htheTO, the : nging | ; 59 The members of the Digital Evolution Labo, j he Ee a program called Avida that has no} intigued, but biologists and philosophers as e be in Chris Adami, a physicist, sought to create Tr Ee erae ie ne addition problems. The digital ‘organisme._ tec fetlenes themsolves, and each time they replicated, they had a chance to mute d thus evolve. Intily, the digital creations were unable to process nl in any way. Bu, _ Adami designed the program to reward programs that were able to work with the numbers in some way, The digital organisms that could process numbers were allowed to reproduce “inhigher numbers. in oniy six short months, the primitive program had evolved a number "of mechanisms to perform addition. And most surprisingly, not all of the digital creatures performed addition in the same way. |The Avida program now resides at Michigan State University, where it has been growing and ‘changing for years. The digital creatures number in the billions and have colonized more than two hundred computers. Each digital organism consists of a pattern of code. The organisms compete with one another for resources, and the most successful ones are able to make more Copies of themselves, Just like a living oreature, the digital entities also undergo mutations Mutations that are beneficial ensure greater reproduction; harmful mutations have the opposite effect. According to the director of the Avida project, the processes undergone by the digital ficalutes are the same as those experienced by biological organisms, The only difference fs the digital creations from Avida different sequences of DNA Proteins. In one of the Avida creations, different sequences of computer code instruct the program to Perform certain functions. In both cases, the eproduation of the organisms is subject to forces such as competition and mutation Now, some biologists are maintaining that the programs in the Avida project are alive. The a pele, cooperate, and evolve—activties that many biologSS Ne Prominent biologist says, “They don't ha te atleast not yet. But otherwise, they're alive.” Sia. crea tata ame DF course, not everyone agrees tha the program Biologists do not even agree on the definition of i Surprises scientists, ar is ide ore eee ere 'y Characteristics and qualities to provideore ' Creations are alive. One difficulty is that fe. The di if tl ndlthete ate simply orc versity of life on Earth constantyThis passage is typical of the passages on the TOEFL. It’s about 550 words long (actually it’s on the 7 Shorter'side fora TOEFL passage), and it discusses an academic topic. It contains some challenging : ‘Vocabulary words and requires you to read about a topic you may have no interest in or knowledge ‘of Although you may end up reading passages such as this at a university or graduate program, the reading skills youneed for the TOEFL are very different, For example, fora college course, you would | feed to read this passage very carefully. You would pay close attention to the details and facts pre- ‘sented in the paper. However, that type of close reading isn’t possible or necessary on the TOEEL, READING ON THE TOEFL _ You will ave to face many challenges in the Reading section. You've already seen an example of the ‘Tevelof content and vocabulary you may encounter. But perhaps the greatest challenge is attempting _Tforead the passages and deal with the questions in the limited time provided. You have to tead three tions in only 60 minutes; some quick math shows that you have about a 's wit ng any time for reading the passage! then, that the reading skills necessary for the TOEFL are different from other types of reading that you do. To do well on the TOEFL, you have to work on active reading. ting to retain all of the information in the passage, we are going to focus on the big “Picture. Active reading accomplishes three major tasks. Finding the purpose: This involves figuring out why the author wrote the piece. a 2 ‘Understanding the structure: Mapping the passage to find out where key information is,P [ooeee WY" tau iy, Hbeathor wrote ef fa emery. The fre of democrs: is and conde, Asti et Henk toy dea? the author just pase ee ing a pihe TOEFL, different types «’ ae =e ae ae : Basic opie of the possage information about thet sith fra statement. detail. IBindeibie (2) in only idexpaneion has resuled ne He625si0n of the polar inecar lndustal acivty has cara nmental scientsis and feould very wel dexoy to or ls oot this Very se paragraph in tem fe tes ote pS {Q) Te sentence induces the topic {@)_ This sete provides information t suppor the {@)_ This entece provides informatcn to upper the (Gy Ths centenc uses he okratin in sentencs 1,2, nd 3 o mabe ap ing the pacagaph down. enh any ott pase ges en fe TOEFL vl confor ots Feo when realing fe rtedacon you shuld 1. Rea te fist sentence (and somtimes te second if xt provi rough inferotin and te lst senence very corel ‘Th feta ey information sbout the pass information tht mer sup Reading the introduction i ell nips of pase. Th nroucton may aso contain beck oat te Fae clase paragraphs rarely contain important eas hatha he oe Your Turn: Dane #2—Anaurze te SraucTURE Forerchf ths olloing introduction paragraphs weed paragreph. Check your ani Poragroph #1 (i) Sent Poragroph #2 {i} Afar a seve-yex journey he Cass spacer: boos. (2) the soazecralfssuccessilenty it cbt a tairiraon cl avysten thal jock nore than 20 years 10 jn Octobe 1997, tha Casi spacecraft raveled mere thar Now scents eager) eva the ruts ofthe abo o) Qa ) @ fami eontorrsy initsyourney (8) cone conert 4, THE READING C1OC? (6) Alona informal on he fankcapehas been nich ica indend wes e/0utonery tr discences—chmisty, sc, inglished hime from his cole Mut as O00 bused on pow: (1 Axswens 1o Dane #2 Poragraph #1 UU) THs sentence iroduces the main question ofthe posse [e) Tis sentence tates what the qcton is [e)Tissenfenc gives en ansrer othe question (3) THs senlrce ates hat cor of program th se Paragraph #2 (1) THs senfence nodes the topo ho Pasa (2) This sentence provides background abou the topic {@) The sentence provides mors background a (G) This sentence sates wha! people Bop will think is alive Parograph #3 (0) Ths sentence asks a question about th (2) This sentence wats who is interested in the topic ce provides more information about the re sks another quot shout the top ce aks another question abot the opi that son ansiers wil be povided about the top (6) Thissenteee Poragtoph #4 (UNIH ertncences the Ti etnce pee mone = S) Ti cetnce ie one por forsee (Otis setence ives ore support ssn (Gis etence nats const the previous ereees Paragcaph #5 (Q) Ths sentence neds he topic {@) This sentence expla the pic is im G) This sence indicates Why the topics dierent (This sent sales wpa You should notice that thse paragraphs al have sms structures. The important stu isa the begining andthe end, Tats okay The TOEFL fea stance test hich means tat tue the eae ctypes of psages and questions repeated So you shoul expec tose something ike this on ‘Waar Is tHe Structure oF A Bopy ParaGraPH? Body paragraphs, like introduction paragraphs, alco charea similar structure Her'san example of atypia body paragraph. (1) One ofthe greatest chalenges faced by engineers working onthe Cassin project valved [eting the spececrat o Salm, (2) Stu Fes cmoet 800 milion riles away rom Earth, an Immerse dance. 2) The erount of uel need to cond Cassini ona drect rout he ‘planet would be preittne. (4) Therefore, mission strategists had to come up wih plan to Set te eal Satu using minimum aroun. (6) The soluon was touse aectrique calle (OnE CONCET #1: THE READING SECTION mt 33,jofaplanetto “slingshot” it ing, Bi sed by 0 plat Venn rire fona ded m0 1 200 ig Seale ae i atthe Fody paragrapts ar all about det Seo ens stata alan youace ooking in he ight pars. nha you need Is ey to ye i fy pugaph stay focused on te information jsp he author's views Most ee bd pesageshave bly perogmps te tatty lorches dicen Datta thao by a Eno at eclones tee f5uch a paragraph lve. (2) One citcuty ‘of lf on Earth ‘Your TueN: Drits #3—Anatvziio Booy PARAGRAPHS. eee raf eaca sense nhaovig ora Ai Toi WOM er Pee ‘suppor contract the page Poragraph #1 (ine harch tran demandes} mach ot nrabitnts-(2) Many there nomad, moleg asoutin small bends, flowing ihe ‘anal. @) Cooperation ariong groups was asental or suneval aM ‘Sevelopod cabo as fuals of recronty (4) Gross of hunter broaing tots used by sels, (6) one hier caught asta a waUE of avery was as tonarded 2s evidenced byte rucion penpl. whaisied dein BY sea ce o hunt sels Supparts or contradicts Paragraph #2 (G)ithout furan tereorce. any ofthe ther ospageal cre. @] Ulatuate,feuschs pote wal sulle Inacio et ‘re ofthe getet pes sige oes, ous nat have me wast ol huenincioiead at essa be artod merous by coving popltons es an cons (1) Aa ie ‘eowcach which oranye chy dyser soar & ebolae nei, woud Seappear Hom Slou te vorrescineswbout aif heat tosis @ Sena ‘(scenes ed ot eran rec foun woud reclaim @ =n eee @ Supports or contadice? Paragraph #3 1G} Acearaing 0 suveys, anjuhere om 100 25 percent ol he popuaion hes expenses (1 ees one halucneten, 2) Most fen, the halucinaton cores inthe form of sos Vit ‘hporiance, bul soma people repet nearing a sound x even ois: (3) Even fates Dube ehheard off halucnaton of pacar smell or arore. (4) fs not known sacl whe} ‘causes hallucinains, attoug? one comment 66 esas hey athena a Gina ho extemal stimulus receive by fa senses no longer matanes ths fave ok est) 9 ‘occuring nthe bc, (6) Sensory deprwation sone ofthe surest. Ways rosiethalucnaons,recent ese tay rele was 0 1 ncn (Ve a) ‘Answers ro Drutt #3 ily (A 1 the Qoreermery Poragraph #1 CO) hs senenc sates that mach dened of pene (2) cenenc pvesen example ofsomelig demonded. (6) Ths sentence pvesan ecampleof hve the prope adapted (@) Tis sentence providesadeal ated wsefence3s {G)Thssenene provides an adtonal data ltd o sentence. {6)Thissenlenc gives an ample of mating else demanded. ‘This pargreph sippors te passage Porageaph #2 (O) TNs sentence ges a consequence of sition crt OG) ne sewn is mika snc ze 2) ari (ois isan exple a supprt erence 2. ; Peeteabases trees i ccabenemce aes i “his paragraph contradicts the pasage t Poragraph #3 (0) THs snteace gives afc about the topic {2) Ths sentence provides mors information rat 0 sentence (9) This senence provides moe information related 9 sentence T (a) Thissentence provides another iat about th opi {6 Thc sentence provides moreisfermation mast enters “This paragraph appre the passage Paragraph #4 (0) Th sentence ntuces another conneton (2) This sentence provide deta ete to sentonce 1 {G) This sentence explains sentences and 2 more uly {@) This sentence also explains sentences 1 and 2 more fly {@)Thiscentnce summannss the othr enencts. “his paragraph spt the passage Paragraph #5 (0) This sentence contradicts the Ist sentence ofthe prior paragraph (2) Ti sentence supports sentence 1 (G) This sentence makes th author's point ‘This paragraph supers the posage i [As you can se body paragraphs star off with a narrow topefollowed details related to that narrow topic. Sometimes, as in paragraph #; there are EW t ‘paragraphs deal only with one topic. Most times, the body paragraphs Suppor TEU eee pest amocieny biraaica aa ‘Wnar Is tHe Structure oF A Conctusion Paracn ‘Many ofthe passages on the TOEFL are edited versions of longer ‘will usually provide some additional details and are details skis through ragraph #2 ro a eas he ce er ned he uo aairens AMER BTS hrs ext eo anerons et ging ries, vonicies, or moder ctothing (3) Rather thar ee oe signa rrabkars land mays 280 harmony with it (4) The Arctic offers an abundance of ches, and these ‘people, through thet Tosootdnoss meee ohareat et ® ® 6 Fal pone Paragraph #3 (itn sore efdonco a i hens view maybe Fut 2) Ses 185 8 150-06 (rasta eno ceparanghist ard Sovh Koreas been dard a no-rans Cate oy ao now c0 yout, bre wakes! oars one ree paces al fare bad cates anda erou 500 jours) Even or specs ae fos TetSannca cranes wat ron crab tse, 6) Thee id aes ae cl feos ut heyhave fosahed ths are, nee rom human rit =nc=ol ands ® osc (i= eats C Foal pore Paragraph #4 1 oparas etre caus of haluchatons th fects they ave onthe suse re (i el © Halve eatons can ceuse he setemeriod cheng neat and PO ‘caper an they ca alc ead a person eons aus (3) Payee: avo bur har Po rer ated by abalucnslin ate prosesseaby ie atte Pa 0 the brain that handles normal memories. (4) Thus, or the subject of a hallucination, the paren isearen esany oh (yj eae fe) teers 0) Final pone Poragraph #5 {IpFetunat, ve larch of Cassin went wihaueprobam, 2) Ft spacerokvross eu Pell ace emma Sa _2voke irom their ang slumber and began transmitting data (4) Yet he mis (Gyn ath, ecenets row beg teleg ask ane. received, hoping fot answers tathe mysteries ofthe slr sytem.sontag tn nage ‘nav, fue vend ox conn aout wth IDA otto pete rz Bente nrtros sme Sezrng ilar MesemtnS T Grane day repress cee re oe ct coed w ti mytaoyary erst ssbe S ST conare toe i taper mine: AMON OTE io al oer aa batts MO Fo vrs Pret oS bo abe uopanty ana Sy eon ator su stan a ame te gd om 0 onixe tm inated Eo DoT 1) Tornoe Arathr prea Ginteon seer ana pilose # Fats Th wo coarate soa fh eason and ioge were the en erst corain of Butin 1704, a maor wareareesion occured Sr sase Ne aa ordre. pubtshad his sud of For, Optics One oftlevtons malt savanna, pub sed Ne rem, Now (ound Wet ite its Sew COMO treet Fi even proved e erie expeaton orth POSE C12 SO oy es shock. A sclrtist he ten a beaut end medial SP EOS ae oie opie rorecin ol peo of igh trough he emo SOE Seentsthediniuded i the sacrec ton More thane hundred year ae, John Kents, one ofthe rest famous Homie Poss Barre enna bea. by “unveavng tn rebow His eoleanve, Sandel oor Colage fancy remartod tha tie sas of 0 Newton meas Benes rae FS akcspeate Ard ya tom analhet perspecive, Newton dl nat ininish BEEN re ranbonr no enhance i ln his qucst fo ucover he secrets ot 6 Fanbe, NoW GR ole nt ne wend, erat and sprain ofa aie Ang Pe Gave re wode ST oe er orate he sible, Newtons clscbvry pated te wate Seva ceerentnce ofepscoscopy a way analyzing the chemical makeup oon NE So aera ooial (io sare and ascem tot comrostion.The ene of monde fis SRY sere stot much aetna rom the wonder he poo ast fees when Gazz etiness sare Here's the pisage again ith Ue direction changes indicated The erection Wane bolded, whars the opposite- direction won!s sre lic fos alys ocanied a speci place n sac Many people consider aris fobe is aoa anes on aes, tenure and expcssin ole. Fo muah ITS saree ol an was ou e and aris are viewed as bing savant sats NS aed moa cormery excelled wih aiisi—nspvatan. Tes Soi rae es eval, iepaton sth orating ina spit Arte were heught 2s PEP who were divinely inspired to creete. hee Cf course, aists contributed to this mythology Mary artists ‘aserbed thelr talents 10 resets some supernatural agent uso” And wfcle sa ‘bn the suoposediy alherworidly nature of art For exam, the Romantic ‘ar was the soarch fot the sublime, a term forthem that meant : and tuth The seach fr thi ideal led them to exalare bol nal their works. ecpecding several ers any ssiatory the elements rapt, F880 on seit dN toy eee enor dec 8 Beach, walematcian ang See geal wens Mir Sscove Hentai tly compres "2m coarse Bei apenstcntitie paconce cae Cineesett hoo. BaF aciacene beeuty end maa 1 perence. Usual ee aslten ee PSO ara fre most us Romantic siagiheranbow He Colas Sapp Newtons Woils be nesdeay Neier dé ro! diminsh ing Ne ea Cle nove quest ouney out 0) Poragraph #2 nates connection bawwocn the eatey Meteo savakzation of powet is er=ey. 3 ri eovches, widespread nteracy dicot rest ine v9 saqrented, Butin an egafteian varich, Wout hese agoncies acing on ben of the oy fas ote government. Cenralzaton marelore Sav who mey oh have nowhere let eT fOf0° ecossay 10d and provide fe fiBchemealmekeun of ight Ngee PO Paragraph 43 Titaco specie ta ie ban ha on chomica doigned © proce events For exsrple cove patens sf tom cerim renee, a ent pati al hallnsons by anna, an ipreave shear ate, and arson body femperaie. THOS? csthins tao kr fen chemeale can Sap lp you organize the information. 5. Th =H nha es ee io se men ‘hallucinations. The drug Thorazine is often us vat patients suffering from psychotic pdetporstie opi: One you nojce ee isomers hat move halucrstions Fried coe crs eee imi thoi ston teas date pont Be hour som aces ane ‘eved his eary fame by werkng inthis she. Afra me, however, Johnson apparent ‘became bored wit Modeinism, even though he caved that ne loved the experience ofthe ‘above al tings. Johnson decided to mave fram Modernism to Classicism, a se tick Vy He soon tired of the Classcal school os wel and moved back toward his later works sil incorporate classical element Poragraph #5 John Jamas Audubon began i ear by paining portals of people, although most poole irowrtim net oc is porta of poople but och Graiyngs of bids, Audbonseallestons ol tild crawings represent one of he great achievements inthe fd ct natural hist. Although ‘orice may debate the crtove mors ois Wark end scents he accuracy of his dewing, no one can queston the impact is bocks have had on the population at lage, His books tiich ne procuced in colaboraton wih nual, brought science and art foether ina most ‘appealing fashion and are sometimes credited with bringing & naw appreciation ofthe malta = worldio he public, 2prontetsdm armbar ORE WAYS. So hy eeietea epson sine Ts fan os (aa ofecton)ol binging abou S MerlRcnors By eater adog Gig meaei, HauCalons care sy it urd iaking “sion que: Ima putea goes Pesinestdalstucure Wes So Segre jnemediae agencies verish Wins izceny tnrescorsbli fal othe Bee) fecessatyi9 ei 2nd ova for sass on charicals cosine to peters vier delim tremens, « yrexng antes near rae anda fps snes 11 a0 sare males The drug Thoreznss oon at ryove retort uh (opposie rection his ‘Summary: Unperstanoinc STRUCTURE f TL Aen the stra of the page bec is knee el Bel yout BP information quickly nit ‘Remember, TOEFL passage are made up of the follow ‘action, bey and cencicion, Know what bpp of information ss U3 fach rage 43 Use the Gat sentence ofthe paragraph a guide othe infomation contained the ost ofthe paragraph | Keep in mind tho! the remaining sentences provide details abost the tepl agraph types: ink sual fore in 5. Pay sltenton te direction markers, Same-drecion markers indica he gion ‘ning the discussion, Oppsete direction markers highlight contrasting Iexs STEP 3: STATE THE MAIN IDEA ‘Al psssges on the TOEFL havea man ide The main esis he central message oc pent of WS acne When we leaked forthe primary purpose, we asked ourselves fo questions: Whats fhe Peihce writing about, and wy the author wing about that topic The main daa ste “what ‘pat wheress the primary purpose f the "why" part ofthe pros ef tum fos prior passage and ook at how the main ides pose ‘Sometimes it eppeers ha he human mak on iis plants indelible non a Bink ot ‘Genlogicl tine, 200 years 0” co, human cansmnction and axpansion hes rected inh Geercotion of rere than ono ofthe works forests, the recession ol the polar ioecans, end the ceaion ofa hupe hole in he ozone lay. Addonaly,indusiel activity Nas Gameted fivere end covans, 2 well as grouncuater aupplcs. End‘onmenta scientists and activi: than that Earth’ uturo i nt taken nto account, human coud very wel estoy fhe plane! ferent rom the primary pu snasingly resent lace. Ite 4 5-bitor-year span, Earth has tended bembarerent by cosric ays and eleos, valent earthquakes, volcanism a tutto ape. it of el ese calaceepio veri, many gelogs and scaGgsts 537 that Er coud recover rom any damage caused by hua aeons Cre tect has gone sar ao preset oracy wal would happen on Ear huis (rote to Seppo. Wihout upkeep, he concrete noes ote wos atest es WOU Bs ‘Soul reclomed by tno wideriess aroun hem. Hersh tempers wou cause pavenen tora las would eur te areas coverod by sees and SewalS) Dferent ates woul avathumankin's othe creatone Liter and lea mae woul Socuvale, end would ake ony on chance ftining strke to stat regina fe Msi ‘structures would burn to the ground. The steel foundations supporting lerger buildings ‘and bridges would corrode and buckle, especially with the nse in groundwater that would aceampary the clogaing of sever sys. Ke ‘Wito.t huneninlereenee,manyafhe heaton erdenge'e au Teoogeal riches Usirnete, housek pats woud sulle naceeotbumarhind 10 2d of ofa Br galas. AM the cocker fy ge wis SPD a gon ane his queson mihi. the mest ofhararknd ey pened bof tho Mayan on Poneto Pyne beeen =| ferupons have not cbiteq te oa if humane ner ta disappear, pan ahd ani take oer Earth again he eat together The eee from peop 1318 = pe 5, and 6 all talk about plants: Notice how this entance brings 5,and 7 all mention people, wheres the sentences fom paragrat Sha animale or Earth The last sentence meitons both rears enn Fn re, aay cere ras tne Ty tid be man es oe ling pas YON! TNT Presepes careless Car jn the space provaded on page. i would be wiped | em ‘cenit chaste Unvartyte sting amostcalnang maton GSN ‘ Pa 653, 2 150,mi eampaetpogyan be cosideted ave? The marrow’ he Digi Esouton Laborato = 1 ellos hc es. Computer stents at the leborelory have erected a program cae AVida that has nok dbs tel are's Nad crenog Se bry sceiste and engineers iiigued, bu Bologes's and phiosoohers a wel = Tho Avia project began in he late 1980s, when Chis Ada apse, ough to creates {emptor program at could ert fo co smpe acon prolems, The gal -ouarisrs fecrested repeated themeehes, nd each tno hey repeated they ad a chance to msl ths exc Inia, fhe cig ereaons wer unable o xcoass unbersn any way, But Wome of Adami dodged the pros‘ io renard progres ta were abl to wock wit he nue Fray te cto fr the primary ot income vey. The Ogtal otgansme tat oud process ners were lowed 0 eproducs Pree of e8ch body parsgraprr se inhigrer numbers. nol sx sot month, te pmive pros had ealed a nimber ¥ Nae) i machenisms to prlrm adsen And mes surpnsngl not al ote sal creatures heauthor writing about?” Let ‘evormed aon the eae way eofthe conclusion t see what woh “The Avid program now esices at Michigan Stats Univer, where bas been growing ond ' i weha | _ angio for years. The ciga creates umber in he con a havo coonized mre han : twohuncies computers. Exon data caren consists fa patem of coda, Me oGaHsts ‘compete mth one anothe for resources, and iho mcs: euccessil ones ere able tomake more | ons 0 emee\es dst he a hig rele the digi entes cleo undergo mations Nutons tat are benafea ensure greater reproduction, harm mutations have ths oppose fect ‘Accordingto the oto ofthe Avda projec, the processes undergone by he Catal Creatures oe the same as hose axpefened by Bological oanisins The onl aifereneeis that booctalenttes are based on stings ol DNA whereas the cigta rears rom Ada fare based on stings f eres and 22s, na iving creature diferent sequences of ONA instal cls to crest certain poten none altho Avda crestone, cern! sequences, ‘of computer code instruct the program to perform cettain functions. In both cases, the ‘reproduction of the organisms is subject to foress such as competition and mutation. Now, some biobgists are mavaring hate poor nthe Avda projet ae v6. Tha programs ive, de, reproduce, compete, cooperate, end evahe—actviles thai many ‘conser the helimarks of Fle. One prominant biotaist says, “They cont have ‘at least noi yel. But othemwise, they're alive.” ie ” Of course, not everyone agrees that ine program's creations are Or bclagiis donot even aaree onthe dein of He: “fe cay ote ‘suppises scientist, and there re smal oo mary characterstcs 8nd ‘simple definition of hte. x if % c n geological time, most of fed Over by plants endaagaph! & Pragerh? Pumpaphs Paragraphs Lat seteoe We could stat oar mand hea the Avie programs entaned in sere fom para. sik aed oases Te eles om paragraphs 23,5, 6, verti “angag and ogi be pam sds a ees : cope wil iw abut views of art and Fase avert pt ico! nour main dca ah = : Maw Inca Il: Parte Arremion to Drecion Manners eee ea 0K rast ars ‘When finding the main tes, pay ches attention to direction markers. Some passe ve di or Fe sock used N re eon: Bulb) pont ds cps ean con Last sek 2 g an cont concert #1: THE READING SECTION ML 4 Aum GicaNE Ti oFeee ; a beacon markers hat may Cue sin sen best pogo Giadmnantobesty dhe renbov: he lacks amain oo! In ether casa, the oo of hep which epreed ro the surcuncing gol. Thee has great foot sysem and allow te panto ateors wafer ae essen nit et Imoverrent ol water hough te plants ao esponet thal lacks water lt ns myc. Too much the sol and prevening th by saturating harmape rates, me ‘many plants are able fet almaeoallema. The jpolamous, resi from ths ovan seves. The fms of some plants ae Un 2 alee par or fertlzaen Saxe ie both hemaphrode and urisowual flowers. Fils ave created fowerng gla, the rut to pret seed, but pc condemn many fas ain th ood spec ao fesy tat ee Be ‘which eat the fut and hus open and scatter sisi Tei pt oN cage cw Te sets Somoct tr om i athe pacah 3 ees oe fe pc snencs ofeach par Pasgoph3 nie. Be on the lookout for Last sentence Did you find any direction markers? List them ‘Nain idea When spring errives, the tenpetelue,huricty ray that trey wil not pee oe production ol microprocessors compas lustala the inpestnoe of ae makag. tre wes abla ahve a ere ban 1 00 porontneonee meses, mona rom $1 2018on ‘reales omar than Sion initia moe an To years.Alnougn he este he : Ime computer mart cotrly accounted far sre of is cramatic crease tbe lana is branding statogy alo played sonean 0, Inlelbecame a major produce of meropccessx cies in 1978, when ts 88 chip was felocte by IM rus nts re otha computers. The 8086 chip anid is siccessos soc became he cvs sida, aven at tls competitors sought brea moths play lucrative matket. Intels main problem in facing its compatios was is lack oftrademak 9 ‘Protection for its series of microchips. Compatiiors were able to explo this lack by introduck ane predic wih smiasouncng names soverey nhitng nels ° ontund z Be fits olose parin: “ Seep any ter rem eta epic: ee eras yas Brn exo omocit MTU ey ee fed the prominen pods PeppfadeaTe (ep 10 Sco Inais aerearents Te fist iredtorcteding produ: Beret comp der ONCE This cccuag inralamicroprocessor was cr, However, the company braid ooo and rick Fandand tisk undoing the vor out wilh anew brand ie thatthe new product ne Possoge #3 (On Decertber 18,1912, an amateur gsologst name Ghar nied a sunning irdng tothe und. pace ofa fuma soogien facet ol Lone. jm ina gravel ptneat PAGOW ronan ol west prea03 fin cos ani tha mars of prtitoeanmals, Excited by Ne dscovery Dawson ook Ine lors to Woodward a ho Ben Museum, and the two men retired ote grave pt for + of 1912, Danson snd Wocdnatd mace the dscoveies that woud leet sock scent te Geobgica Sexi rong the ane bence ena {ta te torren ond aroporshulan an attost crn weaaipvbore The woore aed reo ard be bones wer cay ofa create ta, Aough the sul recerbled hose of ae nS cf Jaa, hs an appeared io cme fan some ype oer miwero wom doun in a human et en ons Viseduards enouncement lhe s-caed Missing Lnk between at ne 2p, itso ian, sl on irene reson Aeron he Nani. The ew Yer sry wih the crate hodine aot Sul Mesng Ln’ The esto covrovers ove; human crgns erniualylodiho Testo publish ane ered ison an as haicing irk, tens, te esos edad ink to man’ press pas. ut nt necessary prot ct wvciion ‘Smiar editors sprang up across the Unites States and te American pubic was died ‘over the iste ofhumen origins Athough no fos couk conclusively prove ev, ‘nists had amassed a huge cofecton ol fossil inthe ety twee cert. THESE fosste coomed to daa e pattern of evluion and domandad allenton, Inthe Unted Sales dung the 1220s, a movement sprena upto counter he theory of eration. Tis movernent culminated in one ofthe mast famous asin history, the Scopes “Monkey” Tal John T Scopes was a biology teach ina Tennessve sctoa. Te textbockhie used infis class cortaheda chapter on soo and natal seocton, 2 oiaton of Tennessee a copes was bought oral or the lense, and ihe enatg confrontation ret the Aatican pubic. Scopcs was dfonded by Clarence Darrow, a ited lave, and Wiliam Jennings Bryan a former secretary of state, worked fo he prosecution. Ae @coitonatione) i ‘whic even included Daron caling Bryan as winess, Scones wes utatefoUNG BUM) ‘though Scopes’ cavition Was ialer overturned he precedent el by the case ended Itwasn’ unl 1967 thal Tennessee reeled is lan forbidding te aching of volulon. And, ‘even oda, the reverberation of te ia re sill visbe, One school cist in Georgia recently bogan placing stickers on ts bebgy extbocks disavow the vakcy of evchlion. The ‘Supreme Court evertualy decide hal he stickers were unconstutonal, Buta ural balla ‘over the vay of evolution atl rages inthe United Sates of Paragraph Paragraph 2 Paragraph Paragraph 4 Paragraph 3 Paragraph 6 Lastsemience Fade te igor Menay ene08 In hrs acti Perea lo ono another Alt igor ead, is es issperomenen, 270 oFal reading Sealed bled choos In thes end prayrsocthe oa fon ese otek ables to 9 cons eterates what host never doa row, Fr ther, he ieneeaph ae a Paragraph 2 ph 3 Lastsentence Did you find any dination maken? st them Main de Passage #5 itas a stating place tor wih poetic chweapane and atmo Strategies of catly Greek liad takes place, weapors and armor were primal fashioned mention aro made of gold. particularly the god sit of arot tat rs Athough gold armor may ceciainly have existe, t's certain estijous ol wares. ron was know tothe fes described in the iad, out was typically used 1115016, ot s artonheacs, which were often mada of yon. Si konwork asin rigctue hat fon weapons were nc Seon 3s an impxoverent Greeks at weapons. Ove exception iis early ages, and tisioans (ver bronze ones. Most Greek wators employed the spar as their main weapon, A spear his ime pesos was usualy made of ash ana designed ‘oc throwoa, nol cise-querier combat Ia Hamers wae etd cagea a dese-bed ac beng 1 exis og, neh wouk be equlent 1B feat in length. Swords were eleo carried, chen tangng rom a weirs side iv ashe ‘swords were cllen edged on both ses and usod with slshing motion as opposed 19 thrusting one, In Homers ep, the sade Alex cared a shield made of seven layers ol DUS ide tronze It ean be inferred tha shields during this tme were body lana as ig described as a loner” A Greek olde’ shield was not held as were ele 3 they were hung fom the neck by straps. Smaller, hanchsid round shields ‘9s wel Their use can als be inferred fom detain Homer’ poem ee tema hal precede vein Geese ho a g8¥ ard Rar emg gevte bani cried asa h peater peo o standard cuenta Grek wat Vi ‘although itis ikely that some oftBe ett mat ‘Answers To Dai #6 } Passage #1 . about ss enariserans Pansoph I Plans reproduce by ceding, Fr ston sentences le ts one, dent wary sah Poe ne apie Kp tgs ple jstorical docurents Paragraph “ced ist hs ny leaves” Who ing she main ides dent worry bout an eh m3 Ast voxabulry words ciao). They ae not important the main dea: 3983 “Plant hv act ete that helps growth” When paraphrasing: noe the exact facto of the rok system. Deal art important Tow fs tthe rot syst apf othe plat Paragraph 4 “Water comes trough the roots” Assn, ace he Fancy term (respi) Faregrph 5:“ After maturity, plant focuses on reproduction” Last sentence “Process starts al over gat.” Pay attention to he last zene Lok forthe author's final wor. ster a definite conchson? Hi the autor weeps things up nial Put some PaSSOBES ray end witha question or acl fr more information or earch on the topic Direction Markers (Remerber, ne boldface for samediction markers and tales or oppostediecton markers) joatoreseching therat yet you don't neces All we red For axamla, the 600d ofa plant growing in atemperate area wil “wai uni the e019 wine ppeseas bole atoning, ‘During tis process, minerals ae cared upto the eaves o! the plant, while onygen a ale apo: escape hough tiny pores, called stoma, onthe sutace othe leaves “The main purpoee of te fr eo protec the 290d, but many frais adi he seeds dsperea! asl For example, a of, leh rut airacis animals, which ea heft and thus epread te Seeds: ‘You: may have spotted some others but the key thing about this passages tha the information all going inthe same cirection. The purpose ofthis passoge sto inform the reader, andl the details provide an explanation of proces ‘Main iden: “A plant reproduces with Seed hich grows from a tiny leaf nto a mature plant capable ‘of making its vn seeds” Each of ur opi sentences discusses reproduction and the steps: Notice we Teft out the root system, That's because the root system is mentioned as a part ofthe growth Process, ‘We don't need to explicitly mention each detail when stating the main idea, especially ifthe author ‘snot introducing any contrasting dens. Passage #2 See Paragraph I “Inf! san example of good brand marketing” By reang the st enn We ‘beable to predict what's coming in the passage It ooks asf we're going to ead a description o ‘company’s busines practices ae Paragraph 2 “Intel became a major producer in 1978." In addition to direction are also helpful Here, we know that we're going to read some ofthe ba Paragraph 3: “To save its marie sar, Intel stated new program fntrosuction paragraph. ialBax) wy, 2 eal 9 £00 Ch aang sul ofthe sr east Pm Penta miniocts ofthe page, ie las getence indcates that ey pahcurhone good the COPAY’ strategy ge oeposte diston markers jencourtea fo som of famed sniicartrob. Penis aso tire bec pode ier the cuvent and brand and risk gach one Seprieiaiaiccneele en Pang kcal es aye TAS Bs Frcmeefork cots the expecta GE rujrstanbing bic nih dol ingens © a oe Ree a phrases These are Lite : cota unr PPO ons you ance ee eta nner oe oe apystian was able to halt an 1 erin deoromislerm es See Mapcnl ons crhy Cikteaiel by moeg sma PT Tespeadetedacse ; z 2 Prior to the: Chaya ete ttre eaeetbtintov2omes (Poros GeipoisermeenTenbnarts ese etm pcs reesei nic provi csatloss ee ec aspehant et ada dorgsintheconensaon of Freon paesh ester Serpe ver Cesatc aes | Seu pe ate ofr atest ithaconena ecg chang | inatampae jamb renotedes el. Tn 89 Nios Ta ae isentf aesting caren lect ysem, shocked an aodience at sconfeeney operating a svfotradi-cntolled electric boat Ni Sa abcd ade Gvct Bang, Act a Alc are 1 e oma feheoe = forge coupled device or Cc, orem whenever possi i Ipore be paras Out the ht ar ana of somthing ss en suply of oxygen othe bran . Oxeofthe man provisions theTaftHarey Labor Act wa the prevent ate by ny works econaldered sent eal safe oe ena hs a Wachee poe ol sega Ace "by any workers.” anda the nat’ altho sae Tse can alls kimi 2. afer ery 25 yin South kn cen Nan Nie as ieiel nak eliminate ony words that provide desrptons, such a5 “South At nd "Eat mela” Although thee wants prowde rows details, 10, OnShaove Tuesday in an 217, solders in Deby, England elebrated a victory over Roman adiem by playing the fist corded soccer ath, startngan annual event st lasted on mple version : here aren that cn be immed here As ys can se, most ofthe words in this eet provide more degre them and ecu the important sul Tie #3: Deaunc wir Dirricutt VocasutaRy Passages onthe TOEFL numberof dificult or unfamiliar words. ls easy to become feared with te aoe wht you've ad Foray these worden ae cineca t unde the poses main dc, As we just a, mm he fat iat ‘many of the words in a ae they are not crucial to understandin; Let ok at some examples fsenences wi if volar words 0 debirkng this oudated noon, mary rasa the hoginning ofa Sentence that are set A. That eliminates bo ofthe dificult wor lewing us with Mary people co cus dafond it cate. Let’ jst fous on the subject, ver, and objet. Our sen Now the s tence now reads ortnue to detent The other word are just modifiers They add dk the basic ieo, In ste cases, the dificult vocabulary wor isthe subject or the Wer. In these eases, rimming the fat won't be too help, Here's an example i, but they're not essential to understanding The gently ct Vetorian England viewed work as he demain of men and often imted woman's access various jobs and professions Cone concerr= 2 yc ee ps te me ene EN aie S Foret Hee we a ayes nemo tana iene : a Piezo - rccecidag ete ae ee el aoe icdande paseo m7 7 : eee ‘Tesotieewraste nsiasat® Se We can plas our feck word thsi BO Saget cbt ont Wiles paraphrase of ac soi A oy snitalweenacbcts and xponsze sof fects ia roesmee Be pmb ere of riers Rea ceselnntgmenel rnin eile dspmalscopon wage cobs Fre 2 ofthe repo, roe fom the tarbuent 198058pa te apr Imation ye war tactics, and espionage, is often aa SECS anumterl we Ty Petro te genera len of this sertence tion nto the plate sector ap on wages to combs pln ocure. Ths ts pete eS fyoe sTeTot suo what rei Feet 00 fines sweeter than Suga, Ipesbject But don't dwell oni The cen ibn’ spilt orinnocence, but to Giingashedplsophers of the fetical theories on capitalism, frecenavoid alot of trouble by frith Bories” That will sikest, Walter Baade inferred ero primordial hydrogen —___———_ ay Amedier operates caveting dnl tal Stain a raleg SEP! ‘Germs refrce ta standard eer: pi : ‘ ses tar pavacl isco an may baila nde orn ea Thera angingane pect ting nto wother” Thatch cabs OSES 2S G6. asec color eve ged om cin! M NEW OE eee etalon ts style diversity and nonepesetations amen ‘Sometimes the etre sentence sl wih cific vosbulery ox gor. Ifyou ent {his move on Nosingleentnce wil be absolutely essontal fondest wre ets bk in jourinormoton ese Foe sete, ened 10 00M Sl something ererged rom an ar scene and did something © cS Finat Exam: [Now i's ime to try out all the strates you've lead, On the follwing futhor's primary purpose main ide and stracture. Brel paraphrase ei ‘hod it Check yout answers at the end ofthe exer. passage ientiy the Hparagraph after you imetnane, nous gases, an SNe ss urine. Afnouah attention has nde io imt glbal vost clmatologisis eal an averege one 1 wo degises Celsius inevtebie. ates that abscib inrared ra us consequence of even @ sight crease in worcwieferiperale as predicted a neatly 20-001 rise in globe sca levels 3 rig, Athough his prediction has eiice been cisrediied h that shows such an occurrence woud take place over epan of roughly S00 Trot recent studies have idenitied several sites, including smaliac lacie and lerO® farts o the ice sheet in Greenland, thal ate more susceptible to rand thawing, Based On dela Comaied fom resbarches, a severfool sein sea levels possible by the yeaf 2100, Even a small sein sea eve, an average of to feet weridwide, would resin inundation? frosion, flooding, and salt-water riusion. Coastal areas ofthe United Siales would ise, fignicant amount o shore land: Scientists preci! a 50-to 10footloss io New Jetseys ene tip to 1000 fet of shore areas oced in Ford, Accorcng to some stcies the ise in Wale {vols could contribute toa loss of 50 1090 percent ol US, wetlands, Currently two alo poey epprozches are beng considered by coastal communis TMS fist, known as the nosprotection apr Coxnmurites long coastal areas simply zone at wwihin the next 90 to 60 years. No nex buldings are permed fo be Bust Jost o flooding or erosion, while the current structures are eto the fates take 2 n-protecton aoproach acknowledge the coming danger, Bik thoy tr unable {o incur th tinancia losses associsted wth condeming property, Howaver, it should be noted that communities that place the financial burden on the federel government, Which homes jst tooods or storms.