APA

Style Guide
American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American
Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
A copy of this book is located in Mabee Library @ the reference desk, BF76.7.P83 2010

Examples of in-text citations

Examples of in-text citations are found on page 177 of the
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.).
Specific parts of a (Smith & Jones, 1995, p. 50)
source (Brown, 1999, Chapter 7)
One author Wilson (2003) stated that . . .
In a recent study of nursing students (Wilson, 2003) stated . . .
Two authors . . . as has been shown (Carson & Stowe, 2004).
As Carson and Stowe (2004) demonstrated . . .
Three to five authors First citation in text:
Smith, Jones, Wilson, Carson, and Stowe (1999) found . . . .
. . . were discovered (Smith, Jones, Wilson, Carson & Stowe, 1999).
Subsequent entries:
Smith et al. (1999) also demonstrated . . .
. . . several implications (Smith et al., 1999).
Six or more authors First and subsequent citations:
Wasserstein et al. (2005) determined . . .
. . . of unknown origins (Wasserstein et al., 2005).
Groups as authors List author name in full. Some long names may later be abbreviated if the
abbreviation is familiar or readily understandable.
(National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2001) . . .
(NIMH, 2001)
No author (including Punctuate the first few words as in the REFERENCES list entry and add
legal materials) the year.
... on day care ("Study finds," 2003)
... the book How to Pass the GED (2003)
Multiple works Listed alphabetically, separated by semi-colons. Same author, by date.
. . . in several studies (Gogel, 2000; Miller, 1999; Miller, 2004;
Shafranske & Mahoney, 1998; Taylor, 2007)
Personal Use initials with the surname, and provide as exact a date as possible.
communication or Cite personal communications in text only; do NOT include them in the
lecture references.

According to J. Doe (personal communication, April 29, 2005). . .

. . . results vary (J. Doe, personal communication, April 29, 2005)
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 Examples of Quotations
Examples of quotations sources are found on pages 91-92 & 170-171 of the
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.).
Quotation 1 Confusing this issue is the overlapping nature of roles in palliative care, whereby

“medical needs are met by those in the medical disciplines; nonmedical needs may be

addressed by anyone on the team” (Csikai & Chaitin, 2006, p. 112).

Quotation 2 Miele (1993) found that “the ‘placebo effect,’ which had been verified in previous

studies, disappeared when [only the first group’s] behaviors were studied in this

manner” (p. 276).

Quotation 3 (more Miele (1993) found the following:

than 40 words)
The “placebo effect,” which had been verified in previous studies,

disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner. Furthermore, the

behaviors were never exhibited again [italics added], even when reel [sic]

drugs were administered. Earlier studies (e.g. Abdullah, 1984; Fox, 1979)

were clearly premature in attributing the results to a placebo effect. (p. 276)

Examples of References
Examples of references can be found on pages 193-215 of the
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.).

PRINT SOURCES – BOOKS

One author Lewis, B. (2003). The crisis of Islam: Holy war and unholy terror.
New York, NY: Modern Library.

Two or more authors Cross, F. B., & Collins, J. T. (1995). Fishes in Kansas. Lawrence,
KS: University Press of Kansas.

Group author as Australian Bureau of Statistics. (1991). Estimated resident population

publisher by age and sex in statistical local areas, New South Wales, June
1990 (No. 3209.1). Canberra, Australian Capital Territory:
Author.

One editor Barrett, E. M. (Ed.). (1990). Visions of Rogers’ science-based

nursing. New York, NY: National League for Nursing.

Part of a book Charney, E. B., Burry, T. A., & Ludwig, S. (1990). The ill or injured
child. In M. W. Schwartz (Ed.), Pediatric primary care: A
problem-oriented approach (2nd ed., pp. 57-65). Chicago, IL:
Year Book Medical Publishers.

2
Book review Schatz, B. R. (2000, November 17). Learning by text or context?
[Review of the book The social life of information by J.S. Brown
& P. Duguid]. Science, 290, 1304. doi:10.1126/science.290.
5495.1304 [if no doi available, simply omit.]

No author or editor Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1993).

Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.

Encyclopedia article Berger, P. (2001). Nightingale, Florence. In World book encyclopedia

(Vol. 4, p. 420). Chicago, IL: World Book.

Dictionary entry Laminectomy. (2003). In Dorland’s illustrated medical dictionary

(30th ed., p. 996). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders.

PRINT SOURCES – JOURNALS/NEWSPAPERS

Journal (pagination Roberts, S. B., & Pittas, A. G. (2003). The role of glycemic index in
by volume) type 2 diabetes. Nutrition in Clinical Care, 6, 1051-1061.
Journal (pagination Brown, M., Richard, G., & Wagstaff, P. (2003). Using a home care
by issue) model to monitor bilirubin levels in early discharged infants.
Topics in Health Information Management, 24(4), 39-41.
Magazine (with a Tetlock, P. (1993, January/February). How presidents think.
volume number) Psychology Today, 26, 8-9.
Magazine (without a MacGregor, K., & Cowley, G. (2005, July 25). America’s best: Two
volume number) affluent Americans who help the world’s most desperate.
*usually a weekly magazine Newsweek, pp. 54-55.
Newspaper Hulse, C. (2004, July 16). Senate approves tobacco buyout and new
curbs. The New York Times (National ed.), p. A2, A20.
Daily newspaper New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure.
article (no author) (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.
Meade, J. V. (1995). Labor relations 101: An undeclared context
ERIC document specific course for prospective teachers in an alternative training
(microfiche or online) program (Issue Paper 95-1). East Lansing, MI: National Center
for Research on Teacher Education. Retrieved from ERIC
database. (ED384570)
Thomas, N. (Ed.). (2002). Perspectives on the community college: A
journey of discovery [Monograph]. Retrieved from
http://eric.ed.gov/
ELECTRONIC SOURCES
Full-text article from Howard, K. R. (2007). Childhood overweight: Parental perceptions
a database, with no and readiness for change. The Journal of School Nursing, 23(2),
DOI assigned 73-79. Retrieved from PsychINFO database.
Full-text article from Le Barbenchon, E., Milhabet, I., Steiner, D. D., & Priolo, D. (2008).
an online periodical, Social acceptance of exhibiting optimism. Current Research in
with no DOI assigned Social Psychology, 14(4), 52-63. Retrieved from
http://www.uiowa.edu/~grpproc/crisp/crisp14_4.pdf
Full-text article from Wolff, H. G., & Moser, K. (2009). Effects of networking on career
a database or an success: A longitudinal study. Journal of Applied Psychology,
online periodical with 94(1), 196-206. doi: 10.1037/a0013350
DOI assigned

3
Abstract of an article Fournier, M., de Ridder, D. & Bensing, J. (1999). Optimism and
from a database adaptation to multiple sclerosis: What does optimism mean?
Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 22, 303-326. Abstract retrieved
from PsycINFO database.
Full-text Graham, G. (2007). Behaviorism. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford
encyclopedia article encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from
from online and from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/behaviorism
a subscription Smallpox. (2009). In Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved from
database (i.e., WU http://0-search.eb.com.topekalibraries.info/
access only)
Entry from an online Sustainability. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary.
dictionary Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary
Document from a NOTE: Include a date of retrieval only if the source itself has no date,
web site or if its content is likely to change.
American Cancer Society. (2002). Common questions about diet and
cancer. Retrieved from http://www.cancer.org/docroot/PED
/Content/PED_3_2x_Common_Questions_About_Diet_and_
Cancer.asp?sitearea=PED
Archer, D. (n.d.). Exploring nonverbal communication. Retrieved July
18, 2001, from http://nonverbal.ucsc.edu
Online newspaper Richardson, T. (2004, July 21). City administrator robbed of car at
gunpoint. Topeka Capital Journal. Retrieved from
http://www.cjonline.com
Electronic books Barell, J. (2003). Developing more curious minds. Alexandria, VA:
Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
Retrieved from http://0-www.netlibrary.com.topekalibraries.info/
O’Keefe, E. (n.d.). Egoism & the crisis in Western values. Retrieved
from http://www.onlineoriginals.com/showitem.asp?itemID=134
Wiki entry Psychometric assessment. (n.d.). [Wiki post]. Retrieved from
http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Psychometric_assessment
Message posted to a Kellerman, M. (2007, May 23). Re: Disclosing clinical trials. [Web
Weblog (Blog) log message]. Retrieved from http://iq.harvard.edu/blog/
sss/archives/2007/05
MiddleKid. (2007, January 22). Re: The unfortunate prerequisites and
consequences of partitioning your mind [Web log message].
Retrieved from http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2007/01/
the_unfortunate_prerequisites.php
Message posted to a Hameroff, S. (2006, October 29). Re: Consciousness is a state? Or a
newsgroup, online sequence of events? [Online forum comment]. Retrieved from
forum or discussion http://groups.google.com/group/sci.psychology.consciousness
group
Message posted to an Mann, B. (2008, June 4). Re: Managing electronic government
electronic mailing list information in libraries: Issues and practices. [Electronic mailing
list message]. Retrieved from http://lists.ala.org/sympa/arc/ili-
l/2008-06/msg00037.html
Video post Baker, B. (2008, June 13). Info literacy 11. Plagiarism and citation
syles. [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com
/watch?v=gbAcQcDTxdo

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 OTHER
Audio and music Costa, P. T., Jr. (Speaker). (1988). Personality, continuity, and
recordings changes of adult life (Cassette Recording No. 207-433-88A-B).
Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
lang, k.d. (2008). Shadow and the frame. On Watershed [CD]. New
York, NY: Fox Broadcasting.
Brochure, corporate Research and Training Center on Independent Living. (1993).
author Guidelines for reporting and writing about people with
disabilities [Brochure]. (4th ed.). Lawrence, KS: Author.
Dissertation or a From an institutional database:
dissertation abstract Adams, R. J. (1973). Building a foundation for evaluation of
instruction in higher education and continuing education
(Doctorial dissertation, Ohio State University). Retrieved from
http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/
From the web:
Bruckman, A. (1997). MOOSE Crossing: Construction, community,
and learning in a networked virtual world for kids (Doctoral
dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology). Retrieved
from http://www-static.cc.gatech.edu/~asb/thesis/
Abstract only from Digital Abstracts Online:
Stephens, M. (2007). Modeling the role of blogging in librarianship
Dissertation Abstracts Online, 68(11A), 4529.
Government National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in serious
document mental illness (DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1679). Washington,
DC: Government Printing Office.

Legal documents NOTE: Legal documents such as hearings may be listed in the style
shown in The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation.

Protection from Personal Intrusion Act and Privacy Protection Act of

1998: Hearing on H.R. 2448 and H.R. 3224 Before the House
Comm. on the Judiciary, 105th Cong. 56-57 (1998) (statement of
Richard Masur, President, Screen Actors Guild).

Motion picture or American Psychological Association. (Producer). (2000). Responding

video program therapeutically to patient expressions of sexual attraction
[DVD]. Available from http://www.apa.org/videos/
Scorsese, M. (Producer), & Lonergan, K. (Writer/Director). (2000).
You can count on me [Motion picture]. United States: Paramount
Pictures.

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