Caraka Tani: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture.

34(2), 150-161, 2019

URL: https://jurnal.uns.ac.id/carakatani/article/view/29186
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/carakatani.v34i2.29186

ISSN 2613-9456 (Print) 2599-2570 (Online)

Water Quality and Pollution Index in the Grenjeng River, Boyolali Regency, Indonesia

Tatag Widodo1, Maria Theresia Sri Budiastuti2 and Komariah3

1
Master Student of Environmental Science, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia; 2Master Program of
Environmental Science, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia; 3Department of Soil Science,
Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia
*
Corresponding author: tatag.widodo@yahoo.co.id

Abstract
Grenjeng River is one of the irrigation water resources which is currently polluted by waste from
industrial, livestock and domestic activities. This study aims to assess the quality and index of water
pollution based on physical-chemical and biological parameters in the Grenjeng River, Boyolali
Regency. Sampling of river water was carried out in dry and rainy seasons which were taken at three
observation stations (upstream, middle stream and downstream). Results from laboratory analysis were
compared with water quality standards according to Government Regulation No.82/2001 and quality
status was based on the Pollution Index method in accordance with the attachment to Minister of
Environment Decree No.115/2003. This study shows that BOD of 53-5.7 mg L-1, COD of 49-510.5 mg
L-1 and total coliforms of 540-2,400,000 mL in dry season have exceeded the quality standard water
classes, while in rainy season total coliforms 24,000-240,000 mL have exceeded the standard water for
all water classes. The pollution index of the river water in dry season has reached polluted to extremely
polluted levels and the index of the river water in rainy season has reached moderately polluted to
polluted levels. This condition shows that the practice of dumping waste into river bodies can directly
affect river water quality. The irrigation water source for agricultural must comply with irrigation water
quality standards so that is suitable as irrigation water for plants. Environmentally friendly approach is
needed to prevent worse pollution, which is done by increasing public awareness and business actors in
managing liquid waste by making the integrated wastewater treatment system.
Keywords: environmental monitoring, irrigation water quality, water pollution index

Cite this as: Widodo, T., Budiastuti, M. T. S., & Komariah. (2019). Water Quality and Pollution Index in the
Grenjeng River, Boyolali Regency, Indonesia. Caraka Tani: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 34(2), 150-161.
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/carakatani.v34i2.29186

INTRODUCTION quality due to waste disposal also impacts the

needs of water as raw material for drinking water
Water is an important part of an ecosystem
and irrigation water, such as the high content of
(Sánchez et al., 2019). Water sources can include
coliform bacteria and heavy metals. Ceoliform
lakes, reservoirs, rivers, rainwater, groundwater,
bacteria produces an ethionine substance that can
etc (Chowdhury and Al-Zahrani, 2015; Xiao et al.,
cause cancer (Adrianto, 2018). Accumulation of
2019). In addition to drinking water needs, water
heavy metals on agricultural land can affect
resources also have an important role in various
plant’s growth and can be absorbed by cultivated
other needs such as irrigation needs of irrigated
plants. Heavy metal contamination in cultivated
agricultural land, fisheries and other economic
plants can endanger humans if consumed (Pradika
sectors (Tongesayi and Tongesayi, 2015; Sun et
et al., 2019). In addition, seasonal differences also
al., 2016; Han et al., 2019). Decreasing water
have an important influence on changes in water

 Received for publication April 9, 2019

Accepted after corrections June 21, 2019

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 Caraka Tani: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture. 2019. 34(2), 150-161 151

quality. In previous studies, the dissolved oxygen, on the Pollution Index can provide information
temperature, biological oxygen demand and total about water quality and pollution quality standard
coliforms concentration in rivers were mostly threshold, especially the water used for irrigating
higher in dry season compared to those in rainy agricultural land.
season (Cobo et al., 2018; Long et al., 2018;
Mukate et al., 2018; Wu et al., 2018; Xu et al., MATERIALS AND METHOD
2018). The quantity and quality of surface water This research was conducted from October
and groundwater can be degraded due to several 2018 to February 2019. Administratively, the
factors such as increasing population, research location of the Grenjeng River was in
industrialization activities, urbanization, etc (Jha Sawahan Village, Ngemplak District, Boyolali
et al., 2005; Flem et al., 2018). Water quality is Regency, Central Java Province. This location
very important for determining pollution sources needs to be investigated because the Grenjeng
for landuses (Sun et al., 2016; Lima et al., 2018; River belongs to water source for irrigating
Xu et al., 2019). agricultural land. The descriptive research was
Anthropogenic waste pollution can reduce carried out based on observation and laboratory
water quality which is also a very important analysis methods. The water sampling technique
problem to be resolved immediately (Blettler et followed Indonesian National Standard number
al., 2018). At present 420 billion m3 of wastewater 6989.57/2008 concerning sampling methods for
is discharged into rivers and lakes and there is 550 surface water. Sampling was carried out both in
billion m3 of polluted fresh water every year dry and in rainy seasons with one point taken at
worldwide (Ma et al., 2009; Li and Liu, 2018). each point (grab sampling) representing the
The supply of clean water in accordance with upstream, middle stream and downstream. Water
quality standards plays an important role in the samples were collected from water bodies using
sustainable agricultural sector (Lima et al., 2018; highroute water sampler tool assistance. Each
Vakilifard et al., 2019). segment consisting of three water samples was
An assessment of appropriate water quality taken and then was composited so as to produce a
requires a method in determining the pollution volume of 1 litre of every water sampling points.
level. Therefore, the use of water pollution index Water samples were collected and put in dark
method is greatly useful in determining the sample bottle containers. The three water
assessment of the initial status of water quality sampling points were determined by considering
(Effendi et al., 2015; Li et al., 2016). The the terrain to reach the water body and the length
estimated water pollution index presents of the segment to make it easier to classify
parameters and data in a simple manner (Singh et activities around the river, making it easier to
al., 2005; Sun et al., 2016; Zeinalzadeh and inventory pollutant sources both point source and
Rezaei, 2017). Water quality assessment must diffuse source. Maps of the research location and
also be followed by continuous monitoring of sample points are presented in Figure 1.
water quality so as to create a healthy water Water samples were measured using physical-
ecosystem (Behmel et al., 2016). River water chemical and biological parameters for quality
quality is also strongly determined by chemical, standard according to Government Regulation
physical and biological parameters and is related (GR) of Indonesian No.82/2001 concerning
to human needs, especially for agricultural Management of Water Quality and Water
purposes and daily consumption (Li, 2014; Aznar- Pollution Control. Water sample was analyzed in
Sánchez et al., 2019). Laboratory of the Center for Environmental
The Grenjeng River is a water resource used Health Engineering and Yogyakarta Disease
generally to irrigate the surrounding agricultural Control and the GIFU Laboratory Station of
land. The research related to water quality of the Universitas Sebelas Maret, located in
Grenjeng River is limited and therefore there is a Postgraduate Building, 5th Floor, Jl. Ir. Sutami No.
possibility to conduct study about the 36 A, Kentingan, Surakarta, Central Java,
determination of water pollution index of this Indonesia. Some parameters tested are presented
river. This study aims to determine the water in Table 1.
quality of the Grenjeng River based on pollution
index method. Water quality management based

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 152 Caraka Tani: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture. 2019. 34(2), 150-161

Table 1. Some methods for determining water quality.

Parameter Unit Method
pH - SNI 6989.57-2008
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) mg L-1 In House Method
Total Suspended Solids (TSS) mg L-1 In House Method
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) mg L-1 SNI 6989.72-2009
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) mg L-1 SNI 6989.2-2009
Phosphate mg L-1 APHA 2012, Section 4500 PB.5 & 4500-PD
Cadmium mg L-1 SNI 6989.16-2009
Chromium mg L-1 APHA 2012, Section 3500-Cr
Plumbum mg L-1 SNI 6989.8-2009
Total coliforms mL APHA 2012, Section 9221-B

Figure 1. Position of water sampling point at three locations along Grenjeng River, Boyolali District.

(Effendi et al., 2015; Tanjung et al., 2019) and

Pollution index
provide an assessment with a single score on the
Pollution index is a method or tool that can be
parameters to interpret water quality (Li et al.,
used to provide information about water quality
2016; Dunca, 2018; Wu et al., 2018). The

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 Caraka Tani: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture. 2019. 34(2), 150-161 153

assessment results can be used as references for 8.5 (Effendi, 2003; Setiyono et al., 2008). The
water quality. The assessment of pollution index results of this study indicate that the pH values of
and status classification is determined based on water in both seasons are still in accordance with
Decree of the Minister of Environment the quality standards of pH 5-9.
No.115/2003 using formula (1) as follows
(Nemerow and Sumitomo, 1970). 9

PH
3

….. (1) 0
Upstream Middle Stream Downstream
Where: Dry Season Rainy Season
Lij = concentration of water quality Figure 2. The pH values of Grenjeng River water
parameters stated in the water in dry and rainy seasons.
quality standard (j)
Ci = concentration of water quality TDS in the dry season ranges from 237-1,071
parameters survey results mg L-1 while in the rainy season ranges from 186-
Lpj = Pollution Index for designation (j) 191 mg L-1. TDS is strongly influenced by water
(Ci/Lij)M = maximum value Ci / Lij flow, so that a decrease in water flow can increase
(Ci/Lij)R = average value Ci/Lij the value of TDS (Salmani and Jajaei, 2016).
Waste disposed from industrial activities greatly
Determination of status classifications based affects the concentration of TDS (Rohmawati et
on score criteria can be seen in Table 2 as follows. al., 2016). The results of this study indicate that
the value of TDS for the rainy season is still in
Table 2. Classification of water quality status accordance with the required quality standards
based on the pollution index (Minister which are still below 1,000-2,000 mg L-1, while
Environment of Indonesian Decree for the dry season it is only suitable for class IV
No.115/2003) water designation which is water that can be used
Score Criteria to irrigate crops and / or other designation which
0.0 ≤ PIj ≤ 1.0 Good water quality requires water quality that is the same as that of
1.0 ≤ PIj ≤ 5.0 Moderately polluted use (Figure 3).
5.0 ≤ PIj ≤ 10 Polluted
PIj > 10 Extremely polluted
1050

850
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
650
Water quality
TDS

Water is considered polluted if some required 450

parameters have exceeded the maximum limit in
accordance with the quality standards according 250
to GR No.82/2001. PH value is a very important 50
parameter to monitor water stability which is Upstream Middle Stream Downstream
closely related to carbon dioxide (CO2) and Dry Season Rainy Season
alkalinity which can be interpreted that greater pH Figure 3. The TDS value of the Grenjeng River
value has more alkali and less carbon dioxide water in dry and rainy seasons.
levels (Mackereth et al., 1989; Le et al., 2018; Li
and Liu, 2018; Tanjung et al., 2019; Tian et al., As presented in Figure 4, TSS in the dry season
2019). The pH value ranges from 7 to 8.4 in dry which is 79 mg L-1 (upstream) decreases 13 mg
season and from 6.8 to 7 in rainy season (Figure L-1 (downstream), while in rainy season it
2). Most aquatic biotas prefer the pH value of 7-

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 154 Caraka Tani: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture. 2019. 34(2), 150-161

experiences the same thing, which is upstream 22 level, the pollution level in rainy season is only
mg L-1 decreases when entering the downstream suitable for class IV, whereas during dry season,
segment, leaving 12 mg L-1 left. Concentration is the BOD concentration is classified as very high,
higher in the upstream area because the area is the which exceeds 12 mg L-1, and thus, it is not
meeting point between two rivers and in upstream suitable for all water classes.
areas, there are activities such as industry and
livestock, and practices of household waste 60
disposal (Mao et al., 2012; Feng et al., 2014;
Wang et al., 2018). Water quality pollutants such 40

BOD
as TSS are affected by land use activities in the
upstream area. Although the pollutants are not
20
toxic, excessive suspended material can inhibit
the penetration of sunlight which influences
photosynthesis in the waters (Effendi, 2003; 0
Widiadmoko, 2013; Rügner et al., 2019; Tanjung Upstream Middle Stream Downstream
et al., 2019; Tian et al., 2019). Based on the Dry Season Rainy Season
suitability of waters for fisheries, the TSS content Figure 5. The BOD values of the Grenjeng river
of the Grenjeng River water in dry season has little in dry and rainy seasons.
effect on fishery interests but is still suitable for
class IV water needs (Effendi et al., 2015; Gashi COD is a very important parameter for
et al., 2016). determining water quality that represents the level
of organic contamination in water bodies (Zhang
90 et al., 2017; Dhanjai et al., 2018). The COD
content of the Grenjeng River in dry season is
classified as very high, ranging from 49-510.5 mg
60 L-1, while during rainy season, the COD
concentration decreases into 8.4-22.8 mg L-1
TSS

30
(Figure 6). The high COD concentrations
commonly occur in rivers in urban areas that are
affected by increased waste disposal of domestic,
0 industrial and livestock activities in the water
Upstream Middle Stream Downstream column (Singh et al., 2005; Gashi et al., 2016; Li
Dry Season Rainy Season and Liu, 2018). Based on the analysis, the COD
Figure 4. TSS values of the Grenjeng River in level of the Grenjeng River water in rainy season
dry and rainy seasons. is still suitable for all water class designations.
Meanwhile, the water quality of the Grenjeng
BOD shows the amount of dissolved oxygen River in dry season is classified as very poor and
needed by microorganisms in decomposing does not match the quality standard because the
organic matter during aerobic conditions COD value has exceeded 100 mg L-1.
(Tanjung et al., 2019). The BOD value of the
Grenjeng River water are very high in dry season, 600
53 mg L-1 (upstream) and 5.7 mg L-1
(downstream), while in the rainy season, the
values experience the same trends, the BOD 400
COD

concentration from upstream 3.6 mg L-1 to leaving

only in the downstream segment of 0.7 mg L-1 200
(Figure 5). The high level of BOD in the upstream
segment indicates that there has been polluted
organic waste into the river bodies resulting from 0
various activities found in the upstream segment Upstream Middle Stream Downstream
of the Grenjeng River, namely industrial Dry Season Rainy Season
activities, settlements and livestock so that the Figure 6. The COD values of the Grenjeng River
quality of river water is poor. Based on the BOD in dry and rainy seasons.

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 Caraka Tani: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture. 2019. 34(2), 150-161 155

Phosphate content in river water bodies can be season and rainy season is still in accordance with
derived from agricultural, industrial and the required quality standards, which are still
residential activities (Smith, 2003; Smith et al., below 0.01 mg L-1.
2006; Cao et al., 2016; Colborne et al., 2019). The
phosphate content during dry season ranges from 0,004
0.4 to 3.6 mg L-1, while in rainy season, it ranges
from 1.1-2.6 mg L-1 (Figure 7). Phosphate waste
can indicate nutrient levels and eutrophication in

Cd
river water (Lettenmaier et al., 1991; Alexander 0,0032
and Smith, 2006; Schindler, 2006; Smith et al.,
2006; Wong et al., 2018). Overall the value of
phosphate for the whole season is only suitable for
class IV water designation. It is only in the 0,0024
downstream segment in dry season that the value Upstream Middle Stream Downstream
is still suitable for water class number III, namely Dry Season Rainy Season

water that can be used for the cultivation of Figure 8. The Cd values of Grenjeng River in dry
freshwater fish, livestock, water for irrigating and in rainy seasons.
crops, or other designations that require water
quality that is the same as these uses. Chromium (Cr) is one of the heavy metals that
is extremely toxic to aquatic organisms and
4 hazardous to human health (Shadreck, 2014). Cr
3,5
can contaminate water and soil, and the
contamination can be caused by industrial
3
processes, such as the textile industry, leather
2,5
tanning, paint manufacturing and stainless steel
Phosphate

2 coatings and inorganic fertilizer use (Sembel,

1,5 2015; Paul, 2017; Utari et al., 2018; Rohmawati et
1 al., 2016). The Cr content in Grenjeng River water
0,5 during dry season from upstream to downstream
0 are 0.0014 mg L-1 and increase in rainy season by
Upstream Middle Stream Downstream 0.0213 mg L-1 (Figure 9). The practice of
Dry Season Rainy Season continuously discharging industrial waste into
Figure 7. The Phosphate values of the Grenjeng aquatic ecosystems can increase Cr levels in river
River in dry and rainy seasons. water (Wang et al., 2011; Rodríguez et al., 2015;
Ali et al., 2016; Capangpangan et al., 2016; Paul,
The content of heavy metal cadmium (Cd) in 2017). Observation of Cr metal content in the
river water is very dangerous because it is highly Grenjeng River water during dry season, it is still
poisonous and its presence in the environment is appropriate but in rainy season is only suitable for
very difficult to degrade naturally (Roberts, 2014; class IV water designation.
Fauzi and Sunarto, 2015). Cd metal is found in
wastewater from industrial processes, which is 0,025
when exposed to the human body in large
0,02
quantities, it will damage organs such as the
kidneys, testicles, liver, heart, brain, bones and 0,015
Cr

blood system (Pradika et al., 2019). The Cd levels

in the Grenjeng River water during dry season and 0,01

rainy seasons have a static concentration of 0,005

<0.0034 mg L-1 (Figure 8). In aquatic ecosystems,
contamination of Cd greatly affects the 0
functioning of ecosystems, the structure and Upstream Middle Stream Downstream
biogeochemical nutrients of water (Hayes et al., Dry Season Rainy Season
2018; Zhao et al., 2019). Observation of Cd Figure 9. The Cr values of Grenjeng River in dry
content the Grenjeng River water during dry and rainy seasons.

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 156 Caraka Tani: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture. 2019. 34(2), 150-161

Plumbum (Pb) or lead is a heavy metal that is dry and rainy seasons, the water is not suitable for
widely used in the paint manufacturing industry water classes I, II, III and IV according to GR
and many are found in gasoline to increase octane No.82/2001.
levels (Said, 2010). The Pb metal content in water
of the Grenjeng River during dry season and rainy 2500000
seasons has a static concentration of <0.0161 mg
L-1 (Figure 10). Pb heavy metals are very toxic
2000000
which can interfere with the nervous system, in

Coliforms
which the presence of heavy metals is vastly

Total
dangerous for the environment and humans (Guo 1500000
et al., 2017; Li et al., 2018; Zhou et al., 2018).
Based on GR No.82/2001, Pb metals contained in
1000000
the Grenjeng River water remains within safe
limits.
500000
0,018

0
Upstream Middle Stream Downstream
0,012
Dry Season Rainy Season
Pb

Figure 11. Total Coliform values of the Grenjeng

0,006 River water in dry and rainy seasons.

Pollution index
0
Upstream Middle Stream Downstream
The water quality status of the Grenjeng River
Dry Season Rainy Season
in dry season shows that the highest pollution
index value is at the upstream to the middle stream
Figure 10. The Pb values of the water in the and the lowest pollution index is at the
Grenjeng River in dry and rainy downstream. Based on the category of the
seasons. Grenjeng River water quality status for class I,
upstream and middle stream are included in the
Total coliforms are a group of bacteria category of extremely polluted, while the
commonly found in aquatic environments downstream is included in the polluted category.
produced from human fecal waste, animal feces For class II, upstream and middle stream are in the
and domestic waste (Messner et al., 2017; category of extremly polluted, while downstream
Whitehead et al., 2018; Frena et al., 2019). The falls into the category of polluted. For classes III
nature of this bacterium has no taste, smell or and IV, upstream and middle stream are
color so laboratory analysis must be carried out categorized moderately polluted, as well as the
and the result can be used as a microbiological downstream.
indicator of a body of water measured in units of The status of the Grenjeng River water quality
quantities mL (Divya and Solomon, 2016; Xue et in the rainy season shows that the highest
al., 2018). The total coliform content in Grenjeng pollution index value is located at the upstream
River during dry season is very high, ranging from and middle stream, while the lowest pollution
540-2,400,000 mL (Figure 11), while the total index lies at the downstream. Based on the quality
coliform content in rainy season ranges from status category, the Grenjeng River water for class
24,000 to 240,000 mL. On the basis of the statistic I, II, III and IV in upstreams and middle streams
data from the Ngemplak Subdistrict in 2018, there are in the moderately polluted category.
were 324 pigs, of which 242 were found in Meanwhile, the downstream of class I falls into
Sawahan Village. The high content of total the moderately polluted category, while the
coliform bacteria indicates that this river has been downstreams of class II, III and IV are included in
polluted by domestic waste and pig farms that the category of polluted.
drain liquid waste into river bodies in the Based on the calculation of the pollution index
upstream to downstream segments so that during value of the Grenjeng River in the upstream area

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 Caraka Tani: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture. 2019. 34(2), 150-161 157

special handling is needed to reduce the impact of Oceanography, 51(1, part 2), doi: 10.4319/
pollution by liquid waste. During dry and rainy lo.2006.51.1_part_2.0639
seasons the upstream area is already, moderately
Ali, M. M., Ali, M. L., Islam, M. S., & Rahman,
to heavily polluted, in which many sewers which
M. Z. (2016). Preliminary assessment of heavy
drain liquid waste directly into the river water
metals in water and sediment of Karnaphuli
bodies are available. Hence, the wastewater
River, Bangladesh. Environmental
treatment system is needed. Septic tanks are the
Nanotechnology, Monitoring and
cheapest and most appropriate application for
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discharge (Xue et al., 2018; Adhikari and Lohani,
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alternative in managing waste from livestock, so Belmonte-Ureña, L. J., & Manzano-Agugliaro,
that pollution in the upstream area can be F. (2019). The worldwide research trends on
suppressed as much as possible (Abdeshahian et water ecosystem services. Ecological
al., 2016; Lu et al., 2018). Prevention is also stated Indicators, 99, 310–323. https://doi.org/
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CONCLUSIONS
06.235
The water quality of the Grenjeng River in dry
Blettler, M. C. M., Oberholster, P. J., Madlala, T.,
season with BOD, COD and total coliform
Eberle, E. G., Amsler, M. L., De Klerk, A. R.,
parameters in the upper and middle parts has
& Szupiany, R. (2018). Habitat characteristics,
exceeded the water quality standard. While in
hydrology and anthropogenic pollution as
rainy season, it is only total coliform that has
important factors for distribution of biota in the
exceeded the water standard for all classes of
middle Paraná River, Argentina.
water in the upstream section. The irrigation water
Ecohydrology and Hydrobiology, 200, 1–11.
source from the Grenjeng River for agricultural
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecohyd.2018.08.002
land must comply with irrigation water quality
standards so that it is suitable as irrigation water Cao, X., Wang, Y., He, J., Luo, X., & Zheng, Z.
for plants. Based on these matters, an (2016). Phosphorus mobility among
environmentally friendly approach is required to sediments, water and cyanobacteria enhanced
prevent worse pollution by increasing public by cyanobacteria blooms in eutrophic Lake
awareness and business actors in managing liquid Dianchi. Environmental Pollution, 219, 580–
waste by making the integrated wastewater 587.doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2016.06.017
treatment system. Capangpangan, R. Y., Pagapong, N. K., Pineda,
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