CHEMISTRY
INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
2021-22
SETTING OF CEMENT
BY
ANKIT PANDEY
CLASS- XII-C
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NO 2
NAUSENABAGH, VISAKHAPATNAM
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
CERTIFICATE
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT DIVYANSHU
KUMAR OF CLASS XII-A HAS
SUCESSFULLY COMPLETED THE
RESEARCH ON THE MENTIONED TOPIC
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
MR.B.SREEDHAR [SUBJECT TEACHER]
DURING THE YEAR 2018-19 IN PARTIAL
FULFILMENT OF PRACTICAL
EXAMINATION.
SIGNATURE OF EXTERNAL EXAMINER SIGNATURE OF CHEMISTRY TEACHER
INDEX
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT
INTRODUCTION
THEORY
EFFECT OF QUALITY OF SAND
ON SETTING OF CEMENT
MORTAR
CONSTRUCTION OF
BUILDING USING CEMENT
PORTLAND CEMENT
EFFECT OF TIME ON SETTING
OF CEMENT MORTAR
APPARATUS REQUIRED
PROCEDURE
OBSERVATION
CONCLUSION
PRECAUTIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to
my chemistry teacher MR.S.S BISHT as well as our
school principal MR.J.P.SINGH who gave the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic
"SETTING OF CEMENT" which also helped me in
doing a lot of research work and I came to know about so
many new things. I am really thankful to them.
AIM OF THE
EXPERIMENT
To study the setting of mixture of
cement with sand time and fly ash with
respect to time and strength.
INTRODUCTION
In the most general sense of the word, CEMENT is a
binder, a substance that sets and hardens
independently, and can bind other materials
together.
The word "cement" traces to the Romans, who used
the term opus caementicium to describe masonry
resembling modern concrete that was made from
crushed rock with burnt lime as binder. The volcanic
ash and a pulverized brick additive that were added
to the burnt lime to obtain a hydraulic binder were
later referred to as cementum, cimentum, cament
and cement.
The most important use of cement is the production
of mortar and concrete.
The bonding of natural or artificial aggregates to
form a strong building materials that is durable and
the face of normal environment effects.
THEORY
EFFECT OF QUALITY OF SAND ON
SETTING OF CEMENT MORTAR
Sand obtained from different sources has
different qualities. For examples, sea sand
obtained from sea contains unwanted salts and
retards setting of cement and is not suitable for
making mortar.
On the other hand, Pit sand is obtained from
pits in the soil and the River sand obtained from
riverbed is considered excellent for preparing
mortar and concrete.
CONSTRUCTION OF
BUILDING USING CEMENT
Cement used in construction is characterized as
hydraulic or non-hydraulic Hydraulic cement (e.g.
Portland cement) harden because of hydration
chemical reactions that occur independently of
the mixture's water content; they can harden
even underwater or when constantly exposed to
wet weather. The chemical reaction that results
when the anhydrous cement powder is mixed
with water produces hydrates that are not
water soluble. Non-hydraulic cements (e.g. Lime
and Gypsum plaster) must be kept dry in order
to retain their strength.
PORTLAND CEMENT
Cement is made by heating limestone(calcium carbonate),
with small quantities of other materials (such as clay) to
0
1450 C in a kiln, in a process known as calcination, whereby
a molecule of carbon dioxide is liberated from the calcium
carbonate to form calcium oxide, or quicklime, which is then
blended with the other materials that have been in the mix.
The resulting hard substance, called 'clinker', is then ground
with a small amount of gypsum in a powder to make
‘Ordinary Portland Cement’, the most commonly used type
of cement (offered referred to as OPC). Portland cement is
a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar and non specialty
grout. The most common use for Portland cement is in the
production of concrete. Concrete is a composite material
consisting of aggregate (gravel and sand), cement and water.
EFFECT OF TIME ON SETTING
OF CEMENT MORTAR
Time has an important role on strength of developed
cement mortar. When a cement mixture in the ratio
of 1:3 with water is allowed to dry, the strength of
solid mass keeps on increasing with the time given for
setting. It acquires a nearly full strength in 28 days.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
BEAKERS
BEAKERS
WEIGHT BOX MATCH BOX
LIMESTONE
CEMENT FLY ASH
PROCEDURE
1. Prepare mixtures of various compositions as given
in Observation table.
2. Take each of the given mixtures in different
beakers and prepare their pastes by adding
minimum amount of water.
3. Take nine cases of empty match boxes and
mark from 1 to 9.
4. Fill the three cases with the paste of
each composition.
5. Spray water from time to time over the paste,
so that they remain moist all the time.
6. After three days, take out one slab of
each composition and test their strengths.
7. Similarly, take out a set of three slabs after 7
days after 30 days respectively and test their
strengths.
OBSERVATION
S COMPOSITION MINIMU
NO OF MIXTURE M
. AND RATIO WEIGHT TO
BREAK THE
SLAB AFTER
3 7 10
DAY DAY DAY
S S S
01. CEMENT:RIVE 18g 20g 30g
R
SAN
D
(1:3)
02. CEMENT:RIVER 16g 18g 26g
SAND:FLY ASH
(2:9:1)
03. CEMENT:RIVE 10g 15g 20g
R
SAND:LIME
(1:3:1)
CONCLUSION
THE STRENGTH OF THE SLAB
INCREASES WITH INCREASE IN THE
SETTING TIME ALLOWED.
PRECAUTIONS
Handle the glass wares carefully
Allow the time required to set
Spray only required amount of
water
BIBLIOGRAPHY
HELP
FROM
INTERNET
HELP
FROM
LIBARY
HELP
FROM
TEACHERS
