Brown marmorated stink bug

The brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys) is an

insect in the family Pentatomidae, native to China, Japan, Korea Brown marmorated stink bug
and other Asian regions.[2] In September 1998 it was collected
in Allentown, Pennsylvania, where it is believed to have been
accidentally introduced.[3] The nymphs and adults of the brown
marmorated stink bug feed on over 100 species of plants,
including many agricultural crops,[4] and by 2010–11 had
become a season-long pest in orchards in the Eastern United
States.[5] In 2010, in the Mid-Atlantic United States, $37 million
in apple crops were lost, and some stone fruit growers lost more
than 90% of their crops.[6] It is now established in many parts of
North America, and has recently become established in Europe
and South America.[7]
Adult

Scientific classification
Contents
Kingdom: Animalia
Description
Phylum: Arthropoda
Behavior
Mating Class: Insecta
Diet Order: Hemiptera
In North America Family: Pentatomidae
Population increase
Agricultural effects Genus: Halyomorpha
Control Species: H. halys
Similarity in appearance to native species Binomial name
In Europe
Halyomorpha halys
Spread from Russia to Georgia
Stål, 1855 [1]
Predators
Lifecycle
In houses and structures
See also
References
Further reading
External links

Description
Adult brown marmorated stink bugs are approximately 1.7 cm (0.67 in) long and about as wide, forming
the heraldic shield shape characteristic of bugs in the superfamily Pentatomoidea. They are generally a dark
brown when viewed from above, with a creamy white-brown underside. Individual coloration may vary,
with some bugs being various shades of red, grey, light brown, copper, or black. The term "marmorated"
means variegated or veined, like marble,[8] which refers to the markings unique to this species, including
alternating light-colored bands on the antennae and alternating dark bands on the thin outer edge of the
abdomen. The legs are brown with faint white mottling or banding.[6]

The nymph stages are black or very dark brown, with red integument between the sclerites. First instar
nymphs have no white markings, but second through fifth instar nymphs have black antennae with a single
white band. The legs of nymphs are black with varying amounts of white banding.[6] Freshly molted
individuals of all stages are pale white with red markings. Eggs are normally laid on the underside of leaves
in masses of 28 eggs, and are light green when laid, gradually turning white.[6]

Like all stink bugs, the glands that produce the defensive chemicals (the "stink") are located on the
underside of the thorax, between the first and second pair of legs.[9]

Behavior
The odor from the stink bug is due to trans-2-decenal and trans-2-
octenal.[10] The smell has been characterized as a "pungent odor
that smells like coriander."[5] The stink bug's ability to emit an odor
through holes in its abdomen is a defense mechanism meant to
prevent it from being eaten by birds and lizards. However, simply
handling the bug, injuring it, or attempting to move it can trigger it
to release the odor. Play media
A brown marmorated stink bug on a
Reports on human cases are rare, but the stink bug's body fluids are tomato fruit
toxic and irritating to the human skin and eyes. One case of keratitis
has been reported in Taiwan.[11]

Mating

During courtship, the male emits pheromones and vibrational signals to communicate with a female, which
replies with her own vibrational signals, as in all stink bugs. The insects use the signals to recognize and
locate each other. Vibrational signals of this species are noted for their low frequency, and one male signal
type is much longer than any other previously described signals in stink bugs, although the significance of
this is not yet clear.[12]

Diet

The brown marmorated stink bug is a sucking insect (like all Hemiptera or "true bugs") that uses its
proboscis to pierce the host plant to feed. This feeding results, in part, in the formation of dimpled or
necrotic areas on the outer surface of fruits, leaf stippling, seed loss, and possible transmission of plant
pathogens. It is an agricultural pest that can cause widespread damage to fruit and vegetable crops. In
Japan, it is a pest to soybean and fruit crops. In the U.S., the brown marmorated stink bug feeds, beginning
in late May or early June, on a wide range of fruits, vegetables, and other host plants including peaches,
apples, green beans, soybeans, cherries, raspberries, and pears.
In North America
The brown marmorated stink bug was accidentally introduced into
the United States from China or Japan. It is believed to have
hitched a ride as a stowaway in packing crates or on various types
of machinery. The first documented specimen was collected in
Allentown, Pennsylvania, in September 1998.[4][13] Several
Muhlenberg College students were reported to have seen these
bugs as early as August of that same year.[14][15] Between 2001
and 2010, 54 sightings were reported of these bugs at shipping Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
ports in the United States.[16] However, stink bugs are not listed as (Halyomorpha halys) US Distribution
reportable, meaning that they do not need to be reported and no
action is required to remove the insect. This allowed the insect to
enter the United States relatively easily, as they are able to survive long periods of time in hot or cold
conditions.

Other reports have the brown marmorated stink bug documented as early as 2000 in New Jersey from a
blacklight trap run by the Rutgers Cooperative Extension Vegetable Integrated Pest Management program
in Milford, New Jersey.[17]

In 2002, in New Jersey, it was found on plant material in Stewartsville, and was collected from blacklight
traps in Phillipsburg and Little York. It was quickly documented and established in many counties in
Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, Connecticut, and New York on the eastern coast of the United
States.

By 2009, this agricultural pest had reached Maryland, West Virginia, Virginia, Tennessee, North Carolina,
Kentucky, Ohio, Illinois, and Oregon.[18] In 2010 it was found in Indiana,[19] Michigan,[20] Minnesota,[21]
and other states.[22]

As of November 2011, it had spread to 34 U.S. states[5] and by 2012 to 40, and showed an increase of
60% in total numbers over 2011.[23]

Their populations have also spread to southern Ontario and

Quebec, Canada.[24][25] They have recently been found in
southern British Columbia and Southern Alberta.

Population increase

As of 2010, 17 states had been categorized as having established

populations, and several other states along the eastern half of the
United States were reported as having more than normal numbers Stink bug in a washroom in Toronto
of stink bugs.[26][27] Stink bug populations rise because the climate in 2020.
in the United States is ideal for their reproduction. In optimal
conditions, an adult stink bug can develop within 35 to 45 days
after hatching.[16] Female stink bugs are capable of laying 400 eggs in their lifetimes.[28] The bug is also
capable of producing at least one successful generation per year in all areas of the United States, no matter
the climate. In warmer climates, multiple generations can occur annually, which can range from two
generations in states such as Virginia to six generations in California, Arizona, Florida, Louisiana, Georgia,
and Texas.[16][29][30]
The addition of two more generations allowed the population to
explode, leading to the establishment of several other populations in
neighboring states. Currently, no environmental limiting factors are
apparently slowing their distribution across North America. They
also are extremely mobile insects, capable of moving from host to
host without causing disruption in their reproductive processes.
Currently, populations are estimated to continue to grow and spread
to other states and provinces, especially during unusual periods of
warm weather.

Agricultural effects

The brown marmorated stink bug is a serious agricultural pest that

has been readily causing damage to crops across the Eastern United
States. They feed on a wide array of plants including apples,
apricots, Asian pears, cherries, corn, grapes, lima beans, peaches,
peppers, tomatoes, and soybeans.[31] This makes them extremely
versatile, as they do not require a specific plant on which to feed. Stink bug feeding on an apple
To obtain their food, stink bugs use their stylets to pierce the plant
tissue to extract the plant fluids.[32] In doing so, the plant loses
necessary fluids, which can lead to deformation of seeds,
destruction of seeds, destruction of fruiting structures, delayed plant
maturation, and increased vulnerability to harmful pathogens.[32]
While harvesting the plant's juices, the stink bug injects saliva into
the plant, creating a dimpling of the fruit's surface and rotting of the
material underneath.

The most common signs of stink bug damage are pitting and
scarring of the fruit, leaf destruction, and a mealy texture to the
harvested fruits and vegetables. In most cases, the signs of stink Effects of the brown marmorated
bug damage makes the plant unsuitable for sale in the market, as stink bug (May 2013)
the insides are usually rotten. In field crops such as corn and
soybeans, the damage may not be as evident as the damage seen in
fruit plants. When stink bugs feed on corn, they go through the husk before eating the kernels, hiding the
damage until the husks are removed during harvesting. The same damage is seen in soybeans, as the stink
bug goes through the seed pods to acquire the juices of the seeds. One visual cue of stink-bug damage to
soybean crops is the "stay green" effect, where damaged soybean plants stay green late into season, while
other plants in the field die off normally. One can usually tell that a field of crops is infected because stink
bugs are known for the "edge effect", in which they tend to infest crops 30–40 ft from the edge of the field.

Control

Control of stink bugs is a priority of the United States Department of Agriculture, which has developed an
artificial pheromone which can be used to bait traps.[33][34] Because the bugs insert their probosces below
the surface of fruit and then feed, some insecticides are ineffective; in addition, the bugs are mobile, and a
new population may fly in after the resident population has been killed, making permanent removal nearly
impossible. In the case of soybean infestations, spraying only the perimeter of a field may be the most
effective method of preventing stinkbugs from damaging the crops. However, even this method is limited,
as new populations move back into the area, or the existing population simply moves to unaffected areas.
Evidence also shows that stink bugs are developing a resistance to pyrethroid insecticides, a common
chemical used to combat infestations.[16] Other insecticides currently in field trials that are showing
promising results are oxamyl (96% mortality rate) and moribund (67% mortality rate).[16] Many other
commonly used insecticides are merely used to keep the insects out of fields, rather than actually killing
them. The most successful method of protecting apples found thus far is the use of kaolin clay.[16] As of
2012, native predators such as wasps and birds were showing increased signs of feeding on the bugs as
they adapt to the new food source.[23] Managing this pest species is challenging, because few effective
pesticides are labeled for use against them.

Similarity in appearance to native species

Easily confused with Brochymena and Euschistus, the best identification for adults is the white band on the
antennae. It is similar in appearance to other native species of shield bug, including Acrosternum,
Euschistus, and Podisus, except that several of the abdominal segments protrude from beneath the wings
and are alternatively banded with black and white (visible along the edge of the bug even when wings are
folded) and a white stripe or band on the next to last (fourth) antennal segment.[35] The adult rice stink bug
(Oebalus pugnax) is distinguishable from the brown marmorated stink bug by noting the straw color, the
smaller size, and the elongated shape of the rice stink bug.[36]

In Europe
The brown marmorated stink bug was likely first introduced to Europe during the repair work of the
Chinese Garden in Zürich, Switzerland in the winter of 1998. The stink bug has been traced back to have
traveled with roof tiles that were imported from Beijing, China.[37] The bug has since spread rapidly
through Europe. The first sighting in southern Germany was made in Konstanz in 2011.[38] In Italy the first
specimens were found in Modena in 2012[39] and afterwards in South Tirol in 2016.[40] The bug has also
been sighted in Vienna, Austria, with increasing reports after 2016.[41] The Italian region of Friuli-Venezia
Giulia announced from 2017 to distribute 3.5 million euros to offset the costs of the lost crops of the fruit
farmers until the year 2020.[42] H. halys was first found in Portugal in Pombal in late 2018 or early
2019[43] - a few live specimens were found in agricultural equipment being imported from Italy.[43]
However the Portuguese National Authority for Animal Health regards this as a transitory interception.[43]
In 2019 there may have been another sighting somewhere in Portugal.[44] Only in 2020 was H. halys
confirmed to be reproducing and overwintering in the country.[43] In March 2021, it was confirmed to have
arrived in the UK.[45][46][47]

Spread from Russia to Georgia

The stink bug was traced to have been introduced to the Greater Caucasus area during the construction
works of the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia, where it was most likely imported with decorative
building elements brought from Italy.[48] The stink bug has since spread to Georgia, where it continues to
cause major damage to the local crops. From 2016 to 2018 the bug was estimated to have destroyed one-
third of Georgia's hazelnut harvest, with yearly damages of up to €60 million[37] (~ 179,000,000 in 2018
lari). Georgia is the fifth-largest producer of hazelnut in the world, with yearly production valued at
US$179.5 million in 2016. In 2018 the Georgian government allocated 4 million ($1.6 million) and the
United States Agency for International Development (USAID) 8 million ($3.2 million) to help combat
the spread of the brown marmorated stink bug in Georgia, but so far the efforts have been criticized as
being insufficient.[49]

Predators
In China, Trissolcus japonicus,[50] a parasitoid wasp species in the family Scelionidae, is a primary
predator.[51]

In the United States, Europe, and New Zealand, Trissolcus japonicus is a focus of biological control
programs against the brown marmorated stink bug.[52] This wasp was under study in the United States
since 2007 for biosafety of possible introduction.[5][53] However, in 2014, two adventive populations were
found in the United States during surveys to identify which North American parasitoids might be attacking
brown marmorated stink bug.[54][55] Subsequent genetic testing showed these wild populations were self-
introduced: they were not related to each other, or to a laboratory strain being studied in quarantine.[53]
Since then, several agricultural authorities have begun programs to augment wild populations with releases
of laboratory reared wasps.[56][57][58] An adventive European population was discovered during similar
surveys in Switzerland in 2017.[59]

Several parasitoids and predators indigenous to North America and Europe have been reported to attack
stink bug eggs, nymphs and adults.[60][61] Researchers have also experimented with other predators like the
spotted lady beetle, the spined soldier bug and the common green lacewing, whereby the latter consumed
most of the eggs of these tested species.[62] Other research investigated different spider species, as well as
the wheel bug Arilus cristatus. Several spider species attacked both the eggs and adult stink bugs. The Joro
spider, another invasive Asian species, was identified in Georgia in 2015, and is a natural predator of the
stink bug. [63] Pill bugs eat stink bug eggs.[64] Arilus cristatus, however, was the most voracious predator
and attacked the eggs and adults more consistently.[65]

Lifecycle


Eggs on leaf Newly hatched eggs

Newly hatched eggs Nymph

Third or fourth instar nymph Fifth-instar nymph



Adult Halyomorpha halys

Laying eggs

In houses and structures

The brown marmorated stink bug is more likely to invade homes in the fall than others in the family.[14]
The bug survives the winter as an adult by entering houses and structures when autumn evenings become
colder, often in the thousands. In one home, more than 26,000 stinkbugs were found overwintering.[66]
Adults can live from several months to a year.[67][68] They enter under siding, into soffits, around window
and door frames, chimneys, or any space which has openings big enough to fit through. Once inside the
house, they go into a state of hibernation. They wait for winter to pass, but often the warmth inside the
house causes them to become active, and they may fly clumsily around light fixtures. Two important
vectors of this pest are the landscape ornamentals tree of heaven and princess tree.[69]

See also
Stink bug
Acrosternum hilare, the green stink bug
Megacopta cribraria, the kudzu bug
Nezara viridula, the southern green stink bug
Oebalus pugnax, the rice stink bug
References
1. Wermelinger, Beat; Forster, Beat; Wyniger, Denise (2008). "Wermelinger, Beat; Denise
Wyniger; Beat Forster. 2008. First records of an invasive bug in Europe: Halyomorpha halys
Stål (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), a new pest on woody ornamentals and fruit trees?
Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft: Bulletin de la Société
Entomologique Suisse 81: 1–8". doi:10.5169/SEALS-402954 (https://doi.org/10.5169%2FS
EALS-402954). S2CID 82165720 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:82165720).
2. "Brown Marmorated Stink Bug" (http://ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/brown-marmorated-
stink-bug). Pennsylvania State University. Retrieved May 25, 2011.
3. Jacobs, Steve (September 2010). Brown Marmorated Stink Bug — Entomology — Penn
State University (http://ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/brown-marmorated-stink-bug).
State College, PA: Penn State University College of Agricultural Sciences. Retrieved
October 21, 2010.
4. "Move Over, Bedbugs: Stink Bugs Have Landed" (https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/27/us/2
7stinkbug.html?_r=1&ref=general&src=me&pagewanted=all). The New York Times.
September 26, 2010. Retrieved September 28, 2010. "Government and university
researchers say they need more time to study the bug, which has been in the United States
since about 1998. Native to Asia, it was first found in Allentown, Pa., and has no natural
enemies here."
5. "Stink Bug Invasion: Is a Wasp the Solution to Save Valued Crops?" (https://www.pbs.org/ne
wshour/science/fighting-the-stink-bug). PBS NewsHour. May 24, 2011. Retrieved May 25,
2011.
6. Rice, Kevin B.; Bergh, Chris J.; Bergmann, Erik J.; Biddinger, Dave J.; et al. (2014). "Biology,
ecology, and management of brown marmorated stink bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)" (http
s://doi.org/10.1603%2FIPM14002). Journal of Integrated Pest Management. 5 (3): A1–A13.
doi:10.1603/IPM14002 (https://doi.org/10.1603%2FIPM14002).
7. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316277383_The_brown_marmorated_stink_bug_Ha
8. "marmorate" (https://oed.com/search?searchType=dictionary&q=marmorate). Oxford English
Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2000. (Subscription or participating institution
membership (https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary) required.)
9. Jacobs, Steven B. (May 2009). "Entomological Notes: Brown Marmorated Stink Bug" (https://
web.archive.org/web/20111007061426/http://www.hgic.umd.edu/content/documents/Brown
MarmoratedStinkBug.pdf) (PDF). Pennsylvania State University Department of Agriculture.
Archived from the original (http://www.hgic.umd.edu/content/documents/BrownMarmoratedSt
inkBug.pdf) (PDF) on October 7, 2011. Retrieved July 1, 2011.
10. Henderson, Will; Khalilian, Ahmad; Han, Young (July 9–12, 2006). Detecting Stink
Bugs/Damage in Cotton Utilizing a Portable Electronic Nose (http://www.clemson.edu/precis
ionag/Stink%20Bug.pdf) (PDF). Oregon Convention Center; Portland, Oregon: Clemson
University. Retrieved March 24, 2010.
11. Hu, Chao-Chien; Shen, Yi-Syun (2017). "Irritant contact keratitis caused by the bodily fluids
of a brown marmorated stink bug" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5747233).
Taiwan Journal of Ophthalmology. 7 (4): 221–223. doi:10.4103/tjo.tjo_32_17 (https://doi.org/
10.4103%2Ftjo.tjo_32_17). ISSN 2211-5056 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2211-5056).
PMC 5747233 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5747233). PMID 29296555
(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29296555).
12. Polajnar, Jernej; et al. (2016). "Vibrational communication of the brown marmorated stink
bug (Halyomorpha halys)". Physiological Entomology. 41 (3): 249–259.
doi:10.1111/phen.12150 (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fphen.12150). S2CID 88934819 (https://
api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:88934819).
13. "Penn State University extension site on the insect" (http://ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheet
s/brown-marmorated-stink-bug). ento.psu.edu. Retrieved September 23, 2010.
14. Gyeltshen J; Bernon G; Hodges A. (July 2010). "Brown Marmorated Stink Bug,
Halyomorpha halys Stål (Insecta: Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)" (http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/
creatures/veg/bean/brown_marmorated_stink_bug.htm). University of Florida, IFAS.
Retrieved October 25, 2008.
15. Invasive.org; Lance, David R. "brown marmorated stink bug" (http://www.invasive.org/brows
e/subject.cfm?sub=9328). Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural
Resources Forestry Archive; Gary Bernon. Invasive.org is a joint project of The Bugwood
Network, USDA Forest Service and USDA APHIS PPQ. Retrieved October 25, 2008.
16. ARS. 2010b. Brown Marmorated Stink Bug: Research Updates. USDA-ARS, Kearneysville,
WV. 6 pp.
17. "Monitoring for the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug" (http://www.rce.rutgers.edu/stinkbug/).
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey.
18. LaBonte, James (November 2, 2009). "Brown Marmorated Stink Bug" (http://www.oregon.go
v/ODA/PLANT/IPPM/bmsb.shtml). ODA Plant Division, Insect Pest Prevention and
Management; Report. Oregon Department of Agriculture. Retrieved March 26, 2010.
19. "Brown Marmorated Stink Bug: Potentially Serious Pest Found in Indiana" (http://extension.e
ntm.purdue.edu/pestcrop/2010/issue26/index.html#stink). Purdue University. Retrieved
May 25, 2011.
20. "State Ag. Department Confirms Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in Michigan" (https://web.arch
ive.org/web/20110408020319/http://www.michigan.gov/mda/0%2C1607%2C7-125-1572_36
28-250625--%2C00.html). State of Michigan. February 1, 2011. Archived from the original (ht
tp://michigan.gov/mda/0,1607,7-125-1572_3628-250625--,00.html) on April 8, 2011.
Retrieved May 25, 2011.
21. "Brown Marmorated Stink Bug" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151208061942/http://www.m
da.state.mn.us/en/plants/insects/stinkbug.aspx). Minnesota Department of Agriculture.
Archived from the original (http://www.mda.state.mn.us/en/plants/insects/stinkbug.aspx) on
December 8, 2015. Retrieved May 25, 2011.
22. "Pest Tracker" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110720034827/http://pest.ceris.purdue.edu/se
archmap.php?selectName=IQAQQKA&maptype=alltime). Purdue University. Archived from
the original (http://pest.ceris.purdue.edu/searchmap.php?selectName=IQAQQKA&maptype=
alltime) on July 20, 2011. Retrieved May 25, 2011.
23. Darryl Fears (May 26, 2013). "Scientists wage war on pervasive stink bugs" (https://www.wa
shingtonpost.com/national/health-science/scientists-wage-war-on-pervasive-stink-bugs/201
3/05/26/1787ab50-c3db-11e2-914f-a7aba60512a7_story.html). The Washington Post.
Retrieved May 27, 2013.
24. "Brown Marmorated Stink Bug" (http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/facts/info_bmstin
kbug.htm). www.omafra.gov.on.ca. Retrieved September 18, 2018.
25. "Insecte nuisible ou ravageur : punaise marbrée (Halyomorpha halys) | Banque
d'information 311" (http://www1.ville.montreal.qc.ca/banque311/content/insecte-nuisible-ou-r
avageur-punaise-marbr%C3%A9e-halyomorpha-halys). www1.ville.montreal.qc.ca (in
French). Retrieved September 18, 2018.
26. "On the Trail of the Stink Bug" (https://web.archive.org/web/20101009012223/http://agsci.ps
u.edu/dean/blog/2010/on-the-trail-of-the-stink-bug). Penn State University College of
Agricultural Sciences. Archived from the original (http://agsci.psu.edu/dean/blog/2010/on-the
-trail-of-the-stink-bug) on October 9, 2010.
27. "Qualitative analysis of the pest risk potential of the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB),
Halyomorpha halys (Stål), in the United States" (http://www.michigan.gov/documents/mda/B
MSB_Pest_Risk_Potential_-_USDA_APHIS_Nov_2011_344862_7.pdf) (PDF). Center for
Plant Health Science and Technology.
28. "brown marmorated stink bug – Halyomorpha halys" (http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/ve
g/bean/brown_marmorated_stink_bug.htm). entnemdept.ufl.edu. Retrieved December 8,
2015.
29. Day, Eric (February 24, 2011). "Brown marmorated stink bug" (http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2902/29
02-1100/2902-1100_pdf.pdf) (PDF). Virginia Tech. Retrieved September 23, 2011.
30. Sutphin, Michael (July 25, 2011). "Virginia's tree fruit industry has new insecticide to fight
stink bugs" (http://www.vtnews.vt.edu/articles/2011/07/072511-ext-stinkbugs.html). Virginia
Tech News. Virginia Tech University. Retrieved September 22, 2011.
31. US EPA, OCSPP, OPP, FEAD (October 5, 2015). "Brown Marmorated Stink Bug" (http://ww
w.epa.gov/safepestcontrol/brown-marmorated-stink-bug). www.epa.gov. Retrieved
December 8, 2015.
32. McPherson, J. E., and R. M. McPherson. 2000. Stink Bugs of Economic Importance in
America
North of Mexico, Boca Raton, FL. 253 pp.
33. Durham, Sharon (November 7, 2017). "Shedding New Light on Stink Bug Invasion | USDA"
(https://web.archive.org/web/20180720222626/https://www.usda.gov/media/blog/2017/11/0
7/shedding-new-light-stink-bug-invasion). www.usda.gov. Agricultural Research Service.
Archived from the original (https://www.usda.gov/media/blog/2017/11/07/shedding-new-light
-stink-bug-invasion) on July 20, 2018. Retrieved March 6, 2019.
34. O'Brien, Dennis (July 16, 2019). "USDA Researchers Identify Stink Bug Attractant" (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20170206221004/https://www.ars.usda.gov/news-events/news/research
-news/2014/usda-researchers-identify-stink-bug-attractant/). www.ars.usda.gov. Agricultural
Research Service. Archived from the original (https://www.ars.usda.gov/news-events/news/r
esearch-news/2014/usda-researchers-identify-stink-bug-attractant/) on February 6, 2017.
Retrieved March 6, 2019.
35. Bessin, Ric. "Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Look-A-Likes in Kentucky" (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20110719014503/http://www.ppdl.purdue.edu/PPDL/pubs/KPN25OctStingBugIDand
Control.pdf) (PDF). Archived from the original (http://www.ppdl.purdue.edu/PPDL/pubs/KPN
25OctStingBugIDandControl.pdf) (PDF) on July 19, 2011. Retrieved May 25, 2011.
36. "Rice Stink Bug (Oebalus pugnax)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111122194402/http://ww
w.lsuagcenter.com/en/crops_livestock/crops/rice/Insects/Rice+Stink+Bug+Oebalus+pugnax.
htm). Louisiana State University AgCenter. Archived from the original (http://www.lsuagcente
r.com/en/crops_livestock/crops/rice/Insects/Rice+Stink+Bug+Oebalus+pugnax.htm) on
November 22, 2011. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
37. Opplinger, Matthias (April 5, 2018). "Er mieft, frisst unser Obst und es gibt immer mehr
davon: Der Stinkkäfer erobert Europa" (https://tageswoche.ch/wirtschaft/er-stinkt-frisst-unser-
obst-und-es-gibt-immer-mehr-von-ihm-der-stinkkaefer-erobert-europa/). TagesWoche. Neue
Medien Basel AG. Retrieved April 25, 2019.
38. Ralf Heckmann (2012): Erster Nachweis von Halyomorpha halys (Stål, 1855) (Heteroptera:
Pentatomidae) für Deutschland. Heteropteron 36: 17–18.
39. Wolfgang Rabitsch; Georg J. Friebe (2015). "From the west and from the east? First records
of Halyomorpha halys (Stål, 1855) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) in Vorarlberg
and Vienna, Austria" (https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/BEF_16_0126-0129.pdf) (PDF). Beiträge
zur Entomofaunistik. 16: 115–139.
40. "Asiatische Marmorierte Baumwanze treibt Bauern in den Wahnsinn" (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20190425093723/https://www.suedtirolnews.it/italien/asiatische-marmorierte-baumw
anze-treibt-bauern-in-den-wahnsinn). suedtirolnews.it. October 23, 2017. Archived from the
original (https://www.suedtirolnews.it/italien/asiatische-marmorierte-baumwanze-treibt-bauer
n-in-den-wahnsinn) on April 25, 2019. Retrieved April 25, 2019.
41. "Wien plagen übelriechende Wanzen" (https://diepresse.com/home/panorama/wien/512585
6/Wien-plagen-uebelriechende-Wanzen). Die Presse. Die Presse Verlags-Gesellschaft
m.b.H. Co KG. December 28, 2016. Retrieved April 25, 2019.
42. "Aid for the costs of the prevention and eradication of animal diseases and plant pests and
aid to make good the damage caused by animal diseases and plant pests (Article 26) (State
Aid) SA.47750" (http://ec.europa.eu/competition/elojade/isef/case_details.cfm?proc_code=3
_SA_47750). European Commission. March 30, 2017. Retrieved April 25, 2019.
43. Grosso-Silva, J.M.; Gaspar, H.; Castro, S.; Loureiro, J.; Amorim, F.; van der Heyden, T. (June
25, 2020). "Confirmation of the presence of Halyomorpha halys (Stål, 1855) (Hemiptera:
Pentatomidae) in mainland Portugal" (http://www.aegaweb.com/arquivos_entomoloxicos/vol
_22_2020.htm). Arquivos Entomolóxicos Galegos. 22: 373–376. Retrieved November 27,
2020.
44. Naves, Pedro Miguel. "O sugador Halyomorpha halys (Heteroptera; Pentatomidae), uma
nova ameaça à agricultura portuguesa" (https://web.archive.org/web/20201127211116/htt
p://www.iniav.pt/fotos/editor2/o_sugador_halyomorpha_halys.pdf) (PDF). Archived from the
original (http://www.iniav.pt/fotos/editor2/o_sugador_halyomorpha_halys.pdf) (PDF) on
November 27, 2020.
45. Patrick Barkham (March 1, 2021). "UK scientists confirm arrival of brown marmorated stink
bugs" (https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/mar/01/uk-scientists-confirm-arrival-o
f-brown-marmorated-stink-bugs). The Guardian. Retrieved March 1, 2021.
46. "A pest prophecy: The Brown marmorated stink bug spotted in the UK" (http://www.nhm.ac.u
k/press-office/press-releases/a-pest-prophecy--the-brown-marmorated-stink-bug-spotted-in-t
he-u.html). Natural History Museum, London. March 1, 2021. Retrieved March 2, 2021.
47. Begum, Tammana (March 1, 2021). "Brown marmorated stink bugs arrive in the UK and
pose threat to crops" (http://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/news/2021/march/monitoring-stink-bug
s-to-anticipate-the-future.html). Natural History Museum, London. Retrieved March 2, 2021.
48. Musolin, Dmitry L.; Konjević, Aleksandra; Karpun, Natalia N.; Protsenko, Vilena Ye.; Ayba,
Lesik Ya.; Saulich, Aida Kh. (November 15, 2017). "Invasive brown marmorated stink bug
Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) in Russia, Abkhazia, and Serbia:
history of invasion, range expansion, early stages of establishment, and first records of
damage to local crops". Arthropod-Plant Interactions. Springer Science and Business Media
LLC. 12 (4): 517–529. doi:10.1007/s11829-017-9583-8 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11829-
017-9583-8). ISSN 1872-8855 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1872-8855).
49. "Invasive Stink Bug Pest Devastates Georgia's Agriculture" (https://jamestown.org/program/i
nvasive-stink-bug-pest-devastates-georgias-agriculture/). jamestown.org. October 19, 2017.
Retrieved April 25, 2019.
50. Talamas, Elijah; Buffington, Matthew; Hoelmer, Kim (August 1, 2013). "New synonymy of
Trissolcus halyomorphae Yang". Journal of Hymenoptera Research. 33: 113–117.
doi:10.3897/jhr.33.5627 (https://doi.org/10.3897%2Fjhr.33.5627).
51. Pfeiffer, Douglas G. (March 30, 2009). "Brown Marmorated Stink Bug" (http://www.virginiafrui
t.ento.vt.edu/BMSB.html). Fact Sheet. Virginia Tech Department of Entomology. Retrieved
February 24, 2011.
52. Charles, J. G.; Avila, G. A.; Hoelmer, Kim A.; Hunt, Sophie; Gardner-Gee, Robin;
MacDonald, Frances; Davis, Vicky (August 2019). "Experimental assessment of the
biosafety of Trissolcus japonicus in New Zealand, prior to the anticipated arrival of the
invasive pest Halyomorpha halys". BioControl. 64 (4): 367–379. doi:10.1007/s10526-019-
09949-x (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10526-019-09949-x). S2CID 195847293 (https://api.se
manticscholar.org/CorpusID:195847293).
53. Milnes, Joshua M.; Wiman, Nik G.; Talamas, Elijah J.; Brunner, Jay F.; Hoelmer, Kim A.;
Buffington, Matthew L.; Beers, Elizabeth H. (2016). "Discovery of an Exotic Egg Parasitoid of
the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål) in the Pacific Northwest".
Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 118 (3): 466–470.
doi:10.4289/0013-8797.118.3.466 (https://doi.org/10.4289%2F0013-8797.118.3.466).
ISSN 0013-8797 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0013-8797). S2CID 89561247 (https://api.se
manticscholar.org/CorpusID:89561247).
54. Talamas, Elijah J.; Herlihy, Megan V.; Dieckhoff, Christine; Hoelmer, Kim A.; Buffington,
Matthew; Bon, Marie-Claude; Weber, Donald C. (2015). "Trissolcus japonicus (Ashmead)
(Hymenoptera, Scelionidae) emerges in North America" (https://doi.org/10.3897%2Fjhr.43.4
661). Journal of Hymenoptera Research. 43: 119–128. doi:10.3897/jhr.43.4661 (https://doi.or
g/10.3897%2Fjhr.43.4661). ISSN 1314-2607 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1314-2607).
55. Herlihy, Megan V.; Talamas, Elijah J.; Weber, Donald C. (2016). "Attack and Success of
Native and Exotic Parasitoids on Eggs of Halyomorpha halys in Three Maryland Habitats" (h
ttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4794195). PLOS ONE. 11 (3): e0150275.
Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1150275H (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PLoSO..1150275
H). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0150275 (https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0150275).
ISSN 1932-6203 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203). PMC 4794195 (https://www.ncb
i.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4794195). PMID 26983012 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
26983012).
56. Szűcs, Marianna; Gut, Larry; Wilson, Julianna; Pote, John (July 24, 2019). "Biological
control of brown marmorated stink bug in Michigan" (https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/biologi
cal-control-of-brown-marmorated-stink-bug-in-michigan). Michigan State University,
Department of Entymology. Retrieved December 3, 2019.
57. Jentsch, Peter (Winter 2017). "Expanding the Range of the Samurai Wasp, Trissolcus
japonicus, in New York Orchards" (http://nyshs.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Jentsch-Pa
ges-31-36-from-NYFQ-Winter-Book-2017.pdf) (PDF). Fruit Quarterly. New York State
Horticultural Society. 25 (4). Retrieved December 3, 2019.
58. Jentsch, Peter J. (March 13, 2019). "Citizen Science Efforts for Redistribution of Samurai
Wasp in NYS" (https://blogs.cornell.edu/jentsch/2019/03/13/join-in-hvrl-efforts-for-redistributi
on-of-samurai-wasp-in-nys-in-2019/). Cornell University, Department of Entomology, Hudson
Valley Laboratory. Retrieved December 3, 2019.
59. Stahl, Judith; Tortorici, Francesco; Pontini, Marianna; Bon, Marie-Claude; Hoelmer, Kim;
Marazzi, Cristina; Tavella, Luciana; Haye, Tim (2018). "First discovery of adventive
populations of Trissolcus japonicus in Europe" (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10340-018-106
1-2). Journal of Pest Science. 92 (2): 371–379. doi:10.1007/s10340-018-1061-2 (https://doi.o
rg/10.1007%2Fs10340-018-1061-2). ISSN 1612-4758 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1612-4
758).
60. Abram, Paul K.; Hoelmer, Kim A.; Acebes-Doria, Angelita; Andrews, Heather; Beers,
Elizabeth H.; Bergh, J. Christopher; Bessin, Ric; Biddinger, David; Botch, Paul (2017).
"Indigenous arthropod natural enemies of the invasive brown marmorated stink bug in North
America and Europe". Journal of Pest Science. 90 (4): 1009–1020. doi:10.1007/s10340-
017-0891-7 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10340-017-0891-7). hdl:10919/97381 (https://hdl.h
andle.net/10919%2F97381). ISSN 1612-4758 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1612-4758).
S2CID 37869657 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37869657).
61. Roberson, Roy (November 20, 2009). "Natural predators tested for stink bug control" (https://
web.archive.org/web/20091129031039/http://southeastfarmpress.com/soybeans/natural-pre
dators-1120/#). News article. southeast Farm Press. Archived from the original (http://southe
astfarmpress.com/soybeans/natural-predators-1120/) on November 29, 2009. Retrieved
March 30, 2009.
62. Abram, P.K.; Doyon, J.; Brodeur, J.; Gariépy, T. D.; Boivin, G. (July 14, 2014). "Susceptibility
of Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) eggs to different life stages of three
generalist predators" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210705132543/https://www.cambridge.
org/core/journals/canadian-entomologist/article/abs/susceptibility-of-halyomorpha-halys-he
miptera-pentatomidae-eggs-to-different-life-stages-of-three-generalist-predators/321BD242A
3078DCB4CD166437B83ADB8). The Canadian Entomologist. Cambridge University
Press. 147 (2): 222–226. doi:10.4039/tce.2014.41 (https://doi.org/10.4039%2Ftce.2014.41).
S2CID 86513260 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86513260). Archived from the
original (https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/canadian-entomologist/article/abs/suscepti
bility-of-halyomorpha-halys-hemiptera-pentatomidae-eggs-to-different-life-stages-of-three-ge
neralist-predators/321BD242A3078DCB4CD166437B83ADB8) on July 5, 2021. Retrieved
July 5, 2021.
63. Hatcher, Michele (September 27, 2021). "Joro Spiders out in force across Northeast
Georgia" (https://www.onlineathens.com/story/news/state/2021/09/27/joro-spiders-out-force-
across-athens-area-north-georgia/5888144001/). Athens Banner Herald. Retrieved
September 30, 2021.
64. Bailey, Pat (March 15, 1999). "Humble Roly-Poly Bug Thwarts Stink Bugs in Farms,
Gardens" (https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20111207205250/http://www.news.ucdavis.edu/
search/news_detail.lasso?id=4399#). UC Davis News Service. Archived from the original (h
ttp://www.news.ucdavis.edu/search/news_detail.lasso?id=4399) on December 7, 2011.
Retrieved January 13, 2016.
65. http://www.stopbmsb.org/stopBMSB/assets/File/Research/BMSB-SAP-Dec-2013/Native-
Natural-Enemies-Shrewsbury.pdf
66. Inkley, Douglas B. (2012). "Characteristics of Home Invasion by the Brown Marmorated
Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)". Journal of Entomological Science. 47 (2): 125–130.
doi:10.18474/0749-8004-47.2.125 (https://doi.org/10.18474%2F0749-8004-47.2.125).
S2CID 81311478 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:81311478). (AGRICOLA ID:
IND44785195 (http://europepmc.org/article/agr/ind44785195))
67. Meacham, Jennifer (October 5, 2010). "Asian stink bugs invade Oregon" (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20101008201028/http://www.katu.com/news/local/104018099.html). KATU News.
Archived from the original (http://www.katu.com/news/local/104018099.html) on October 8,
2010. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
68. Marchiando, Collin. "Monitoring for the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug: Frequently Asked
Questions" (http://njaes.rutgers.edu/stinkbug/faq.asp). Rutgers University, New Jersey
Agricultural Experiment Station. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
69. Wallner, Adam M.; Hamilton, George C.; Nielsen, Anne L.; Hahn, Noel; Green, Edwin J.;
Rodriguez-Saona, Cesar R. (May 1, 2014). "Landscape Factors Facilitating the Invasive
Dynamics and Distribution of the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug, Halyomorpha halys
(Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), after Arrival in the United States" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
pmc/articles/PMC4006787). PLoS ONE. 9 (5): e95691. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...995691W (htt
ps://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PLoSO...995691W). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0095691
(https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0095691). PMC 4006787 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.
gov/pmc/articles/PMC4006787). PMID 24787576 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2478757
6).
Further reading
Khrimian, Ashot; Shearer, Peter W.; Zhang, Aijun; Hamilton, George C.; Aldrich, Jeffrey R.
(2008). "Field Trapping of the Invasive Brown Marmorated Stink Bug, Halyomorpha halys,
with Geometric Isomers of Methyl 2,4,6-Decatrienoate". Journal of Agricultural and Food
Chemistry. 56 (1): 197–203. doi:10.1021/jf072087e (https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf072087e).
PMID 18069789 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18069789).
Funayama, Ken (2004). "Importance of apple fruits as food for the brown-marmorated stink
bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stal) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)" (https://doi.org/10.1303%2Fae
z.2004.617). Applied Entomology and Zoology. 39 (4): 617–623. doi:10.1303/aez.2004.617
(https://doi.org/10.1303%2Faez.2004.617).
Nielsen, Anne L.; Hamilton, George C. (2009). "Life History of the Invasive Species
Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Northeastern United States" (https://doi.or
g/10.1603%2F008.102.0405). Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 102 (4): 608.
doi:10.1603/008.102.0405 (https://doi.org/10.1603%2F008.102.0405).
Aldrich, J. R.; Khrimian, A.; Chen, X.; Camp, M. J. (2009). "Semiochemically Based
Monitoring of the Invasion of the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug and Unexpected Attraction of
the Native Green Stink Bug (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) in Maryland" (https://doi.org/10.165
3%2F024.092.0310). Florida Entomologist. 92 (3): 483. doi:10.1653/024.092.0310 (https://do
i.org/10.1653%2F024.092.0310).
Toyama, Masatoshi; Ihara, Fumio; Yaginuma, Katsuhiko (2006). "Formation of aggregations
in adults of the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Heteroptera:
Pentatomidae): The role of antennae in short-range locations" (https://doi.org/10.1303%2Fa
ez.2006.309). Applied Entomology and Zoology. 41 (2): 309. doi:10.1303/aez.2006.309 (http
s://doi.org/10.1303%2Faez.2006.309).
Nielsen, Anne L.; Shearer, Peter W.; Hamilton, George C. (2008). "Toxicity of Insecticides to
Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Using Glass-Vial Bioassays". Journal of
Economic Entomology. 101 (4): 1439–42. doi:10.1603/0022-
0493(2008)101[1439:TOITHH]2.0.CO;2 (https://doi.org/10.1603%2F0022-0493%282008%2
9101%5B1439%3ATOITHH%5D2.0.CO%3B2). PMID 18767758 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.ni
h.gov/18767758).
Lee, Wonhoon; Kang, Joongnam; Jung, Chansik; Hoelmer, Kim; Lee, Si Hyeock; Lee,
Seunghwan (2009). "Complete mitochondrial genome of brown marmorated stink bug
Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), and phylogenetic relationships of
hemipteran suborders". Molecules and Cells. 28 (3): 155–65. doi:10.1007/s10059-009-
0125-9 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10059-009-0125-9). PMID 19756390 (https://pubmed.n
cbi.nlm.nih.gov/19756390). S2CID 1378484 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1378
484).
Yang, Zhong-Qi; Yao, Yan-Xia; Qiu, Lan-Fen; Li, Zhong-Xin (2009). "A New Species of
Trissolcus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) Parasitizing Eggs of Halyomorpha halys
(Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) in China with Comments on Its Biology". Annals of the
Entomological Society of America. 102: 39–47. doi:10.1603/008.102.0104 (https://doi.org/10.
1603%2F008.102.0104). S2CID 55288032 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55288
032).
"Plant Pest Factsheet - Brown Marmorated Stink Bug - Halyomorpha halys" (https://planthea
lthportal.defra.gov.uk/assets/factsheets/halyomorpha-halys-defra-pest-factsheet-v3.pdf)
(PDF). Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), UK Gov. 2015.

External links
Wikibooks: Halyomorpha halys
 Stink bug fact sheet (http://ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/brown-marmorated-stink-bug)
(Penn State Fact Sheet on the brown marmorated stink bug)
Brown marmorated stink bug (http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/beneficial/a_grandis.ht
m) on the UF/IFAS Featured Creatures Web site
Brown marmorated stink bug in Oregon (https://agsci.oregonstate.edu/bmsb/brown-marmora
ted-stink-bug), Oregon State University
Brown marmorated stink bug (http://www.invasive.org/browse/subject.cfm?sub=9328) at
Invasive.org (a joint project of The Bugwood Network, USDA Forest Service and USDA
APHIS PPQ)
Species Profile- Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Halyomorpha halys) (https://www.invasivesp
eciesinfo.gov/terrestrial/invertebrates/brown-marmorated-stink-bug), National Invasive
Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library. (lists general
information and resources for brown marmorated stink bug)
Brown marmorated stink bug: protection and response (https://www.mpi.govt.nz/protection-a
nd-response/responding/alerts/brown-marmorated-stink-bug/) (information and fact sheet
from the New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries)
StopBMSB.org (http://www.stopbmsb.org/) — information about the management of brown
marmorated stink bug in U.S. specialty crops, supported by the National Institute of Food
and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Specialty Crop Research Initiative.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brown_marmorated_stink_bug&oldid=1069231009"

This page was last edited on 1 February 2022, at 07:25 (UTC).

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License;

additional terms may apply. By using
this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia
Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.