.
PRACTICE
I. Match each picture with a suitable word/phrase.
1. a. deforestation
2. b. lawmaker
3. c. fertilizer
4. d. catastrophic
5. e. light bulb
Your answer:
1. ____b____ 2. ____a____ 3. ____d____ 4. ____c____ 5.
____e____
III. Give the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
1. __________Having taken off__________ (take off) his shoes, he realized that they smelled awful.
2. ___________Reaching______________ (reach) the top of the mountain, they started a fire.
3. Their clients agreed to pay by check after ____________receiving______________________
(receive) the contracts.
4. He went out to play after _______________having asked_____________________ (ask) his
mother's permission.
5. We went to bed after ______________________switching (off?)___________________________
(switch) all the lights.
6. My friend's cousin apologized for ______________having broken_____________________
(break) my vase 4 months ago.
7. His neighbors suspected him of _____________dumping_______________ (dump) a lot of
rubbish onto the beach.
8. The president was awarded for ______________promoting______________________ (promote)
the close relationship between two countries.
9. Last week, that strong man ___________was accused_______________ (accuse) of having
attacked the old lady's puppy.
10. They congratulated their beloved mayor on _______giving______________________ (give) an
excellent speech.
IV. Complete the following sentences.
1. He did not drive home himself after __________having drunk a lot of alcohol at the party______.
2. _____________Doing their homework at that time___________, they had no desire to go there.
3. _____________Having been knocked down by a car____________________, he was taken to
hospital and had an operation.
4. She said good-bye to him after _________giving him a French kiss________________.
5. Farmers turned to use bio-fertilizers after ______knowing the drawbacks of chemical fertilizers__
V. Find and correct mistakes in following sentences.
1. Have washed the car, the skilled mechanic noticed a small scratch on the front left fender.
_Washing_________________________________________________________________________
__________
2. The sales manager was praised for take an important role in the development of the organization.
___taking_________________________________________________________________________
3. Read his proposal carefully, he submitted it to his lecturer.
____Having read___________________________________________________________________
4. The board of director made big decisions after discuss for a long time.
_____________
___________
directors ____________________discussing____________
5. The architect's co-worker apologized for having not kept his promise.
____________________________________not having kept____________________
PART III. TEST YOURSELF
I. Gap - filling: Choose the suitable words from the box to complete the sentences.
came up disrupted upset identified suffering
suspect fertilizer went through numerous
alternatives
1. He spread _____fertilizer____________________ on the field with a rake.
2. Many companies are ____________suffering____________ from a shortage of skilled staff.
3. She __________________came up______________ with a new idea for increasing sales.
4. She ____________went through__________ the company's accounts, looking for evidence of
fraud.
5. He arrived an hour late and _______________upset______________ all our arrangements.
6. We can agree to their terms or else pull out of the deal completely: those are the two
____alternatives_______
7. Scientists have __________identified_______ a link between diet and cancer.
8. If you _________suspect___________ a gas leak, do not strike a match or even turn on an electric
light.
9. The advantages of this system are too ___________numerous______ to mention.
10. Bus services will be ________disrupted____________ tomorrow because of the bridge closure.
II. Match each word/phrase on the left with its description on the right.
1. irresponsible a. not thinking enough about the effects of what they do
2. alternative b. existing in large numbers
3. identify c. that can be used instead of something else
4. numerous d. causing a lot of damage and suffering
5. catastrophic e. to find or discover somebody/something
Your answer:
1. ___a_____ 2. ___c_____ 3. ____e____ 4. ____b____ 5.
____d____
III. Word formation: Give the correct form of the words in brackets.
1. The government has pledged to clean up industrial
___________emissions______________________________ (emit)
2. Flu is highly _______________infectious___________________________________ (infect)
3. We risk upsetting the (ecology)
_________ecological_____________________________________ balance of the area.
4. Strikes are causing severe __________disruptions_________________________ to all train
services. (disrupt)
5. The mountain gorilla is on the verge of
______extinction____________________________________ (extinct)
6. Police are investigating the ___disappearance______________________________________ of a
young woman. (appear)
7. There is a need for greater _____diversity_____________________________ and choice in
education. (diverse)
8. Profits have increased ______significantly_____________________________ over the past few
years. (signify)
9. State ______lawmakers_______________ have been arguing over the new healthcare reform bill
for months. (lawmake)
10. It is said that land erosion is caused by widespread
______deforestation_________________________________. (forest)
IV. Choose the best answer.
1. We apologize for the delay in answering your letter. The underlined word has the closest meaning
to ____.
A. decay B. repay C. agreement D. postponement
2. William: "Who will come to Thomas's housewarming party?" - Scot: “____”
A. He's invited all his fellow workers. B. No, I haven't been there.
C. It will be warm house. D. He's cooking rice and noodle.
3. The country's entire grain harvest has been hit by a ____.
A. brought B. fought C. drought D. sought
7. The related publications are far too numerous ____ list individually.
A. to B. from C. of D. into
5. "After her partner had uninstalled a program, he restarted the computer." has the closest meaning to
____.
A. After had uninstalled a program, her partner restarted the computer,
B. Had uninstalled a program, her partner restarted the computer.
C. Having uninstalled a program, her partner restarted the computer.
D. After uninstalled a program, her partner restarted the computer
6. "That policeman had hidden the special statue in a wooden box, but he denied this." has the closest
meaning to ____.
A. That policeman denied to have hidden the special statue in a wooden box.
B. That policeman denied had hidden the special statue in a wooden box.
C. That policeman denied having hide the special statue in a wooden box.
D. That policeman denied having hidden the special statue in a wooden box.
7. Scientists worry about the ____ of many species of plants and animals from our planet.
A. erupt B. amount C. erode D. disappearance
8. The heavy rain has caused ____ in many parts of the country.
A. food B. drought C. importance D. floods
9. Plants ____ carbon dioxide from the air.
A. absorb B. resource C. sort D. export
10. You need to ____ the tension in these shoulder muscles.
A. release B. pleasure C. strengthen D. enlighten
11. Your receptionnist talked to me after ____ with some other customers.
A. have dealt B. having dealt C. dealt D. having dealing
12. The police suspected that strange van driver of ____ and eaten many wild animals.
A. hunting B. hunted C. having hunted D. had hunted
13. The factory ____ for dumping tons of toxic waste into the river.
A. was heavily fine B. was heavily fined C. was heavily fining D. was
heavily fines
14. There's an increased ____ for organic produce these days.
A. success B. prepare C. demand D. complete
15. Choose the word with a stress pattern different from the others.
A. emission B. infectious C. identify D. fertilizer
16. We know of several mass ____ in the earth's history,
A. distinction B. extinction C. distinct D. extinctions
17. Choose the answer which needs correcting.
Spend all the money on advertising, he ended up going home empty-handed. having spent
A B C D
18. Choose the answer which needs correcting.
The student was criticized on having written his final paper carelessly. for
A B C D
19. Choose the word with a stress pattern different from the others.
A. alternative B. catastrophic C. interference D. disappearance
20. Choose the word with a stress pattern different from the others.
A. ecological B. extinction C. significantly D. economy
V. Rearrange the words/phrases to make meaningful sentences.
1. the / was / having / of / He / stolen / money. / accused
________He was accused of having stolen the money.________________________
2. wine. / She / up / of / suddenly, / glass / stood / upsetting / a
_______She stood up suddenly, upsetting a glass of wine._______________________________
3. trap. / he / right / walked / the / nothing, / Suspecting / into
__________Suspecting nothing, he walked right into the trap._______________________
4. finished / Having/ his / he / to / all / bed. / homework, / went
________Having finished all his homework, he went to bed._______________
5. film / before, / Having / the / the / didn't / seen / want / I / to / to / cinema. / go
_____Having seen the film before, I didn’t want to go to the cinema___________________
VI. Read the passage and choose the best answer.
Mitigation and adaptation
Mitigation - reducing climate change - involves reducing the flow of heat-trapping greenhouse
gases into the atmosphere, either by reducing sources of these gases (for example, the burning of
fossil fuels for electricity, heat or transport) or enhancing the "sinks" that ____ (1) and store these
gases (such as the oceans, forests and soil). The goal of mitigation is to avoid dangerous human ____
(2) with the climate system, and "stabilize greenhouse gas levels in a timeframe sufficient to allow
ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, ensure that food production is not threatened and to
enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner" (from the 2014 report on
Mitigation of Climate Change from the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,
page 4). Adaptation - adapting to life in a changing climate - involves adjusting to actual or expected
future climate. The goal is to reduce our ____ (3) to the harmful effects of climate change (like sea-
level encroachment, more intense extreme weather events or food insecurity). It also encompasses
making the most of any potential beneficial opportunities ____ (4) with climate change (for example,
longer growing seasons or increased yields in some regions).
Throughout history, people and societies have adjusted to and coped ____ (5) changes in
climate and extremes with varying degrees of success. Climate change (drought in particular) has
been at least partly ____ (6) for the rise and fall of civilizations. Earth's climate has been relatively
stable for the past 12,000 years and this ____ (7) has been crucial for the development of our modern
civilization and life as we know it. Modern life is tailored to the stable climate we have become
accustomed to. As our climate changes, we will have to learn to adapt. The faster the climate changes,
the harder it could be.
While climate change is a global issue, it is felt on a local scale. Cities and municipalities are
therefore at the frontline of adaptation. In the ____ (8) of national or international climate policy
direction, cities and local communities around the world have been focusing on solving their own
climate problems. They are working to build flood defenses, plan for heatwaves and higher
temperatures, install water-permeable pavements to better deal with floods and stormwater and
improve water storage and use.
According to the 2014 report on Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability (page
8) from the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, governments at various
levels are also getting better ____ (9) adaptation. Climate change is starting to be factored into a ____
(10) of development plans: how to manage the increasingly extreme disasters we are seeing and their
associated risks, how to protect coastlines and deal with sea-level encroachment, how to best manage
land and forests, how to deal with and plan for reduced water availability, how to develop resilient
crop varieties and how to protect energy and public infrastructure.
1. A. private B. separate C. dedicate D. accumulate
2. A. independence B. interference C. indicate D. interrupt
3. A. view B. vulnerability C. volcano D. visible
4. A. associated B. ashamed C. allow D. aimed
5. A. onto B. into C. with D. over
6. A. responsible B. visible C. focus D. impossible
7. A. ability B. able C. stable D. stability
8. A. absent B. abstract C. absence D. abscess
9. A. at B. to C. over D. behind
10. A. several B. lots C. much D. variety
