivering the DDK Core V2.1 with full
features to provide a better service to the community.

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DDK BLOCKCHAIN

DDK is known as a decentralised platform that uses Delegated Proof

of Stake (DPos) protocol that are more convenient for its users. The
DPOS algorithm will provide a high democratic platform which will
be more efficient, more secure and are very cost-effective due to
the fact that mining opportunity here depends on the number of
votes for the miners from the stakeholders.

Compared to others cryptocurrency, DDK has a unique feature

where despite using the DPoS protocol, the core and features of the
platform have been modified and developed from the groundwork
to suit with the existing ecosystem that DDK have. Furthermore,
DDKoin is an open-source project in which all of the development of
the project and related documentations including all the core have
been self-developed and will be published in DDK Github.

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DEVELOPER SECTION
BLOCK
1. Block Headers

Name Data Type Size

Block version Integer (Uint8) 1 byte

Timestamp Epoch (Uint32) 4 byte

Previous block ID String (hash32) 4 byte

Transaction count Integer (Uint16) 2 byte

Total received amount of DDK Integer (Uint64) 8 byte

Total amount of DDK transferred Integer (Uint64) 8 byte

Total amount of fees Integer (Uint64) 8 byte

Delegate account ID String (hash160) 20 byte

Delegate Signature Binary 66 byte

DDK reward for the delegate Integer (Uint64) 8 byte

Merkle root of transactions String (hash256) 32 byte

Merkle root of receipts addresses String (hash256) 32 byte

Block body size Integer (Uint32) 4 byte

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2. Accounts

Name Data Type Size

Frozen status Integer (Uint8) 1 byte

Account ID String (hash160) 20 byte

Public Key String 33 byte

Multisig String 0 to 165 byte

Referrer String (hash160) 20 byte

Registrar String (hash160) 20 byte

Nonce Integer (Uint32) 4 byte

Constructor String (hash256) 32 byte

3. Accounts (Multisignature)
Public Keys Signatures Required
Size :
The maximum account size will be 295 bytes. 2 2

3 2
MultiSignature Algorithm
4 3
If an account has a multi-sig prop set with an appropriate number
of public keys, here is how the multi-sig algorithm works: 5 3

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4. Transaction Types/ Flags

Flag Description
0x10 Forge

0x64 Registration

0x65 Account_status

0xc8 Transfer

0xc9 Burn

0x12c Asset_create

0x12d Asset_pause

0x12e Asset_resume

0x18f Asset_status

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5. Transaction Receipt

Name Data Type Size

Data Unit16 2 bytes

Ledger Entries Array -

Name Data Type Size

Account hash160 20 bytes

flag Uint8 1 bytes

Amount Uint64 8 bytes
Asset string

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FLAGS OF TRANSACTION, TRANSACTION RECEIPT & FEES
1. Transaction types and flags

Hex Dec Transaction Type Special Notes

0x00 0 tba

0xa 10 FORGE Transaction indicating that a block is successfully added to the blockchain

0x64 100 REGISTRATION Registration of a new account

0xc8 200 TRANSFER Transfer native or asset token from 1 account to another

0xc9 201 BURN Native/ asset tokens are sent to a pre-specified burn address.

0x12c 300 STAKE Native tokens stake to a staking contract by an account holder

0x12d 301 VOTE Vote cast by a stakeholder to a delegate

0x190 400 ACCOUNT_LOCK User account is freezed by a master account

0x191 401 ACCOUNT_UNLOCK User account is unfreezed by a master account

0x192 402 ACCOUNT_UPGRADE Stakeholder can become delegate

0x1f4 500 ASSET_CREATE Create a new asset on the blockchain by a native token holder account

0x1f5 501 ASSET_PAUSE Asset is paused by an asset owner on the blockchain

0x1f6 502 ASSET_RESUME Asset is resume by an asset owner

0x1f7 503 ASSET_MINT Creation of new amounts of assets upto the total supply. If the supply is
fixed then the asset can not be minted.
0x1f8 504 ASSET_BLACKLIST Asset is blacklisted by the chain master

0x1f9 505 ASSET_WHITELIST Asset is whitelisted by the chain master for a certain period of time

0x1fa 506 ASSET_OWNERSHIP Change ownership of an asset

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2. Transaction Receipt types and flags

Hex Dec Transaction Type Special Notes

0x00 0 - Deduction of transaction fees

0x0a 10 + 50% Block forge reward to delegate

0x0b 11 + 30% Block forge reward to introducer 1 level (chain-referral)

0x0c 12 + 20% Block forge reward to introducer 2 level (chain-referral)

0x65 101 + Direct referral commission

0x66 102 + in-direct referrer commission (from level 2 referrals)

0xc8 201 - deduction from sender balance as per Transfer transaction

0xc9 202 + credit to recipient balance as per Transfer transaction

0x12d 301 - Asset Burn

0x12e 302 + Asset Mint

0x191 401 - Stake

0x192 402 + Staking reward

0x193 403 + Unstake

0x1f5 501 - Account upgrade to delegate

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3. Types of fee, fee calculation, and flags

Hex Dec Transaction Type Fees

0x00 0 Native/ Asset token transfer 0.05%

0x64 100 Multi-signature registration Variable Fees based on network difficulty

0xc8 200 Stake 0.05%

0xc9 201 Unstake Variable Fees based on network difficulty

0x12c 300 Voting 0.05%

0x190 400 Asset burning & minting Variable Fees based on network difficulty

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DIAGRAM
1. DDK Technical Concepts

Technical Concept of DDK

Key Generation
Generates
Transactions Transaction Invalidated
Kp Pool
BIP 39 BIP 32 ECDSA
Pool
(Secp256k1)

Seed
Ks Node A

Transactions

Where, P2P Network

• Ks is the private/secret key

• Kp is the public key
Broadcast the
• SHA 256 is an algorithm Broadcast Queue
transaction bundle
used to convert block header in
to a hash string
• ECDSA is a public key signature
scheme used to generate Aggregating transactions in
ks and derive its public key to a bundle

Inside P2P
Network

Transaction Signing
Ks

ECDSA
Signature SHA-256 Tx Data Block
Block Header
Generation
(Secp256k1)
Block Body

Block
Tx Data Block
SHA-256

Signature

Node B

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2. Flow Diagram of Keys and Accounts Generation

Key Generation

BIP39
Wallet Import Format (WIF)
Seed ECDSA Key
Generation Using Private key
BIP32 Secp256k1

Checksum
SHA-256
Base58 Encode
Public key
SHA-256
DDK prefix
Testnet/ Mainnet
Account Creation
Private Key (WIF)

Checksum
SHA-256
Serialized Public Base58 Encode
key
RIPEMD-
160

DDK Prefix Account Address

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3. Transaction Signature

Transaction Signing

Ks
ECDSA
Signature SHA-256 Tx Data Block
Generation
(Secp256k1)

Tx Data
Block
SHA-256 Tx(id)
Signature

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4. Signature Diagram
First signature flow

Ks
ECDSA
Signature SHA-256 Tx Data Block
Generation
(Secp256k1)

Tx Data Block

First Signature

Second signature flow

Ks
ECDSA
Signature
SHA-256
Generation
(Secp256k1)

Tx Data Block

First Signature SHA-256 TX(id)

Second Signature

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5. Double Signature Diagram
First signature flow

Ks
ECDSA
Signature SHA-256 Tx Data Block
Generation
(Secp256k1)

Tx Data Block

First Signature

Second signature flow

Ks
ECDSA
Signature
SHA-256
Generation
(Secp256k1)

Tx Data Block

First Signature SHA-256 TX(id)

Second Signature

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CORE 2.1 DEBUGGER
The purpose of developing Core 2.1 debugger is to develop an admin panel for Core, which was basically designed for developers and
technical persons to debug the operations in core such as check the Core state statuses, graphs, core connectivity, Peers Lists, add and
remove peers, whitelist and blacklist IP management, IP violations management, Check Broadcast Messages Queue, and IP Tables.
There is an Explorer in the debugger in which there are Accounts, Assets, Blocks, Transactions and Tx Pool and the main thing is Sandbox
in which there is an encoder and decoder of transaction which can serialize and deserialize the transactions.

Usage: The core admin needs to simply configure username and password in the .env file, there is a service in the bin folder called
debugger.sh which needs to be started.
In the Config.env file in the bottom of the file there are configurations for debugger and core admin that can set port, username
and password.

Below the script for starting debugger.

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Core admin can simply check the status of debugger from this script.

Core admin can simply start debugging by running the script and adding input start and docker will start building the container
for debugger.

This is how the successful start of debugger service will look like and now the debugger service is working with core just need to add
server IP, port, username, password in debugger UI.

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Here we have a UI for Login page, in which user can add the server IP, Port, username and password and save to browser, user can add
servers to his favourite list which will be shown at the top of the list. There is also an import and export button through which users can
import and export a list of servers to use in other browsers that they prefer.

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DELEGATES SECTION
1. Changes in the number of Active Delegates
There will be a change in the number of Active Delegates from 101 to 51 active Delegates due to ensure the stability of the DDK Core 2.1
Blockchain platform that required only ACTIVE nodes to be operated without a missed block. We can see that 50% of the Delegates
nodes as per current status – https://explorer.ddkoin.com/delegates shown were active nodes. Thus, this decision was made by
assistance of the group of DDK Developers based on the current analysis and nodes performance to make sure that when Core 2.1
was implemented, it would be as efficient as planned.

2. Delegates Rewards
On Core V2.1, block forge reward will be given to delegate and its introducer of 2 levels.
The block forge reward is divided as follow:
• 50% goes to delegate.
• 50% goes to the introducer of 2 levels (chain-referral).

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USER SECTION
DDK CORE 2.1 FEATURES
1. New Payment Addresses C4bbcb1fbec99d65bf59d85c8cb62ee2db963f0fe106f483d9afa73bd4e39a8a

Privkey (send money

All new addresses are encoded with the Base58Check Key conversion with this)
(one-way)
which validates entire receiving addresses and
prevents faulty transactions & human errors such as
0478d430274f8c5ec1321338151e9f27f4c676a008bdf8639d07c0b6be9ab35c71a
incomplete copy/pasting (Ex: typing 0 instead of O 1518063243acd4dfe96b66e3f2ec8013c8e072cd09b3834a19f81f659cc3455

and others).
Pubkey
SHA256

Just like the Bitcoin blockchain, DDK addresses will

RIPEMD-160
have a fixed length of 37 characters and will start with
a “DDK” prefix (Ex: DDK5722919…) making them always C4c5d791fcb4654a1ef5e03fe0ad3d9c598f9827 4abb8f1a

easily recognizable.
SHA256 x2

Base 58

1JwSSubhmg6iPtRjtyqhUYYH7bZg3Lfy1T

Address (receive money

with this)

Diagram 1: Process generating the New Payment address.

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2. Improved Key & Cryptographic Signatures
From now on, DDK blockchain will use the Elliptic Curve Digital
Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) to issue private/public keys and assign
signatures. ECDSA is an improved variant of the DSA standard which Transaction
Prepare
Sender: A
is based on modular exponentiation.

To Add_B
10 Token
What you need to know is that ECDSA algorithms make it possible to From Add_A
To Add_B Tx A-> B
10 Token
send private & secure messages, in our case – transactions of DDK
From Add_A
hash & other
equipped with 3 distinct and equipped with very important security process.. Wallet
Digest_1
To Add_B
10 Token
Add-A hash
properties such as: Public Key
pk_A
ECDSA signature
Signature_1
generate (r.s)
• Source authentication: The receiver can verify the origin of the
Private Key
sk_A

message and who sent it.

• Integrity verification: The receiver can verify that the message
Verifier
has not been edited or changed since it was signed.
Tx A-> B
• Non-repudiation: The sender cannot revert and falsely claim
From Add_A
public key
recover
Public Key
pk_A ECDSA
that they have not signed the message. To Add_B
True
10 Token signature or False
verify

Signature_1
These aforementioned properties ensure that source authentication, (r.s)

integrity verification and non-repudiation security goals are

Diagram 2: How ECDSA works
achieved. DDK ECDSA runs with the most trusted and time proven
Secp256k1 curve which is also the same curve used in the
Bitcoin blockchain.

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3. Built-in Smart Contracts
DDK Core 2.1 comes with built-in, pre-compiled smart contracts for DDK Asset Issuing (DAI), Multi-Signature, and possibly for other use
cases in the future. Smart Contracts are programmable agreements between multiple parties with transparent rules and irreversible
in nature once executed.

Smart contracts provide the ability to shift various agreements between individuals and organizations onto the blockchain thus greatly
increasing execution times and essentially making them tamper-proof.

4. Native Assets: Token Issuance/ DAI

One of the highly anticipated functions which have been built-in in the DDK 2.1 Core is the ability to issue tokens. While ERC20 and other
ERC standard-based tokens are created on the Ethereum blockchain, DDK will have its own universe of assets with numerous use
cases:(payment vehicles, voting tokens, property rights, collectible items are just some of the examples to name a few) which will able
to build useful applications or businesses by using this smart contract.

DDK Asset Issuing will allow users to store and create their own token in DDK Platform. In order to create the new token using DAI, it
requires the process of the issuer to burn DDK native coins in order to issue the new token. This burn amount of DDK native coin is directly
relative to the minted supply of newly issued token that the issuer wants to create.

The sky’s the limit and with native assets, DDK blockchain enters a whole different world of possibilities to build useful applications as
well as businesses.

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5. Multi-Signature Capabilities

Multi-Signature is a specific scheme that requires multiple (at least two)signatures to verify and execute the transaction. It means that
to send funds from a Multi-Signature enhanced wallet, all key-holding parties must approve the transaction for it to happen. This is
because the account will require the signatures of multiple people before the funds can be transferred out.

It is an extremely useful safety feature utilized by trusts, funds, and organizations managing either vast sums of asset or acting on
stakeholders’ behalf. Moreover, it makes it near impossible for a fraudster to withdraw funds and get away with the asset.

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6. Hierarchical Deterministic (HD) Wallets

DDK Core V2.1 makes it possible for users to generate Hierarchical Deterministic wallets. This feature is highly preferred, applauded, and
uses a keypair derivation mechanism based on BIP32 for any merchants and enterprise users. HD Wallets save time & effort and
significantly improve legacy systems of conventional wallets.

Since the cryptographic DSA addresses started to be used, the user had to repeatedly generate new private/public key pairs for
receiving and sending messages (transactions). This method requires a backup after the creation of every address to keep track of all
the private/public key pairs.

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However, with HD wallets, all possible key pairs are generated instantly using the 12-word recovery seed phrase. It also allows
determining the whole tree of public keys (addresses)from a parent public key – private keys are not required.

Moreover, the owner of the parent private key can set up hierarchical branches and generate public/private key pairs for each branch
to delegate access and management rights to others. This way a ‘branch manager’ can spend coins and execute transactions that are
located in that particular branch without having access to the whole system.

It allows the compartmentalization of activities and implementation of accounting as well as governance systems – HD wallets
significantly improve the management and efficiency of private/public keys.

7. Enhanced Network Scalability

DDK blockchain will now operate with increased block sizes and make space for thousands of transactions that can be included in a
single block. It will make space for the transactions being bundled and added to the chain every single time a new block is
being created.

Blockchain transactions now will have the option to include auxiliary data also referred to as metadata that may provide additional
data about how the block has been generated. Core 2.1 is presented with an estimation of 1 block is 30 second. 1 block can fit a minimum
1 transaction to maximum 6000 transactions per block. 1 transaction is ~64KB and 1 block maximum size is 1MB (Not MiB). Meaning DDK
Core 2.1 would be around ~217 TPS (Transaction Per Second).

*Disclaimer: The information contained herein is subject to change and any changes we may make to our development in the future will be notified to you by
announcement, where we consider it appropriate. Please check on our announcement frequently to see any updates or changes made to our development.

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8. On-Chain Referrals
On-Chain Referrals is providing a transparent and fair way for people to be rewarded. People bringing more value and transactions
onto the DDK blockchain can now be rewarded directly through the blockchain – get a portion of the fees spent by the users they have
referred. We believe this functionality that has been fused in the ecosystem can ensure fair and stable reward distribution.

9. Multiple thread of CPU

DDK Core V2.1 and the new wallets will run in multiple threads of CPU in which multiple tasks can be processed at the same time, unlike
current Nodejs core which can only utilise a single thread at one time. The tasks to be performed by a process will be broken down into
sub-parts, and multiple CPUs (or multiple cores) will process each sub-task at precisely the same time.

Technology and platform supported for:

1. DDK Core V2.1:
– C++ core: Linux, Windows, Mac
– Docker core: Linux, Windows, Mac
2. New wallet:
– OS: Linux, Windows, Mac/iOS, Android, Web

10. New Transaction

In DDK Core v2.1, there will be a few new transactions that will exist. Apart from the current transaction which is vote, unvote, send, stake,
2nd passphrase and Delegate registration, on this 2.1 Core others transactions that are going to be added to improve the platform is
send stake function and multi-signature.

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Additional Features for Core 2.1
Open for passphrase redemption and Send Stake function
Passphrase redemption will be open to those users from the previous ETPS platform (centralized Pre-ICOs) who have not got their
account passphrase yet. In addition, In DDK Core 2.1, we will enable the send-stake function which users are able to transfer the
ownership of a stake contract to other users. We believe these two (2) features are the most awaited DDK structure that is built for DDK
community solutions and bigger community expansion.

FEES SECTION
There is a 2 type of transaction fees in DDK Core 2.1 which is:
1. Fix Fees based on DDK amount (Fix values %) + Fees on Bytes
2. Fees based on BYTES (Variable value)

Transactions that have 2 fees (Fix Fees based on DDK amount (Fix values %) + Fees on Bytes)

• SEND DDK - Fees based on Bytes + Fix fees

• STAKE DDK - Fees based on Bytes + Fix fees

• VOTE - Fees based on Bytes + Fix fees

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Transactions that have 1 fee (Fees based on BYTES (Variable value))

• MULTI SIG - Fees based on Bytes • ASSET BLACKLIST - Fees based on Bytes

• ASSET CREATE - Fees based on Bytes • ASSET WHITELIST - Fees based on Bytes

• ASSET MINT - Fees based on Bytes • ASSET OWNERSHIP - Fees based on Bytes

• ASSET BURN - Fees based on Bytes • ASSET TRANSFER - Fees based on Bytes

• ASSET PAUSE - Fees based on Bytes • DELEGATE REGIS - Fees based on Bytes

• ASSET RESUME - Fees based on Bytes

How Fees on Bytes work?

The fees will be charged per byte and how much fee is going to be charged is left on discretion of 51 Active Delegates on DDK Platform.
It was similar to the Proof of Work (PoW) miners preference scene in BTC and ETH. The fee for fast/normal/slow processing will be
calculated in real time between the delegates nodes:
Example: https://ethgasstation.info/ or https://bitcoinfees.earn.com/

However, the networks can also run practically with 0 fees. There is an option for each transaction. For high fees paid, the delegates will
tend to pick it faster and vice versa for the low fees paid. It depends on the algorithm that drives this Core 2.1 network and for more clear
visuals, it can be looked at how the mechanism runs on ETH and BTC, where the higher the fees the faster the transaction
will be validated.

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It is undeniable that fixed fee is important when it comes to the uses of staking and Micro-payment. Nevertheless, it comes down to the
fact that all blockchain transactions must pay a fee in bytes first, in order to be included and executed on the chain. In DDK 2.1 staking
is in the form of a built-in smart contract where there is a percentage of charge fix fee on top of the regular transaction fee by bytes.
When interacting with i.e. staking contract, there can be a percentage of fee on top of the transaction to deliver the 2 level referral
"on-chain" to grow the ecosystem and usage of Core 2.1 .

Transactions in DDK Core 2.1 hold the ability to store arbitrary bytes of up to ~64KB. This is a requirement for interacting with DAI and
other built in smart contracts on DDK blockchain. Moreover, this can also be used to store data, files, i.e. compressed images for legal
contracts, etc. That is why fee per byte is important in DDK Core 2.1 .

List of Transaction Fees

Types of transaction Fees

Native / Asset token transfer 0.05%

Multi-signature registration Variable Fees based on network difficulty

Stake DDkoin 0.05%

Transfer of stake DDKoin 0.05%

Voting 0.05%

Unstake Variable Fees based on network difficulty

Asset burning & minting Variable Fees based on network difficulty

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PROBLEM SOLVING DDK
1. Security of A Decentralised Platform
Decentralization platform was first made possible using blockchain technology. Storing data or assets in blockchain will bring vast
improvement to data security. This will secure the data or assets from force-majeure circumstances that can damage and destroy
centralized databases.

A centralised platform is built around a single server that handles all the major processing. Therefore, it has a central authority in control
of the data and functions of its platform. The fact that everything is stored in a centralized place, it is bound to get hacked or misused
for other purposes. Example, in 2015, Yahoo noticed one of the biggest hacks where the group of hackers was able to view private emails
of millions of the user’s accounts. The reason they were able to gain access to all this information was that Yahoo uses centralized
servers. If this central point of failure is hacked, then the entire network is at risk.

Looking at the thrive of current technology there is certainly a secure way of handling the data with the option to use the decentralized
networks platform. The most significant advantages of decentralization are that the users are in full control of their transactions and
the data structure is append-only. This means that there is no chance for anyone to modify or alter the data once it is stored,
simultaneously reducing the possibility of the data to be hacked.

Providing a secure platform for assets storage is important to gain users assurance. Platform that is equipped with good security
services that can prevent disruption of services and can protect the IT systems and networks from any exploitation by outsiders will be
a favourable choice by the users. Thus, DDK has used the decentralised platform to ensure the security of assets that were kept in DDK
Platform. Furthermore, DDK has improved its safety by adding more security features such as improved key & cryptographic signatures
and adding multi-signature that requires multiple (at least two) signatures to verify and execute the transaction.

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To improve the key & cryptographic signatures in the platform, DDK blockchain uses the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm
(ECDSA) to issue private/public keys and assign signatures. ECDSA has been shown to be a better alternative to DSA for producing
digital signatures. ECDSA has been proven to be more effective than using DSA as it provides the same security with a smaller key size.
Others than that, using a wallet that only requires one private key to sign the transactions leads to more security vulnerabilities. Hence,
the multi-signature features are being added to make the account require the signatures of multiple people before the funds can be
transferred out.

References:
1. https://101blockchains.com/decentralized-vs-centralized/
2. https://www.bitdegree.org/crypto/tutorials/centralized-vs-decentralized#what-does-centralization-mean
3. Levy, S. (2015). Performance and Security of ECDSA.

2. Transaction Speed & Capacity

Each cryptocurrency in blockchain is unique with their own features, yet each of it is plagued with similar problems. The issue that is
related to blockchain scalability is one of the prime reasons why blockchain has not become recognized and widely being used yet. The
finest transaction networks are known for their ability to process thousands of transactions per second.

Some of the current blockchain-based systems are comparatively slow. This blockchain’s sluggish transaction speed has become a
major concern for enterprises that depend on high-performance legacy transaction processing systems. For example, Bitcoin can
process just 5 transactions per second and Bitcoin transactions need to wait for a new block to go through, which means it could be
ten minutes before a transaction is verified. This will make the transaction become slow and high cost.

The transaction speed for different cryptocurrencies is different due to their respective protocols. Table 1 shows the transaction speed
and confirmation time of different cryptocurrencies which is adapted from

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 Table 1. Transaction speed of various cryptocurrencies.

Cryptocurrency Transaction per Second Average Transaction Confirmation Time

Bitcoin 3-7 60 min

Ethereum 15-25 6 min

Ripple 1500 4s

Bitcoin Cash 61 60 min

Stellar 100 2-5 s

Litecoin 56 30 min

Monero 4 30 min

IOTA 1500 2 min

Dash 10-28 15 min

Looking towards this problem and also as the time goes on the DDK Community will be expanded gradually and the number of
transactions occurring within the DDK platform will be increased. DDK has taken a step ahead to increase the scalability of its
performances. It has been realised that a platform having slow transaction performance will always create complaints and make users
lose interest in the platform. Hence, DDK is ensuring that its platform will provide faster transactions to the community by increasing the
transaction capacity. DDK blockchain will increase block sizes which will immensely increase the number of transactions that can be
included in a single block.

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To make DDK as competitive as other cryptocurrencies available in the market currently, DDK Core 2.1 is presented with an estimation
of 1 block is 30 second. One block can fit a minimum 1 transaction to maximum 6000 transactions per block. 1 transaction is ~64KB and
1 block maximum size is 1MB (Not MiB). Meaning, DDK Core 2.1 would be around ~217 TPS (Transaction Per Second) which is faster than
Bitcoin, Ethereum, Bitcoin Cash, Litecoin etc. With this transaction scalability, it would enable DDK to become one of the cryptocurrency
that are available to be used widely as payment transactions.

Reference:
Shahriar Hazari, S.; Mahmoud, Q.H. Improving Transaction Speed and Scalability of Blockchain Systems via Parallel Proof of Work. Future
Internet 2020, 12, 125. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi12080125

3. Easier the Development Process By Using Smart Contract.

Smart contract is known for its self-executing and can make it easier for business automation applications that run on a decentralized
network such as blockchain. Smart contracts can support automating processes, hence, without the establishment of smart contracts,
the development process will be more complex and complicated to be done.

Enterprises, irrespective of size or industry, are usually supported by a written contract. Unfortunately, these are often cumbersome to
source of business and cause legal conflict. A solution for this inconvenience can be found by replacing traditional contracts with smart
ones. A smart contract is an agreement, in the form of a computer program that is executed automatically once certain
pre-programmed conditions are satisfied. On blockchain, the goal of a smart contract is to simplify business and trade between both
anonymous and identified parties, sometimes without the need for a middleman. A smart contract will scale down on formality and
costs associated with the traditional methods, without compromising on authenticity and credibility.

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The advantage of using smart contracts is that it is known as a transparent way to do business. Smart contracts have the potential to
introduce radical change in the way international business and trade are executed by speeding up transactions, reducing paperwork,
and bringing about cost-efficiency. Other than that it is also equipped with security as the distributed ledger is impregnable and
immune to any alterations. Through smart contracts, the disintermediation can be eliminated and will enable parties to enter into
agreements with reduced dependence on middlemen. The transaction is near to real-time execution as it takes place almost
simultaneously for all parties and across participating computers once the required criteria are satisfied.

Industries like art, music, real estate, finance, manufacturing, retail, supply chain, and telecom could benefit significantly from using the
smart contracts. Two states in the US that have moved in this direction are Arizona, and Nevada. Both enacted legislation this year to
legalize smart contracts. Until smart contracts become legally recognized across states and countries, they will only be practical for
short, individual agreements. But for lengthy, large deals, enterprises will have to turn to flexible traditional contracts.

Therefore, DDK takes this advantage by coming out with a built-in smart contract with the aspiration that this will open a new phase of
ecosystem and promote the Decentralised Finance (DeFi) platform. Decentralized finance (DeFi) is a blockchain-based financial
infrastructure which uses smart contracts to create protocols that replicate existing financial services in a more open, interoperable,
and transparent way. Smart contracts also can create a platform that are based on open protocols and decentralized applications
(DAppss). DAppss have their backend code (smart contracts) running on a decentralized network and not a centralized server which
the transactions are executed in a secure and verifiable way, and legitimate state changes persist on a public blockchain.

References:
https://research.stlouisfed.org/publications/review/2021/02/05/decentralized-finance-on-blockchain-and-smart-contract-based-fin
ancial-markets#:~:text=The%20term%20decentralized%20finance%20(DeFi,%2C%20interoperable%2C%20and%20transparent%20way.

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4. Create Own Token In Ddk Platform
Using cryptocurrencies in your business are far more secure especially when it comes to making transactions. Having a dedicated
token which exclusively for your business will provide your customers with more options in terms of payments and as cryptocurrencies
are getting popular, it will help your business broaden its appeal and reach out to a diverse range of customers.

Another benefit of using a token for your business is the process of keeping track of transactions is easy as you do not spend extra just
for recording and tracking of transactions which you can use the explorer to track your business activity. Moreover, if your business
relies on international transactions you are able to save on unnecessary taxes and transaction fees each time you make a transaction.

Owning a token definitely adds to your brand value. To catch up with the trends, having your own blockchain token gives you that much
needed edge over your competitors as your customers begin to see you as a business organization that is futuristic and
technologically advanced. No doubt having your own digital currency can also enhance the trust of your customers in your business.

This is why DDK has come with the idea to create DDK Asset Issuing for the convenience of its community. Just like ERC20, DDK created
DDK Asset issuing (DAI) to enable users to store and create their own token by using the pre-compiled smart contracts for DDK Asset
Issuing that are created in Core 2.1. With this pre-compiled smart contract, it will simplify the implementation process for any other
organisation to build their own useful applications or businesses without need to start from scratch.

This feature will ease the process of creating tokens for other blockchain projects. With the features that DDK provides such as fast
transaction scalability and high security, DDK can be regarded as one of the greatest platforms for you to create your own token.

References:
https://medium.com/@utsavkumar1/5-reasons-why-you-should-have-your-own-cryptocurrency-3df7eeb8f446

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5. The Rewards System for Community
Rewards systems are known as an effective method on achieving wide and even distribution of the coins, and it can also be
fundamental towards utility token projects like DDK, as they help the project by offering access to a much wider community. It helps
these projects to gain new members, contributors and audience which will ultimately lead to a high level of engagement
within the community.

There are several reasons why a crypto project offering a reward incentive to their community such as:

• To generate more awareness and recognition about the crypto project.

• To understand and fulfil the needs of users or the community of the project.

• To reward or inspire the loyalty users that have brought value to the platform.

• To wider the distribution of the tokens.

In DDK, we are offering many rewards systems such as airdrop rewards and staking rewards for users to return the benefit of using our
platform to them. These are rewards that were distributed to community members for a specific activity that they carried out on the
platform such as referring new stakeholders to the platform and voting. The activity that is performed by users indirectly helps stabilize
the ecosystem of the platform so in return the rewards system is created for all users.

After the end of DDK Airdrop rewards and Airdrop Reloaded Program (ARP), users are always looking forward to other rewards programs
that will be offered by DDK. This is because the rewards program is one of the easiest ways to increase their assets. This is why for DDK
Core 2.1, DDK has introduced an On-Chain Referral program where users will get a reward based on the fees spent by the referee, they
have referred to DDK Platform. DDK Community are given a chance to increase their DDK assets through the availability of this on-chain
referrals program. This reward program is using a transparent and fair way for people to be rewarded.

Reference:
1. O'Brien.L; Jones Do.C (1995) Rewards Really Create Loyalty?

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USE CASES DDK
1. Payment system/ International payment
Bitcoin was the first decentralized cryptocurrency created that has been known as effectively solving a real-world problem since it was
born in 2009. It was invented by Satoshi Nakamoto and meant to be an alternative to the traditional banking system for
the global masses.

This idea appears as Satoshi understood that central banks and governments have become insidious and inflationary. That is why,
through Bitcoin, he wanted to show us that decentralized trust could be created, and we no longer needed to be at the mercy of
centralized ledgers (banks, PayPal, etc.) that charge arbitrarily for the mere transfer of funds.

Bitcoins are created using blockchain technology which is known as great technology for making international payments and transfers.
It can automate the entire process of transferring and reduces the number of intermediaries that are typically required in these
transactions, which makes the process more efficient.

With the same intention, DDKoin was created to be a reliable store of value that can be used worldwide as a payment mechanism.
DDKoin is a utility token which has the ecosystem that makes it very suitable for micro-payment due to the low fee charges. The
minimum amount of DDKoins that can be transferred through one transaction is 0.0001 DDKoins and the transaction fee that will be
charged on transacting 0.0001 DDKoins is only 0.00000001 DDKoin. Unlike Bitcoin which has high transaction fees, DDKoin offers very low
fees compared to other tokens. This is very convenient for any business, especially international business to use it as payment methods
because it has very low transaction fees for international payments.

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Digital currencies and other innovations in payment systems could increase the speed of domestic and cross-border transactions,
reduce transaction costs, and eventually broaden access to the financial system. If cryptocurrency was accepted to world wide use, it
can make traditional commercial banks play a much less important role in finance and starts eroding.

Reference:
1. https://coinsutra.com/cryptocurrencies-practical-usecases/
2. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2018/05/21/digital-currencies-five-big-implications-for-central-banks/

2. Smart Contracts
DDK Core 2.1 comes with features such as Smart Contract to allow a transparent way to do business. A smart contract is an agreement,
in the form of a computer program that is executed automatically once certain pre-programmed conditions are satisfied. On
blockchain, the goal of a smart contract is to simplify business and trade between both anonymous and identified parties, sometimes
without the need for a middleman. A smart contract scales down on formality and costs associated with traditional methods, without
compromising on authenticity and credibility.

Like Ethereum, DDK also intends to be a one-stop shop for creating decentralized applications and smart contracts that have no single
point of failure and are autonomous. Blockchain technology is able to decentralize smart contracts so that they are fair and trusted. By
decentralizing it, means that they are not controlled by one central party like the bank or government. The blockchain is a shared
database run by many computers (called 'nodes') belonging to many different people. Because of this, not one single person or
company has control of it and it is near impossible to hack it. Therefore, smart contracts can run safely and automatically without
anyone being able to change them.

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Smart contacts can be used for any type of transaction and it does not have to be financial only. The possibilities of the functionality
are endless for smart contracts. They can be used for financial trades and services, insurance, credit authorization, legal processes, and
even for crowdfunding agreements (ICOs).

References:
1. https://www.infosys.com/insights/digital-future/smart-contracts.html
2. https://www.bitdegree.org/crypto/tutorials/what-is-a-smart-contract

3. Decentralised Application (DApps)

A decentralized application (DApps) is an application built on a decentralized network that combines a smart contract and a frontend
user interface. DApps has its backend code running on a decentralized peer-to-peer network. In DDK smart contracts, it was accessible
and transparent open APIs that any DApps that were built can even include a smart contract that someone else has written previously.

The benefits of creating DApps using DDK Smart Contract is once the smart contract at the core of an app is deployed and on the
blockchain, the network will always be able to serve clients looking to interact with the contract. Malicious actions therefore cannot
launch any denial-of-service attacks targeted towards the individual DApps, hence it will have almost zero downtime.

Users can create the DApps privately because it does not need anyone to provide real-world identity to deploy or interact with DApps.
It also has a complete data integrity since all data stored on the blockchain is known immutable and indisputable which thanks to
cryptographic primitives. Nowadays, DApps are used by small and large businesses to track and trace goods as they move around the
globe and enable cross-border financial transactions without the need of a middleman such as a central bank or clearing house.

Reference:
1. https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/DAppss
2.https://www.computerworld.com/article/3510457/10-top-distributed-apps-DAppss-for-blockchain.html

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DDK TOKENOMICS PERSPECTIVE
DDK Scarce:
• Total Supply for DDK : 45 Million DDK

• Circulating Supply: 18.7 Million DDK (As per 8/4/2021)

• DDK Staking Reward:

1 Year 6 Months 6 Months 6 Months Remaining

years 41 Million
DDKoin
10% 8% 6% 4% 2%
Rewards Rewards Rewards Rewards Rewards

• Pre Order Start: February 2016

• Pre Order Close: June 2018

Below is the estimation Number of DDK has been distributed in its first year.

• Month 0: 1.71 Million DDK

• Month 38: 18.6 Million DDK

It was shown that DDK has pre order of 1.71 Million of DDK and the distribution has been increasing to 18.6 Million of DDK during the period
of 38 months (~3 years). This concludes that DDK has amount of yearly supply as much as 5.63 Million DDK per year.

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Months Num of DDK Rewards amount Staking rewards Months Num of DDK Rewards amount Staking rewards
0 1,710,000 0.1 171,000 23 11,396,728 683,804

1 1,881,000 188,100 24 12,080,532 0.04 483,221

2 2,069,100 206,910 25 12,563,753 502,550

3 2,276,010 227,601 26 13,066,33 522,652

4 2,503,611 250,361 27 13,588,955 543,558

5 2,753,972 275,397 28 14,132,514 565,301

6 3,029,369 302,937 29 14,697,814 587,913

7 3,332,306 333,231 30 15,285,727 0.02 305,715

8 3,665,537 366,554 31 15,591,441 311,829

9 4,032,091 403,209 32 15,903,270 318,065

10 4,435,300 443,530 33 16,221,336 324,427

11 4,878,830 487,883 34 16,545,762 330,915

12 5,366,713 0.08 429,337 35 16,876,677 337,534

13 5,796,050 463,684 36 17,214,211 344,284

14 6,259,733 500,778 37 17,558,495 351,170

15 6,760,512 540,841 38 17,909,665 358,193

16 7,301,353 584,108 39 18,267,858 365,357

17 7,885,461 630,836 40 18,633,216 372,664

18 8,516,298 0.06 510,978 41 19,005,880 380,118

19 9,027,276 541,637 42 19,385,998 387,720

20 9,568,913 574,135 43 19,773,718 395,474

21 10,143,048 608,583 44 20,169,192 403,384

22 10,751,630 645,098 45 20,572,576 411,452

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The comparison of scarce between DDK and other coins.

Coin Current Price Total Supply Circuted Supply Yearly Supply

ETHEREUM $2,107,12 106.67 Million ETH 115 Million ETH 6.13 Million ETH

EOS $6.81 1.01 Million EOS 952 Million EOS 43.20 Million EOS

RIPPLE $1.04 99.99 Million XRP 45 Million XRP -

LISK $6.60 133.19 Million LSK 127 Million LSK 15.30 Million LSK

DDK $0.6628 45 Million DDK 18 Million DDK 5.63 Million DDK

Remarks: Data was taken on 8th April 2021.

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Five pillars of DDK open blockchains:

1 2 3 4 5

OPEN BORDERLESS NEUTRAL CENSORSHIP PUBLIC

RESISTANT
It is an open It is everywhere, The platform is It has a The verifiable
platform, and anyone not restricted to decentralised and system of speech. on the network
can access it. any country. All users was not controlled was open to the public.
worldwide can use it. by anyone.

Five pillars of DDK open blockchains

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ROADMAP

2019
2018 - Released DDK Core 1.0 (AEPOS) with
more powerful blockchain capacity.
Pre-ICO finished. - Listed in Crypto Exchanges and CoinMarketCap.

2020
- Released Airdrop Reloaded Program (ARP)
- Launched DDK Explorer 2.0
- Development of DDK Core 2.1
- Revamp DDK Website with new Design
- Development Developer Central, DVM & DAI.

2021
- Launch DDK Core 2.1
- Developed Marketplace (Merchant)
that accepted DDK as payment.

2028
DDK Supply expected to
reach its maximum supply.

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SOCIAL MEDIA

ddkoin_channel_official DDKoin_Official @DDKoin_Official

ddkoin_official DDKoin Official DDKOIN

DDKoin Official DDK Official DDKoin_Official

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