Ben Sonnenberg

Jean Stein

The True Subject: The Poetry of Faiz Ahmed Faiz

Author(s): Agha Shahid Ali
Source: Grand Street, Vol. 9, No. 2 (Winter, 1990), pp. 129-138
Published by: Ben Sonnenberg
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25007348
Accessed: 19-11-2015 14:32 UTC

Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/
info/about/policies/terms.jsp

JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content
in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship.
For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.

Ben Sonnenberg and Jean Stein are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Grand Street.

http://www.jstor.org

This content downloaded from 130.237.165.40 on Thu, 19 Nov 2015 14:32:27 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
 GRAND STREET

THE TRUE SUB JECT

THE POETRY OF FAIZ AHMED FAIZ

Agha Shahid Ali

n April 5, 1988-at the height of the intifada in the

~J occupied territories-a "Special to the New York
Times" appeared in the paper with the headline PAuzs
TINIAN'S POEM UNNERVES ISRAES. The reference was to
"ThoseWho Pass Between Fleeting Words," byMahmoud
Darwish, probably the most popular poet in the Arab
world (he also takes care of cultural affairs for the execu
tive committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization).
As usual, the focus remained on the reactions of the Is
raelis, their "fears."Such a syntax-which hides the very
significance of the information it is giving-doesn't allow
the reader to become curious, towonder about Darwish
and his poetry. How many poetry editors, after reading
the Times story, have solicited translations of the poet?
Such a syntax, by keeping the focus on the Israelis, doesn't
allow one to ask: So the Palestinians, those terrorists,have
poets? And find time, in themidst of oppression, towrite
poetry?And the PLO has a department of cultural affairs?
The New York Times is not interested in the culture of the
Palestinians nor, really, in that of any of theArabic-speak
ing peoples. Nor ismuch of theUnited States. Professors
and students in the country'sMaster of Fine Arts writing
programs have read the Israeli poet Yehuda Amichai,
but who has heard of Darwish or any other Arab poet?
(Somemystically inclined ones know of the nonthreaten
ingKahlil Gibran.)What is particularly distressing is that
despite the attention paid to theMiddle East, hardly any
American poet has shown curiosity about non-Israeli writ
ers in the region (I did recently learn thatW. S.Merwin
is translating some Arabic poetry, including that of Dar
wish). Hardly any American poet has had the desire, it
seems, to read between the often subversively ethnocen
tric lines of reports sent by American journalists in the
Middle East,Why can't they see through themystification
of politics that governs those reports?

[129]

This content downloaded from 130.237.165.40 on Thu, 19 Nov 2015 14:32:27 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
 GRAND STREET

This ethnocentrism is not just visible in attitudes to

wards theMiddle East; it is visible, quite clearly, in atti
tudes towards the entireMuslim world-a fact thatmay
help explain why The True Subject (PrincetonUniversity
Press, 1988),Naomi Lazard's excellent translations of Faiz
Ahmed Faiz's poetry, has been virtually ignored.A hand
some bilingual edition (the Urdu calligraphy by Ashfaq
Ahmed is truly elegant), The True Subject ispart of Prince
ton University Press's prestigious Lockert Library of Po
etry in Translation series (Cavafy too is part of the series,
as isSeferis), but just about no review has appeared.Why?
Curiosity about Faiz, actually, should have grown even
before the appearance of these translations. In the Sep
tember 1984 issue of Harper's (two months before Faiz
died in Lahore), Edward Said, in his essay "TheMind of
Winter: Reflections on Life in Exile," wrote:

To see a poet in exile-as opposed to reading the poetry

of exile-is to see exile's antinomies embodied and en
dured. Several years ago I spent some time with Faiz
Ahmed Faiz, the greatest of contemporary Urdu poets.
He had been exiled from his native Pakistan by Zia ul
Haq's military regime and had found a welcome of sorts
in the ruinsof Beirut.His closest friendswere Palestinian,
but I sensed that although there was an affinity of spirit
between them, nothing quitematched-language, poetic
convention, life history.Only once, when Eqbal Ahmad,
a Pakistani friend and fellow exile, came to Beirut, did
Faiz seem to overcome the estrangementwritten all over
his face.

The three of them, late one night,

sat in a dingy restaurant . . . and Faiz recited poems to

us. After a time he and Eqbal stopped translatinghis
verses formy benefit, but it did not matter. For what I
watched requiredno translation:an enactment of home
coming steeped indefianceand loss, as if to say exultantly
toZia, "We arehere."

Shouldn't these words of a truly distinguished literary

critic, published in Harper's, a magazine rather difficult

[1301
This content downloaded from 130.237.165.40 on Thu, 19 Nov 2015 14:32:27 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
 AGHA SHAHID ALI

to ignore, have raised some curiosity? Harper's itself

should have solicited translations of Faiz.*
When I came to the United States over ten years ago,
I found myself frustrated at discovering that no one, ab
solutely no one, had heard of Faiz (at that time, very few
had heard even of the Turkish poet Nazim Hikmet-a
friend of Faiz's and like him a winner of the Lenin Prize
for Literature; some of Hikmet's poems were translated
into Urdu by Faiz). To have to introduce Faiz's name, a
name that is mentioned in Pakistan-to quote Naomi
Shihab Nye-as often as the sun is, seemed a terrible in
sult. In the subcontinent we consider him a giant. As
Naomi Lazard says in her introduction to The True Sub
ject, "This century has given us a few great poets whose
stance and influence have altered the consciousness of the
world: Pablo Neruda, C6sar Vallejo and Ernesto Cardenal
in theWestern hemisphere; Nazim Hikmet and Yannis
Ritsos in theMiddle East; and Faiz Ahmed Faiz in South
Asia." Nevertheless, one fellowship-awarding committee
told Naomi Lazard that itwas not convinced of the lit
erary importance of her translation project-this about a
poet who drew as many as fifty thousand people to his
readings, a poet whose work is quoted by heart by the
literate and the illiterate, a poet whose lineswere recited
even by those who opposed him. When UNESCO was
approaching various govemments to nominate the repre
sentative writers of their countries-for the purpose of
translating them intoEnglish-the then President of Pak
istan,Ayub Khan, firstmentioned Faiz (and Ayub Khan,
I believe, had briefly jailed him). As Edward Said says
elsewhere,

The crucial thing to understand about Faiz ... is that like

Garcia Marquez he was read and listened to both by the
literary elite and by the masses. His major-indeed it is
unique in any language-achievement was to have created
a contrapuntal rhetoric and rhythm whereby he would

*Another poet worth bringing to America's attention is the Iranian

Said Sultanpour, who was tortured during the Shah's time and
executed during Khomeini's. His body was thrown into an un
marked grave.

[1311

This content downloaded from 130.237.165.40 on Thu, 19 Nov 2015 14:32:27 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
 GRAND STREET

use classical fonns (qasida, ghazal, masnavi, qita) and

transformthembefore his readersrather thanbreak from
the old forms.You could hear old and new together.His
purity and precision were astonishing, and you must
imagine thereforea poet whose poetry combined the sen
suousnessof Yeats with the power of Neruda. He was,
I think, one of the greatest poets of this century, and was
honored as such throughout the major part of Asia and
Africa.

So here was this poet whose work I had grown up reciting

and hearing recited by heart, a poet whose ghazals, lyric
poems, had been (and continue to be) sung by the leading
singers of the subcontinent (including the legendary Be
gum Akhtar), a poet who was such amaster of the ghazal
that he transformed its every stock image and, as if by
magic, brought absolutely new associations into being.
(For example, the beloved-an archetypal figure inUrdu
poetry-can mean friend, woman, God. Faiz not only
tapped into thesemeanings but extended them to include
the Revolution. So the reader does, to quote Said, "hear
old and new together."Waiting for the Revolution can
be as agonizing and intoxicating aswaiting for one's lover.)
And yet here was a poet who was just not known in this
part of theworld. So I began attempting some translations,
imbibing a few of themethods Adrienne Rich andW. S.
Merwin had adopted in translating Ghalib, whom Faiz
often echoed, but my attempts were somewhat feeble, my
results uneven.
And then, quite by chance, I came across five of Naomi
Lazard's translations inKayak. I was immediately struck
by how good theywere, and Iwas eager to findmore of
her translations. I alsowanted to find out more about her.
Because the world-at least of poetry-can be delight
fully small, a series of coincidences ledme severalmonths
later to a phone conversation with her and, shortly after
that, ameeting inNew York. I learned that she and Caro
lyn Kizer were collaborating on a joint volume of Faiz
translations, that Kizer had known Faiz since the 1960s,
when she met him in Pakistan, and that Lazard had met
him at an international literary conference in Honolulu
in 1979-the only time, I believe, he was allowed into the
country. Otherwise, theMcCarran-Walter Act had kept

[1321

This content downloaded from 130.237.165.40 on Thu, 19 Nov 2015 14:32:27 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
 AGHA SHAHID ALI

him from these shores.On meeting him, Lazard says, she

immediately knew she was in the presence of a poet of
world stature, one who must be brought to the attention
of her compatriots. And so the translation process began,
right there at the conference. Lazard writes:
We established a procedure immediately. Faiz gave me
the literal translation of a poem. I wrote it down just as
he dictated it. Then the real work began. I asked him
questions regarding the text.Why did he choose just
that phrase, that word, that image, that metaphor? What
did itmean to him? There were cultural differences. What
was crystal clear to an Urdu-speaking reader meant noth
ing at all to an American. I had to know the meaning of
every nuance in order to re-createthe poem.
This translation process continued across continents,
through themail; on a few occasions Lazard was able to
meet Faiz during his visits to London. When Faiz died,
she already had enough poems for a book; Carolyn Kizer
suggested that they abandon their collaboration and that
Naomi bring out her translations as a separate volume.
And Princeton, luckily, proved to be an enlightened press.
In choosing the title, Lazard has shown the same care
that she has exhibited throughout her project, engaged as
she has been inwhat she calls a labor of love and convic
tion. By way of an epigraph, she offers a "ring of quota
tions regarding the true subject of poetry":
Faiz Ahmed Faiz to Alun Lewis, Burma, circa 1943:
"The true subject of poetry is the loss of the beloved."

Alun Lewis, ina letter toRobertGraves

before Lewis was killed, Burma, 1944:
"Thesinglepoetic themeof Life andDeath-the question
of what survives of the beloved."

RobertGraves, inTheWhite Goddess,

quoting Alun Lewis, 1947:
"The single poetic theme of Life and Death-the question
of what survives of the beloved."

Naomi Lazard to Faiz Ahmed Faiz, Honolulu, 1979

(having read The White Goddess many years before
andmisquoting
the line attributed toAlun Lewis):
"The true subject of poetry is the loss of the beloved."

[123]

This content downloaded from 130.237.165.40 on Thu, 19 Nov 2015 14:32:27 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
 GRAND STREET

And the loss of the beloved 's the subject of Faiz's poetry,
a fact that is quite apparent in the poems included in The
True Subject. For example, one of the first poems Faiz
gave Lazard was "Spring Comes," the literal version of
which has the following sentence: "The book returns re
plete with the heart's suffering"-the only time "the book"
is mentioned in the original Urdu. After learning from
Faiz that the book is a ledger inwhich experience is re
corded, Lazard was able to give her translation its final
shape by making the book, without even mentioning it, a
controlling image:

Springcomes;suddenlyall thosedays return,

all the youthful days that died on your lips,
that have been waiting in Limbo, are born again
each time the rosesdisplay themselves.
Their scent belongs to you; it is your perfume.
The roses are also the blood of your lovers.
All the tormentsreturn,melancholywith the suffering
of friends,
intoxicatedwith embracesofmoon-bodiedbeauties.
All the chaptersof theheart'soppressionreturn,
all the questions and all the answers
between you andme.
Spring comes, readywith all the old accounts reopened.
Thus Spring comes-but without the beloved; as a result,
the heart continues to suffer oppression. The beloved has
the power to end this oppression, as does the Revolution
to end another kind of oppression.
In Faiz's poetry, suffering is seldom, perhaps never,
private (in the sense the suffering of confessional poets is).
Though deeply personal, it is almost never isolated from
a sense of history and injustice. In a very famous poem,
"Don't Ask Me Now, Beloved," Faiz breaks from Urdu's
traditionalway of looking at the beloved. Not only does he
refuse to despair but, in a radical departure from conven
tion, asks the beloved-even while acknowledging her
immense importance-to accept his social commitment as
more important than their love:

Don't askme now, Beloved, to loveyou as I did

when I believed lifeowed its lustertoyour existence.
The tormentsof theworldmeant nothing;

[ 134]

This content downloaded from 130.237.165.40 on Thu, 19 Nov 2015 14:32:27 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
 AGHA SHAHID ALI

you alonecouldmakeme suffer.

Yourbeauty guaranteedthe spring,
ordained itsenduringgreen.
Your eyes were all there was of value anywhere.
If I could have you, fate would bow before me.

None of this was real; itwas all invented by desire.

The world knows how to deal out pain, apart from passion,
and manna for the heart, beyond the realm of love.
Warp and woof, the trappings of the rich are woven
by the brutish spell cast over all the ages;
humanbodies numbedby filth,deformedby injuries,
cheapmerchandiseon sale in every street.
Imust attend to this too: what can be done?
Your beauty still delights me, but what can I do?
The world knows how to deal out pain, apart from passion,
and manna for the heart, beyond the realm of love.
Don't ask from me, Beloved, love like that one long ago.

This was a revolutionary poem imUrdu, one envied by

many Urdu poets who wish they had firstbroken from the
tradition in which everything was either the beloved or
nothing. Faiz did not discard the tradition: the poem
clearly establishes the importance of the beloved and her
beauty. But it does some plain speaking (almost like Cor
delia toLear), granting love its due but nomore. Of course,
that Faiz had emphasized political commitment here did
not mean that he would not, in other poems, address the
beloved in the traditionalmanner, showing how the speak
er's life depended entirely on her. But then often, when
he is addressing the beloved, he is also addressing a figure
that, depending on the context, may very well be the
Revolution-Revolution as a lost lover or a cruel lover
who is refusing to return. So the subject of poetry con
tinues to be true: the loss of the beloved. Even in "Don't
Ask Me Now, Beloved," the discerning readerwill notice.
For that beloved, whom he was able to love exclusively
earlier, at the expense of everything else, is still beautiful,
a fact thatmust be acknowledged even though she does
not occupy the position she had before. The poet, thus,
accepts his political responsibilities but with an intense
awareness of the ease that has been lost. In a better world,
Faiz might be saying, he would be giving his attention
exclusively to the beloved.

[1 35]

This content downloaded from 130.237.165.40 on Thu, 19 Nov 2015 14:32:27 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
 GRAND STREET

In this poem, Faiz is of course drawing a line of demar

cation between the political and the romantic. But, often,
amingling of the political and the romantic pervades his
poetry. Sometimes the two, especially in the ghazals, are
entangled in such away that there is no point in trying to
separate them: the political meaning informs the romantic
and the romantic, the political. However, Faiz, aman who
was jailed for his beliefs, obviously does have poems,
many in fact, that are exclusively political. Three such
poems appeared in Grand Street (Summer 1985): "Once
Again theMind," "If You Look at the City from Here,"
and "YouTell UsWhat toDo." Each is informed by a kind
of political despair. In others, such as "The Tyrant," the
despair turns into a controlled but still passionate anger
("The Tyrant" was quoted from by Salman Rushdie in
The Nation in a piece called "ZiaUnmourned." If writers
from the subcontinent, especially someone as astute as
Rushdie, are already quoting Lazard's translations to
make their points about events in that region, then hers
may very well be considered the standard translations in
English). "The Tyrant" is quite direct in its strategy:

Mine is the new religion, the new morality.

Mine are the new laws, and a new dogma.
From now on the priests in God's temple
will touch their lips to the hands of idols.
Proud men, tall as cypress trees, will bend
to lick the dwarves' feet, and taste the clay.

On this day all over earth the door

of beneficentdeeds isbolted.
Every gate of prayer throughout heaven
is slammed shut today.

However, Faiz has still other political poems that are not
direct in this manner; instead, they are richly symbolic.
And the fact that they are symbolic is sometimes in itself
a political statement. Certainly, Urdu has a long enough
tradition of concealing politics in symbols. In nineteenth
century Urdu poetry, the stock figure of the executioner
often represented theBritish (away of dodging the censors
as well as the gallows: in the summer of 1857, the British
had hanged almost thirty thousand people from the trees

[136]

This content downloaded from 130.237.165.40 on Thu, 19 Nov 2015 14:32:27 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
 AGHA SHAHID ALI

of Delhi to terrorize the population and punish it forwhat

is often called theMutiny). Naomi Lazard notes in her in
troduction that in Pakistan, under the censorship of the
various dictatorships (including Zia's), itwas "impossible
to call things by their right names." Faiz's "When Au
tumn Came," for example, must "be read as a political
poem."Despite-perhaps because of-its use of symbols,
any reader or listener of Urdu would immediately grasp
it as political. It focuses on the impossibility of calling
things by their right names by creating a startling image:
the "birds of dreams" lose their songs and thus become
strangers (in the sense of exiles) to their songs. Lazard's
effective translation comes up with a brilliant approxima
tion:

This is the way that autumn came to the trees:

it strippedthemdown to the skin,
left theirebonybodies naked.
It shookout theirhearts, theyellow leaves,
scatteredthemover theground.
Anyone at all could trample them out of shape
undisturbedby a singlemoan of protest.
The birds thatheralddreams
were exiled fromtheirsong,
each voice tom out of its throat.
They dropped into thedust
even before thehunterstrunghis bow.
Oh, God of May, have mercy.
Bless thesewithered bodies
with thepassionof your resurrection;
make their dead veins flow with blood.

Give some tree the gift of green again.

Let one bird sing.

The last poem in the volume, "TheDay Death Comes,"

recalls-quite appropriately-the beloved:

No matter when death comes, or how,

even though in the guise of the disdainful beloved
who is always cold,
there will be the same words of farewell to the heart:
"Thank God it is finished, the night of the broken-hearted.

[137]

This content downloaded from 130.237.165.40 on Thu, 19 Nov 2015 14:32:27 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
 GRAND STREET

Praisebe to themeeting of lips,

thehoneyed lips I have known."

I invite readers to discover, asNaomi Lazard has, the true

subject of poetry: in a voice they have not known. Then
perhaps theywill grasp why Faiz Ahmed Faiz's death, on
November 20, 1984,was front-page news in the papers of
India, Bangladesh, the Middle East, the Soviet Union,
and many other countries. The leading obituary in the
Times of London was that of Faiz. In Pakistan, his death
was themain headline in all the national dailies. Messages
of condolence poured in from all over theworld-from,
among others, Rajiv Gandhi, Yasir Arafat, Mahmoud
Darwish. A wreath was placed on his body by the So
viet ambassador to Pakistan. Even Zia ul-Haq expressed
"grief."But therewas not aword in theNew York Times.
And none inNewsweek. None in Time. Strangely enough,
therewas a briefmention inThe San Francisco Chronicle.
But the rest was silence. Naomi Lazard has done brave
and lonelywork.

[1381

This content downloaded from 130.237.165.40 on Thu, 19 Nov 2015 14:32:27 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions