MODULES IN READING AND WRITING SKILLS
GRADE 11/12
QUARTER 1/3, WEEK 1
MELC: Compare and contrast patterns of written texts across disciplines
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Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the learners are expected to:
1. Identify the common patterns of development of writing; and
2. Compare and contrast patterns of written texts across disciplines
What I Need to Know
This module contains essential learning competencies necessary for you to gain functional
knowledge on the different patterns of development of writing. The lesson springboards with the
different patterns, which will help you compare and contrast those patterns across disciplines to become
effective communicators of the English language. The module is divided into five lessons, namely:
• Lesson 1: Narration
• Lesson 2: Description
• Lesson 3: Definition
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• Lesson 4: Exemplification
• Lesson 5: Comparison and Contrast
• Lesson 6: Cause and Effect
• Lesson 7: Problem-Solution
• Lesson 8: Persuasion
Lesson
1 Narration
What is It?
Writing a paragraph involves deep understanding of how one can achieve well- focused and
unified ideas in a composition. For example, when students are asked to come up with a summary of a
story, they tend to chop parts of the story and put it in their summary. If that is so, it leads to create
unrelated details that do not contribute in the oneness and clarity of one’s summary.
It is important to use strategies developing ideas using a particular pattern. One of these is
through narration. A narrative text contains the plot which gives direction in making a story. In
developing narration, sequential presentation of events plays an important role.
Signal words help to create unified thought and to show the transition of events to the next. This leads
us to focus on the use of the action words in the story. It also helps to move the story and makes the
story interesting.
The chronological ordering of events helps to show the reader how the story moves. Most of the
common transitional words are first, next, then, after and suddenly. Moreover, it is also important to
give specific details in pointing out the direction of the story.
What’s More?
Directions: Read the paragraph and answer the following questions on a separate sheet.
Being a transferee is never easy. At first, I was hesitant to come but my mother told me that I would
find new friends in Masayahin Senior High School. I would never forget the day I first entered this
school, I felt so shy and nervous. I did not know anyone for I was a new Grade 11 student. When I
entered my first class looking for a chair to sit in, a boy sitting beside the window sill asked me, “Are
you new in this school?” and I answered shyly, “Yes.” Then, he offered me the vacant seat beside
him. He was Jasper, an old student in that school. We got along with each other well in our class. We
worked on our assignments and school projects. , he slept in our house doing our research work. After
a year, we both realized that in many ways we had a lot of similarities in terms of interests in life. In
the end, we became best of friends.
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1. Where and when did the story happen?
2. What transitional devices are used to indicate the chronological order of time?
3. What event happened first?
4. What does the paragraph tell?
5. What sequence is presented in the story?
What I Have Learned
Directions: Choose the best word/group of words that will complete each statement. Write your answer
in a separate sheet.
Chronological Ordering Narration Transitional Devices Sequence Plot
1. is a writing pattern that is used to tell story.
2. A narrative text contains the ________________________which gives direction in the story.
3. are words or phrases that help carry a thought from one sentence to another, from one idea to another, or
from one paragraph to another.
4. Most of the common transitional words to show of events
are first, next, then, after and suddenly.
5. The of events helps to show the reader how the story moves.
Lesson
2 Description
What’s New
Directions: On a separate sheet, complete the table by supplying words or phrases that best describe the
given subjects. Use any of your senses to provide appropriate descriptions. Then answer the questions that
follow.
Subject SIGHT HEARING SMELL TASTE TOUCH
Example: long-legged soft voice heavenly silky
beauty queen beautiful scent skin
concert
beachside
adobo
Answer the following questions.
1. What do you call the words that are used to provide a striking effect on the senses of the reader?
2. How do these words help create a vivid description of the given words?
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3. What kind of paragraph can you develop using the given details?
What is It?
According to Dayagbil & et al, 2016, the use of description plays an important role to elucidate
the nature of people, places and things. A series of detailed observation about the subject can help you
create a good descriptive paragraph. This involves the use of adjectives and adverbs in the paragraph.
The kind of words we used to describe how your subject looks, sounds, feels, smells or even
tastes like are called sensory languages. It also concerns how you will arrange the details to provide an
image of the scene, the person or the object you are trying to describe in your text.
There are two types of description. First is objective description, where the writer presents
impartial and actual picture of the subject without biases and excluding personal impression of the
subject just like when you give your description of an experiment in class. Second is subjective
description, where the writer gives personal impression of what is observed. This is often used in
making fiction stories. For instance, when you are asked to write about a place you visit during summer
vacation, you tend to give your personal judgment of how you experience the place.
What I Have Learned
Directions: Choose the best word or group of words that will complete each statement. Write your
answer on a separate sheet.
Objective Subjective Description Sensory languages Modifiers
1. ____________is a writing pattern of developing paragraph using detailed observation about the subject.
2.________________ are used in writing descriptive paragraph.
3. ____________________can be in a form of word, phrase or clause.
4. description presents impartial and actual picture of the subjects without
biases.
5. ________________________description gives the personal impression of the writer.
Lesson
3 Definition
What’s New
Directions: Read the definition paragraph below then answer the given questions.
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An estimated 50 years old, giant Crocodylus porosus is a
saltwater crocodile. It was the largest crocodile caught alive
in Buhawan of Agusan del Sur. According to residents, it is
known to attack people and had eaten animals.
The biggest crocodile was given the name of
“Lolong” after the name of Ernesto “Lolong” Goloran, who
is one of the veteran hunters from the Palawan Crocodile and
Wildlife Reservation Center, who led the hunt.
Dr. Adam Britton, an Australian zoologist and crocodile expert, measured Lolong at 6.17 m (20 ft. 3
in). In June 2012, Lolong was officially certified by the Guinness Book of World Records as the
“world’s largest crocodile in captivity”.
According to the experts of the National Geographic Channel, Lolong breaks the record of the previous
record-holder with a measurement of 5.48 m (18 FT 0 in).
1. What is being defined in this paragraph?
2. Do the supporting points help you understand the definition better? Are there facts,
reasons, examples, and details that make it even clearer? 3. What transition words are used between
supporting points?
What is It?
Definitions provide concise but exact meanings of unfamiliar words and explain special
meanings for familiar words. They are often used to explain technical words and concepts. What to
define always depends on the needs of the reader and the purpose of communication. It can be done in
either of the two distinct methods of definition.
The first one is informal definition-- either denotation or connotation. Denotation is the
dictionary meaning of the word. For example: Rose is a family of prickly shrub with pinnate leaves
and showy flowers. Meanwhile, connotation is the secondary meaning of a word and not necessarily
included in the dictionary. Rather it is how a writer understands a word based on his own personal or
consensual experiences. In the example: A dozen of pink roses is usually given to their beloved ones.
Instead of literally referring to flowers, love and romance are connoted.
The second one, formal definition consists of three principal parts: the species (WORD) n +
Genus (CLASS) + Differentiate. The WORD is the name of the object, process, or concept defined.
This is usually followed by “is” and “are” and the CLASS or general group to which the object
belongs. For example: Skimming (species) is a reading technique (class) of allowing the eyes to travel
over a page very quickly, stopping only here and there to gain an idea (differentiate).
For the expanded or extended definition, the following are common methods used in paragraph
development would be of great help (Filomena T. Dayagabil, Ethel L. Abao, and Remedios C. Bacus,
Critical reading and writing for Senior High School. Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing, 2016, 43:
Methods Examples
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By stating its San Pablo City is one of the old towns in the Philippines and today, it
characteristics is known as one of the first-class cities in the province of Laguna. It is
also called the City of Seven Lakes namely: Bunot Lake, Calibato
Lake, Mohicap Lake, Palakpakin Lake, Pandin Lake, Sampaloc Lake,
and Yambo lake. These seven freshwater lakes are crater form of a
steamblast eruption from Mt. Cristobal.
By function In this time of global crisis, everyone is responsible for their actions,
such as following the precautionary measures given by the health
experts to avoid the spread of the virus.
By what it is Far from the normal situations that we had before, the pandemic makes
not each one of us skip buying unnecessary items.
By what it is Jollibee and McDonalds both offer savory chicken and delicious pasta
similar to that children love.
By Examples The opening of the classes for School Year 2020 -2021 amidst the
pandemic is a great challenge to the Department of Education. They
continue researching different alternative ways of teaching and learning
to be implemented in schools such as online learning, modular
learning, and lastly learning from TV shows and radio programs.
By origin of Writers around the world define literature in different ways. The origin
word or of the word literature is derived from the Latin word Litera which
etymology means letter.
By its effect Due to the global pandemic, specifically COVID-19, the world
embraces the new normal. People have become more conscious about
sanitation and hygiene. They now learn physical distancing in public
places. And, most of the people stay at home either working or
developing new hobbies and exploring new things.
What’s More
Directions: Analyze how the writer creates a shared concept and what different expanded definition
methods are used in the paragraph. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. You may follow the
template below:
Method used Sentence/s
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Bimetallic Components
1Bimetals are components made up of two separate metallic units, each occupying a distinct position in
the component. 2Bimetal rods or wires (also called clad metal, duo- or dual-metal) are made of
dissimilar metals. 3The rod core a cylindrical body made of one metal, is surrounded by a concentric,
cylindrical sleeve of another metal. 4Some fibrous metals may also be regarded as bimetallic; for
example, rods made by unidirectional solidification of some eutectic compositions containing a metallic
(or nonmetallic) compound of fibrous filaments embedded in an almost pure metallic matrix. 5The
structure of present- day Nb-SN superconducting core can be even more complex. 6It is multimetallic-
containing more than two dissimilar metals. 7The two elements of a bimetallic product are usually
intimately interlocked, so that they function in unison.
8Bimetal rods or wire stems make it possible to combine properties of dissimilar metals. For
example:
9Aluminum-clad steel wire combines the
strength of steel with the electrical conductivity
and corrosion resistivity of aluminum.
10Superconductor core clad with copper sleeves
combines superconductivity at cryogenic
temperatures with assurance against failure
when a local temporary rise in resistance or
temperature occurs.
11Although the number of desired bimetallic combinations for practical use is virtually unlimited,
manufacturing difficulties restrict the number of bimetallic combinations actually in use.
Based on Betzalel Avitzur et al., “Criterion for the Prevention of Core Fracture during Extrusion of Bimetal Rods,” Journal of
Engineering for Industry, 1983, 293-30
Lesson
4 Exemplification
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What’s New
Directions: Read the passage carefully. Once finished, copy on a separate sheet and fill out the table
with the appropriate words that match the headings below:
Humans are often harmed by pollution. The presence of the hazardous substances
brought about by these three major types of pollution: land, air and water gravely affects
our health. For instance, a person may acquire skin problems and other deformities from
the toxic wastes present in the land that we live in such as garbage, pesticides, heavy
metals and other chemicals. Air pollution caused by toxic gases, solid and liquid particles
or aerosols, and other hazardous air pollutants adversely contaminate the air that we
breathe. Long-term exposure to air pollutants has been linked with diseases of the heart
and lungs, cancers and other health problems. Lastly, water pollution observed in our
primary water sources like oceans, rivers, and lakes is caused by the presence of
industrial wastes, sewage and waste waters, chemical fertilizers and pesticides to be
specific. Infectious diseases can be acquired through contaminated water and can cause
cholera, jaundice, liver damage and stomach illness in people.
Topic
Sentence:
Classification Examples of Hazardous Substances
Pollution 1. a.
b.
c.
d.
2. Air a. .
b.
c.
a.
3. b.
c.
d.
e.
Transitional
expressions:
Study the accomplished table. How can you say that the words and phrases that you have just written
all exemplify that of the (a) topic sentence, (b) classification, (c) examples and d) transition words?
If you were able to justify your answers, then, you are now ready to learn more about the
characteristics and features of exemplification and classification as patterns of development in writing.
What is It?
Exemplification (or illustration) is the most common and effective pattern to explain an idea or
point. In developing this kind of paragraph, the writer develops a general statement – the topic
sentence, with one or more examples to support it.
Here are some transitional expressions in writing effective exemplification paragraphs: for
instance, namely, to be specify, to clarify, to illustrate, for example, in short, as an example.
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On the other hand, classification is used when a writer needs to sort out or arrange subjects to
groups or categories based on their common and shared characteristics.
Here are some transitional expressions in writing effective classification paragraphs:
classified as, one kind, the last group, another kind, another, final type, the first category, are
categorized as, the next part.
Remember that you can use both exemplification and classification in developing a paragraph
by simply identifying categories on a particular subject and providing examples or illustration to
explain and clarify meaning.
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