Module 2
Art through the Ages
Introduction:
In module 1, you have explored the humanities and art appreciation
through the basic assumption and nature of arts, functions, and
philosophy of arts and the difference of subject and content form
artworks. By now, you are expected to have a clearer understanding of
the foundations of arts and its importance to humanity and the
community.
This module is focused on Art history and ancient civilization
art. It refers to the study of objects of art in their historical
development and stylistic contexts. The study may include paintings,
sculpture, architecture, ceramics, furniture, and other decorative
objects. The genre, design, format, and style in arts are studied
historically.
This module will help you recognize and appreciate the
contributions of ancient civilization art in the historical development
of arts from the present time.
Intended learning outcomes:
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
cite major art contributions of various civilizations;
create a timeline to summarize the historical perspective of arts
in ancient civilization; and
design an artwork from one of the ancient art civilizations.
MOTIVATION
Time machine!
Given the chance to go back from the history, in
what ancient civilization do you want to
experience arts and why? Do this in another
paper.
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1. Art History
Refers to the study of objects of art in their historical
development and stylistic contexts. The study may include
paintings, sculpture, architecture, ceramics, furniture, and other
decorative objects. The genre, design, format, and style in arts
are studied historically.
Cave paintings are also known as “parietal art.” They have painted
drawings on cave walls or ceilings, mainly of prehistoric origin,
dated to some 4,000 years ago (around 38,000 BCE) in Eurasia.
The paintings are remarkably similar worldwide, with animals being
common subjects that give the most impressive images. Humans
mainly appear as images of hands, mostly hand stencils made by
blowing pigment on a handheld to the wall.
The world’s oldest figurative Mulberry-hand colored stencils are
artwork, which was discovered superimposed over older reddish or
in Borneo is at least 40,000 orange hand stencils in this
years old-Luc Henri Fage Indonesian cave art.-Kinez Riza
2. Ancient Civilization Art
First started in Mesopotamia, as the region attained its
development, other city-states existed. Famous of which is the
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Sumerian city-state. Religious buildings and temples were
established, and their cultural arts flourished.
The beginnings of monumental architecture in Mesopotamia are
usually considered contemporary with the founding of the Sumerian
cities and the invention of writing in about 3100 BCE.
2.1 Egyptian art
Egyptian art focuses on the afterlife through pyramids and tomb
painting. Egyptian art remained unchanged for 3,000 years, which
coincides with their obsession with immortality. Their biggest
concern was assuring a comfortable afterlife for their rulers who
they viewed as Gods.
The Egyptian period produced literature, medical science, and
higher mathematics, helping maintain its first large scale unified
state.
The Tomb
“Ka”: spiritual entity, an aspect of the
individual, believed to live within the body
during life and to survive it after death.
The Paintings and Hieroglyphics (formal
writing system) tell the story of the
deceased’s life & activities.
Portrait statues as an alternative dwelling
place in case the mummified corpse
deteriorated.
Tutankhamun’s Tomb
Sculpture and Paintings
The human body is depicted with a front view of the eye and
shoulders and profile view of the head, arms, and legs.
The size of the figure signifies the rank, and the statues made
of granite and diorite
Architecture
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The Great Pyramid of Giza, also known as the Pyramid of Khufu
or the Pyramid of Cheops, is the oldest and largest of the
three pyramids in the Giza pyramid complex bordering what is
now El Giza, Egypt.
The pyramids were meant to house the pharaoh’s bodies and serve
reminders of their almighty power.
One of the essential changes in architecture was the
disappearance of the pyramids. The pyramids had failed to
protect the royal burial from the robbery.
One of the most beautiful temples is the Deir el-Bahari, it was
built about 1470 by the famous Queen Hatshepsut.
The Great Pyramid of Giza
Deir el-Bahari
Gods of Egypt
The Gods, too, needed proper care. Their temples were built as grand
palaces, with stables, orchards and farmlands and staff of
attendants. Rulers prided themselves on what they had done to
improve the shrines of the Gods.
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2.2 Ancient Greek Art
The arts of ancient Greece have exercised an enormous influence
on the culture of many countries worldwide, particularly in the
areas of sculpture and architecture.
Forms of art developed at different speeds in different parts
of the Greek world, and as in any age, some artists worked in
more innovative styles than others.
Three Main Period
1. Archaic Period
The earliest period in Greek Sculpture which started around
600 B.C. and lasted until 480 B.C. These works have a stiff and
ridged appearance similar to that of the Egyptian sculpture.
2. Classical Period
Shows a massive shift from the stiff Archaic to a more
realistic and sometimes romantic portrayal of the human
figure. Females, after the 5th century B.C., were depicted
nude, often with flowing robes. The robes gave the sculpture
the idea of movement and realism in an effort by the artist
to show humans more naturally and realistically.
3. Hellenistic Period
The Greeks portrayed a young, vigorous, and athletic person
in their works. These works idealized the individual and, in
a way, attempted to capture the idea of youth and strength in
their design. The results reflect the commonly held views of
youth, strength, courage, and beauty, encouraged in the Greek
City-states.
Sculpture
The Greeks were blessed with a large
supply of marble, which was what they used
most in their sculptures. Bronze was also
used in their artistic work of humans.
Gods and goddesses, athletes,
philosophers, and political leaders were
sculpted as idealized figures. Greeks
Artemission Bronze believed that the perfection of the soul
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was mirrored in the physical embodiment. The Greeks had a good
knowledge of anatomy, and they paid great attention to the
accuracy of the details, especially the muscles.
Pottery
The range of colors that could be
used on pots was restricted by the
technology of firing: black,
white, red, and yellow were the
most common.
They are usually in Human figures,
animals, ornamental shapes, and
geometric patterns.
The figures were always painted so
that they and their story fitted
the shape of the vase and still
linear.
Storage Jar with Herakles Attacking a
Centaur; Attributed to the Medea Group
(Greek (Attic), active 530 – 510 B.C.);
Athens, Greece; 530 – 520 B.C.;
Terracotta;
Architecture
Greek life was dominated by religion, and so it is not surprising
that the temples of ancient Greece built to honor their gods were
the biggest and most beautiful. They also had a political purpose
as they were often made to celebrate civic power and pride or to
offer thanksgiving to the patron deity of a city for success in
war.
The Greeks developed three architectural systems, called orders,
each with their distinctive proportions and detailing. The Greek
orders are Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. Doric style Ionic style
Corinthian style.
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Greek Orders Greek temple
2.3 Chinese Art
Chinese art has continuously changed, and
each of the many periods in its long
history has its distinct character; and
the Chinese believed that their deceased
ancestors have a spiritual form of
existence that gives them access to the
gods.
Much of the early information about
Chinese art comes from royal tombs. These
yielded rich treasures such as lacquered
items, paintings, sculptures in wood,
stone, jade, bronze, etc.
Chinese Landscape Painting
The Chinese follow Confucian respect for
age, authority, and morality after Confucius’ teachings (perfect
harmony and human heartedness).
Painting
Landscape painting was regarded as
the highest form of Chinese
painting, and they also consider
the three concepts of their arts:
Nature, Heaven, and Humankind (Yin-
Yang)
Chinese art expresses the human
understanding of the relationship
between nature and humans, and this
might be called the metaphysical, Calligraphy
Daoist aspect of Chinese painting.
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Painting subjects and themes are
usually flowers and birds,
landscapes, palaces and temples,
human Figures, animals, bamboos,
and Stones.
Calligraphy is the art of beautiful
handwriting. In calligraphy, the
popular materials which paintings
are made of are paper and silk.
Qi Baishi (1877-1957)
Considered one of the great Chinese Painters. Focusing mainly on
flowers, birds, fish, and insects, Qi gives his brush the kind of
independence that very few artists dare to experiment with. His
swift, sure, spontaneous brushstrokes usually perfected only at an
old age, turned Qi into China's most celebrated modern artist, and
indeed one of the world’s greatest painters. Qi Baishi is the
Picasso of China.
Qis art conveys a slightly awkward air, which is the essence of his
appeal. Qis mature style emerged only in the 1920s after moving to
Beijing; he was only fully recognized at the old age of sixty but
continued to create and produced his greatest masterpieces during
his seventies and eighties. He died in Beijing on September 16,
1957, at the age of 94.
Sculpture and Pottery
The Chinese were masters of
bronze, jade, and ceramics. Decorative
subjects made of these materials are
among Chinas’ most significant
contributions to the world of art.
Bronze metalwork is the
most extraordinary art form
of ancient china. The
excellent bronze ag of
China lasted from the Shang (1523-1000’s B.C.) to the Han
Bronze Jar Zhou Dynasty
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Dynasty. During the Shang dynasty, bronzes were used for
ritual purposes. Bronze shapes and designs become more
elaborate, especially those produced in the northern city
of Anyang, the last Shang capital.
Jade is a hard, beautiful stone that was highly valued by the
Chinese. Jade ornaments and sculptures are found at many at first
burial sites.
Chinese potters learned to control the temperatures of their kilns
to refine clays and to make perfect glazes. A glaze is a glossy coat
that helps the ceramics waterproof and enhances their appearances.
These techniques enabled them to produce ceramics that were admired
worldwide.
Chinese sculptures are objected to be buried with the dead. The most
impressive collection of sculptures was found near the tomb of Shi
Huangdi, the 1st emperor of China. Pits near the tomb held some
7,000 life-size Terra Cotta pottery sculptures of foot soldiers,
charioteers, officers, and horses. The sculptures were intended to
protect the emperor after death.
Ancient Jade in China
Terracotta soldiers at Qin Shi
Huangdi Tomb
2.4 Japanese Art
Japanese art covers a wide range of art styles and media, including
ancient pottery, sculpture in wood and bronze, ink painting on silk
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and paper, calligraphy, ceramics, architecture, oil painting,
literature, drama, and music.
Japanese art dates from around 10,000
BC. Most oriental and eastern art
incorporates various styles and types
such as ink painting, pottery, and
sculpture.
Painting
One of Japan’s oldest art forms, and
probably it most popular. Like China,
It began as simple stick figures
decorating silk, paper, and pottery,
and developed into a way of expressing centuries of cultural and
political evolution.
Screen printing is often thought of as
one of the most characteristics forms The Great Wave of Kaganawa
of Japanese art. Most especially
popular by handscrolls that contained text and paintings.
Woodblock prints were first used in japan to reproduce religious
text and images. Woodblock printing is a technique for printing
text, images, or patterns used. This method was adopted in Japan
during the Edo period (1603-1867) and became one of their oldest and
most highly developed visual arts.
The artist Hokusai and Hiroshige are acknowledged as the greatest
masters of the landscape print. Their works generally feature views
of scenic national landmarks such as Mount Fuji.
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Woodblock print of Mt. Fuji Screen painting in Japan
Sculpture and Pottery
Most sculptures made before the mid-1800s were objects of worship
displayed in temples and shrines. Statues of Gods of Buddhism and
the native Shinto religion were most common.
The earliest sculptures were made of clay. Small clay figurines
resembling humans and animals have been found in Neolithic sites.
Large clay figurines were placed around the great mounded tombs of
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powerful rulers. These figures were of men, women, animals, and even
boats and houses.
Jomon Clay Figure
One of the most impressive gilt bronze statues is a 52-foot (16
meters) seated Buddha in Todaiji, a temple in the City of Nara.
Buddha in Todaiji temple in the City of Nara
Japan has one of the oldest ceramic traditions in the world. All
Japanese ceramics were either
earthenware or stoneware.
Earthenware is a reddish, non-
waterproof ware that is fired at
low temperatures while pottery is
harder ware fired at a high
temperature and often glazed.
The rise du
ceremony stimulated the growth of
ceramic production. A wide range of
shapes, sizes, and glazes developed
in response to the requirements of the tea ceremony.
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Earthenware ceramics Stoneware ceramics
Japan’s Crafts
Daruma Dolls
These are spherical dolls with red bodies and white faces without
pupils. They represent Bodhidharma, an East Indian who founded Zen
about 1500 years ago; according to legend, he removed his eyelids to
prevent sleep from breaking his concentration, and his limbs
withered after prolonged meditation. Daruma dolls are charms to
bring good fortune, continued prosperity, and fortitude to
accomplish goals. Usually, daruma dolls are purchased without eyes.
Daruma Doll
Kokeshi Dolls
They have been made for 150 years. They were
initially created as toys for children of
farmers. They have no
arms or legs, but a
large head and
cylindrical body,
representing little
girls. From a simple toy, it has now become
Kokeshi
a Doll
famous Japanese craft, and now an
established souvenir for tourists.
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Ikebana Origami
Ikebana
The Japanese art of flower arrangement. It is more than simply
putting flowers in a container. It is a disciplined art form in
which the structure is a living thing where nature and humanity are
brought together. One tries to represent the three elements sky,
earth, and humanity in a well-balanced relation.
Origami
The traditional Japanese art of paper folding. It has since evolved
into a modern art form. The goal of this art is to transform a flat
sheet of paper into a finished sculpture through folding and
sculpting techniques, and as such, the use of cuts or glue is not
considered to be origami.
Activity 2.1
Instructions: Read and research more about the selected ancient
civilization art, then identify at least five (5) art contributions of
these civilizations and write it down on their respective columns given
below.
Name:______________________________________________Course:___________
Ancient Ancient Ancient Rome Ancient Ancient
Egypt Greece China Japan
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Activity 2.2
Instruction: Make an outline of the historical perspective in Ancient
Civilization art based on the unit lecture using a timeline. You may
also provide additional information not presented in this module. You
can use creativity and imagination to present your work. An example is
given below to give you an idea of how you will make your activity. Use
a separate paper for this activity. Do not forget to write your
complete name and label it with activity 2 for module
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Activity 2.3
Instruction: Search on the different paper folding known as the
“Origami.” Choose and craft TWO (2) origami of your own. Create a video
while doing the origami. Take a photo of the finished crafts and make a
short video of yourself of at least one (1) minute in doing your
artwork.
RUBRIC FOR ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING EXERCICES
EXEMPLARY ACCOMPLISHED DEVELOPING BEGINNING
CRITERIA WEIGHT
(15) (11) (8) (5)
Coverage 25% All required Most of the Some of the Most of the
information necessary essential required
is covered, information information data is
informative, is covered is covered missing and
and well-
and well- but poorly
written
written uninformativ written
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e
Organizatio 10% Proper Adequate design Some Multiple
n formatting, with labeled formatting formatting
sections sections errors or errors or
clearly missing missing
labeled, well
sections sections
organized,
professional
style
Grammar, 25% No errors Only one or two More than Numerous
usage, errors two errors errors
mechanics, distract
spelling from
understandi
ng
Quality of 40% Attractive, Some details Details Unable to
information well vague or non- somewhat find
researched, supporting of sketchy, do specific
informative, the subject not support details
supporting
the topic
details
specific to
the subject
Summary
Art history refers to the study of objects of art in their
historical development and stylistic contexts. The study may include
paintings, sculpture, architecture, ceramics, furniture, and other
decorative objects. The genre, design, format, and style in arts are
studied historically.
The ancient civilization art first started in Mesopotamia; as the
region attained its development, other city-states existed. Egyptian
art focuses on the afterlife through pyramids and tomb painting.
Egyptian art remained unchanged for 3,000 years, which coincides with
their obsession with immortality. The arts of ancient Greece have
exercised an enormous influence on the culture of many countries
worldwide, particularly in the areas of sculpture and architecture.
There were three main periods during this time the Archaic, classical
and Hellenistic era. Chinese art has continuously changed, and each of
THIS MODULE IS FOR THE EXCLUSIVE USE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE, INC. ANY FORM OF REPRODUCTION,
DISTRIBUTION, UPLOADING, OR POSTING ONLINE IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS WITHOUT THE WRITTEN PERMISSION
1
OF THE UNIVERSITY IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED.
7
the many periods in its long history has its distinct character; and
the Chinese believed that their deceased ancestors have a spiritual
form of existence that gives them access to the gods. Japanese art
covers a wide range of art styles and media, including ancient pottery,
sculpture in wood and bronze, ink painting on silk and paper,
calligraphy, ceramics, architecture, oil painting, literature, drama,
and music.
References:
Textbooks
Leano, Roman D., (2018) Art Appreciation for College Students.
Mindshapers Co., Inc.
Solmerano, Ernesto M., (2019) Art Appreciation. Books Atbp.
Publishing Corp.
Ariola, Mariano M. (2018) Art Appreciation. Unlimited Books Library
Services & Publishing Inc.
Devilles et al. (2018) Art sense: Sensing the Arts in the Everyday
by C & E-publishing, Inc.,
Links
https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/science/2018/11/07/cave-art-worlds-
oldest-paintings-animals-discovered-borneo/1922195002/
http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/special s/treasure-wars/rosetta-
stone-tw/
https://www.slideshare.net/RodriguezArt/egyptian-art-14705439?
qid=145a4af2-42c7-4d04-abf6-ad2947663706&v=&b=&from_search=4
https://www.slideshare.net/DarvinAbraham/ancient-greek-civilization-art-
and-architecture?qid=d5f3cb1e-28bf-4e19-91a2-
3da587bb38d8&v=&b=&from_search=10
https://www.slideshare.net/Gari125/art-of-china-42069577
https://www.slideshare.net/gisereyrocks/chinese-art-26314666
slideshare.net/gisereyrocks/japanese-art-26314593
https://www.slideshare.net/charlene143/arts-of-japan?next_slideshow=1
https://www.slideshare.net/top8vivien/japan-38838226
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