EasyPay: A Mobile Based Traffic Violation

Ticketing App

A Capstone Project presented to the Faculty of the

College of Information Technology

and Computer Science

University of the Cordilleras

In Partial Fulfillment of

the Requirement for the Degree

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

by

GALIDO, JOHN GLENN C.

GISPIN, VAMANA DAVE E.

MAPANAO, FERNAN KAYE R.

April 2021
 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

According to the study conducted by Moneymax,

(2021) Failure in observing traffic obedience

shall neglect a corresponding violation.

Why is it so tough to get around Metro Manila

and get to where we need to go?

According to the research, the problem stems from

inefficient road use, a lack of urban planning, and

structural challenges with many transport bodies.

When the COVID-19 outbreak prompted lockdowns in

March, Filipinos witnessed one of the strangest

things that could happen in Metro Manila: decongested

highways, no endless lines of vehicles, cleaner air,

and no sound pollution reverberating through

practically every corner of the metropolis. In order

to prevent road accidents in Metro Manila, government

officials involved in traffic enforcement convened to

discuss the "need to enforce" traffic laws.

 (Mercedes, et al,. 2010) In comparison to a

minor accident, we examine accidents involving

victims and quantify the impact of traffic offenses

on the likelihood of a serious or fatal accident.

Traffic offences such as speeding, administrative

infractions, and driver errors are all taken into

account. All available reports on accidents involving

victims that happened in Spain between 2003 and 2005

were used to compile the data. Given the presence or

absence of thirty various types of traffic offenses,

a multinomial logistic regression model is used to

determine the likelihood of a minor, serious, or

deadly accident with casualties. Given the

information on the traffic infractions incurred, the

average cost per victim and the average number of

victims per accident are then utilized to calculate

the anticipated cost of an accident involving

victims. When compared to cases where no traffic

violation happened, this shows which combinations of

traffic offenses result in greater estimated average

costs. Finally, we provide some recommendations about

the harshness of penalties, recommending that

authorities punish the recurrence of certain

specified combinations of traffic offenses more

severely.

On Tuesday, the Metropolitan Manila Development

Authority (MMDA) met with representatives from the

Philippine National Police-Highway Patrol Group, the

Department of Transportation, the Land Transportation

Office, and the Land Transportation Franchising and

Regulatory Board to discuss stricter enforcement of

traffic laws, particularly anti-drunk driving and

anti-distracted driving, in the nation's capital

region, according to a statement.

Only private cars wandered the streets, with

their drivers ready to explain that they were on

their way to perform critical jobs. The highways

gradually returned to pre-pandemic levels as the

government began to reduce lockdowns in order to

promote the economy. Beginning June 1, other kinds of

public transportation were permitted but only under

strict health conditions. Rappler (2020). According

to Punongbayan (2019), Metro Manila is more than the

sum of its components, and traffic officials should

remember that. Otherwise, their efforts will continue

to backfire and exacerbate traffic congestion. In

addition, Punongbayan (2019). Of course, traffic

delays are nothing new. However, the Duterte

administration’s recent traffic initiatives have left

a lot to be desired, and some have been downright

harmful.

Worst of all, they betray a fundamental lack of

understanding of what’s wrong. According to

Dexter(2020), on third and final reading, the local

legislative body passed a draft ordinance that will

dramatically enhance the penalty for infractions of

existing traffic rules and regulations under

Ordinance NO.7, series of 1984, of the city’s

comprehensive traffic and transportation code. A

ticket for unauthorized parking or obstruction also

counts as a violation of non-observance of traffic

control items, signs, or signals, according to the

approved ordinance. Furthermore, the legislation

noted that driving under the influence of liquor or

drugs has different penalties, as well as when

physical injury or property damage happens. Illegal

overtaking was also added as a penalty.

As stated by Philcare Review (2020) “Be a smart

driver to be on the safe side on getting traffic

violations and penalties” , according to statistics

this are the common list of traffic violations in the

Philippines Sanchez(2020), starting with Disregarding

of Traffic Signs (DTS) defined as any actions taken

by drivers who disregard traffic signs while on the

road, violators shall carry a fee of 150 php on the

first violation and increased of the second or third

violation.

Obstruction defined as the act of blocking free

passage of the motor vehicle on highways while

unloading freight and taking or discharging

passengers is referred to as this offense, also this

traffic violation carries a 150 php fee. According to

a government official, traffic in Metro Manila is

already in crisis condition,“necessitating harsh

measures such as the “no garage, no car policy.”

Traffic is caused by a variety of issues,

including a lack of infrastructure spending; we were

left behind by other countries, but the government is

currently investing PHP 1.7 trillion in public

infrastructure under the ‘Build, Build, Build’

program, among others. However, I believe that the

biggest reason for the traffic congestion in Metro

Manila is the sheer number of vehicles on the road

(Montemayor,2019).
 Number Coding Scheme this offense is also known

as the UVVRP (Unified Vehicle Volume Reduction

Program) which tries to reduce traffic congestion,

particularly during peak hours. This strategy

prohibits motor vehicles from using major public

roadways based on the last digit of their plate

numbers.

Illegal parking defined as an illegally parked

car is one that is parked in areas where parking is

forbidden by ordinance or current law. It also covers

locations designed as NO PARKING zones or regions by

local government authorities.

Stalled Vehicles this offense involves the use

of any vehicle, including its attachments on a public

road or street that is incapable of moving on its

own. In Metro Manila, this compromises junked or

damaged vehicles.

Loading and Unloading in prohibited areas. In

2017, there were 11,888 occurrences of

loading/unloading in forbidden zones on EDSA alone.

For the first, second, and third offenses, a penalty

of 150 php is imposed.

Truck Ban, cargo trucks are restricted from

passing along certain specified public highways(e.g.

E. Rodriguez Avenue, Taft Avenue, Espaa Street) at

certain times and days of the week, according to the

MMDA’s Truck Ban Ordinance. A violation of this law

is punishable by a Php 2,000 fine.

Reckless Driving the act of driving dangerously,

disobeying traffic laws, or even driving and causing

an accident and damage to person or property is

considered a traffic infraction. Motor vehicle

accidents have increased dramatically as a result of

the increased number of automobiles traveling along

EDSA. This regulation was adopted by MMDA traffic

enforcers on EDSA, Macapagal Avenue, C-5 Road, C.P

Garcia highway, and Commonwealth Avenue. The MMDA

registered a total of 6,370 occurrences of traffic

violations in 2016. Erring drivers face a fine of Php

500 for the first, second, and third offenses.

Illegal Counterflow during rush hour, drivers

are more likely to commit this traffic offense as

they seek a speedier route home or simply to avoid

heavy traffic. For the first infraction, a fine of

Php 2,000 is imposed, as well as a driver’s license

suspension.

(Navid Nadimi,Fariborz Mansourifar, Hamed

Shamsadini Lori, Mostafa Soltaninejad, 2020)

Motorcyclists' safety is a common issue since they

have more vulnerability for severe crashes. The main

reason for motorcycle crashes is human errors in the

form of traffic violations. This research can help to

minimize traffic violations among motorcyclists,

which is a step towards safer roads.

It's a searchable database that you may find at

www.mayhuliba.com. The site allows drivers to enter

their license plate number and see if they have been

ticketed for traffic offenses, as determined by the

MMDA's CCTV cameras stationed along Metro Manila's

major thoroughfares. According to the MMDA, the

framework will display the number and types of

infringements committed, as well as the date,

location, and time.

According to the MMDA, the site was created "to

provide advanced transparency with the

administration's open information agenda."

If one does not incur traffic offenses, the site

will provide some amusing messages after a negative

enquiry.

Katrina(2021) Being detained by a law

enforcement officer might be frightening, especially

if you don't understand the codes that the officer is

writing on your ticket. As a result, we've put

together a simple guide to assist you. This book will

provide an overview of traffic offenses, as well as

the possible punishments and fines. Non-traffic-

related violations that you may receive if you are

apprehended are also covered in the book.

Eef Delhaye(2008).When the fine structures for

speeding offences are observed, it is often found

that fines depend on speeders' offence history. In

this paper we devise a model where the number of

previous convictions gives information on the type of

driver. We find that the optimal fine structure

depends on the probability of detection, and on the

strength of the relationship between type of drivers

and having a record.

According to bao Ig(2021), as a driver, you're

probably familiar with the MMDA infraction fine. But

stay with us and scroll down because we're going to

provide you the most up-to-date list of MMDA traffic

offenses and penalties for 2021. Have you ever been

into difficulty with the MMDA for a violation fee?

Don't be concerned if this is the case. We'll make

sure you're up to date on everything so you don't get

caught up in any of the disciplines.

 Berto(2019), Motor vehicle operators who want

to know if the driver operating their car has

committed a traffic offense. Simply go to the

government’s official website, mayhuliba.com, and

input the license plate of the vehicle you want to

know about in the box given.

According to Servallos(2020), the Land

Transportation Office (LTO) has restricted 4,000

drivers from driving in Metro Manila due to various

traffic offenses. Despite being regular violators,

7,000 of the 11,000 drivers reported to the LTO by

the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority(MMDA)

for breaching traffic laws were nevertheless allowed

to drive, according to EDSA traffic chief Edison

Nebrija.

In addition, according to figures issued by the

World Health Organization(WHO), road accidents

claimed the lives of 1.35 million people in 2018. In

the Philippines, statistics show that 12,000

Filipinos die on the road every year. The number of

car accidents has been steadily increasing,

increasing from 63,072 in 2007 to 116,906 in 2018,

Kim (2018).
 In some cases traffic officers intend to extort

cash from the motorist without any violation.

According to Ong(2021), Two traffic officers of the

MMDA were suspended after allegedly extorting money

from the motorist. Miriel Custudio slammed the MMDA

for apprehending her for an alleged traffic

infraction near A. Bonifacio Avenue in Balintawak,

Quezon City, in a viral Facebook post on April 23.

Custodio claimed she was fined P2,000 for reckless

driving and another P5,000 for distracted driving

after discovered using her phone for navigation. She

claimed that the traffic officer requested P1,000 in

exchange for the charges being dropped. Edmon

Belleca and CHristian Malemit were recognized by the

MMDA as the traffic enforcers involved. Beleca and

Malemit were suspended 90 days by the MMDA Chairman

Benhur Abalos. If they are found guilty of extortion

and grave misbehavior, the two will be discharged

according to Abalos.

According to Harry et al (2017) , they designed

a mobile application system for police officers.

Primary, they start from study of the functional and

necessities of stakeholders and pertinent context

parameters for police officers, they find that the

design issues which are related to the improvement of

situation conscious of mobile applications for police

officers. Alkhateeb et al , use of position depended

on services for developing and building up a system

which can be used without difficulty to do a report

and identify an accident extra rapidly and exactly.

Another researchers, Michel MOREL & Stéphane

CLAISSE , they design a system to detect permanently

in addition to track plus keep an eye on all category

of the ship traffics, during danger trading lanes and

regions so as to notice illegal or criminal vessel

behaviour to recognize and early discover precursory

cases IJARCCE ISSN (Online) 2278-1021 ISSN (Print)

2319 5940 International Journal of Advanced Research

in Computer and Communication Engineering ISO

3297:2007 Certified Vol. 6, Issue 1, January 2017

Copyright to IJARCCE DOI 10.17148/IJARCCE.2017.6168

348 and send reports tor that. In addition Bruce E.

Higgins , he designed a system for monitoring and

reporting incidences of traffic violations at a

traffic location. The system comprises one or more

digital still cameras and one or more digital video

cameras system deployed at a traffic location, and

Endarnoto et al is used the information extraction

technicality to data acquisition of traffic movement,

in which, the traffic movement information can be

obtainable inside map view like a mobile application

system of Android.

According to Sonja Lewin (2006) the cause of

traffic accidents an increasing number of studies

have rejected the theory that the explanation lies in

what drivers cannot do or their limitations. The

explanation might lie in what they intend to do. This

has then been described as a violation, a deliberate

deviation from routines which are there to protect

the individual from danger. This report is a review

of the literature with the aim to increase the

understanding of those motivational factors which

make drivers violate. In the summary the results show

that people who violate the traffic regulations

perceive themselves as superior to other drivers thus

traffic rules do not apply to them. The consequences

of these actions are believed to be positive (i.e.

the driving becomes more pleasant, they get to the

destination quicker and they are better adjusted to

other drivers). The negative effect of the same

behaviour is undervalued (i.e. to get involved in an

accident or stopped by the police). In addition to

this they believe that their behaviour is accepted by

others which in turn induce them to believe that

their own behaviour is the norm rather than the

exception. Drivers' personalities have also been

studied and it appears that 'sensation-seekers' are

more likely to commit driving violations than others.

Studies have also found out that people judged as

socially deviant, i.e. people who have been guilty of

other kinds of crimes, also take greater risks in

traffic. A sound understanding of what motivates

drivers to violate serves as a starting-point when

trying to change undesirable behaviours. A number of

attempts have been made and the impression is that

the most lasting effect is achieved when the message

has an effect on individuals' own valuation of the

behaviour.

In paying traffic violations it’s not like you

want to find out for yourself, but fines are handled

out in a variety of methods based on the severity of

the traffic infringement. ‘In my case, my driver’s

license was confiscated, so I had to make way to City

Hall to settle the fine’ Tulio (2019).

According to Corner4men(2021) a refinement

notification will be issued to you if the MMDA

(Metropolitan Manila Development Authority No-

Contract)’s Apprehension Policy or traffic enforcer

detected you breaking traffic regulations and laws.

Following that, all you have to do is pay the

penalty. How to pay via GCASH, you need to look at

your OVR Number and omit the M on it in order to make

it 11 characters when you are paying. How to pay via

bayad center, you will need to bring your OVR number

and fill up all the required information on your

payment form. How to pay via LBC like paying in the

bayad center you will need the OVR Number and fill up

the required information.

In addition, according to Llanes (2018) based on

the recent public hearing on increasing traffic

violation fines, the Baguio City Police Traffic

Enforcement Unit(BCPO-TEU) will shortly apply higher

fines for traffic violators in the city. Chief

Inspector Oliver Panabang of the BCPO-TEU noted in a

radio interview that the policy, which was approved

by the city council, aims to dissuade cars from

repeatedly breaking traffic laws from the area.

According to Consunji (2019) Depending on the

mode of apprehension, you would be unable to renew

your driver’s license or motor vehicle registration

if you are late paying the Metro Manila Development

Authority (MMDA)fee. The MMDA establishes a step-by-

step procedure for resolving MMDA Traffic violations,

whether through contact apprehension (by an MMDA

traffic enforcer) or the No Contact Apprehension

Policy. For no contract apprehension and contract

apprehension, the method for resolving and paying

your MMDA traffic infraction fines and penalties is

nearly the same. The most crucial distinction is in

how you conduct yourself.

According to Dela Cruz(2019), The Land Transport

Office (LTO) earned more than PHP 1.117 billion from

online payments alone less than ten months after

launching an online payment system for vehicle

dealers. Almost every driver will commit at least one

minor traffic offense during their driving career. No

matter how skilled a driver you are or how

knowledgeable you are about Philippine road and

traffic rules, a traffic infringement is unavoidable

with our existing road rules and signage.

Carlos(2017).

Digital payments improve the speed and reduce

the cost of payments between entrepreneurs and

suppliers, employees, customers, and governments.

Digital financial systems make it easier for

entrepreneurs to access credit products to start and

expand their businesses, and encourage formal

entrepreneurship by facilitating compliance with

regulatory and tax obligations. Governments in

developing countries can promote digital financial

services by investing in the necessary

infrastructure, collaborating with private entities

to offer training for potential users, and ensuring

that effective security and regulatory measures

exist.

Digital payment systems allow entrepreneurs to

pay for goods or services electronically, using a

mobile phone and other broadly available access

points instead of using cash.Digital payments can

speed up business registration and reduce the

transfer time on payments for business licenses and

permits. Entrepreneurs can build a credit history

that will improve their ability to access working and

investment capital.

For larger-scale entrepreneurs, digital

applications like e-filing of business and employee

taxes and social benefits can reduce the cost of tax

compliance and reduce travel time and face-to-face

interactions with tax officers. Moving from cash to

digital payments can also increase an entrepreneur’s

profitability by reducing operating costs and making

it easier to manage trade contracts, delivery

records, and accounts receivables. Making and

receiving digital payments can increase an

entrepreneur’s participation in e-commerce and

improve their interactions with clients, vendors, and

financial institutions. Digital payments can help

them overcome such limits on their mobility by making

it easier to access money and the marketplace. This

can also encourage formalization of businesses and

help create a larger tax base for governments.

Greater formalization of labor contracts offers

workers social benefits and protections, while

digital technology can make it easier for

entrepreneurs to make employment taxes and social

security payments online.

Digital financial payments can improve the

efficiency of government programs to support small

businesses by directly transferring money into the

intended beneficiaries’ accounts. This improves the

transparency of financial transfers and reduces

leakages and the tendency for small sums of money to

be pilfered by middlemen.

In India, for example, researchers evaluated the

impact of biometrically authenticating cash transfers

to the beneficiaries of a government employment

program in the state of Andhra Pradesh using only a

fingerprint. They found this method of transfer was

faster, less corrupt, and more predictable.

Digital payments are fast gaining currency in

the Philippines as consumers ditch cash to avoid

physical contact on worries over catching

coronavirus.

The country's central bank has set a target of

raising the share of electronic payments to 50% in

terms of volume by 2023. However, the figure had only

reached 10% by volume by 2018, according to a report

published in December by the Better Than Cash

Alliance, a U.N.-based partnership of governments,

companies and international organizations aimed at

accelerating the transition from cash to digital

payments.

"The Philippines was a global early-mover in

digital payments, with the launch of mobile money in

2001... (but) the path to widespread adoption and

usage has not been straightforward," the report said.

Thailand and Indonesia are now ahead of the

Philippines in using digital money.

But the pandemic has come as a powerful driver

for electronic payment. The lockdown imposed in mid-

March forced most shops to close and made it

difficult for consumers to pay at bank or store

counters. While the strict quarantine measures were

eased in June, people and businesses are still

required to take steps to ensure social distancing.

This situation has triggered a massive shift toward

digital money, which is thought to reduce the spread

of germs that could otherwise be passed on in the use

of bills and coins.

Both GCash and PayMaya are focusing on areas

where demand for digital currency is expected to grow

fast. GCash, with support from the government, will

help equip taxis with scan-to-pay systems using QR

codes. Users will pay by scanning QR codes displayed

on fare meters with their smartphones.

The Philippine government is stepping up efforts

to promote digital currency. Manila had increased to

56 the number of government institutions that accept

digital payment via EGov Pay by the end of March.

 EGov Pay is a digital payment platform for

administrative services launched by the government in

November. The government also plans to make the new

National QR Code Standard, which was introduced along

with EGov Pay facility in partnership with the public

and private-sector banks, usable commercially by the

end of the year.

It is hoped that widespread use of electronic

money will boost business efficiency by cutting lines

at stores and government agencies.

In addition, Benjamin Diokno, the governor of

the central bank, said that electronic payments will

also allow low-income earners without bank accounts

to access financial services.

The Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) has

recognized digital payments as a policy priority. It

has advocated the migration from a cash-based economy

to a digital or a cash-lite economy. It seems though

that we have a long way to go because 85 percent of

all retail sales in the country are still conducted

in cash. Perhaps a culprit is the low-awareness about

the different e-payment platforms. With the advent of

fintech, our march toward a digital economy could be

accelerated. Digital payment is defined as a

“monetary transaction between two parties

[individuals, businesses, or government] through a

digital payment instrument [such as cards, bank

transfer, mobile wallet, etc.] in which both payer

and the payee use an electronic medium.” Digital

payment is done using prepaid and debit cards, credit

cards, and mobile money accounts. The use of debit

cards in the country has almost doubled from 38

million in 2013 to 71 million in 2018. The use of

prepaid cards has also doubled from 35 million in

2013 to 70 million in 2018. Prepaid cards comprise

about 47 percent of total card use but comprises over

78.5 percent of total transactions. It is, therefore,

the foremost form of digital payment. The use of

credit cards has increased from 7.5 million in 2013

to 9 million in 2018.

The Philippines was one of the first countries

to pioneer digital payments in 2001 with the launch

of mobile money. It was first introduced in the

country by Smart Communications Inc., a

telecommunications provider. The platform allowed the

transfer of funds, the payment of bills, and purchase

of goods with the use of mobile phones and a

reloadable prepaid card. But its adoption and use has

been largely limited. Since its introduction, mobile

money has grown by leaps and bounds. In 2013, digital

payments accounted for only 1 percent of the

country’s total transaction volume (26 million out of

2.5 billion payments per month). By 2018, the volume

of digital payments has increased to 10 percent (of

overall payments) corresponding to 20 percent share

in the total transaction volume (meaning, value). The

2018 monthly overall transactions was estimated at

between 4.6 and 5.8 billion. It is estimated that

there are 470 to 490 million digital transactions

every month in the Philippines. A 20 times jump over

the monthly digital transactions in 2013 (25

million). The BSP has targeted a 20 percent share of

digital payments by the year 2020. Of the 470 to 490

million digital transactions, 85 percent of these

were by individuals, 12 percent by businesses (B2X)

and 3 percent by government (G2X). The overall growth

rate in digital payments in the Philippines is

estimated to be 27 percent to 30 percent, compared to

25 percent in emerging Asian countries. And yet, less

than 5 percent of the population regularly makes

digital payments.
 Two regulatory initiatives are recognized as

bolstering digital payments in the country. First is

the National Retail Payment System, which was

launched in November 2015. Under the NRPS, the BSP

launched two automated clearing houses, the PESONet

in 2017, and InstaPay in April 2018. NRPS also

provided the framework for the governance of payments

in the Philippines. Second is the National Payment

Systems Act or Republic Act 11127, enacted in October

2018. This provided for the regulation of all payment

service providers and operators of the payment

systems by the BSP.

The use of payment cards has also increased over

the years such that by 2018 about 21 million

Filipinos own prepaid and debit cards. Mobile money

has also gained popularity with 5 million accounts in

2018. Digital payment has also gained traction with

the acceptance by merchants of digital payments. Yet

only 12 percent or about 120,000 of all merchants

accept digital payments in 2018. The introduction of

mobile wallets, such as GCash and PayMaya, ushered in

new payment methods.

The latest is the QR code-enabled payments, with

about 60,000 merchants availing as of 2018. One thing

working for the promotion of QR code platform is the

cheaper hardware cost compared to the PoS terminal.

The growth of digital payments has been accelerated

by increased investments in fintech companies.

China’s Tencent and the International Finance Corp.

have invested $175 million in PayMaya Philippines

(formerly Smart eMoney Inc.), through its parent

company, Voyager Innovations, a PLDT subsidiary. Ant

Financial, an affiliate of Jack Ma’s Alibaba, has

invested in GCash, through Globe Fintech Innovations

Inc. (Mynt), a fintech start-up wholly owned by Globe

Telecom, in February 2017.

Digital payments providers should be encouraged by

the fact that consumers across Asia are starting to take

note of the various digital payments options available to

them. Of those surveyed, almost every one in two are

aware of at least one digital payment option. In China,

awareness of e-wallets/mobile wallets is very high with

83% of respondents being aware of this option. That is

second only to cash. The awareness in China is being

driven by the ubiquity of homegrown Internet giants, as

many of them have started to incorporate digital payment

features as part of their offering to consumers.

Meanwhile, in-app payments rank most highly among

respondents from Singapore, where 29% are aware of these,

and Indonesia where 25% know about them. These countries

are home to two of the fastest growing ‘sharing-economy’

start-ups Grab and GoJek, who are proactively educating

their consumers about in-app payment options. With demand

for such services rising, awareness of these options is

growing as well. In India, the demonetisation of Rs. 500

and Rs. 1,000 notes in November 2016 is expected to lead

to the rapid adoption of new payment methods. India also

registers the highest awareness in recharge phones (32%)

as being an option to make payments. A large chunk of

India’s 1.2 billion population uses pre-paid mobile phone

connections as well as feature phones, many of which have

the unique technology to allow the use of digital

payments.

Among the respondents, 88% said they owned a

smartphone, while 92% said they had access to the

Internet. This is symbolic of the speed with which

smartphone ownership and Internet penetration is

increasing across the region, with countries like China,

India and Indonesia now having hundreds of millions of

people connected digitally. Consumers across Asia are

spending an increasing amount of time on their phones and

online. The survey showed that 83% of respondents access

the Internet everyday, with 60% doing so ‘several times a

day’. This digital connectivity, coupled with the

increased time spent online, has turned the region into

one of the fastest growing E-commerce markets. 67% of the

respondents across the region said they had bought goods

or services online. While China is leading the charge on

that front, with 87% of those surveyed in the country

saying they have bought goods or services online, other

markets like Singapore, Indonesia, Thailand and the

Philippines are also seeing growth in the sector.

Asia’s social and economic landscape is being

transformed by the proliferation of mobile technology and

digitalisation of financial services, which have built

and enhanced digital connections. These connections are

driving E-commerce and social commerce across the region,

which are in part enabled by digital payments. The

benefits for Asian economies, businesses and especially

individuals can be profound and far-reaching. We have

seen how digital payments innovations can improve lives

when adopted. Here in Asia, digital payments have been

around for many years, which has helped increase

awareness among consumers as well as merchants. Yet cash

remains the preferred mode of payment across Asia,

despite the fact that the region is becoming increasingly

digitally connected as Internet penetration and

smartphone ownership continues to rise. The

digitalisation of Asia, coupled with a relatively young

population and rising income levels, presents a unique

growth opportunity for the sector. PayPal commissioned a

survey across the region to better understand the

roadblocks to greater adoption and seek solutions that

would allow digital payments to achieve their full

potential and ultimately improve the financial health and

economic opportunity of consumers and merchants. The

survey highlights that those who have adopted new payment

methods recognise the benefits and are enjoying them.

These range from convenience and ease of use, to saving

money via discounts and lower processing fees. In

addition, digital payments users also indicated they are

better at managing their money. This is a critical step

to achieving better financial health and driving economic

opportunity, enabling people to manage day-to-day

financial obligations, prepare for the inevitable

financial shocks that come along, and take advantage of

new financial opportunities without compromising their

standards of living and financial security. And the

conversation on this aspect is just beginning to happen.

The proliferation of digital payments will lead to

broader financial inclusion, one that will truly

transform Asia’s economies.

Active Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is

extensively used in mobile ticketing systems (RFID).

However, in order to fully explore the possibilities of

smartphones, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is recommended as

an alternative and potentially more powerful technology.

With the definition of the first BLE standard in 2010,

this technology emerged in the low-power short-range data

transfer. BLE has gradually replaced RFID in indoor

positioning systems and can be regarded as a better

option.

According to the most recent research, a new

ticketing system is recommended in order to suit the

demands of passengers. Users may obtain and validate

their tickets using a common device in an automated

manner.Smartphone This approach removes several time-

consuming processes, such as purchasing tickets from

vending machines and checking in and out of public

transportation tickets.

E-ticketing and CCTV will replace manual ticketing

systems that employ blank tickets, where motorists who

disobey the law will be recorded through the use of E-

ticketing. Officers' own applications. The E-ticket makes

it easier for consumers to pay penalties through their

bank accounts with the E-ticket. But not everyone is

capable of following the police's e-ticketing method.

Especially for individuals who don't have a clue what

technology is all about? People are taken into

consideration with the new e-ticketing system. The E-

ticketing system has a positive influence on those who

are conversant with the technology involved. In contrast,

it is difficult for non-technologists to keep up with the

advancement of this technology.

The process of obtaining an electronic ticket is

known as e-ticketing. The police issue a ticket to

traffic violators, which differs from the general rule,

which must still be documented manually on a blank piece

of paper or a ticket. SE, Setiyanto, Gunarto, and

Wahyuningsih 2017). The E-ticket system will replace the

manual ticketing system, which employs a ticket form, and

the offending motorist will be recorded using an

application owned by the city. officers of the law There

were public debates on the benefits and drawbacks of E-

tickets in the outset. People thought that E-ticketing

was a bad policy since it may be mistargeted. when it

comes to citations for motorized vehicle users

 There were also some who considered E-tickets to be

the government's most recent and effective invention.

Because the adoption of the E-ticket system suggests that

the present traffic management system is making good

progress.

As a result of violating a traffic restriction, a

ticket will be issued. Ticket, sometimes known as proof

of violation, is a fee levied by the police on drivers

who break traffic laws. It is not uncommon for road users

to break traffic laws. Tickets are supposed to help with

traffic issues. In order to enforce specific road traffic

laws, the ticket is the primary instrument employed. The

ticket has three major functions, which are as follows.

2012) (Junef Muhar.) As a summons to the District Court

Payment of Bank penalties is a good starting point.

Registrar; As a sign of confiscation of confiscated

evidence in the form of a SIM, STNK or a Motorized

Vehicle.

The spread of traffic violations are

accompanied by changes in service provision, control

monitoring, fine ticketing, changes in customer

behavior, and changing relations between citizens and

police officers. Countries with high population and a

great number of vehicles should normally have a greater

capability to increase the economic growth of the society

in general. However, if the vehicle traffic

associated with the population is not well framed,

it may cause congestion, frustration, pollution, and

even low productivity levels.

This problem is amplified in Egypt, where daily

traffic congestion usually extends to over 15 hours a

day, making it very hard to reach their destination on

time, and accordingly decreasing the overall efficiency

and productivity of the individual driver. This

highlights the fact that Egyptian drivers may be

frustrated and would easily make traffic violations;

especially if they are not satisfied with the current

traffic ticketing system.

Automated system for ticketing in the Public

Transport System (PTS) which is based on passenger

identification. This is a user friendly system, which

will automatically identify the passenger and deduct the

passenger’s fare according to the distance travelled. The

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) card and GPS are

used to make the identification of passenger and

transaction very precise. The cards being reusable, they

are much more convenient compared to the paper based

ticketing system. RFID cards are distributed among the

public. The unique ID in the RFID cards are stored in a

database on the internet along with personal data and

creates accounts for each person. By accessing this

database, it is thus possible to identify the traveller,

check his account and deduct the fare from his/her

account. Creating a database facilitates efficient

filtering of anti-social elements and gives firm

assurance to both passengers and PTS about the

transaction. Fare calculation is done with the help of

GPS module and internet. So a change in fare does not

create any confusion as fare calculation is done by

evaluating position by GPS module and rate through

internet. System thus reduces human errors and efforts.

The RFID reader used is MFRC522. The Raspberry Pi is used

as a control unit and programming is done using Python.

GPS module 02 is used for the purpose of distance

measuring. Servo motors and LCD are used for controlling

and monitoring respectively.

Electronic ticketing over the Internet is a good

example of Internet commerce. The aim is to facilitate

the buying or reservation of tickets online, thereby

making the process more easily accessible and convenient.

Through these services tickets may be purchased from any

location and at any time, provided an Internet connection

exists. Typically, the tickets are ordered from a web

site that provides both ticket information and the

purchasing or reservation service. Internet or 'online'

ticketing is all about providing a useful and efficient

service to clients and customers. The aim is to make the

purchase or reservation of tickets easier. Naturally,

this will encourage sales. Online ticketing system has

been used especially by firms who sell travel tickets,

performing arts, game tickets, concerts, movies and many

other activities.

The use of the Internet makes buying a ticket more

convenient since the service is available at any

geographical location, including your home (or even

remotely via a laptop and cellular phone) and at any time

of the day, any day of the year. Online ticket services

have a further advantage by providing relevant

information alongside the service. This can aid

purchasing decisions and may encourage future usage

(Buford, 1998). So ticket buyers have quite an easy

commute to the ticket booth these days-they only have to

get to their home personal computer and onto the

internet. It beats standing in lines (perhaps out in the

rain) and day, and the only traffic one encounters is

that of the so-called information superhighway.

The present system of traffic ticketing, through the

local ticketing system, most of the time is totally

inconvenient to both the traffic enforcer, the deemed

violators, and the public at large as well. Actual

experiences of the researchers were observed personally

while riding a public conveyance system or private

service that has been called for traffic violations and

some of the questionnaires used in this research work.

This research work was deemed for the months of July and

August. The team through collective efforts researched on

the internet, on surveys, on interviews, and actual

observation and revalidation of our hypothesis for this

research. The proposed research is bound by some

restrictions. It includes advantages and disadvantages of

the system.

The proposed system is faster and efficient in forwarding

the data on the server. It includes the peripheral

problems that may be caused by its limitations such as

Power interruption, Data connection failure, and the

likes. As introduced in this research from the actual

experiences, and from the set of questions and

interviews, the researchers identified that the proposed

system is much better in terms of effectiveness,

reliability, accuracy, speed, security, and user-

friendliness.

According to(Kumar P.M., 2014), the East Java Police

have been implementing a Traffic Ticket Data Processing

Information Systems, which could support managerial tasks

and policy making. Availability and support of

technological infrastructure, such as hardware, software,

or network, to speed up access to traffic ticket data

processing Information Systems has not been adequate. An

information system is a conceptual system and will run

properly if the components, such as software, hardware,

brain ware and network, functions properly to provide the

correct decisions for its users.

The ministry of heavy industries is considering a

proposal to make it mandatory to fit RFID-enabled devices

in the cars manufactured in India. It is believed that

RFID tags would help in traffic management as traffic

violations by motorists could be tracked and all

violations identified. Also, motorists would get charged

automatically as soon as they enter a toll area. Taking

into consideration this strategy, we are introducing our

paper.
 The ministry of urban development has already

discussed a similar agenda with many states. The ministry

has proposed a core area charge for different cities to

reduce traffic congestion in the city’s nerve centre. So,

people could end up paying a special levy to drive into

Connaught Circus, the heart of the Capital. In Singapore,

public transport buses and trains employ RFID cards known

as EZ-Link cards. Traffic into crowded downtown areas is

regulated by variable tolls imposed using an active

tagging system combined with the use of stored-value

cards (known as cash cards). RFID is also used in

Malaysia Expressways payment system, known as Touch n Go.

Due to the name and design, the card needs to be touched

for usage. With an eye to improving traffic management

and information access, the Orlando/Orange County

Expressway Authority (OOCEA) is deploying an RFID-based

traffic-monitoring system in central Florida. Automatic

Billing of Penalty Charges is also there but it is only

for selected Traffic Rule Violations such as speed limit

violation and entry into congested areas in spite of re-

routing messaging. But in our project we are trying to

incur a penalty for almost all the traffic rule

violations.
 PayPal commissioned Singapore-based independent

research agency Blackbox Research to assess attitudes

towards new payment methods and to garner insights into

the state of financial health and satisfaction in Asia.

In doing so, PayPal hopes to identify opportunities and

seek solutions that will better improve the financial

health and economic opportunity of both consumers and

businesses. The survey was conducted with 4,000

participants in seven markets within the Asia region

(China, India, Hong Kong, Singapore, Thailand,

Philippines and Indonesia). As new payment technologies

offer enterprises (especially small and medium-sized

businesses) the potential to transform their operations

with new opportunities and solutions at scale, PayPal

also spoke to 1,400 merchants across this region. The

survey was predominantly distributed online as PayPal

seeks to understand how a typical consumer and merchant

in Asia with online access thinks about digital payments.

For a more detailed demographic profile, please refer to

the Appendix at the end of the report. Across the region,

consumers and merchants were familiar with and adopted a

wide range of payment methods. For the purposes of

analysis, PayPal has classified the payment methods into

three categories: Cash, Traditional Payment Methods and

New Payment Methods. Traditional payment methods include

credit cards, debit cards and cheques and new payment

methods include mobile-enabled payment methods and

digital currency.

The management of receiving traffic fine payments,

accepted directly after a trial or judge’s verdict, has

been the responsibility of the Attorney General’s Office.

More Filipinos are now using digital channels to

conduct transactions including critically important

payments due to the profound impact of the coronavirus

pandemic on their daily lives, especially limitations on

physical movement that are imposed by the crisis.

More importantly, as many as nine out of ten local users

to electronic payment systems now prefer making cashless

transfers over cash payments due to public health

considerations.

Thus said international payments firm PayPal citing its

latest study on the adoption over the last few months of

digital solutions among Filipinos, the majority of whom

had overwhelmingly preferred to transact in cash before

the Covid-19 outbreak for reasons of convenience and

practicality.
“While cash remains the most dominant method of payment

in the Philippines, circumstances brought on by the

pandemic have given digital payments a more prominent

role in the everyday lives of Filipinos,” PayPal senior

director and Southeast Asian head of sales Rajkishore

Agrawal said. The results of the online survey showed

that 87 percent of Filipinos increased their usage of

digital payments during the pandemic, while 90 percent

said they preferred digital payments over cash during

this time.

The 2020 PayPal Consumer Insights Survey was

conducted among 500 local respondents with the objective

of identifying the impact of COVID-19 on local payment

behaviors.“As the pandemic continues, health and safety

need to be a fundamental part of our everyday decisions,”

the official said. “But when you consider continued usage

of digital payments, convenience and security also play

vital roles.”

The findings jibe with a recent study by the World

Bank and the National Economic Development Authority

which suggested that the use of digital technologies such

as digital payments, e-commerce, telemedicine, and online

education helped the Philippine economy cope with social

distancing measures, business continuity and public

service delivery.

At the same time, however, the survey found that 49

percent of respondents identified security as the topmost

consideration when choosing which digital payment

platforms to use.

More importantly, respondents said the new method of

transaction is here to stay, with an overwhelming 99

percent saying they plan to keep using digital payments

even after community quarantines are eased.According to

PayPal, the majority of Filipino respondents used digital

payments to pay for bills (44 percent) and groceries (36

percent). When it comes to payment platforms for cross

border purchases, 77 percent of respondents cited PayPal

as their most preferred method. The digital payments

platform has an estimated 361 million account holders in

over 200 markets across the world. It is also available

for different currencies, giving users unparalleled

flexibility to make international payments.

According to Syed Hassan Ahmed (2016) utilizes GPS

to get information about the vehicle state, that is,

location and speed. The vehicle is equipped with a

traffic violation warning and traffic violation storage

device, which is used to store the map data, traffic

regulations of the current road segment, and the traffic

violations made by the driver. A controller is used to

control and manage the different units of the device. The

GPS data is matched with the map data and traffic

regulations, stored previously in the device, to

determine if a violation has been made. Based on the

result, either the driver is issued a warning if a

possible violation is calculated or a ticket is stored in

the violation memory of the device if a violation has

been committed. Furthermore, an encryption mechanism is

also presented to store encrypted tickets in the memory.

The issued tickets along with the violations details and

personal information can be viewed later on the

management display.

In addition, according to Syed Hassan Ahmed (2016)

utilizes a radio frequency (RF) reader to determine the

identity of a vehicle and conversely the identity of the

driver and then issue traffic tickets according to the

applicable traffic laws. The smart ticket device is

controlled by a central processing unit and the device

contains radio frequency reader, wireless transceiver,

memory, and communication ports. RF tags are mounted on

the number plate of the vehicles and in the driving

license of the driver, which contain the vehicle and

driver’s identification information, respectively. The RF

reader of the smart ticketing device is able to read the

information from these RF tags from static and mobile

vehicles. The information obtained is used to issue a

traffic violation ticket, containing the vehicle and

driver’s information, time and nature of the violation,

and the respective fine. Furthermore, an extension to

this idea is to install speed sensors in the smart

ticketing device with which overspeeding vehicles can

also be caught easily.

According to Setiono (2018), a tool to assist

traffic law enforcement is required to reduce traffic

offenses. Particularly in regard to the traffic

infraction reporting system. Such a reporting tool must

be effective and efficient. as well as being open and

transparent in their reporting systems. Because of the

rapid advancement of informatics and communications With

today's technology, the criteria of these reporting

systems may be met by utilizing Android systems.

Existing traffic enforcement techniques are

typically carried out at certain times and locations.

Because traffic offenses occur every minute, it is both

useless and efficient. Violation occurrences are manually

reported. This might be considered a bribe violation. The

primary goal of this project is to create an android-

based traffic violation reporting application (E-Law

Enforcement) that can collect real-time data to assist

Surakarta City's sustainable transportation strategy.

Statement of the Problem

The study aims to design and develop EasyPay: A

Mobile Based Traffic Violation Ticketing App using QR

scanner. Specifically, it seeks to answer the

following questions:

1. How will the features and design of the mobile

application authorize automated processes of

recording driver violations and payments?

2. How will the web programming languages and databases

applied in the development of the mobile application

allow an electronic process of payment for the

violations committed?

3. How is the created mobile application for violators

user-friendly?

4. How will the developed application make driver’s

violations payments and recording easy, fast and

convenient?

Purpose of the Study

The purpose of the study is to design and

develop EasyPay: A Mobile Based Traffic Violation

Ticketing App using QR scanner. The study will be

beneficial to the following groups:

To the Violator/s. The study shall allow the

users to see their records and pay their violations

online with the use of a barcode scanner. The app

will also make violation payments easier. In

addition, it will save violator's time because

through the application they can pay online. The

study will also allow additional payment options for

the public to choose from.

To the Government. The study shall bring

convenience and faster recording and receiving of

violator’s payments as it will eliminate queuing of

the public in government offices. This will also

ensure transparency on transactions and minimize red

tape.

To the Researchers. This study shall set a

foundation for the researchers to apply and enhance

their knowledge and skills as Webtech and Network

security students, in relation to Online payment and

barcodes. Additionally, the study will be relevant to

the real world application and enhancement of all the

obtained knowledge during the(researchers) academic

year at the University of the Cordilleras.

To the Future Researchers. This study shall

serve as a reference to future researchers interested

in helping and understanding people who use online

payment for violations.

Objectives of the Study

 The general objective of the researchers study

is to design and develop EasyPay: A Mobile Based

Traffic Violation Ticketing App to automate the

process of managing drivers violations and payments.

The project specifically aims the following

objectives:

1. To identify the information required to the proposed

system for traffic violators.

2. To identify the physical and logical network of the

application.

3. To determine the features of the proposed system,

and;

4. To test the usability of the proposed system as a

traffic violation ticketing app.

Definition of Terms

The following items are the key important terms

to have a better understanding of this study.

Electronic payment. Electronic payment in short,

can be simply defined as paying for goods or services

on the internet. It includes all financial operations

using electronic devices, such as computers,

smartphones or tablets. E-payments come with various

methods, like credit or debit card payments or bank

transfers.

Mobile Application. Mobile Application refers to

an application that is used to run on smartphones,

tablets, and computers. The proposed application

would be available on mobile based applications such

as android.

QR Code. QR Code is a type of barcode that can

be read easily by a digital device and which stores

information as a series of pixels in a square-shaped

grid. QR codes are frequently used to track

information about products in a supply chain and

because many smartphones have built-in QR readers

they are often used in marketing and advertising

campaigns.

Technology. Technology refers to tools and

machines that were created by humans. A technology

that was created by humans is smartphones or gadgets

nowadays.
 Violation. Violation is an action that breaks or

acts against something, especially a law, agreement,

principle, or something that should be treated with

respect.
 Chapter 2

METHODOLOGY

This chapter covers the software development

process, scope and delimitation, data gathering

strategies, data sources, and software development

tools, all of which are required to complete the

study.

Software Development Methodology

The researchers will use Rapid Application

Development for mobile application development.

The Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a

project management concept that describes the stages

and actions involved in building and distributing

software. The application development life cycle,

also known as the systems development life cycle, is

a phrase used in systems engineering, information

systems, and software engineering to describe a

process of planning, developing, and deploying

software.
 Rapid Application Development (RAD) is an agile

software development methodology that emphasizes

prototype releases and revisions as quickly as

possible. Rapid Application Development, unlike

Waterfall methodology, prioritizes the usage of

software and user input over meticulous planning and

requirements documentation.

Requirements Planning, User Design,

Construction, and Cutover are the four steps of Rapid

Application Development. Rapid Application

Development reduces the project planning process and

emphasizes prototype iterations, allowing software

engineers to communicate with the users in real time

and collect their comments and insights to improve

the application’s functionality before it fully

develops.

Figure 1.
 Requirements Planning. A project scoping meeting

is the counterpart of this step. Although the

planning phase is brief in comparison to other

project management approaches, it is an important

step in ensuring the project’s eventual success.

Developers, clients(software users), and team members

communicate at this stage to define the project’s

goals and expectations, as well as any current or

potential difficulties that must be handled during

the construction. Possible problems encountered by

the researchers in this phase are the availability of

traffic enforcers or LTO Officials.

User design. Once the project has been scoped

out, it’s time to go work on developing the user

interface through numerous prototype iterations.

During this phase, clients work hand in hand with

developers to guarantee their needs are being met at

every step in the design process. It’s almost like

customisable software development where the users may

test each prototype of the product, at each level, to

guarantee it fulfills their expectations

In an iterative approach, all of the bugs are

worked out. The developer creates a prototype, the

customer(user) tests it, and then both parties meet

to discuss what worked and what didn’t. This strategy

allows developers to make changes to the model as

they go until they achieve a suitable result. In this

phase researchers will collaborate in order to

fulfill the client’s feedback with regards to the

design.

Rapid Construction. Phase 3 transforms the

prototypes and beta systems created during the design

phase into a working model. Developers may build the

final functioning model faster than they might using

a traditional project management technique because

the bulk of the problems and adjustments were handled

during the rigorous iterative design phase.

This third step is crucial since the client can

still provide feedback at any point during the

process. They can make suggestions for improvements,

revisions, or even new ideas to solve problems as

they arise. In this phase, researchers worked on

making sure that the application is working as

expected and clients are also involved to make sure

they are updated on the changes that were addressed.

Cutover. This is the stage when the finished

work is ready to be released. Data conversion,

testing, and changeover to the new system, as well as

user training, are all included. While coders and

clients continue to seek for flaws in the system, all

final improvements are made. In this phase,

researchers focused debugging the software for the

purpose of that errors will occur rarely and the

application to be fully operating.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study will focus more on developing the

application that records driver’s violation and

accepting online payment through the use of QR-

Scanners. NOTE: Only traffic violations are

applicable with the app. This allows the users to

choose whether they want to pay online or in the

office itself, when paying online user can just scan

the QR-Code and the app will redirect them to gcash

payment; NOTE: The first version of the app

development will only accept Gcash payments and other

payment methods will come in the future development.

The target users for the application will be the

traffic violators (drivers) from the Municipality of

Pozorrubio.
Data Gathering Techniques

In this study the following data gathering

techniques are used for the collection of data

needed:

Interviews. The use of interviews are effective

because the answers coming from the interviewee are

more accurate and could also feel their insights.

The researchers conducted an interview with a

friend or family member that owns a car to be able to

know their current problems in issuing or paying

their ticket fees.

Questionnaires. When the content of the research

instrument is to be measured statistically, survey

questionnaires are used. The researchers employed

survey questionnaires to collect data about the

effectiveness of adopting an application that was

primarily meant for drivers.

Sources of Data

Violators and violation payments collectors

(government officials) will be the primary

respondents for the gathering of data for they are

the ones who will benefit the most from the study.

Moreover, they will be the sources of data as they

possess the qualifications to use the proposed

project.

The data gathered from interviews are treated

through deductive analysis in which the researchers

will build categories to point out the key themes

presented by the respondents; interview data and

responses on the questionnaire shall be organized and

tabulated.

The data gathered through the said gathering

technique is analyzed with the use of content

analysis in order to provide reliable and accurate

information.

To establish the validity and reliability of the

questionnaire that will be used, the researchers

allocated questions from related studies. The

questions from published research projects will be

revised by the researchers to be administered to the

selected respondents. Moreover, the questions used by

the authors of published research projects are way

more reliable because they have already been used and

supported by experts.

Software Development Tools

 Android Studio. Application that is officially

integrated development for Google’s Android operating

system. Serves as the main tool in making the

application.

Github. Used to set up version control of the

application to make a backup of the application using

older versions.

Firebase. Used to create web and mobile

applications. Firebase will be responsible for

database management.

Adobe Photoshop. Used to create a stunning

application icon for the application and also used to

make the prototype of the application.

Google Drive. Is a cloud-based storage service

that will enable the developers to share,

synchronize, and store files. In this study, it will

be a tool used to backup for each iteration that the

application will be going through to make sure that

each iteration is documented or stored for future

references.

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