Asexual Reproduction in
Plants
differentiate the types of
1 asexual reproduction in
plants;
Objectives
identify the part of a
At the end
of the
2 specific plant used in
asexual reproduction; and
lesson, you
should be
explain how plants asexual
able to:
reproduction affect other
3 plants, animals, and
humans.
Learn about It!
Characteristics of Living Things
• Made up of one or more cells
• Have cellular organization
• Uses energy
• Maintains homeostasis
Butterflies use and convert
energy to survive.
Learn about It!
Characteristics of Living Things
• Grow and develop
• Respond to stimuli
• Changes or evolves over time
• Able to reproduce
Butterflies during
reproduction
Learn about It!
Asexual Reproduction
• It is the production of new
plant with only one parent.
• It forms genetically
identical plants that are
similar to their parent
plants.
Onions reproduce asexually and
produce genetically unique
plantlets.
Learn about It!
Two Types of Asexual
Reproduction
● Apomixis
● Vegetative Reproduction
○ Natural
○ Artificial
Ginger shoot, developing
from its specialized stem.
Learn about It!
Apomixis
• It is the type of asexual reproduction that produces seeds
without fertilization.
• This ensures that the parent plant is able to reproduce an
offspring that is well-suited to the environment that it is
acclimated.
Learn about It!
Examples of Apomictic Plants
dandelion meadow grass orange
Learn about It!
Vegetative Propagation
• It involves plant parts that
produce buds from specialized
parts and grow into a new
plant.
• This involves two processes:
Fragmentation and
Regeneration. A plantlet, growing from
a specialized plant part.
Learn about It!
Two Processes of Vegetative Propagation
• Fragmentation is the • Regeneration is the
separation of plant part development of the
form its parent plant. separated plant into a new
plant.
Strawberry buds will eventually separate from its
parent plant and grow individually.
Learn about It!
Two Types of Vegetative Propagation
• Natural Vegetative Propagation is when plants grow
from specialized leaves, roots or stems without human
intervention.
• Artificial Vegetative Propagation is when plants growth
requires human intervention.
Learn about It!
Types of Natural Vegetative Propagation
• Adventitious Roots are when
the stem or leaves of a plant
touches the soil, new roots
and eventually new plants will
grow.
• Examples: dahlia and sweet
potato.
Sweet potato
Learn about It!
Types of Natural Vegetative Propagation
• Specialized stems are
plants parts where new
buds grow and then
develop into new
plants.
Onion and garlic are both
specialized stems.
Learn about It!
Types of Specialized Stem
• Rhizomes underground stems that grow horizontally.
• Examples: ginger and lotus.
Ginger rhizome Rhizomes of lotus submerged in water
Learn about It!
Types of Specialized Stem
• Tubers are swollen,
underground stem which
contains axillary buds on
the scale leaves or scars
(eyes) present on the stem.
• Examples: potato and
turnip
Potato with sprouts
Learn about It!
Types of Specialized Stem
• Bulbs are modified stems
which have one or more
axillary buds which form
the shoots.
• Examples: onion, garlic,
and tulips
Onion bulb
Learn about It!
Types of Specialized Stem
• Corms are swollen,
underground stem that
are vertically oriented.
• Examples: banana and
Colocasia (taro or gabi)
Banana Gabi
Learn about It!
Types of Specialized Stem
• Runners or stolons are
stems that grow above
ground and give rise to
roots.
• Examples: strawberry and
grasses
Strawberry
Learn about It!
Types of Specialized Stem
• Suckers are lateral branches
coming from the
underground part of the
stem.
• Examples: bamboo,
pineapple, and
chrysanthemum
Bamboo
Learn about It!
Types of Artificial Vegetative Propagation
Types of Specialized Stem:
● Cutting is the most
common artificial
propagation. Types:
○ Stem Cutting
○ Root Cutting
○ Leaf Cutting
Rose plants can be reproduced
through stem-cutting.
Learn about It!
Types of Artificial Vegetative Propagation
• Layering is where the roots
are developed in the stem
while the stem is still intact
to the plant.
• Examples: climbing roses,
honeysuckle, and lilac
An illustration of a stem buried under
the soil to induce root growth.
Learn about It!
Types of Artificial Vegetative Propagation
• Grafting involves joining
tissues of plants and
allowing them to grow
together. The upper part is
called scion and the lower
part is called stock.
• Examples: watermelon,
acacia, eggplant, and Acacia stems grafted together
tomato. to manage wilt disease.
Types of Asexual Reproduction Description Examples
Binary fission A cell divides to produce two identical cells. Each Many bacteria, protists, unicellular fungi
Learn about It! cell has the potential to grow to the size of the
original cell.
Budding The formation of an outgrowth (or bud) from an Yeasts, hydra, certain bacteria
organism capable of developing into a new (Caulobacter, Hyphomicrobium, and Stella spp.)
individual. The outgrowth is genetically the same
as the parent but relatively smaller.
Vegetative propagation A new plant emerges from vegetative parts, such Various plants, e.g. those naturally emerging from
as specialized stems, leaves, and roots, and then stolons, bulbs, tubers, corms, suckers (root
they take root and grow. sprouts), and plantlets, and those artificially
grown by cutting, grafting, layering, tissue culture,
and offset.
Spore formation An asexual reproduction wherein spores are Fungi, slime molds, and vascular plants
produced to germinate into new individuals
Fragmentation The parent organism breaks into fragments. Each Certain fungi (e.g. yeasts, and lichens), molds,
fragment is capable of developing into a new vascular and nonvascular plants, cyanobacteria,
organism. and certain animals (e.g. sponges, sea stars,
planarians, and many annelid worms)
Parthenogenesis The offspring develops from a female gamete Certain invertebrates (e.g. aphids, rotifers, and
even without prior fertilization by a male gamete. nematodes) and certain vertebrates (e.g. some
lizards, snakes, birds, sharks, reptiles, and
amphibians).
Plant apomixis Reproduction in plants without fertilization Bryophytes, certain ferns, and flowering plants
Key Points
Asexual reproduction does not need two parents in
1 order to reproduce.
Asexual reproduction has many types and examples.
● Apomixis is the production of seeds without fertilization.
● Natural vegetative propagation is growth of new plant
2 from stem, roots, and leaves without human intervention.
● Artificial vegetative propagation requires human
intervention.
Check Your Understanding
Write the word true if the given statement is correct and
false if otherwise.
1. Natural vegetative propagation involves human
intervention.
2. Asexual reproduction do not involve sex cells of the
plants.
3. Plants can reproduce through the use of spores.
4. Asexual reproduction can happen through the use of
seeds.
5. Asexual reproduction usually use vegetative parts of
the plants for reproduction.
Challenge Yourself
What do you think
trigger plants to
develop asexual form
of reproduction?
Photo Credits
Slide 4: This file, Arboretum Ellerhoop - Lotosblüte im Arboretum-See, by Hans-Dieter Warda, is
licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Creative Commons.
Slide 4: This file, JaRenkonLotus07CR, by westwind, is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Creative
Commons.
Slide 17: This file, Indonesian local taro corms, by Kembangraps, is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via
Creative Commons.
Slide 18: This file, Duchesnea indicaLilleLamiot137, by Lamiot, is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via
Creative Commons.
Slide 18: This file, Figure 32 03 04, by CNX OpenStax, is licensed under CC BY 4.0 via Creative Commons.
Bibliography
George Acquaah. 2012. Principles of Plant Genetics and Breeding, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
Encyclopedia Britannica. “Tissue Culture.” Accessed by July 7, 2015.
https://www.britannica.com/science/tissue-culture
Instructables Living. “Air Layering.” Accesses by May 13, 2019.
https://www.instructables.com/id/Air-Layering/
Lesson 17.2
Sexual Reproduction in
Plants
understand the general
1 mechanisms of sexual
Objectives reproduction in plants;
At the end and
of the
lesson, you identify the different
should be 2 forms of sexual
able to: reproduction in plants.
Learn about It!
Types of Plants
Angiosperms Gymnosperms
The Non-flowering Plants
The Flowering
Plants
Sampaguita flower Pine tree
Learn about It!
Types of Plants
Angiosperms
• bear flowers
• contain seeds
enclosed in an
ovary in the form
of fruits
Avocado flowers and fruits
Learn about It!
Types of Plants
Gymnosperms
• do not bear flowers
• contain “naked
seeds” called cones
Pine tree leaves and cones
Learn about It!
Parts of a Flower
• Androecium (male
structure)
• Gynoecium (female
structure).
Sexual reproductive structures of a flower
Learn about It!
Parts of a Flower
• Androecium is the
male structure of a
flowering plant that
consists of whorls of
stamen.
Sexual reproductive structures of a flower
Learn about It!
Parts of a Flower
Androecium
• The stamen is comprised
of the filament and the
anther.
• The filament is a long,
slender stalk that holds
the anther. Flower showing the male and
female parts
Learn about It!
Parts of a Flower
Androecium
• The anther produces
the pollen grains
(male reproductive
cells).
Flower showing the male and
female parts
Learn about It!
Parts of a Flower
Gynoecium
• It is the female
reproductive structure
of a flowering plant.
Sexual reproductive structures of a flower
Learn about It!
Parts of a Flower
Gynoecium
• The style is a slender
stalk that supports the
stigma.
• The stigma is the sticky
part that receives the
pollen. Flower showing the male and
female parts
Learn about It!
Parts of a Flower
Gynoecium
• The ovary is the basal
sac that contains the
ovules (female
reproductive cells).
Flower showing the male and
female parts
Learn about It!
Parts of a Cone
Male Cones Female Cones
Male cones soft scales that Female cones have overlapping
contain the pollen. scales.
Learn about It!
Parts of a Cone
Male Cones
• They are usually smaller and
softer than its female
counterpart.
• Commonly, male cone has
scales where the two pollen
sacs are located.
Male cones at the tip of twigs
Learn about It!
Parts of a Cone
Female Cones
• They are usually attached to the
branch of the stem of the
gymnosperm.
• The scales of female cone grow
in a helical fashion. The scales
overlap to each other like fish Female cone attached
scales. to a branch
Learn about It!
Sexual Reproduction in Angiosperms
Pollination
● It unites the male and
female reproductive cells
or gametes. It takes place
once the pollen grains
reached the female
stigma.
A bee, transferring pollen from
one flower to the other.
Learn about It!
Sexual Reproduction in Angiosperms
Pollination
● Autogamy - pollen is transferred to the stigma of the
same flower
● Geitonogamy - pollen is transferred to the stigma of
another flower but of the same plant.
● Xenogamy - cross-pollination
Learn about It!
Sexual Reproduction in Angiosperms
Pollination
Types of pollination
Learn about It!
Sexual Reproduction in Angiosperms
Fertilization
● It takes place when the
sperm (germinated pollen)
unites with the egg (ovule)
forming a fertilized egg
called a zygote.
Elongation of the pollen tube
during pre-fertilization process
Learn about It!
Sexual Reproduction in Angiosperms
Post-fertilization
● The zygote develops into
an embryo while the
endosperm nucleus
develops into the
endosperm.
Parts of a fruit
Learn about It!
Sexual Reproduction in Angiosperms
Post-fertilization
● The ovule, which
contains the embryo and
the endosperm, matures
into a seed while the
ovary forms the pericarp
of the fruit.
Parts of a fruit
Learn about It!
Sexual Reproduction in Gymnosperms
1. Pollination
2. Fertilization
3. Post-fertilization
Female cones of a gymnosperm
Learn about It!
Asexual Reproduction in Gymnosperms
Pollination
a. The wind carries the pollen
from the male cones to the
female cones.
b. A sticky substance secreted
by the ovule collects the
pollen.
c. The ovule closes and seals in Dispersal of pollen grain
the pollen. from male cone of
gymnosperm
Learn about It!
Asexual Reproduction in Gymnosperms
Fertilization
• When the pollen reaches an ovule through the
elongation of the pollen tube, the egg becomes
fertilized.
• The result is an embryo that starts to grow, protected
by sporophytic tissue. A developing gymnosperm seed
takes over a year to mature.
Learn about It!
Asexual Reproduction in Gymnosperms
Post-fertilization
• For seed dispersal, the scales on the cones of some
species of gymnosperm escape from the cone when
fully developed.
• Cone seeds have wings attached to the seeds that helps
in the proper dispersal of the seeds. When seeds land, it
germinate if the conditions are favorable.
Key Points
Sexual reproduction in plants require the union of
1 male (pollen) and female (ovule) sex cells.
Angiosperms are flowering plants. Gymnosperms have
2 no flowers or fruits, instead, they have cones.
Flowers are the reproductive organs in angiosperms.
3 They consist of the androecium (male structure) and
gynoecium (female structure).
Check Your Understanding
Write the word true if the given statement is correct and
false if otherwise.
1. Dispersal of gymnosperm seed is dependent on the
wind.
2. Double fertilization only happens in angiosperm.
3. The male cone of gymnosperms are bigger compared
to the female cones.
4. For some angiosperms, the pollination process is
dependent on the insect pollinators.
5. Seed germination requires water imbibition to
activate the seed and induce growth.
Challenge Yourself
Why do you think cones of
gymnosperms are more
simple in structure and
appearance compared to
the flowers of the
angiosperm?
Bibliography
Biology LibreTexts. “ Sexual Reproduction in Angiosperms.” Accessed by May 12, 2019.
https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book%3A_General_Biol
ogy_(Boundless)/32%3A_Plant_Reproductive_Development_and_Structure/32.1%3A_Plant_Reprod
uctive_Development_and_Structure/32.1C%3A_Sexual_Reproduction_in_Angiosperms
Loving Biology. “How do Gymnosperms have sexual reproduction?” Accessed by May 8,
2016.https://gotalktogetherdotcom.wordpress.com/2016/05/08/how-do-gymnosperms-have-
sexual-reproduction/
Lumen Biology for Majors II. “Sexual Reproduction in Angiosperms.” Accesses by May 13,
2019.https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/sexual-reproduction-in-
angiosperms/
Toppr. “Plant Kingdom: Gymnosperms.” Accessed by May 2019.
https://www.toppr.com/guides/biology/plant-kingdom/gymnosperms/
Lesson 17.3
Asexual Reproduction in
Animals
understand the general
Objectives 1 mechanisms of asexual
reproduction in animals;
At the end and
of the
lesson, you identify the different
should be 2 forms of asexual
able to: reproduction in animals.
Learn about It!
Asexual Reproduction
• Asexual reproduction in animals
is a type of reproduction that
does not need two parents to
produce an offspring.
• The offspring is the exact copy
of the parent animal since they
are genetically identical.
A swarm of bees
Learn about It!
Four Types of Asexual Reproduction
• Fission
• Natural
• Artificial
• Fragmentation
• Budding
Sea anemone reproduces
• Parthenogenesis asexually.
Learn about It!
Four Types of Asexual Reproduction
Fission
• Fission happens when two
individuals form as the parent
divides in half.
• Types: Binary and Multiple
• Examples: sea anemone, amoeba, Salmonella bacterium
Paramecium, and Euglena undergoing fission
Learn about It!
Two Types of Fission
Binary Fission
• It involves two individuals
formed from a single parent.
• The nucleus first divides into
two followed by cytokinesis,
then it separates into two
daughter cells.
The steps of binary fission
Learn about It!
Two Types of Fission
Multiple Fission
• It results into several offspring that are formed from a
single parent. Examples: amoeba and Paramecium
Multiple fission in amoeba
Learn about It!
Four Types of Asexual Reproduction
Fragmentation
• It involves the breaking of body
parts into fragments, followed by
regeneration and regrowth of lost
parts.
• Examples: annelid worms,
turbellarians, sea stars, planaria Fragmentation in
and poriferans planaria
Learn about It!
Four Types of Asexual Reproduction
Budding
• It happens when an outgrowth,
called a bud, grows and
develops from the parent
animal.
• Examples: corals, hydra, and
yeast
Budding in hydra
Learn about It!
Four Types of Asexual Reproduction
Parthenogenesis
• It is the reproduction of offspring without fertilization.
The unfertilized egg develops into an adult animal.
• The resulting offspring can either be haploid or diploid.
• Examples: bees, mites, aphids, and Komodo dragon
Learn about It!
Four Types of Asexual Reproduction
Examples of parthenogenetic animals
aphids bees
Komodo dragon
Key Points
Asexual reproduction in animals is a type of
1 reproduction that does not need two parents to
produce an offspring.
Asexual reproduction in animals has four types:
● Fission involves division of cells producing daughter cells.
● Fragmentation is the breaking of body parts followed by
2 regeneration.
● Budding involves the development of an outgrowth.
● Parthenogenesis is reproduction without fertilization.
Check Your Understanding
Write the word true if the given statement is correct and
false if otherwise.
1. Yeasts exhibit fragmentation.
2. Budding create two individuals with different sizes.
3. Fragmentation create two individuals with similar sizes.
4. Asexual reproduction is a form of natural cloning of
organisms.
5. Parthenogenesis requires another individual that will
fertilize the egg to produce an offspring.
Challenge Yourself
Why do you think
animals develop
asexual form of
reproduction?
Bibliography
Khan Academy. “Bacterial Binary Fission.” Accessed by 2017.
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-molecular-
biology/mitosis/a/bacterial-binary-fission
Lefler, Leah. “Parthenogenesis: Virgin Births in Nature.” Accessed by August 19, 2012.
https://owlcation.com/stem/Parthenogenesis-Virgin-Births-in-Nature
Quiros, Gabriela. “These Flatworms Can Regrow A Body From A Fragment. How Do They Do It And
Could We?” Accessed by November 6, 2018. https://www.npr.org/sections/health-
shots/2018/11/06/663612981/these-flatworms-can-regrow-a-body-from-a-fragment-how-do-
they-do-it-and-could-we
Toppr. “Asexual Mode of Reproduction.” Accessed by May 2019.
https://www.toppr.com/guides/biology/reproduction-in-animals/asexual-mode-of-
reproduction/
Sexual Reproduction in
Animals
understand the general
1 mechanisms of asexual
Objectives reproduction in animals;
At the end and
of the
lesson, you identify the different
should be 2 forms of asexual
able to: reproduction in animals.
Learn about It!
Sexual Reproduction
• It involves male and female
parents to produce offspring
through the fusion of
gametes (sperm and egg
cells) generated by meiosis.
Butterflies during their
reproduction
Learn about It!
Sexual Reproduction
• Since sexual reproduction
needs two parents to
produce an offspring, the
combination of genes
from both parents
increases the chances of
species variation.
A butterfly with unique colors
Learn about It!
Two Stages of Sexual Reproduction
Gametogenesis
• It is the formation of
male and female
gametes.
• Types: spermatogenesis
and oogenesis
A representation of egg cell
and sperm cells
Learn about It!
Gametogenesis
Spermatogenesis
• It is the formation of
sperm cells in males.
• It takes place in the
testes.
Spermatogenesis in the seminiferous
tubules of the testis.
Learn about It!
Gametogenesis
Oogenesis
• It is the formation
of egg cells in
females.
• It takes place in
the ovaries.
Oogenesis in the ovary
Learn about It!
Two Stages of Sexual Reproduction
Fertilization
• It is the union of male
and female sex cells.
• Types: external and
internal
A representation of sperm cell
racing to fertilize the egg cell.
Learn about It!
Fertilization
External Fertilization
• It is the union of egg and
sperm occurs outside the
female reproductive tract.
• This is common among
aquatic animals like Seahorses reproduce through
amphibians and seahorse. external fertilization.
Learn about It!
Fertilization
Internal Fertilization
• It is the union of egg and sperm occurs within the female
reproductive tract.
• This type is common in most sharks, birds, aquatic
reptiles, and mammals.
• Types: oviparity, ovoviviparity, and viviparity
Learn about It!
Internal Fertilization
Oviparity
• The eggs are fertilized internally
and receive nourishment
through their yolk.
• Examples: some bony and
cartilaginous fishes, most Monotremes are
reptiles, some amphibians, all mammals that lay eggs.
birds, and monotremes
Learn about It!
Internal Fertilization
Ovoviviparity
• The eggs are fertilized internally,
and they complete their
development within the mother.
The zygotes grow into embryos,
which receive their nourishment
through the yolk.
A lizard, laying eggs
• Examples: fish and reptiles
Learn about It!
Internal Fertilization
Viviparity
• The eggs are fertilized
internally. The embryos
receive nourishment directly
from the mother’s blood
through the placenta rather
than from the yolk. A developing embryo
Learn about It!
Post-fertilization
• The fertilized egg undergoes a series of cell divisions
termed as cleavage.
• Cleavage is a series of extremely rapid mitotic
divisions wherein large volume of cellular materials
are divided into multiple smaller cells.
Learn about It!
Post-fertilization
• A hollow ball of cells termed as the blastula is formed.
• The blastula further differentiates into gastrula that
allows layering of cells in the developing embryo.
Learn about It!
Post-fertilization
Cleavage formation in developing embryo
Key Points
Sexual reproduction involves the union of male and
1 female gametes.
Sexual reproduction has two main stages:
● Gametogenesis is the formation of the male and
2 female sex cells.
● Fertilization is the union of the male gametes that
forms the zygote.
Check Your Understanding
Write the word true if the given statement is correct and
false if otherwise.
1. Gametogenesis use meiosis to produce diploid
gametes.
2. Fertilization always requires the presence of sperm
and egg to reproduce sexually.
3. Sperm cells are produced through the process of
spermatogenesis.
4. Egg cells are produced through the process of
oogenesis.
5. Parthenogenesis is a form of sexual reproduction.
Challenge Yourself
What is the importance
of gametogenesis in
animals?
Bibliography
Bioninja. “Gametogenesis.” Accessed by May 2019. https://ib.bioninja.com.au/higher-
level/topic-11-animal-physiology/114-sexual-reproduction/gametogenesis.html
ByJus Learning App. “Post-fertilization.” Accessed by May 2019.
https://byjus.com/biology/post-fertilization/
Toppr. “Fertilization and Post Fertilization Events in Humans.” Accessed by May 2019.
https://www.toppr.com/guides/biology/human-reproduction/fertilization-and-post-
fertilization-events-in-humans/
