Network

What is Interspace?

Interspace is a software that allows multiple users in a client-server environment to communicate with
each other to send and receive data of various types such as data files, video, audio and textual data.
Interspace gives the most exceptional type form of communication available on the Internet today.

Switching techniques

Definition of Switching Techniques

Switching Techniques are the techniques that are used and applied on a large network. Switching

technique comes into picture when these large network needs to transfer the packet from source

to destination i.e. from sender to receiver. The packet ready for transmission from source to

destination needs to trace the route from which the transmission of packets will take place. The

process of selecting the available route for data transmission of packets from sender to receiver is

known as Switching. There are two types of popular switching techniques like circuit switching

and packet switching with their own significance.

Switching Techniques
There is the varied classification of switching technique which is used for the large network to

communicate among themselves for message transfer or for sending some packets from source to

destination. This way it is used for various hierarchies and arrangements of data in the network

route. Thus following is the hierarchy of various switching techniques:

 Circuit Switching Technique

 Time Division Switching Technique

 Space Division Switches

 Message Switching Technique

  Packet Switching

 Datagram Approach

 Virtual Circuit Approach

Switched Virtual Parameter Virtual Circuit

 Circuit   (PVC)

 (SVC)

1. Circuit Switching Technique

 Circuit Switching Technique is a switching technique where the available path between sources

to destination is adopted for any packet transmission.

 Once the connection is successfully published then the adopted path as per availability remains to

exist without any disturbance i.e. in terms of termination it is long-lasting.

 Circuit switching in any public telephone network is used for voice transmission.

 If circuit switching technique is applied and then any user wants to send the data for transmission

and data can be any video, request or voice then that video is sent to destination receiver and then

acknowledgement is provided to the user who sends the data.

 In-circuit switching technique only fixed set of data can be transferred and proper path from

source to destination should be available.

 Communication Switching Technique involves three main stages :

o Circuit connection establishment

o Transfer of Data

o Disconnection of Circuit

 Further, this communication switching technique is divided into two :

o Time Division Switching Technique

o Space Division Switching Technique

  Space Division Switching Technique involves circuit switching technology in which a single

transmission path is adopted to segregate the set of crosspoints separately.

 The crosspoints increases as the number of stations get increases and make switching expensive

for a large or multistage switch which can be considered as a disadvantage.

2. Message Switching Technique

 Message Switching Technique is a technique that is used for transferring a message as a complete

entity and gets routed through nodes that are intermediate and are used to store and forward the

messages in sync.

 In Message switching, there is no specific continuous path between source and destination i.e.

receiver.

 The intermediate node based on information is appended to the message with the destination

address on top of it.

 Message switches provide the most efficient route which is programmed in a most prominent

way.

 This network has a tendency to store and forward the network and its information to the next

node which treats each message as an independent entity.

 The advantage of using message Switching is data channels share available bandwidth which

improves its efficiency over time.

 Priority of message can be done to use and manage network and also the size can be of unlimited

type.

 There might be a delay in time due to the forwarding and storing of message feature available in

the Message Switching Technique.

3. Packet Switching Technique

 This form of switching technique is used for dividing the message into smaller chunks so that it

can be sent to the destination receiver individually without any issue.

 The message packaged inside the packet gets split into small pieces and is given a unique number

in order to give an identity to the receiving end.

 Each packet comprises information that is stored in its headers such as sequence number, a

destination address, and source address.

 Packets try to cover the shortest path available across the entire travel network.

 The order of the packets at the receiver end is in order and gets reassembled once received.

 Once the order received in the receiver end is correct and is in proper sequence then in that case

the acknowledgment message will be sent to the user.

 Basically, two types of approaches are tried and adopted for packet switching which is as follows:

 In any packet switching technology wherever the packet is present is in the form of the datagram

and is considered an independent entity as mentioned earlier.

 Also, the packet switching can further e bifurcated into two types:

1.

o Connectionless Packet Switching

o Connection Oriented Packet Switching

 Connectionless Packet Switching is a switching technique where the connection and packet

transfer is complete and consists of information about the entire message in the header which is

routed individually.

 In the connection-oriented Packet Switching technique data packets are first arranged and

reassembled in a format then that data is numbered sequentially to send across the circuit which is

predefined and then it is routed sequentially.

 There might be a chance of bouncing a packet from one source to another source especially from

source to destination once hopped from one router to another router.

 This kind of loss of packets and incomplete information in the destination creates a lot of

problems with respect to performance as together this set of lost data might get clustered
 somewhere thus creating hindrance. Hop count is used as a solution to this problem and takes

care of keeping track of it by making the packet reach its destination

 data communication terminologies listed below: 

 1. Data Channel : 
Channel simply means a path to carry or flow. Data channel means the flow of data or to
carry the data from one device to another. In other words, we can say the data channel is
a computer path or medium used to transfer the data from sender to receiver. 

2. Baud : 
It’s actually a common measurement unit of data transfer. Baud rate measures
the rate at which the data is transferred from the sender to the receiver in the
data channel. It can be expressed in terms of bps (bits per second). It simply
determines the speed of data transfer. 
3. Bits Per Second (bps) : 
Its symbol is “bit/s”. It can be present in two forms i.e. bps (bits per second)
and Bps (Bytes per second). It’s also a measurement unit of speed at which the
data is transferred.
4. Bandwidth : 
It’s the range of frequencies over which a communication system works. It
generally measures the amount of data that can be transferred in a given
amount of time over a data channel. It’s the difference between the highest and
the lowest frequencies of a data channel. The measurement unit of frequency is
cycles per second.
5. DTR (Data Transfer Rates) : 
It determines the rate of speed at which the data is transferred from one point to
another. Its measurement unit is bits per second (bps), Bytes per second (Bps),
or baud. In computer, data transfer is mainly measured in Bytes per second.
Data transfer between devices such as Hard disk and CD-ROM is usually
measured in milliseconds.
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