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Definitions of writing
A paragraph Is a group of sentences about a topic.
A descriptive paragraph Describes a person, a place , or a thing The
writer use clear details that will help readers
imagine the subject.
An example paragraph Gives examples to explain a topic. The writer
uses very specific examples so that the reader
can clearly understand the writer’s ideas.
A process paragraph Gives steps to tell readers how to complete a
process or a task.
A narrative paragraph Tells a story. it is often written in the order in
which events occurred.
An opinion paragraph Expresses beliefs or opinions about a topic
.the writer tries to present reasons that will
persuade readers to agree with the opinion
The topic sentence Introduces the topic.
The supporting sentences Follow the topic sentence. They give more
information to explain and support the topic
sentence.
The concluding sentence Often repeats the information in the topic
sentence in a different way. Sometimes the
concluding sentence offers a prediction, a
request , or a warning

A sentence Is is a statement that expresses a complete
idea.

Tells who or what the sentence is about.
A subject

Reverse to an action or a state.
The verb

A fragment A sentence that is missing a subject or a verb is
incomplete.

Run on sentences Two sentences that run together without correct

punctuation.

Coherence That the supporting details are organized in a

logical way.

Adjectives Are words that describe nouns.

 Effective examples Are specific, and they relate clearly to
the paragraph’s controlling idea.
Provide new information. They do not
simply restate the topic sentence.
Unity all the sentences support one
single idea.





Features of an effective Topic sentence:
1- It’s not a fragment it is a complete sentence.
Example: smart phone for student college.
2- It’s not too general.
Example : Smart phones are good.
3- It’s not a simple fact or a specific detail.
Example: smart phones cost $300.



§ (The topic sentence is usually the first or second sentence in a
paragraph ).
§ Controlling idea : explains what the writer will say about the
topic,,,, explanation .

§ A paragraph must have unity and coherence.

§ A paragraph has unity when : all the sentences support a single
idea.

§ Supporting sentences can include :
1- definitions 2- explanations 3- examples.


A sentence includes:
1- affirmative statements
2- Negative statements
3- Questions

The first word in a sentence it’s always capitalized.
A complete sentence usually ends in a period.
A question ends with a question mark.
Exclamation mark ❗ ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺗﻌﺟب‬

to correct a run on sentence:

1- Put a period between the sentences.
2- Add comma and a connecting word such as : ,and ,so ,but.

‫ﻗراءة‬
⬇

A descriptive descriptive:

The topic sentence
1- introduces that item that the writer will describe .
2- it may also include the writers general feeling our opinion
about the item .

The supporting sentences
1-Give background information about the item.
2-Give details to describe how that item looks, smells, feels
sounds ,tastes.
3-Also describe how the writer feels about the item




An example paragraph :

The topic sentence
1- The first sentence introduce the topic
2- Also includes the controlling idea, or what the writer
will say about the topic.

The supporting sentences
1- The middle sentence give examples that support the
controlling idea.
2- This examples give a clear picture of the writer’s
specific meaning.








Unit 1



Read and edit the paragraph. There are two more fragment mistakes
and three run-on mistakes. Use appropriate punctuation and
capitalization. P 23

Working as a Hotel Receptionist
Being a part-time receptionist in a hotel provides many useful work
skills for young people. First, can learn about working with the public.
Hotel receptionists have to interact with guests every day, they also
answer phone calls and make reservations. In addition, because there
travelers from a lot of different countries, hotel receptionists learn how
to interact with people from different language and cultural
backgrounds. They need to learn English, it is the language that most
international travelers are able to speak. They also learn about other
cultures, Which is a useful skill for a lot of international jobs in the
future. Finally, hotel receptionists have to deal with the guests’
complaints, they learn problem-solving skills. In conclusion, a part-time
hotel receptionist job gives a young person a variety of skills to use in
the future.



Read and edit the paragraph. Fix run-on sentences, fragments, and
mistakes in capitalization. There are three sentences that do not support
the topic sentence. Cross them out. P 26

My Red Couch
I acquired a couch in an interesting way. I was walking to the bus stop
and I saw the couch on the sidewalk. There was a sign on the couch that
read "I am free. Take me home." I like taking the bus to school because I
can study on the bus or read the newspaper. I really liked the couch. It
had a beautiful wooden frame, and red fabric. However, there was a
problem. I did not have a truck my apartment was five blocks away.
suddenly, I saw my classmate across the street. She usually sat next to
me in a computer class. I told her my problem, she offered to help. It a
big, heavy couch, but my friend and I carried it down the street. When we
got tired, we sat down to rest on the couch. Finally, we brought it to my
door, and my neighbor helped carry it upstairs. My neighbor works in a
department store. It was a funny day for me and I like to remember this
day whenever I come home and see my beautiful great coach.









Unit 2




Reading and editing the paragraph. There are four more adjective
errors, p. 46.

I have a new digital camera, and I'm very excited to use it because it has
so many useful features. I don't need to spend a lot of time focusing it. It
has automatic focus. People don't have to wait long for me to take their
pictures . In addition, it’s lens is powerful. I can photograph a person
and a scenery . Both are clear when I print The finals pictures . Another
feature allows me to delete picture blurry . I save a lot of money
because I don't have to print uglys pictures. I'm very excited about my
new camera. It is easy , and I can take interestings pictures with it. I
expect to have a lot of fun with it.




Read and edit the paragraph.There are five mistakes with adjectives p
49 .

My most valuable possession is a hand-made Persian carpet. My
parents gave it to me as a wedding gift right before I married my
husband. This carpet is made of wool and silk. It is rectangular, and it
has a gold fringe along the borders. The colors of my carpet are mostly
dark red on a cream- colored background, but there are also blue and
browns designs woven into it. In the center of the carpet, a round
medallion is decorated with exquisites lines and curves. The carpet is
not thick soft, but it is lovely to look at. I keep it in my living room
because it reminds me of my parents wonderful, and the country
beautiful where it was made.
Unit 3

Read and edit the paragraph. There are nine more mistakes in
subject-verb agreement. P 69

My Talented Sisters
My sisters are both talented people. Vanessa and Rita-is
musicians. Vanessa is a piano player, and Rita play the guitar.
They are students at the High School for the Performing Arts.
Vanessa and some other girls in her class is guest performers
at community events nearly every weekend. This are good
practice for them because they wants to play professionally
one day. My other sister, Rita, is younger than Vanessa. -She is
not ready to perform yet, but she play the guitar very well. She
Usually perform for our family. My sisters works hard. Every
day when they comes home, they play music for us. We feels
lucky to have such talented people in our family.










Read and edit the paragraph. There are eight mistakes in
subject-verb agreement. P 73

Trust
The most important quality of a friend is honesty. An honest
friend never lie about anything. She tell you, for example, if she
disagree with you on an issue. When you ask for advice, she
tells you the truth even when it is difficult. When you asks an
honest opinion about the clothes you are wearing, she tells you
if they are inappropriate. If you does a something bad, an
honest friend do not hesitate to give you sincere feedback. This
honesty result in trust between short, honesty are the most
important characteristic that I look for in a friend.