Summary of Learning Outcomes/Ringkasan Hasil Pembelajaran

15.1 Show Me the Money

1. What is money, what are its characteristics and functions, and what are the three parts
of the U.S. money supply?
Money is anything accepted as payment for goods and services. For money to be a suitable
means of exchange, it should be scarce, durable, portable, and divisible. Money functions as a
medium of exchange, a standard of value, and a store of value. The U.S. money supply consists
of currency (coins and paper money), demand deposits (checking accounts), and time deposits
(interest-bearing deposits that cannot be withdrawn on demand).

15.1 Tunjukkan Uangnya kepada Saya

1. Apa itu uang, apa karakteristik dan fungsinya, dan apa tiga bagian dari uang beredar AS?
Uang adalah segala sesuatu yang diterima sebagai pembayaran untuk barang dan jasa. Agar
uang menjadi alat pertukaran yang cocok, uang itu harus langka, tahan lama, portabel, dan
dapat dibagi. Uang berfungsi sebagai alat tukar, standar nilai, dan penyimpan nilai. Uang
beredar AS terdiri dari mata uang (koin dan uang kertas), giro (giro), dan deposito berjangka
(deposito berbunga yang tidak dapat ditarik sesuai permintaan).

15.2 The Federal Reserve System

2. How does the Federal Reserve manage the money supply?
The Federal Reserve System (the Fed) is an independent government agency that performs
four main functions: carrying out monetary policy, setting rules on credit, distributing currency,
and making check clearing easier. The three tools it uses in managing the money supply are
open market operations, reserve requirements, and the discount rate. The Fed played a major
role in keeping the U.S. financial system solvent during the financial crisis of 2007–2009 by
making more than $9 trillion available in loans to major banks and other financial firms, in
addition to bailing out the auto industry and other companies and supporting congressional
passage of Dodd-Frank federal legislation.

15.2 Sistem Federal Reserve

2. Bagaimana Federal Reserve mengelola jumlah uang beredar?
Federal Reserve System (The Fed) adalah lembaga pemerintah independen yang menjalankan
empat fungsi utama: melaksanakan kebijakan moneter, menetapkan aturan kredit,
mendistribusikan mata uang, dan mempermudah kliring cek. Tiga alat yang digunakannya
dalam mengelola jumlah uang beredar adalah operasi pasar terbuka, persyaratan cadangan,
dan tingkat diskonto. The Fed memainkan peran utama dalam menjaga sistem keuangan AS
pelarut selama krisis keuangan 2007-2009 dengan membuat lebih dari $9 triliun tersedia dalam
bentuk pinjaman untuk bank-bank besar dan perusahaan keuangan lainnya, selain untuk
menyelamatkan industri otomotif dan perusahaan lain dan mendukung pengesahan undang-
undang federal Dodd-Frank oleh Kongres.
15.3 U.S. Financial Institutions
3. What are the key financial institutions, and what role do they play in the process of
financial intermediation?
Financial institutions can be divided into two main groups: depository institutions and
nondepository institutions. Depository institutions include commercial banks, thrift institutions,
and credit unions. Nondepository institutions include insurance companies, pension funds,
brokerage firms, and finance companies. Financial institutions ease the transfer of funds
between suppliers and demanders of funds.

15.3 Lembaga Keuangan AS

3. Apa lembaga keuangan utama, dan peran apa yang mereka mainkan dalam proses
intermediasi keuangan?
Lembaga keuangan dapat dibagi menjadi dua kelompok utama: lembaga penyimpanan dan
lembaga nonpenyimpanan. Lembaga penyimpanan termasuk bank komersial, lembaga barang
bekas, dan serikat kredit. Lembaga nondepository termasuk perusahaan asuransi, dana
pensiun, perusahaan pialang, dan perusahaan pembiayaan. Lembaga keuangan memudahkan
transfer dana antara pemasok dan peminta dana.

15.4 Insuring Bank Deposits

4. How does the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) protect depositors’ funds?
The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insures deposits in commercial banks through the
Bank Insurance Fund and deposits in thrift institutions through the Savings Association
Insurance Fund. Deposits in credit unions are insured by the National Credit Union Share
Insurance Fund, which is administered by the National Credit Union Administration. The FDIC
sets banking policies and practices and reviews banks annually to ensure that they operate
fairly and profitably.

15.4 Mengasuransikan Deposito Bank

4. Bagaimana Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) melindungi dana deposan?
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation mengasuransikan simpanan di bank komersial melalui
Dana Asuransi Bank dan simpanan di lembaga barang bekas melalui Dana Asuransi Asosiasi
Tabungan. Simpanan dalam serikat kredit diasuransikan oleh Dana Asuransi Saham Serikat
Kredit Nasional, yang dikelola oleh Administrasi Serikat Kredit Nasional. FDIC menetapkan
kebijakan dan praktik perbankan dan meninjau bank setiap tahun untuk memastikan bahwa
mereka beroperasi secara adil dan menguntungkan.

15.5 International Banking

5. What role do U.S. banks play in the international marketplace?
U.S. banks provide loans and trade-related services to foreign governments and businesses.
They also offer specialized services such as cash management and foreign-currency exchange.

15.5 Perbankan Internasional

5. Apa peran bank-bank AS di pasar internasional?
Bank A.S. memberikan pinjaman dan layanan terkait perdagangan kepada pemerintah dan
bisnis asing. Mereka juga menawarkan layanan khusus seperti manajemen kas dan penukaran
mata uang asing.

15.6 Trends in Financial Institutions

6. What trends are reshaping financial institutions?
There will be a continued focus on regulatory and compliance issues, especially after the recent
financial crisis, as well as on operational efficiency and technological advances. Banks will
continue to tackle customer engagement and technology initiatives, as consumers will control
more than 85 percent of their ongoing relationships with banks and other financial institutions.
Fintech services will continue to disrupt the banking industry and will enable some banks to
increase innovation and streamline operational efficiencies. Mobile financial apps will continue
to provide banks with a strategic advantage, as well as enable them to collect and utilize
customer data as part of their overall business strategy. Finally, online payment platforms will
play an integral role in the banking and financial sector, as consumers’ expectations continue to
drive innovation in the banking industry.

15.6 Tren di Lembaga Keuangan

6. Tren apa yang membentuk kembali lembaga keuangan?
Akan ada fokus lanjutan pada masalah regulasi dan kepatuhan, terutama setelah krisis
keuangan baru-baru ini, serta efisiensi operasional dan kemajuan teknologi. Bank akan terus
menangani keterlibatan pelanggan dan inisiatif teknologi, karena konsumen akan
mengendalikan lebih dari 85 persen hubungan berkelanjutan mereka dengan bank dan
lembaga keuangan lainnya. Layanan Fintech akan terus mengganggu industri perbankan dan
akan memungkinkan beberapa bank untuk meningkatkan inovasi dan merampingkan efisiensi
operasional. Aplikasi keuangan seluler akan terus memberikan keunggulan strategis bagi bank,
serta memungkinkan mereka mengumpulkan dan memanfaatkan data pelanggan sebagai
bagian dari strategi bisnis mereka secara keseluruhan. Terakhir, platform pembayaran online
akan memainkan peran integral di sektor perbankan dan keuangan, karena ekspektasi
konsumen terus mendorong inovasi di industri perbankan.