Adverbs

Definition:

Adverbs are words that modify:

 He spoke freely. (modifies a verb)
 He is very smart. (modifies an adjective)

 He teaches quite creatively. (modifies an adverb)

 He stopped exactly on time. (modifies a preposition phrase)

 Suddenly, everyone started clapping. (modifies a clause)

 Frankly, I don't understand the problem. (modifies a clause)

 A verb (He drove slowly. – How did he drive? )

 An adjective (He drove a very fast car – How fast was his car?)
 Another adverb (She moved quite slowly.-(How slowly did she move?)

Adverbs often tell how, when, where, why, what extent or under what conditions something
happens or happened.

FORMATION OF ADVERBS.

Many adverbs are formed by adding –ly to adjective, present and past participle.

 She scornfully rejected the offer.

 He willingly gave out half of his wealth.
 Desmond Tutu was deservedly recommended for a peace prize.

Not all words ending in –ly are adverbs.

 Ahmed is a lively boy.

 Your dancing mask is ugly.
Many words used as adverbs do not end in –ly . eg besides, yes, no, also, always, not, here,very,
too,

1. Adjectives, Present Participle and Past Participle.

The –ly ending is used to change many adjectives, present and past participle into adverbs.

Adjectives.  Fitting ………fittingly

 Rapid…….rapidly  Boring………..boringly
 Sweet……..sweetly  Terrifying…..terrifyingly.
 Wise….wisely Past Participle.
 Foolish….foolishly  Excited…….excitedly
 Advise……..advisedly
Present Participle.

2. Qualifying adjectives plus a Noun.

 Mid + Way = midway
 Side + Ways= sideways
 Mean+ while = meanwhile
 Some + Times = sometimes.
 Other + wise = other wise
 Down + town = downtown

3. Preposition plus a Noun.

 Over + board = overboard
 Off + guard = off-guard
 In + side = inside
 By + pass = bypass
 Up + hill = uphill
 On + line = online
 Up + ward = upward

4. Adding another word to There, Here and Where.

There + ……..  There+ about= thereabout

 There+ by = thereby Here+……..
 There + after = thereafter  Here+ by= hereby
 There+ in = therein  Here+ in = herein
 There+ fore =therefore  Here+ after = hereafter
 Here+ fore = here-to-fore.

Where+…………

 Where+ by= whereby

 Where + in = wherein
Kinds of adverbs:

 Adverbs of Time

Adverbs of time tell us when an action happened, but also for how long, and how
often.

Examples

 When: today, yesterday, later, now, last year

 For how long: all day, not long, for a while, since last year
 How often: sometimes, frequently, never, often, yearly

"When" adverbs are usually placed at the end of the sentence:

Examples

 John went to the zoo yesterday.

 I'm going to tidy my room tomorrow.

This is a "neutral" position, but some "when" adverbs can be put in other positions
to give a different emphasis

Compare:

 Later John ate some fruit. (the time is more important)

 John later ate some fruit. (this is more formal, like a policeman's report)
 John ate some fruit later. (this is neutral, no particular emphasis)

"For how long" adverbs are usually placed at the end of the sentence:

Examples

 Yara stayed in the zoo all day.

 My mother lived in France for a year.

Notice: 'for' is always followed by an expression of duration:

Examples

 for three days,

 for a week,
 for several years,
 for two centuries.

'since' is always followed by an expression of a point in time:

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Examples

 since Monday,
 since 1997,
 since the last war.

"How often" adverbs expressing the frequency of an action are usually placed
before the main verb but after auxiliary verbs (such as be, have, may, must):

Examples

 I often eat vegetarian food. (before the main verb)

 He never drinks milk. (before the main verb)
 You must always fasten your seat belt. (after the auxiliary must)
 She is never sea-sick.(after the auxiliary is)
 I have never forgotten my first car. (after the auxiliary have and before the
main verb forgotten)

Some other "how often" adverbs express the exact number of times an action
happens and are usually placed at the end of the sentence:

Examples

 This magazine is published monthly.

 He visits his mother once a week.

When a frequency adverb is placed at the end of a sentence it is much stronger.

Compare:

 She regularly visits France.

 She visits France regularly.

Adverbs that can be used in these two positions:

 frequently generally normally

 occasionally usually sometimes
 regularly often

'Yet' and 'still'

Yet is used in questions and in negative sentences, and is placed at the end of the
sentence or after not.

Examples

 Have you finished your work yet? (= a simple request for information) No,
not yet. (= simple negative answer)
 They haven't met him yet. (= simple negative statement)
 Haven't you finished yet? (= expressing slight surprise)
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 Still expresses continuity; it is used in affirmative sentences and questions, and is
placed before the main verb and after auxiliary verbs (such as be, have, might,
will)

Examples

 I am still hungry.
 She is still waiting for you
 Are you still here?
 Do you still work for the BBC?

ORDER OF ADVERBS OF TIME

If you need to use more than one adverb of time at the end of a sentence, use them
in this order:

1: 'how long'
2: 'how often'
3: 'when' (think of 'low'( long,often,when))

Example:

 1 + 2 : I work (1) for five hours (2) every day

 2 + 3 : The magazine was published (2) weekly (3) last year.
 1 + 3 : I was abroad (1) for two months (3) last year.
 1 + 2 + 3 : She worked in a hospital (1) for two days (2) every week (3)
last year.

 ADVERBS OF PLACE

Rule

Adverbs of place tell us where something happens.

They are usually placed after the main verb or after the object:

Examples:

after the main verb:

 I looked everywhere
 John looked away, up, down, around...
 I'm going home, out, back
 Come in

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 after the object:

 They built a house nearby

 She took the child outside

Common Adverbs of Place

'Here' and 'there'

With verbs of movement, here means towards or with the speaker:

 Come here (= towards me)

 It's in here (= come with me to see it)

There means away from, or not with the speaker:

 Put it there (= away from me)

 It's in there (= go by yourself to see it)

Here and there are combined with prepositions to make many common adverbial
phrases:

down here, down there;

over here, over there;
under here, under there;
up here, up there

Here and there are placed at the beginning of the sentence in exclamations or
when emphasis is needed.

They are followed by the verb if the subject is a noun:

 Here comes the bus. (followed by the verb)

Or by a pronoun if this is the subject (it, she, he etc.):

 Here it is! (followed by the pronoun)

 There she goes! (followed by the pronoun)

NOTE: most common adverbs of place also function as prepositions.

Examples:

about, across, along, around, behind, by, down, in, off, on, over, round,
through, under, up.

Other adverbs of place: ending in '-wards', expressing movement in a particular

direction:

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backwards northwards
forwards southwards
downwards eastwards
upwards westwards
inwards homewards
outwards onwards

Examples:

 Cats don't usually walk backwards.

 The ship sailed westwards.

BE CAREFUL! 'Towards' is a preposition, not an adverb, so it is always followed

by a noun or a pronoun:

 He walked towards the car.

 She ran towards me.

expressing both movement and location:

ahead, abroad, overseas, uphill, downhill, sideways, indoors, outdoors

Examples:

 The child went indoors.

 He lived and worked abroad.

 ADVERBS OF DEGREE

Usage

Adverbs of degree tell us about the intensity or degree of an action, an adjective or

another adverb.

Common adverbs of degree:

Almost, nearly, quite, just, too, enough, hardly, scarcely, completely, very,
extremely.

Adverbs of degree are usually placed:

1. before the adjective or adverb they are modifying:

e.g. The water was extremely cold.

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 2. before the main verb:
e.g. He was just leaving. She has almost finished.

Examples

 She doesn't quite know what she'll do after university.

 They are completely exhausted from the trip.
 I am too tired to go out tonight.
 He hardly noticed what she was saying.

Enough, very, too

Enough as an adverb meaning 'to the necessary degree' goes after adjectives and
adverbs.

Examples

 Is your coffee hot enough? (adjective)

 He didn't work hard enough. (adverb)

It also goes before nouns, and means 'as much as is necessary'. In this case it is not
an adverb, but a 'determiner'.

Examples

 We have enough bread.

 They don't have enough food.

Too as an adverb meaning 'more than is necessary or useful' goes before adjectives
and adverbs, e.g.

 This coffee is too hot. (adjective)

 He works too hard. (adverb)

Enough and too with adjectives can be followed by 'for someone/something'.

Examples

 The dress was big enough for me.

 She's not experienced enough for this job.
 The coffee was too hot for me.
 The dress was too small for her.

We can also use 'to + infinitive' after enough and too with adjectives/adverb.

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Examples

 The coffee was too hot to drink.

 He didn't work hard enough to pass the exam.
 She's not old enough to get married.
 You're too young to have grandchildren!

Very goes before an adverb or adjective to make it stronger.

Examples

 The girl was very beautiful. (adjective)

 He worked very quickly. (adverb)

If we want to make a negative form of an adjective or adverb, we can use a word of

opposite meaning, or not very.

Examples

 The girl was ugly OR The girl was not very beautiful
 He worked slowly OR He didn't work very quickly.

BE CAREFUL! There is a big difference between too and very.

 Very expresses a fact:

He speaks very quickly.
 Too suggests there is a problem:
He speaks too quickly (for me to understand).

Other adverbs like very

These common adverbs are used like very and not very, and are listed in order of
strength, from positive to negative:

extremely, especially, particularly, pretty, rather, quite, fairly, rather, not

especially, not particularly.

Note: rather can be positive or negative, depending on the adjective or adverb that
follows:

Positive: The teacher was rather nice.

Negative: The film was rather disappointing.

Note on inversion with negative adverbs

Normally the subject goes before the verb:

SUBJECT VERB

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 I left
She goes
However, some negative adverbs can cause an inversion - the order is reversed and
the verb goes before the subject

Examples

 I have never seen such courage. Never have I seen such courage.
 She rarely left the house. Rarely did she leave the house.

Negative inversion is used in writing, not in speaking.

Other adverbs and adverbial expressions that can be used like this:

seldom, scarcely, hardly, not only .....

but also, no sooner .....
than, not until, under no circumstances.

 ADVERBS OF MANNER

Rule

Adverbs of manner tell us how something happens. They are usually placed after
the main verb or after the object.

Examples:

 He swims well, (after the main verb)

 He ran... rapidly, slowly, quickly..
 She spoke... softly, loudly, aggressively..
 Sami coughed loudly to attract my attention.
 He plays soccer proficiently. (after the object)
 He ate the chocolate cake greedily.

BE CAREFUL!

The adverb should not be put between the verb and the object:

Examples

 He ate greedily the chocolate cake [incorrect]

 He ate the chocolate cake greedily [correct]

Rule

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 If there is a preposition before the object, e.g. at, towards, we can place the
adverb either before the preposition or after the object.

Examples

 The child ran happily towards his mother.

 The child ran towards his mother happily.

Rule

Sometimes an adverb of manner is placed before a verb + object to add emphasis:

Examples

 He gently woke the sleeping woman.

Some writers put an adverb of manner at the beginning of the sentence to catch our
attention and make us curious:

Examples

 Slowly she picked up the knife.

(We want to know what happened slowly, who did it slowly, why they did it
slowly)

Rule

However, adverbs should always come AFTER intransitive verbs (=verbs which
have no object).

Examples

 The town grew quickly.

 He waited patiently.

Also, these common adverbs are almost always placed AFTER the verb:

 well
 badly
 hard
 fast

Rule

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 The position of the adverb is important when there is more than one verb in a
sentence. If the adverb is placed after a clause, then it modifies the whole action
described by the clause.

Notice the difference in meaning between the following pairs of sentences:

 She quickly agreed to re-type the letter (= her agreement was quick)
 She agreed to re-type the letter quickly (= the re-typing was quick)
 He quietly asked me to leave the house (= his request was quiet)
 He asked me to leave the house quietly (= the leaving was quiet)

 ADVERBS OF CERTAINTY

Adverbs of certainty express how certain or sure we feel about an action or event.

Usage

Common adverbs of certainty:

certainly, definitely, probably, undoubtedly, surely

1. Adverbs of certainty go before the main verb but after the verb 'to be':

 He definitely left the house this morning.

 He is probably in the park.

2. When there is an auxiliary verb, these adverbs go between the auxiliary and the
main verb:

 He has certainly forgotten the meeting.

 He will probably remember tomorrow.

3. Sometimes these adverbs can be placed at the beginning of the sentence:

 Undoubtedly, Archimedes was a great scientist.

BE CAREFUL! with surely. When it is placed at the beginning of the sentence, it

means the speaker thinks something is true, but is looking for confirmation:

 Surely you've got a bicycle?

 INTERROGATIVE ADVERBS
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These are:

why, where, how, when

They are usually placed at the beginning of a question.

Examples

 Why are you so late?

 Where is my passport?
 How are you?
 How much is that coat?
 When does the train arrive?

Notice that how can be used in four different ways:

1. meaning 'in what way?':

 How did you make this sauce?

 How do you start the car?

2. with adjectives:

 How tall are you?

 How old is your house?

3. with much and many:

 How much are these tomatoes?

 How many people are coming to the party?

4. with other adverbs:

 How quickly can you read this?

 How often do you go to Paris?

 VIEWPOINT AND COMMENTING ADVERBS

There are some adverbs and adverbial expressions which tell us about the speaker's
viewpoint or opinion about an action, or make some comment on the action.

Viewpoint

Frankly, I think he is a liar. (= this is my frank, honest opinion)

Theoretically, you should pay a fine. (= from a theoretical point of view but there
may be another way of looking at the situation)

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 These adverbs are placed at the beginning of the sentence and are separated from
the rest of the sentence by a comma.

Some common Viewpoint adverbs:

honestly, seriously, confidentially, personally, surprisingly, ideally,

economically, officially, obviously, clearly, surely, undoubtedly.

Examples

 Personally, I'd rather go by train.

 Surprisingly, this car is cheaper than the smaller model.
 Geographically, Britain is rather cut off from the rest of Europe.

Commenting

These are very similar to viewpoint adverbs, and often the same words, but they go
in a different position - after the verb to be and before the main verb.

Examples

 She is certainly the best person for the job.

 You obviously enjoyed your meal.

Some common Commenting adverbs:

definitely, certainly, obviously, simply.

Finally,many find it difficult to put adverbs in the correct order. Below is the basic
order of adverbs when there is more than one; yet, it is rather flexible.

 The Basic ORDER OF ADVERBS 

Verb Manner Place Frequency Time Purpose
Sami in the before
Enthusiastically every morning to keep in shape.
swims pool dawn
Ali before to get a
Impatiently into town every afternoon
walks supper newspaper.
Layla   in her every morning before  

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naps room lunch.
In actual practice, of course, it would be highly unusual to have a string of adverbial modifiers
beyond two or three (at the most). Because the placement of adverbs is so flexible, one or two of
  the modifiers would probably move to the beginning of the sentence: "Every afternoon before
supper, Dad impatiently walks into town to get a newspaper." When that happens, the introductory
adverbial modifiers are usually set off with a comma.

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