Welaing

Journal

Tungsten-arc Welding of Tantalum

Root-pass Welding of Power-pipe Joints

Control of Process Variables in Foil Welding

Elevated-temperature Properties of Modified 347 Welds

Transformational Behavior of Mn-Mo Armor Steels

Brazing High-temperature Nickel-base Alloys

Effects of Arsenic on Weldability of Mild Steel

 4 A

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VICTORMATIC

SEMI-AUTOMATIC WELDER
pays for itself the first few weeks

Compact, portable Victormatic weighs about 100 Ibs.,

measures 10” x 18” x 20”, is amazingly easy to operate

VICTORMATIC is a portable, semi-automatic, sensibly VICTORMATIC ties in, in minutes, with almost any
priced and specifically engineered for hardfacing with con- standard 300 amp. welder — rectifier type, gas, or elec
tinuous coil, fabricated-tube wire. You buy it for less than tric. It is ideal for field use with gas driven, portable welder
a welder’s monthly wage and it will pay for itself in a Operates as full-automatic when coupled with suitable po
matter of weeks by . . sitioning device. Adaptable for submerged arc and drawn
@ boosting production. Handles hardfacing jobs from wire welding.
build-up to finish overlays, semi-automatically.
Ask your Victor dealer for a demonstration today . . . see
e eliminating stub-end waste and rod changing time. for yourself how much faster and cheaper you can hard
e@ reducing costly equipment downtime. face with a VICTORMATIC.

For Top Performance use Victor Automatic and Semi-Automatic Wires. Com-
Profitable dealerships open; plete line of continuous-coil wires for hardfacing and build-up; give you
inquire now! high deposition rate and notably low spatter loss. Victor guarantees con-
sistent uniformity from coil to coil, regardless of lot date. For welding and
wear, compare Victor wire with any other wire — on your job.

VicIOR EQUIPMEN] COMPANY

Alloy Rod & Metal Division

13808 E. Imperial Highway, Norwalk, California Wakita, Oklahoma

For details, circle No. 1 on Reader Information Card

 ee

Journal

Technical Papers Tungsten-arc Welding of Tantalum, by L. R. Haslip and B. S. Payne........

Tungsten-arc Welding the Root Pass of Power-pipe Joints, by Robert W. Bennett
Items and Control of Process Variables—Key to the Successful Welding of Foil, by John Campbell
Reports

Practical Welder No Margin for Error on This Job, by G. D. Crawford and A. H. Butler, Jr
‘ Redesign of Turbine-rotor Assembly for Brazing Cuts Costs 80%.
and Designer

, ,
P
Society Press-Time News.. é News of the Industry
Welding Zones. <r; cr ai ' : , Abstracts of Current Patents
and Related World-Wide Welding News....... —
Events Editorial— Welding—The Job Ahead, by E.A
Hobart. . Employment Service Bulletin
Society News. . ; New Literature
Section News and Events.... rt New Products.
New Members... : 122 Reader Information Card
Current Welding Literature. : . ia Index to Advertisers

Welding Elevated-temperature Properties of Modified Type 347 Weld Metals, by Thomas J. Moore....
Research News.
Research
Transformational Behavior of Mn-Mo Armor Steels, by E. F. Nippes, W. F.Savage and J. M Paez
Supplement New Developments in Brazing High-temperature Nickel-base Alloys, by E. H. Kinelski and J. B. Adamec 482-s
Effect of Arsenic on Weldability and Notch Toughness of Mild Steel... 487-s

Published for the advancement Published monthly by the American Welding Society. Publication office, 20th and Northampton Streets, Easton,
Pa. Editorial and genera’ offices, 33 West 39th St., New York 18, Subscr or 3.00 per year in the
. ; nited States and possessions; foreign countries $10.00. Single copies, nonm ers $1.50; members $1.00
f the science and art of welding Second-class privileges authorized at Easton, Penna. This publication is authorized t mailed at the special
rates of postage prescribed by Section 132.122. Copyright 1959, t e Americar ety. The Society
$we not dick
responsible for any statement made or opinion expressed
altar tha dete af caiiealion aubuiad caulk 1 tnaaa i n its publications. Permission is given to reprint
y the American Welding Society
 PRESS-TIME Educational Needs Are Emphasized
With the creation of the High
School Welding Achievement Com-
mittee, the AWS Board of Direc-
tors last October ist, moved to
stimulate a program designed to
better acquaint youth with the weld-
NEWSon ing profession
Although a final program has not
, Pagnle
3% been arranged as yet, present indi-
cations are that the committee will
consider a national welding con-
test on the high school level to be
conducted and financed by the local
sections with a view toward showing
winning projects at the Annual
Welding Expositions.
A provisional set of recommended
rules governing this contest has been
proposed and a number of sugges-
tions have been sent out whereby
New England Region Holds First Welding Show the local sections may arouse interest
The fourth annual conference of Chrome-Moly Piping’ by Jay not only in the competition itself
the New England Region was held Bland, senior welding consultant, but also in welding and the welding
October 21st at the Rockledge General Electric Co.; ‘Economics profession generally. The com-
Country Club, West Hartford, in Designing and Manufacturing of mittee is looking for help and advice.
Conn., where 300 members and Welded Fabrication’”” by John
guests listened to the presentation Mikulak, manufacturing assistant
of six papers during morning and of the Worthington Corp.; and
afternoon sessions. ‘Designing for Welding” by
Concurrently, the region’s first LaMotte Grover of Air Reduction
welding show was held at the Na- Company. Authors
tional Guard Armory, West Hart- At the banquet held Tuesday
ford on October 21st and 22nd evening October 21st, the members ...4 deadline reminder .. .
where over 2200 people viewed were addressed briefly by AWS
$250,000 worth of equipment dis- President C. I. MacGuffie, Vice- Abstracts of
played in 68 booths on over half an President R. D. Thomas, Jr., and
acre of floor space. National Secretary Fred Plummer, papers proposed for
The six papers presented at the and then heard an interesting illus-
technical sessions were: ‘‘Electro- trated talk on ‘““The Transpolar AWS National Fall Meeting,
Slag Welding for Heavy Fabrica- Voyage of the U.S.S. Nautilus” by
tion’”’ by R. D. Thomas, Jr., vice- Lt. Steven A. White, the vessel’s Sept. 26-30, 1960,
president, AWS, and presidential reactor control officer.
nominee for 1960-61; ‘‘Welding by must be postmarked
The show itself, which was filled
Electron Beams’’ by Herbert S.
Kalish, Olin Mathieson Chemical with many live demonstrations, was
not later than
Corp.; “Plasma Technology in the officially opened by Lt. Governor
Welding Industry’”” by James A. Dempsey who cut the chain with an Jan. 15, 1960
Browning, president of Thermal oxyacetylene torch while guided by
Dynamics Corp; ‘Welding of national and local officers.

Lt. Governor Dempsey of Conn. cuts the chain as he officially An attentive audience listens to a technical presentation as one
opens the first Welding Show to be held by the New England of the sessions held at the Rockledge Country Club gets
Region. Watching are, from left to right: G. W. Kirkley, R. D. under way. Between 150 and 250 members and guests attended
Thomas, Pres. MacGuffie, S. A. Zane, Sec. Plummer and W. A. each address as 300 men divided their time among various
Duncklee activities

1154 | DECEMBER 1959

 READ WHAT EXPERTS HAVE
TO SAY ABOUT THE NEWEST
HOBART —

"ASOOHD)D
SAVd
OL
LI

‘AK*” forin-the-field
inert gas welding. Leave the ©
spot—then take only the “TIG/PAK” to the work. P

*Model 1189 TIG/PAK HOBART BROTHERS CO., BOX WJ-129, TROY, OHIO
Here’s the answer to the prob- Yes—I'd like to know more about The new Hobart “AC-
lem of getting best possible DAC” Welder —) Model 1189 “TIG/PAK”
results from TIG welding in any location. The My work is
“TIG/PAK” can be carried, hoisted or trundled to the
job, connected by only the usual welding cable to a
welder. No expensive plumbing installation required
Name
HOBART BROTHERS CO., BOX WJ-129, TROY, OHIO Addr SS
Phone FE 2-1223 “Manufacturers of the world’s most
complete line of arc welding equipment” City —_ Zone LUV
s3d0u
“7
sad

For details, circle No. 2 on Reader Information Card

Seeeeeeeseeseeseseeeeseseeeeeeeeeeene
 WELDING ZONES

= 4
= 2 ms
— sae
=r = : Pee +
hw
— Pa — ihe ta ~ ~~ t*
eo = ~~ i ‘ ~% o - 0 .i -_- 7 ~ :

One of four all-welded gate sections, fabricated from */;-in. wrought-iron plate and angles, is towed up the Charles River
in Boston to replace the old steel gates. The sections were constructed approximately 500 yd from the lock and then
floated to the installation site. (Courtesy of A. M. Byers Co.)

(Above) Welded aluminum bridge railings

used by the New Jersey State Highway
Dept. give ‘‘waist-high"' lighting. Fabricated
by Michael Flynn Manufacturing Co. of
Philadelphia this ‘‘continuous lamp-post’’
gives even road illumination and is easy to
service

(Left) One of seven enormous stainless-

steel impellers each weighing close to 10,000
lb, and having a diameter of 82 in., this
weldment was recently shipped by Worthing-
ton Corp., Harrison, N. J., to the Metropolitan
Water District of Southern California. Worth
ington states that to the best of their knowl-
edge these are the largest stainiess-steel
impellers made to date

1156 | DECEMBER 1959

 here is an outfit
which will make
you proud to
own it ° . °

With a most acceptable price tag goes

the very highest quality and safety your
money can buy..

only $39

By all means — look at other “pack-

age” outfits first to make you the more
certain that this one is the best for you.

here’s why this combination welding and flame cutting

outfit is actually the very finest your money can buy...

This new outfit, the Five Star Pak, was de- tended as the needs expand. Larger or smaller
signed particularly for the smaller shop, for nozzles or tips fit the torches as do multiple
farm use, garages, the hobbyist, or any one flame nozzles so convenient for many brazing
whose welding and cutting operations are operations. The cutting attachment, for in-
diversified and more limited in scope and
stance, may cut easily up to four inches of
metal thicknesses...
steel thickness.

An economy outfit can be economical only if

You can buy with confidence from a company
it will perform well and for many satisfying
which has been in the business of making fine
years to come. If it fails to meet highest
equipment for nearly fifty years.
standards, it ceases to merit all considera-

tion... WRITE FOR THE ILLUSTRATED FOLDER #17

Extendable? By all means. This Five Star which gives you all of the information you

Pak is amazingly versatile. It may be ex- ought to consider...

552 DEPT.

NATIUNA welding equipment company... 218 fremont street san francisco 5 california

For details, circle No. 3 on Reader Information Card

WELDING JOURNAL | 1157
 WORLD-WIDE WELDING NEWS

by Gerard E. Claussen |

EAST GERMANY saved 17,356 hr in building 120 the gun by a bayonet connection
trawlers. At 6.63 marks per hour which facilitates removal to clean
Welding in Rumania for wage-group 5, including over- spatter from the contact tube.
head, the savings amounted to The gun is not water cooled and can
In the March 1959 issue of 115,000 marks. The concave con- be used continuously for 1 hr at
Schweisstechnik is an account of an tour of vertical-down welds favored 350 amp. Wire is 0.063 and 0.047
East German welding engineer’s high fatigue strength. in. diam, and is degreased before
travels through Rumania. In This issue also contained two use. Butt joints in plates '/, to
Bucharest he visited the Grivita research articles on the surface 3/, in. thick are welded without
Rosie locomotive and car works, the preparation of steel for metal edge preparation. From ‘*,; to
“23 August” tank car plant and a spraying. 5/, in. thick, a single-V groove is
shipyard. Although the Ministry used with '/s-in. nose. Double-V
of Heavy Machinery asserted that Submerged-arc Welding grooves are used with heavier plate
the volume of automatic welding with */3.- to '/s-in. nose. Operators
was 80% of manual welding, 70 The increase in melting rate due
to the use of thin wires in submerged- require only a few hours training,
to 80% of the welding in the tank according to the article in April
car plant was manual. Of the total arc welding is plotted graphically in
the April issue of Schweisstechnik. 1959 issue of Schweisstechnik.
welding personnel in this plant, 2%
were women. The latest develop- A spring-loaded contact was used.
ment in the shipyard was a weld- Extensions up to 6 in. were used SOVIET UNION
procedure chart which all automatic with '/; in. wire (2% Mn) at 300
to 800 amp straight and reverse Russian Developments in
operators consulted for welding
steel from '/,; to '/, in. thick. In polarity. Results on reverse po- Automatic Welding
this way the necessity for super- larity also are given for wires The Russian automatic welding
vision was reduced. 0.04, 0.08, °/32 and */,, in. diam. magazine Avtomaticheskaya Svarka
As current was increased, the in- for March 1959 contains the fol-
Bend Fatigue Tests crease in melting rate was greater lowing articles: (1) Fusible sta-
than linear. In some instances the tionary wire guides are used for
The same issue describes pul- slope of the amperage vs. melting-
sating-bend fatigue tests on a span electroslag welding deep joints.
rate curve had two inflection points, (2) Tables and graphs furnish in-
of 40 in. made by the Central which were believed to be related
Welding Institute of East Germany formation for squeezing large cylin-
to the change in resistivity of steel drical shells to diameters sufficiently
for the Stralsund Shipyard on at the Curie and alpha-gamma
vertical-down fillet welds. The small for available means of trans-
temperatures. Voltage from 25 portation. For example, a shell,
specimens consisted of °/;.- and to 54 v had no effect on melting-
‘/,-in. standard ship steel con- intended to be 33 ft diam after
rate on reverse polarity. The in- welding, can be rolled to a diameter
taining 0.13% C, 0.20% Si, 0.52% crease in melting rate as extension
Mn, 0.02% P, 0.039% S and 0.19% of only 9'/; ft before the longi-
was increased was less on straight
C, 0.19% Si, 0.63% Mn, 0.02% tudinal seam is welded, if the steel
polarity than on reverse. To utilize
P, 0.029% S with °/3. and #4/;¢-in. is */s in. thick and has a yield point
the increase in melting rate pro-
fillets made with °/»- and */,¢-in. of at least 40,000 psi. (3) Weld
vided by small wires and extension,
rutile covered electrodes. Contin- metal containing 19% Cr, 12% Ni,
the travel speed and voltage should
uous vertical-down fillets had a 2% Mo, 0.5% N and having 2 to
be increased and the electrode
fatigue strength of 28,000 psi, com- 5% ferrite is satisfactory for power-
should be tilted in the direction of
pared with 10,000 to 23,000 psi for plant service for 100,000 hr up to
travel.
intermittent welds. Vertical-down 1110° F. Beyond 5% ferrite, the
welds had the same fatigue strength coarse particles of sigma phase
CO. Welding Guns lower the ductility and notch tough-
as vertical-up. To avoid defects the
vertical-down weld is started on the The Goergi Dimitrof heavy ma- ness. (4) The permeability of the
preceding bead or outside the joint. chinery plant in Magdeburg, East slag to gases in the electroslag
The electrode is inclined 20 to 45 Germany, uses several CO, welding welding process governs hydrogen
deg. Compared with vertical-up guns for mild- and low-alloy steels. absorption by the weld from the
welding, vertical-down welding To prevent adhesion of spatter to atmosphere. The silicate flux con-
the nozzle, slaked lime (carbide taining 35% SiO., 13% Al.O;, 5%
Dr. GERARD E. CLAUSEN is associated with residue) is applied from time to CaO, 6% MgO, 23% MnO and
Arcrods Corporation, Sparrows Point, Md. time. The nozzle is attached to 18% CaF, had the lowest gas

1158 | DECEMBER 1959

€>») BLY @ De 8 4 OI 23.6 Oa Cae = satsc—

Inert-Gas Welding Fixes New Tape-Controlled HELIARC Machine

Damaged Cooling Turbines;
Mass-Produces “Problem” Missile Parts
Saves Navy $2150 Apiece
A tape-controlled, multi-torch machine, invented and developed by LINDE,
makes more than 2500 HELIARC spot welds per hour on problem parts for
Basic economies: If a damaged cool- “Terrier” surface-to-air missiles built by Convair. The machine covers a
ing turbine costs $2300 to replace, you 20x80-in. area. Accuracy is better than .001 in. and welds meet shear-strength
try to fix it first. When Norfolk Naval requirements of 2000 Ibs. each.
Station faced this problem, they found Since many “Terrier” parts, such as control and dorsal fins, can be welded
that only inert-gas tungsten-are weld- from only one side, resistance spot welding is impossible. HELIARC spot welds
ing could make the delicate welds are ideal because they require access to only one side. The fins are made from
needed to secure the .004-in. special | 1020 carbon steel and 17-7 ph stain-
stainless alloy fins. | less, varying from .0016- to .0090-in.
After damaged fins are cut from the | thick.
hub, the section is machined to a U- | A punched-tape controls the weld
shape and ground to a satin finish. **| locations, torch combinations, time
--| and current at each step. These LINDE
New fins are welded in place with a machines are adaptable to semi- or
HELIARC HW-10 torch. The HELIARC fully-automatic production. They can
welds easily withstand the turbine vi- be equipped with enough HELIARC
bration of 14,000 revolutions per min- torches to produce a theoretically un-
ute and temperatures over 1750 deg. F. limited number of spot welds simulta-
Total cost of repair: $150. 2500 spot welds an hour on “Terrier” problem parts. neously.
HELIARC spot welding utilizes a
new LINDE-invented method of posi-
MECHANIZED WELDING QUADRUPLES | tive and instantaneous arc iatiee—
ALUMINUM AIRCRAFT PARTS OUTPUT | Pilot-Are starting—which eliminates
| all high-frequency interference and
A quick switch, from manual to mech-| manual covered-electrode welding, avoids the contamination of retract
anized welding, has more than quad-| LINDE’s inert-gas process reduced | starting.
rupled production of oil-temperature | production time on the heat exchang- Although particularly suited to the
regulators and fuel-to-oil heat exchang- ) ers from one hour to 13 minutes, and | aircraft and automotive industries,
ers at Airesearch Manufacturing, Los | on the regulators from 40 minutes to HELIARC spot welding isa
Angeles. | ten minutes. As a result, daily pro- process, adaptable to any industry
SWM-2 SIGMA welding machines| duction of these two units hag in-| which demands complete mechaniza-
join the 6061 aluminum parts at speeds creased from 8 to 35 and 12 to 48, | tion, high speed, and top quality on a
up to 85 inches per minute. Replacing | respectively. mass-production scale,

America’s Missiles and Satellites Soar

On HELIARC and SIGMA Welded Joints

Inert-gas shielded-are welding plays | C” missiles. The longitudinal and cir-
an important role in fabricating | cumferential welds reach speeds up to
American satellites and missiles. The ; 100 inches per minute,
Army’s “Explorer,” made from .025- | Duringall fabrication, the HELIARC
: . in. stainless at Cal Tech’s Jet Propul- | and SIGMA welds are protected from
; “@| sion Lab, Pasadena, and the Navy’s| atmospheric contamination by
“Vanguard,” made from .090-in. mag: | 99.995% pure LINDE argon.
Short Wo kW nesium alloy at Brooks & Perkins, | Precision welding pzys off —neither
To increase production of tank-ejector Detroit, are both welded with LINDE’s | the satellites nor the missiles have
units while reducing costs, Fletcher HELIARC HW-9, HW-17 and HW-18 ever failed due to faulty welds.
Aviation, Rosemead, Calif., replaced torches.
covered-electrode welding with Rocketdyne Division of North Amer- FOR DETAILS. . . on any of LINDE’s modern eee
LINDE’s new “Short-Arc” welding ican Aviation, Canoga Park, Calif., methods and for regular copies of LINDE's 24-page,
process. It uses a 16-oz. torch with a uses HELIARC welding on the Red- monthly METALWORKING BULLETIN, write Linde Com-
low-voltage, short-arc for easy control stone engine’s heat exhanger, thrust pany, Division of Union Carbide Corporation, 30 East
42nd Street, New York 17, N.Y. In Canada: Linde Com-
of steels .030 to 1%4-in. thick. chamber, and peroxide tank. The proc- pany, Division of Union Carbide Canada Limited. “Linde,"*
The high welding speed, semi-auto- ess makes top-quality welds on all the “Heliarc,” “Sigma,” “Unionarc,” * ” and
matic operation, and slag elimination parts, despite the varying thicknesses Carbide “Union Carbide” are registered trade marks of Union
|| of aluminum and 17-7 ph stainless. Corporation.
(photo) increased Fletcher’s produc-
tion from 50 to 300 units a day. Unit Reynolds Metals’ missile plant in
cost shrank from $1.14 with covered- Sheffield, Ala., uses mechanized
electrode welding (labor and overhead, SWM-3 SIGMA welding to make more eiSite).
$1.12; consumables, 2¢) to only 29¢ than 1000 ft. of welds on the 5086 fey Ni i=jie)]s
(labor, 19¢; consumables, 10¢)—a sav- | aluminum outer jacket and center sec-
ing of 75 per cent. | tion of the “Redstone” and “Jupiter-
For details, circle Ne. 4 on Reader Information Card
 permeability. A 35% Al,O,65% engineering course before qualifying low-alloy Cr-Ni-Mo steeis was found
CaF, flux also was low. CaF, for welding engineering. Two Rus- te be a linear function of the carbon
and 75% CaF,—25% CaO fluxes sian curricula are outlined. The equivalent. About the same results
had the highest permeability. (5) Bauman curriculum emphasizes the were obtained with submerged-arc
The electroslag principle was used mechanical and design side, while welding as with manual welding.
to reduce piping and segregation in the Leningrad curriculum empha- The permissible hydrogen content
the tops of ingots. (6) The emis- sizes metallurgy. Each involves varied from 8 cc per 100 g, at a
sion spectrographic analysis of mild 4300 to 4900 hr of instruction. carbon equivalent of 0.6%, to
and stainless-steel welds, for car- 1 cc at 1.0%. (5) The addition of
bon, manganese and phosphorus Technical Developments 5 to 10% Al to the iron powder for
was based on the respective lines Some of the technical articles in flux cutting of stainless steel with
2296.8, 2939.3 and 2149.1. (7) the April 1959 issue of Svarachnoe oxygen increased the efficiency of
Calibration charts are given for Proizvodstvo are: (1) Nomograms the process. Larger Al contents
the spectrographic analysis of Al- computed from heat theory and were undesirable. (6) Animproved
Mg welds. (8) With poor fit-up checked by experiment are given system for resistance welding steel
in submerged-arc welding, porosity for estimating the temperature dis- strip preparatory to rolling is de-
due to up to 1% moisture in high- tribution in bars 1.1- to 4.4-sq in. scribed. (7) Stainless-clad pressure
manganese flux was found to in- cross section being preheated by vessels for the petroleum industry
crease as the current and travel pulses of current 3400 to 8400 are submerged-arc welded in three
speed were increased. (9) A car- amp/in.* prior to resistance butt passes. The first and third passes
bon-lined three-phase arc furnace welding. (2) The migration of car- are carbon steel on opposite sides
is described for making 1500 tons bon from austenitic steel to weld of the plate. The second pass
of submerged-arc flux per year. metal was measured by photometer deposits two parallel '/, in. 25-12
A water-cooled metal shell can be curves of autoradiographs using electrodes on the clad side. The
used in place of the carbon lining. carbon 14. Carbon migration was cladding itself contains 0.06% C,
greatest at 1470° F, and was prac- 11.75% Cr. (8) The designs of a
Training Welding Engineers 5-ton welding positioner is ex-
tically prevented by adding carbide-
The Russian production-welding forming elements, such as Mo and V plained. (9) Tables compare the
magazine Svarachnoe Proizvodstvo to the austenitic steel. (3) The characteristics of all processes for
in its April 1959 issue outlined tendency for Type 310 stainless-steel welding and brazing cast iron.
curricula for the training of welding weld metal deposited by submerged (10) Reground submerged-arc slag
engineers. Welding engineering arc or in CO, to sigmatize was found is shown to have adequate value
education began in Russia in 1931 to increase with additions of Mo for welding mild and _ stainless
with the formation of the Moscow and W, but to decrease as the steels.
Gas Welding Institute, which in chromium was lowered to 20%.
1933 became the welding faculty Raising the carbon from 0.10 to
of the Bauman Institute. In 1958 0.20% suppressed sigma formation, SWITZERLAND
there were 13 institutes devoted to as did 0.10% nitrogen. A new
welding engineering and instructing electrode containing 0.20—-0.26% C,
1200 people. This contrasts, the Synthetic Electrodes
6-8% Mn, 22-25% Cr, 16-18%
article states, with the virtual Ni, 0.3% Si max reduced sigma Covered electrodes for stainless
absence of welding faculties in the formation and also prevented hot steel are discussed in Oe6erlikon
USA, and with the necessity in cracking. (4) The permissible hy- Schweissmitteilungen, vol. 17, No. 33
Czechoslovakia and East Germany drogen content in weld metal to (1959) p. 10-19. The lime fluors-
of graduating from a_ general- prevent transverse cold-cracking in par type coating is the principal
type, but is unsuitable for ac.
Rutile coverings are gaining in
popularity and consist of 60°;
CANADA rutile, 20 to 25°% carbonates and
silicate slag formers, the remainder
Ba being deoxidizers, alloy equalizers
ee. Tee
._o-_- «* and extrusion aids. Two areas of
~~ ae the TiO.-CaO-CaF.-SiO, system are
——
-_-.-**or
Pe dal us used for coverings, one for 60 v, the
ave mene other for 75 v. Semisynthetic elec-
Same: trodes consist of a stainless-steel
core with alloy powders in the
covering which is no thicker than
nonsynthetic coverings. The semi-
synthetic electrode may deposit
twice as much weld per electrode as
a nonsynthetic electrode of the same
length and diameter. An example
of a semisynthetic electrode is 20°;
Cr, 9% Ni, 5% Mn with 18-8
core for welding 0.60° C steel.
Synthetic electrodes consist of a
low-carbon mild-steel core with
alloys in the covering. An example
is 20% Cr, 10% Ni, 3.5°% Mo with
140% efficiency used only for
Welded structure of Queen Elizabeth Hotel, Montreal welding hardenable steels.

1160 | DECEMBER 1959

 HERE’S THE FIRST SEMI-AUTOMATIC N EW
OPEN ARC WIRE FOR HIGH STRENGTH
WELDS ON MANGANESE STEEL

WEAR-O-MATIC WH N F\W

Wear-O-Matic WH is the first 7/64” diameter open arc wire

for semi-automatic application providing acceptable high
strength properties for welding manganese attachments to
manganese or carbon steels.
Here’s a new wire providing welds of greater strength and duc-
tility than 14% manganese weld metal that can be applied by the
easier, more economical Wear-O-Matic open are semi-automatic
process. The balanced, high alloy content of the fabricated wire
is sufficient to overcome the effects of dilution with manganese
or carbon steel resulting in a weld deposit in the fully austenitic
range. This, of course, provides a tougher, more crack resistant
weld deposit.
Wear-O-Matic WH serves a dual role in that the exceptional
physical properties that provide strong ductile welds also provide
a tough, deformation resistant mass when used as a build-up
alloy. The deposit develops a surface hardness of 47-48 Re under
impact providing exceptionally good wear resistance.

For impact and compression resistant attachment welds

- + « specify WEAR-O-MATIC WH
For tough, dependable build-up deposits . .. specify
WEAR-O-MATIC WH
For greater economy in all of your hard surfacing and
maintenance welding, call on your Alloy Rods factory
branch or distributor.
Write for Bulletin HS203 for details and locations.
Alloy Rods Company, P. O. Box 1828, York, Penna.

Alloy Rods Company / | N E\W

YORK, PENNSYLVANIA e EL SEGUNDO, CALIFORNIA

For details, circle No. 5 on Reader information Card

WELDING JOURNAL | 1161
 No underbead cracking

even in “difficult” steels!

... with PsH Low-Hydrogen electrodes have a mild steel core, they cost much less than the
And what a money-saver that can be — you cut out high-alloy types otherwise required.
costly rewelds — get perfect jobs the first time on Get complete data. Ask for Bulletin R-29, “P&H
high carbon, alloy, high sulfur, free machining, and Smoothare Welding Electrodes.” Write Dept. 317C,
cold rolled steels. Harnischfeger Corp., Milwaukee 46, Wisconsin.
What’s more, with P& HLow-Hydrogen electrodes,
H A R N I i C H F E G E R
you get better impact properties, greater ductility,
and sounder welds. And, because these electrodes (i) weLoers + ELECTRODES + POSITIONERS
MILWAUKEE 46, WISCONSIN
For details, circle No. 6 on Reader Information Card
11462 | DECEMBER 1959
 Editorial

Welding—The Job Ahead

The welding art is relatively very young. Fifty rests with our college curricula. Most engineers
years ago, the only welding was done by the are not taught how to design with welding, nor
blacksmith with his forge and hammer. Today, are they told of the great advantages of welding
the resistance, arc and torch-welding processes to their designs.
have been developed to a very high degree of re- Another task the welding industry must accept,
finement. Welding is a very generally accepted and very soon create the necessary machinery
tool and many industries could not exist without for accomplishing, is that of writing a uniform
it. In such industries as the high-pressure piping general code for welding. There are now many
and pressure-vessel manufacture, there is no al- code-writing bodies undertaking to write their
ternative to the welding process in making mod- own codes for various types of welding. Rarely
ern installations. do these codes agree and any manufacturer try-
The welding industry has, however, a number ing to use welding processes under the control of
of problems still confronting it, for which it must these codes is continually being handicapped by
work out answers. In spite of the wide recogni- these differences. It would seem a simple prob-
tion of welding as a necessary tool and as a very lem for all of these code-writing bodies to appoint
economical production method, there are certain representatives to a general committee, pref-
industries in which it is not being used. For in- erably formed and sponsored by the AMERICAN
stance, to a great degree the machine-tool in- WELDING Society, which committee would then
dustry has not used welding. The building and write this uniform general code. We suggest that
bridge industries have largely ignored the profit this be done.
possibilities of welding. In some way, the weld- If the welding industry will accept these tasks,
ing industry must point out the advantages of it is certain that techniques available to the user
welding to these and other like industries so that of welding will grow more and more efficient and
they may progress with welding. that welding will be used to a much greater ex-
At least part of the reason for engineers not tent than any of us now anticipate.
using welding, in some very logical applications,

E. A. Hobart

PRESIDENT
HOBART BROTHERS CO

EDITOR ASST. EDITOR PRODUCTION MANAGER ADVERTISING ART

B. E. Rossi Carl H. Willer Catherine M. O'Leary F. J. Talento Gil Miller

OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY

C. |. MacGuffie A. F. Chouinard J. J. Chyle R. D. Thomas, Jr. H. E. Rockefeller
President Vice President Vice President Vice President Treasurer
Welding

F. L. Plummer F, J. Mooney E. A. Fenton A. L. Phillips

Secretary Asst. Secretary Technical Secretary Info Ed. Sec.
Journal
WELDING JOURNAL COMMITTEE
E. J. Tangerman Chairman 0. B. J. Fraser John McCracken : . Scherer
J. E. Norcross Vice-Chairman John Haydock A. G. Oehler 3 Somers
H. R. Clauser C. G. Herbruck G. W. Place f Stout
£202 | VEUCNWOENR Lsosg

BIG TWIN
250 AC/DC

LITTLE TWIN

180. AC/O@

AND BOTH MILLERS ..- Through and Through

BIG TWIN combination ac-dc welders work from single phase LITTLE TWIN ac-dc combination welder has two a-c amperage
service — deliver new convenience and economy. Two a-c amper- ranges of 20-115 and 60-180 plus one d-c range of 40-150. Operating
age ranges of 20-125 and 60-290 plus two d-c ranges of 18-100 and from single phase service, this Miller model incorporates many
65-290 amps master nearly every welding requirement from light design and construction features usually found only in large indus-
gauge metal to structural pieces. Movable shunt type transformer trial types. These include really rugged construction, forced air
affords infinite current adjustments. Other features include: Hori- cooling, new Miller semi-metallic rectifier, movable shunt type cur-
zontal design for easy stacking; weather-resistant construction and rent control, new weld-stabilizer and open circuit voltage in abun-
Class B insulation; Miller-built semi-metallic rectifier for best d-c dance. Power factor correction is available on both models
welding; high open circuit voltages and new weld stabilizer. This is Complete specifications on either model will be sent promptly
THE all-time, all-around welder! upon request

wiles ELECTRIC MANUFACTURING MQ 02)Raum [Qu V226001 Bevan) can

Distributed in Canada by Canadian Liquid Air Co., Ltd., Montreal 3. 120).18@) 4214: West 57th St., New York 19,N_Y
For details, circle No. 7 on Reader Information Card
1164 | DECEMBER 1959
 H. R. Clauser C.G. Herbruck G. W. Place

Fig. 1—Typical flow-purge

welding chamber is used here
for welding tube to tube sheet.
The equipment is equally suit-
able for other applications;
and can even be built around
a damaged part for on-the-
spot field repairs

Tungsten-Arc

Welding of

Tantalum

is found to be the most versatile welding method for joining this material,

but greater preparation is required to provide good protection and quick chilling

BY L. R.HASLIP AND B.S. PAYNE

Tantalum is an uncommon metal having a number other electronic equipment. A property which makes
of special properties that make it both desirable and it valuable in constructing vacuum tubes, but which
advisable for use as a material of construction in is undesirable in respect to ease of welding, is its
specific applications. It is probably best known for reactivity with various gases at high temperature.
its resistance to chemical attack and corrosion. This property, with others, has led to its use as a
Most acids, even at high concentrations and tem- “getter” in vacuum tubes. When used as a “getter,”
peratures, have little or no effect on tantalum. It is tantalum is fabricated into plates and grids and
very similar to glass in this respect, but has superior “‘absorbs”’ contaminating gases at operating tem-
engineering and mechanical properties. This same perature, thus aiding in holding a high vacuum.
chemical inertness makes the metal useful for surgical The other properties of tantalum which make it use-
implants in the human body. It is passive to body ful in this application are its high melting point,
fluids, meaning that tissue and bone do not recede ductility, weldability, low expansion rate, high-
from these implants. It is used for both replacement temperature strength and low vapor pressure.
and repair, as a suture material, and to strengthen Vacuum-tube applications have increased greatly
the abdominal wall after surgery. in recent years as a result of the great expansion in
The ability of tantalum to form a stable rectifying the electronics field. The availability of tantalum
anodic film, combined with its corrosion resistance, for use in these applications has certainly contributed
has created a use for it in capacitors, rectifiers and a great deal toward this expansion.
L. R. HASLIP and B. S. PAYNE are associated with The PfaudlerCo Mechanical Properties
a division of Pfaudler Permutit Inc., Rochester, N. Y
Paper presented at the AWS National Fall Meeting held in Detroit Tantalum’s physical and mechanical properties
Mich., Sept. 28 to Oct. 1, 1959 also make it ideal for use in constructing various

WELDING JOURNAL | 1165

 Table 1—Basic Physical and Mechanical Properties tive and economical methods of welding and fabrica-
(Recrystallize Annealed) tion.
Two major problems are encountered in welding
Melting point, ° F 5425 tantalum: (1) The metal absorbs large amounts of
Density, Ib/cu in. 0.600
Vickers hardness number 125-180 nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen and all other gases except
Yield strength, psi 25-40 ,000 the inert gases, at the elevated temperatures attained
Tensile strength, psi 50-75 ,000 during welding. (2) Tantalum cannot be welded to
Elongation, % any of the common materials of construction such
Modulus of elasticity, psi
Thermal conductivity, per ° F* as carbon steel or stainless steel, and still retain the
Thermal expansion, per ° F* engineering and corrosion-resistant properties of the
base metal.
@ Room-temperature thermal properties. The absorption of gases is an important problem
because of the deleterious effects on the properties
types of process equipment. These properties are of tantalum. Generally, the metal will lose ductility,
shown in Table 1.! The strength and ductility of thus making bending and forming very, difficult.
the metal enable it to be fabricated into required Tantalum’s resistance to corrosion by certain media
forms and shapes. High ductility, combined with may also be reduced by gas absorption. In contrast,
the thin sections usually used, particularly lends a tantalum weld made with proper techniques, that
itself to bending and forming operations, such as is, without gas absorption, will be as ductile as the
drawing, spinning, flow turning and hydroforming. base metal and will also have equivalent corrosion
Forming is usually done at room temperature. Tem- resistance.
peratures above 600° F will decrease workability The second problem—the impossibility of weld-
because of the tendency to absorb gaseous impurities. ing tantalum to other materials—is overcome
Annealed tantalum can be formed in dies with by fabricating solid tantalum equipment, or by using
negligible springback. In addition, it work-hardens a common base metal with a thin tantalum veneer
very slowly and its cross section may be considerably or lining. When a tantalum lining is used, it is often
reduced without intermediate anneals. It is common fastened securely to the base metal by mechanical
practice in the manufacture of tantalum sheet and methods.
bar to reduce it in excess of 90% of cross-section area The extremely low expansion rate of tantalum
without a stress-relief or annealing treatment. One (half that of steel) is a definite advantage in welding
circumstance is known where a 3-in. diam vacuum- because it causes less distortion from the localized
melted ingot was cold reduced to 0.005-in. thick heat of welding. Tantalum’s extremely high melting
sheet without intermediate anneal.’ point (twice that of steel), combined with the com-
paratively low rate of thermal conductivity, tends
Welding Properties to increase temperature gradients across a weldment.
Commercial utilization of an engineering material If the expansion were more comparable to steel,
of construction is not widespread until efficient distortion could be a serious problem. However,
methods and techniques for welding and fabrication the high melting point and the use of thin cross
are developed. Tantalum, as all other metals, has sections combine to create a welding problem.
certain characteristics that determine the most effec- Thicknesses of 0.010 to 0.040 in. are commonly used
in producing equipment for the process industry.
Thus, very exacting methods of joint preparation
2) fee and fit-up are required for welding, otherwise the
- BUTT JOINT (SQUARE GROOVE) B-LAP JOINT
( SPOT WELD) high welding currents required will easily “‘burn-
through” or melt a hole in the weld joint.
Welding Processes
. .Secnstiducktensmscil
> Three methods of welding tantalum are currently
-~LAP JOINT (PLUG WELD) O-LAP JOINT (FILLET WELD) used, and a fourth experimental method may eventu-
ally be used in certain applications. The three
methods now used are: resistance welding, carbon-
a
mos 4% ma arc welding under carbon tetrachloride and inert-
gas-shielded tungsten-arc welding. The experi-
- FLANGED LAP JOINT F-FLANGED LAP JOINT
(COMPLETE PENETRATION) mental method is electron-beam welding in a vac-
(INCOMPLETE PENETRATION)
uum. Essential to all methods is thorough pre-
cleaning and good joint fit-up. Typical welding
joints for tantalum are shown in Fig. 2.
Both the resistance-welding method and carbon-
—- ——
arc welding under carbon tetrachloride have been
—_
ilies

G- TEE JOINT (DOUBLE FILLET WELD) H-TEE JOINT (SINGLE FILLET WELD) used for many years and are covered in sufficient
Fig. 2—Typical joint designs used in detail elsewhere.* Resistance welding provides ade-
welding thin-sheet material quate protection as well as a good chill. The lap-

1166 | DECEMBER 1959

 FLIES
Fig. 3—Electron-beam welding machine welds reactive Fig. 4—Strainer constructed of 0.030-in. thick tantalum by
materials under nearly perfect conditions using commercially pure tantalum wire as filler metal

joint design generally used is not as suitable as a Tungsten-are welding is the most versatile welding
butt weld (square groove) from a strength and design method for welding tantalum, although greater prep-
standpoint, and, in addition, sometimes a certain aration is required to provide good protection and
amount of tantalum is wasted. The carbon are quick chilling. It is adaptable to either mechanized
under carbon tetrachloride method provides pro- or manual welding, and filler wire can be used if
tection from air and also a quick chill; however, these necessary. All the designs shown in Fig. 2 are
desirable features are gained at the expense of carbon applicable, with the exception of the lap joint (spot
pickup in the welds, resulting in somewhat lowered weld). In addition, joints which are self-aligning
ductility and reduced corrosion resistance in certain can be used to advantage.
media. The submerged arc under carbon tetra- When a butt-weld joint is made without filler
chloride method may be used for hand welding but metal, the weld has the same thickness as the base
tungsten-arc welding can be used as well without material. If filler metal is used, or the flange-lap
the aforementioned disadvantages. In addition, the weld is used, complete penetration with reinforce-
use of carbon tetrachloride presents an operator ment on both sides of the weld can be achieved if
hazard and adequate ventilation is essential for desired. Figure 4 shows a strainer that was welded
reasons of safety. using filler-wire additions. Pure-tantalum wire was
Electron-beam welding of reactive and refractive used as a filler wire after thorough cleaning and
metals has recently been used experimentally.‘ Com- preparation of both wire and base metal. In general,
mercial apparatus, as shown in Fig. 3,° has recently the square-butt joint is used for material above
been made available. The workpiece is positioned 0.020 in. thick and the flanged lap joint is used for
in a welding chamber and a vacuum of 0.1 micron thicknesses below 0.020 in.
or less is drawn. The electron gun is mounted above
the workpiece which is held in an automatic tra- Shielding Equipment and Techniques
versing fixture. The electron gun focuses emitted The general problem of shielding a reactive metal
electrons and performs the same function as an from air during welding has received considerable
electric torch. The finished weld is the finest possi- attention during the past few years. The materials
ble with respect to weld purity and lack of contami- which required this attention were titanium (in the
nation. Welding in a ‘“‘poor’’ welding atmosphere aircraft industry) and zirconium (in the nuclear-
is not possible as the electron gun will not function power industry). The utilization of these two ma-
unless an adequate vacuum is attained. Initial in- terials stimulated much research into the various
vestment in equipment is high, however, and all possible methods of protecting reactive metals during
conditions must be adjusted mechanically. No welding. There are many references in current
manual adjustments are possible after the chamber is literature to the protective methods and equipment
pumped down. The present cost of these “‘super- used for various fabricated weldments of zirconium
purity”’ welds cannot often be justified for applica- or titanium. In general, these methods and this
tions in the process industries, but applications will equipment are also applicable to welding tantalum.
undoubtedly be found in critical services in the Much of the work on molybdenum is also applicable.
fields of atomic energy, rockets and missiles. Elec- Tantalum is more difficult to weld than titanium or
tron-beam welding will also lend itself to basic re- zirconium because it requires a greater degree of
search into fundamental problems in fusion welding process control. It is not as susceptible as molyb-
without the variable of gas contamination. denum to contamination from the air during welding,

WELDING JOURNAL | 1167

 Fig. 5—This lon zitudinal positioner is designed to both fixture and chill thin material during welding.
Materials 0.010 to 0.250 in. thick can be welded with this equipment

however. The shielding methods used for tantalum

are described in the following sections. A more
thorough discussion of this field is given by N.E.
Weare and R. E. Monroe.‘ et ti
Open-air Shielding
The inert-gas-shielded tungsten-arc process lends
itself very efficiently to welding tantalum, because Good weid—proper hold-down assures even root penetration
many of the conditions inherent in tungsten-arc
welding prove to be of decided advantage in fusing
a tantalum joint. The short arc that can be main-
tained concentrates high heats at a confined area
and thus the use of higher welding speeds is possible
and reduced distortion results. With the small
electrode diameters that can be used, the torch is Poor weid—improper hoild-down results n uneven root penetration
quite maneuverable, especially in confined areas. Fig. 6—Impreper hold-down results in uneven root
The inert gas which shrouds the weld zone is the penetration and irregular weld bead
greatest advantage of the process. However, this
feature of confined gas coverage can only be utilized mately two inches long, spaced closely together. The
by the machine welding torch which is normally pads run parallel with the seam and are located
supplemented with an auxiliary gas cover commonly approximately '/, in. back from the edge of the
called a lead and trailing shield. material. The necessity for positive and consistent
hold-down on the tantalum and a symmetrical re-
Machine Welding Equipment lation of the pads which apply force to the edge,
Presently the welding of longitudinal seams in cannot be too highly stressed. Adherence to these
open atmosphere is accomplished by mounting the two conditions will produce a weld of consistent size
edges to be joined in a hold-down fixture (see Fig. 5)
that utilizes a backing mandrel. The mandrel is
Table 2—Typical Backing-groove Dimensions’
usually constructed with a copper-backing insert
grooved to the required depth and width and having Material thickness, Groove width, Groove depth,
dimensions determined by the thickness of material in. in. in.
being joined. Typical examples of groove dimensions 0.005-0.012 0.040 0.040
0.013-0.024 0.063 0.040
are shown in Table 2. Inert gas flows into the back- 0.025-0.032 0.093 0.040
ing groove to shield completely the root side of the 0.033-0.050 0.125 0.045
weld. It is important for the surface of the tantalum 0.051-0.080 0.187 0.045
to be in immediate contact with the copper backing 0.081-0.125 0.250 0.045
material and under consistent hold-down pressure 0.126-0.250 0.312 0.050
throughout the length of the joint. This pressure is @ From Operating Manual Airline Welding and Engineering, Haw
usually applied by copper segment pads approxi- thorne, Calif.

1168 | DECEMBER 1959

 relation between the carriage track and the hold-
down bed must be maintained. To ensure a close
control of are length, an arc-voltage-control unit
attached to the machine torch will compensate for
any variance.
For welding circumferential seams, the same basic
principles described above should be applied. How-
ever, the magnitude of the problems involved greatly
exceed those involved in longitudinal welding.
The first consideration is the backing equipment.
An expandable fixture using copper segmented sec-
tions that will maintain a very close alignment with
the inside diameter of the part is desirable. Ex-
pandable backing equipment (see Fig. 7) will also
maintain the shape of a part which is usually of very
light gage. On the outside diameter, chill rings
should be securely fastened to each side of the seam
approximately '/, in. from each edge. The cylinder
r ee is then secured to a turning stand with the axis
horizontal. A machine torch, equipped with shields,
Fig. 7—Expandable backing fixtures are usually used for is positioned at 1 o’clock in respect to the part. The
holding and chilling circumferential welds rotation of the cylinder is counterclockwise.
Power units of various types were tried and the
one found most suitable was a rectifier unit with a
and penetration (see Fig. 6) and, when combined saturable core reactor. A high-frequency unit was
with quick and uniform chilling, the possibility of employed to initiate the arc. A remote-control unit
atmospheric contamination will be reduced. which activates the current relay and high frequency
When the part to be welded has been properly permits close amperage control during the welding
secured in the fixture, a tungsten-arc machine torch cycle, and is particularly valuable in eliminating
is positioned vertically over the joint. The shielding craters at the termination of the weld. The use of
cups used with inert-gas welding torches can gener- high-frequency power not only aids arc starting but
ally be used when welding tantalum. These provide also assists in maintaining arc stability.
adequate protection for the molten material directly
under the electrode. The shielding cup required for Fiow-purged Closed Chambers
welding tantalum will usually be of larger diameter When a joint becomes too complicated for open-air
than for less reactive metals. In addition, the cup-to- fixturing and protecting, a closed chamber is often
work distance should be the minimum possible con- used. The flow-purged, closed chamber provides
sistent with good practice. A transparent cup may good atmosphere control for welding tantalum and is
be used to good advantage because the cup-to-work suitable for manual welding. There are two types
distance can then be decreased without obstructing of flow-purged chambers—the fixed and collapsible
the view of the electrode. Shielding cups are always types. The fixed type is purged by displacing and /or
used with open-air shielding systems and are some- mixing entrapped air with an inert gas. In a perfect
times used in closed chamber welding of both the displacement, one volume of inert gas would replace
flow-purge and vacuum-purge type. This subject one volume of air, and the purification of the chamber
will be discussed further in later sections. would be relatively simple. In perfect mixing, the
Trailing shields and leading shields are usually incoming inert gas would mix completely with the
necessary when welding tantalum. These shields entrapped air, and the outflowing mixture would
provide additional gas coverage for the hot metal contain inert gas and air in a specific ratio. The
ahead of and behind the actual weld pool. The volume of inert gas needed to purify the chamber to
trailing shield should be long enough to protect the a predetermined level could easily be calculated.
metal until it cools below 600° F. A leading shield Actually, both displacement and mixing take place
should be used when the metal ahead of the weld is in the flow-purged chamber, and the usual volume of
above 600° F. Diffuser plates in the shield are used inert gas needed is 5 to 10 times the chamber volume.
to insure uniform gas coverage. A complete discus: This fact indicates the value of having the chamber
sion is already available in several references.® 7 as small as possible for a specific application.
The torch must be mounted on conveying appara- Figure 1 shows a flow-purged chamber which was
tus that will produce constant motion along the constructed around the end of a heat exchanger.
joint. Side-beam-carriage type equipment used in The heat-exchanger tubes are blocked off at the end
conjunction with an electronic governor seems to opposite the chamber after they have been purged
produce the best results. Cold-wire feed apparatus to remove air. This chamber is very useful as it
may be added if needed. Because constant arc holds only a small volume of inert gas and can be
length is important in this operation, a close, parallel fabricated easily and inexpensively. If various size

WELDING JOURNAL | 1169

heat exchangers are produced, an existing chamber be used because of the inert atmosphere which exists
can be easily adapted or a new one made at very low in the box. The cups, which normally function to
cost. converge the gas at the weld zone, can also be elimi-
A shielding cup is usually used in the fiow-purged nated, thus providing greatly improved visibility.
chamber to provide additional gas coverage for the This improvement is significant. Because of tan-
molten weld pool. Since manual welding is often talum’s high melting temperature, the light intensity
used in these chambers, a transparent cup provides at the reaction zone can be deceiving, and any
the best protection while allowing adequate viewing obstructions which restrict visibility can be a con-
of the arc and molten pool. Trailing and leading siderable hindrance. Vacuum units can be made to
shields need not be used, as the chamber atmosphere accommodate most shapes, but they are limited in
will suffice to protect the cooler metal behind the respect to operator accessibility——that is, the diame-
weld until a safe temperature is reached. ter of such a unit must be restricted to the elbow
length of an operator’s arm for full coverage. With
Vacuum-purged Chambers this limitation in size the next step would possibly
Vacuum purging results in the finest inert-gas be a room-size chamber into which the operator
atmosphere attainable for welding tantalum and could enter, protected by a suit similar to that of
other refractory or reactive metals. When this a deep-sea diver. An alternate method would be
method is used, the work is loaded into the chamber to construct a remote control mechanism resembling
which is then evacuated to a predetermined vacuum. the ones now being used to handle radioactive ma-
The chamber is then filked with inert gas and the terials. This method would take advantage of
weld is made by using rubber gloves inserted through electron-beam welding in a complete or near-
the side of the chamber. Standard welding equip- complete vacuum and also eliminate the need for
ment, either manual or mechanized, may be used inert-gas backfill protection. These two methods
inside the chamber. Figure 8 shows a vacuum- are quite feasible but are no doubt a bit remote for
purged chamber recently fabricated for welding most fabricators.
tantalum. Vacuum pumps are available which will attain
Figure 9 shows the chamber being used to weld very low pressures in a short time. Pump-down
the bottom head of a small pressure-vessel liner to time is important for reasons of economy and there-
the shell section. The bottom outlet nozzle has fore size of leaks and the leak rate are important
already been welded in place. For photographic considerations. The ultimate vacuum required de-
purposes, one end of the chamber has been opened termines, to a great extent, the cost of the pumping
to show the gloved arms of the operators. This system required. An excessively low vacuum for a
chamber was designed to hold large heat exchangers specific application should therefore be avoided.
as well as vessels up to 36 in. in diameter and 96 in. An advantage of a vacuum-purge chamber not
long. The hand torch is mounted to a connecting heretofore discussed is the adaptability of the equip-
block on the chamber. Only water-inlet and -outlet ment to developmental studies on the welding prop-
hoses are required. The inert-gas hose, normally erties of various materials and on the effects of cer-
provided on tungsten-arc inert-gas torches, need not tain variables upon the weld. Several studies have

Fig. 8—Operators weld inside a vacuum-purge chamber with their hands encased in rubber gloves
~~
been undertaken using a vacuum-purged chamber
and some of the results are included in this paper.
It is possible to determine the vacuum level neces-
sary to achieve optimum results for welding various
metals, assuming other factors are constant. The
vacuum level used for purging actually has a strong
influence on the amount of impurity in the weld.
Of course, such variables as metal temperature, time
at temperature and gas impurity level must be taken
into account. All important variables, as well as
chills, fixtures and jigs, can be varied in order to
determine the optimum conditions for a given opera-
tion using a specified material. When the size of a
job or the anticipated production does not justify a
thorough investigation, it is best to be conservative
and use the best conditions possible.
Cleaning Tantalum
Proper cleaning techniques are essential and must
Fig. 9—A circumferential weld is made on a small
be followed exactly. If a weld joint is improperly pressure vessel inside a vacuum-purge chamber
cleaned, the finest welding equipment and atmos-
pheric conditions attainable will still result in a poor
weld. The weld joint and adjacent area should be
degreased if they have been subjected to operations
using grease or oil. If filler wire is used, it is best to
sand the wire lightly prior to cleaning. Because
surface dust and fingermarks can cause a poor weld,
the final operation prior to welding should consist of
carefully cleaning the part to be welded with a
suitable solvent such as acetone, alcohol or some Fusion weld in sintered-powder tantalum. Note
line of porosity at edge of weld
available commercial cleaner. The cleaner should be
nontoxic and be completely nonresidue forming, for
best results. A spray application and subsequent air
drying probably results in the best job. If the
vacuum-purge technique is being used, the weld-
joint area should be cleaned just before sealing the
system for the vacuum-pumping operation. It has
not been necessary to use a chemical etchant in the Fusion weld in vacuum-melted tantalum.
Sound, dense deposit results
authors’ plant as the material has been quite clean
when received from the metal producer. Etchants Fig. 10—Fine porosity is prevalent at the edges of a fusion
should be used on extremely dirty or oxidized sur- weld in sintered-powder tantalum. Vacuum-melted tanta-
lum will not show this porosity if proper care is taken in prep-
faces, however. Information on the composition aration and welding
of various etchants is available from the metal
producers.
Porosity in Tantalum Welds
When experiments in welding tantalum started
several years ago, the resulting welds were generally
characterized by fine porosity, usually located very
close to the edge of the weld bead. Much work was
devoted to varying welding conditions and purifying
the atmosphere but with very little effect upon
porosity. The tantalum used in every case was made
by the sintered-powder process as no other domestic
material was then commercially available. When
the first vacuum-arc melted (consumable electrode)
tantalum was obtained in 1956, it was found that
porosity could be eliminated providing welding con-
ditions were correct. The X-ray prints in Fig. 10 Sintered-powder tantalum Vacuum-melted tantalum
and the photomicrographs in Fig. 11 illustrate the Fig. 11—The porosity is along the edge of the weld. Note
differences in porosity between sintered-powder tan- the large columnar grains in the weld and also the
talum and vacuum-melted tantalum. large grains in the heat-affected zone

WELDING JOURNAL | 1171

 Table 3—Open-air shielded Test Results
————— Gas flow
Torch and
Thickness, trail shield, Backing X-ray Current, Bend
Material in. cfh bar, cfh porosity” amp radius, b
Sintered Powder A 0.030 27 He 5 Ar Excessive 52 \/,
Sintered Powder A 0.030 15 Ar 5 Ar Some 130 Knife
Sintered Powder A 0.030 90 He 5 Ar Excessive 65 '/5
Sintered Powder B 0.035 27 He 5 Ar Excessive 68 5/64
Sintered Powder B 0.035 27 He 5 Ar Some 68 Knife
Vacuum melted 0.020 27 He 5 Ar Few 40 Knife
Vacuum melted 0.020 100 He 5 Ar None 40 1/16
Vacuum melted 0.020 15 Ar 5 Ar Few 93 Knife
Vacuum melted 0.020 15 Ar 5 Ar Few 96 Knife

® All porosity recorded was at edge of weld.

> Bend radius is smallest radius at which sample could be bent through an included angle of 105 deg without cracking. A knife edge is best possible.

time to diffuse and the weld center would have less

Table 4—Chemical Composition of Base Material . / :
» porosity. This has, in fact, proved to be the case.
Vacuum Sintered
melted, powder, Operating Conditions
Elements ppm? ppm” A wide variety of operating conditions can be used
Oxygen 30 30-450 in mechanized open-air gas-shielded tungsten-arc
Nitrogen 30 40-260
Carbon 20 <300 welding of tantalum. The conditions would be de-
Columbium <150 790 termined by an analysis of specimen thickness, size,
Iron <40 <300 shape, available apparatus and also nontechnical
Silicon <250 <100 factors such as gas availability, cost and the prefer-
Hydrogen 1 1
ences of the individual welding engineer setting up
@ Typical analysis of commercial high-purity tantalum ingot.* the operating specifications. Table 3 gives the
° Typical analysis of commercial sintered-powdered tantalum sheet.'” operating conditions used during one series of welding
tests. The difference in results obtained with dif-
Table 5—Welding Data for Vacuum-purged Chamber ferent base materials is also evident from this table.
Note particularly the difference in porosity and mini-
Voltage: 17-18 v. Current: 100-120 amp. Travel speed:
13-16 ipm. Welding atmosphere: Argon (99.995 min. %) mum bend radius between sintered-powder tantalum
and vacuum-melted tantalum.
Initial vacuum Bend-test A set of experiments was recently conducted to
level, microns Fixture® radius, in.”
determine the vacuum level needed for optimum
100 Knife edge
100 Knife edge welding, prior to backfilling the welding chamber
500 Knife edge shown in Fig. 8. The material tested was vacuum-
500 Knife edge melted tantalum with the analysis shown in Table 4.
Knife edge The tantalum was received as rolled to 0.030 in.
Knife edge with no subsequent anneal. The voltage, amperage
Knife edge
; , /es and travel speed for each weld are listed in Table 5.
Knife edge The vacuum level attained before backfilling was
1 Drnmrwarwara>r
/i6 varied as was the hold-down and chill fixture.
Initial work was done, using the copper fixture
@ Fixture A, rapid-chill copper fixture illustrated in Fig. 12A. Fixture B shown in Fig. 12A, by making a pass with a machine
slower-chill stainless-steel fixture illustrated in Fig. 12B.
® See Table 3 and Reference 2 torch down the center of the long dimension of
2- x 3- x 0.030-in. samples. Samples of unwelded
Other researchers* have commented on porosity base metal were included in the tests for comparison.
in sintered-powder tantalum, but they have postu- A machine-arc pass was made across the as-rolled
lated no reason for its occurrence. Initial investiga- sheet to produce a simulated joint and eliminate the
tions at the authors’ plant seem to indicate that a variable of joint fit-up. Bend tests were made in a
gaseous impurity, possibly oxygen or a vaporized steel V-block die using steel mandrels of decreasing
tramp-metal impurity, is responsible, and this opin- end radii. The resulting included angle of the bend
ion is also held by others." '° The porosity is spheri- samples was 105 deg. The final mandrel had a
cal in form, and is particularly prevalent at the knife-edge radius. This test equipment was found
extreme edge of the molten zone. This indicates to be very useful in testing welds in thin material
that an impurity present in the base metal has and it is described elsewhere.'!
formed a vapor which is unable to escape from the The use of the copper fixture shown in Fig. 12A
weld at the edge where chilling is most rapid. Gas served to illustrate the advantages of quick chill in
formed at the center of the weld would have more welding tantalum. Even at an initial vacuum level

1172 | DECEMBER 1959

of 10,000 microns pressure, bend tests and corrosion /WELD
tests were excellent, and there were no color in-
TANTALUM— VZI2> L272 77 Z)+7 COPPER
dications on the surface of the weld. At this vacuum
level, the welding atmosphere contains 13,300 parts KAN AQ wd
per million residual impurities plus the inherent
impurities in the inert gas, and is generally considered (A) COPPER BACK-UP & HOLD-DOWN BARS
unsuitable for use in welding tantalum or other re-
fractory metals. Since this is an extremely rapid
chill, rarely found in actual practice, the fixture ge
shown in Fig. 12B was used to establish the effects TANTALUM~, 7 STAINLESS
of slower chilling. The data for this slower cooling 7 sy: STEEL
rate, which appear in Table 5, indicate that a dif-
ference in initial vacuum level (and therefore in
atmospheric impurity) does have a definite effect (B) STAINLESS-STEEL SUPPORTING FIXTURE
upon the properties of the resultant weld. With Fig. 12—The copper fixture (A) is designed for very
thicker material or a slower welding speed, or a rapid chilling of the material. The fixture illustrated
wider gap between chill bars, etc., the weid would in (B) results in a slower chill
cool even more slowly. Since actual production
processes usually involve conditions resulting in
slower chilling, the initial vacuum level is usually
selected at 20-30 microns. This level of welding-
atmosphere purity has proved to be successful, and G) ANNEALED BASE METAL
there has been no need for the double vacuum-purge © UNANNEALED BASE METAL
operation often used in the early days of zirconium ||
fabrication for the atomic-energy industry.
In most flow-purged cases where a_bend-test ro)
sample failed before reaching the knife edge on a <
°
105-deg bend, the failure started in the porosity line =
at the edge of the weld or in the large-grained, heat- =
o
affected zone next to the weldment. When vacuum- °
melted tantalum was used, the few failures experi- °
4
enced started in the heat-affected zone. The only
other failures occurred during the initial investigation |MOLTEN
on open-air mechanized welding when _ incorrect | ZONE |
shielding techniques led to gas pickup and embrittle- V.P.N
ment of the weld. The heat-affected zone and also
the porosity line in sintered-powder tantalum are 1 4 1 Pam || 4 - " 4 4 Bt 1 j
shown in Fig. 11. 100 200 300 400 #500 600 700
The graph shown in Fig. 13 indicates that there DISTANCEIN INCHES (xX 103)
is little hardening in the weld area when proper Fig. 13—These hardness curves show the effect of
precautions are taken in welding. The base metal, fusion welding on annealed and unannealed tantalum
in one case, is annealed and the heat-affected zone
is slightly softer than the base metal. This softening
is attribi:'ed to the large grains present in this region
rather than to a change in the impurity content.
The weld is somewhat harder than the heat-affected hi ghly stressed area. Repairs have been made on
zone, but is comparable to the base metal. The fine cracks at or near high-carbon content welds
weld and heat-affected zone of the unannealed base which have failed in service. The defect is cut out,
metal sample are substantially softer than the base and a 90-deg lip is formed on the edge of the remain-
metal. This result is to be expected with any single- ing base material. The repair plug is fashioned with
phase material. The heat of the welding arc re- a 90-deg lip and is cut to fit the removed section.
crystallizes the elongated grain structure of the cold- After the repair plug has been properly fitted, the
worked material and also causes grain growth and resultant weld joint will appear as the flanged-lap
softening. joint in Fig. 2.
It is often impossible to provide a gas backing,
Field-repair Welds and, as a backing part is usually steel, it is unwise to
It is possible to adapt gas-shielded tungsten-arc attempt complete penetration because of the danger
equipment to field-repair welding. To accomplish of picking up steel in the tantalum weld with result-
this, a temporary flow-purged chamber is constructed ant embrittlement. Thus, a seal weld with incom-
around the area to be repaired. This method is plete penetration is usually made with satisfactory
generally acceptable for repairing defective areas results.
such as nicks or gouges or possibly a crack in a The chamber used is a tube made of acrylate resin

WELDING JOURNAL | 1173

 7)
Fig. 14—This heat exchanger Fig. 15—Bayonet heaters are relatively Fig. 16—Operating conditions for this reactor
provides 14 sq ft of heat- economical to fabricate and are exten are 500 psi and 650° F. The 0.030-in. tantalum
transfer surface sively used in the concentration of liner provides excellent corrosion resistance in
sulfuric acid many corrosive environments

fastened to the workpiece with heat-resistant tape. tube heat exchanger with tantalum tubes, tantalum-
A thin plastic bag with an open bottom is taped to lined steel tube sheet and a steel shell. This par-
the top of the acrylate-resin tube. The welding ticular exchanger provides 14 sq ft of heat-transfer
torch and hand of the operator, are inserted into area, and exchangers with up to 180 sq ft have been
the tube, and the plastic bag is taped tightly to the produced. There is no technical limitation on possi-
operator’s arm. If an opening for release of the ble sizes. Figure 15 shows two bayonet heaters
purged, inert gas-air mixture is not present in the which have tantalum tubes, tantalum-lined steel
workpiece, provision is made for this release. The tube sheets, and a steel tube inside the tantalum
gas from the torch is used as a purge and test pieces tube to carry the heating medium, usually steam.
are welded after sufficient purge time has been The steam goes through slots in the steel tube walls
allowed. The flanged lap joint is then welded and and condenses on the inside of the tantalum walls
allowed to cool while under inert atmosphere. The thus releasing the heat of condensation which is
job is then complete and repair apparatus may be conducted through the tantalum walls to the corro-
removed from the equipment. This completely sat- sive media. Figure 16 shows a 30-gal tantalum-lined
isfactory economical method for field-repair work reactor which was built to withstand 500 psi at
will often eliminate the necessity for shipping equip- 650° F. The base tank is Type 430 stainless steel
ment to the factory, thus resulting in savings in All accessories such as agitator, baffle, dip pipe and
downtime, handling costs and inconveniences. gaskets are made of tantalum to provide complete
protection against corrosion. A 275-gal tantalum
Applications in the Chemical Industry reactor is now in production at the authors’ plant.
The many applications of tantalum in the chemical This vessel represents the first introduction of tan-
industry are possible because of its high corrosion talum as a corrosion-resistant liner for large pressure
resistance,'* excellent heat-transfer characteristics, vessels.
and fabrication properties. The list of available
References
commercial equipment is lengthy and includes pres- 1. Bruckart, W. L., “Fabrication of Refractory Metals,”’ presented to
sure vessels, bayonet heaters, shell and tube heat the American Society of Tool Engineers, Los Angeles, Calif., Oct. 3, 1958
exchangers, condensers, coils, plate heat exchangers, Geiger, K. A., Private communication
3. Yntema, L. F., Metal Progress, 74, No. 3 (September 1958
evaporator dishes, thermowells, dip pipes, and nu- 4. Wyman, W. L., “High Vacuum Electron-Beam Fusion Welding
lure WELDING JOURNAL, 37 (2), 49-s to 53-s (1958
merous small accessory items. One important ap- Merrill, J. B., “High Vacuum Equipment Corporation,” Private
plication for tantalum is for plugs, repair patches and communication
6. Weare, N. E., and Monroe, E. R., “Controlled Atmosphere Arx
nozzle sleeves or liners in glassed-steel equipment. Welding,”” THe WELDING JOURNAL, 37 (12), 1169-1175 (1958
in fact, much of the heat-transfer equipment listed 7. Titanium Metals Corporation of America, ‘litanium Engineering
Bull. No. 6, Titanium Welding Methods
above is used in connection with glassed-steel pres- 8. Gorman, E. F., “Inert Gases for Controlled Atmosphere Prox
sure vessels or columns due to the very similar esses,"’ THE WELDING JOURNAL, 37 (9) 882-889 (1958)
9. Nippes, E. F., and Lenel, F., Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
corrosion resistance of the two materials of con- Private Communication
10. Silverstein, S., Batelle Memorial Institute, Private communication
struction. 11. Crucible Steel Company of America, Crucible Titanium Manual
Figures 14-16 illustrate typical items produced Testing and Metallography, pp. 4-6.
12. C. A. Hampel, “Corrosion Properties of Tantalum Columbium
for the process industry. Figure 14 shows a shell and Molybdenum and Tungsten, Corrosion, 14, No. 12, 557t—-560t (1958

1174 | DECEMBER 1959

Welding root pass of power-pipe joint

Results of literature survey and industry-correlated information on satisfactory shop-

and field-fabrication practices are included in Pipe Fabrication Institute report on

Tungsten-Arc Welding the Root Pass of

Power-Pipe Joints

BY ROBERT W. BENNETT

Introduction fusion of the root pass into the backing ring. Root
Designers of critical piping systems, pipe fabricators cracking often resulted that was not apparent by
and piping erectors have long been confronted with standard inspection practices. In some of the aus-
the problem of joining pipe in such a manner that the tenitic stainless-steel joints, especially until recently,
weld joints will be crack free, have complete root root cracking was generally prevalent and reluctantly
fusion and penetration, exhibit mechanical and accepted because of lack of technical knowledge to
physical properties equivalent to the base metal prevent it.
and provide an internal surface free from irregularities, With the continued development of the inert-gas-
or constrictions. For many years, the manual shielded shielded tungsten-arc process for welding the various
metal-arc and submerged-arc welding processes using ferritic and austenitic grades of materials, it was only
backing rings of various designs have been used as an natural to apply this welding process for making the
effort to achieve these quality requirements. The root pass on high-quality piping systems. The de-
excellent service results attest that such procedures mands of atomic-energy power-plant designers, to
were satisfactory to meet the existing conditions. eliminate backing rings and other internal surface
In some cases, however, where failures occurred and irregularities to prevent localized accumulation of
were investigated, it was often observed that there radioactive ‘“‘crud’’, further stimulated development
was poor fit-up or misalignment of the pipe compo- of procedures to obtain optimum quality and uni-
nents and the backing ring, or poor penetration and formity in the root pass. Metallurgical research has
ROBERT W. BENNETT is Chief Metallurgical Engineer, Alco also contributed much knowledge so that, today, the
Products Inc., Schenectady, N. Y users of high-quality piping systems can be assured,
Members of the Metallurgical Committee of the Pipe Fabrication through the “know-how” of technically qualified
Institute who collaborated in the preparation of this paper were R. W
Bennett, chairman, Alco Products, Inc.; R. F. Gurnea, Midwest pipe fabricators, improved inspection methods and
Piping Co., Inc; C. P. Grisell, Blaw-Knox Co., Power Piping & conditions conducive to more precise inspection,
Sprinkler Division; R. W. Aitken, Cornell & Underhill, Inc.; H. Thielach
Grinnell Co., Inc.; R. H. Caughey, The M. W. Kellogg Co.; H. J that weld joints are uniform, sound and develop the
Irrgang, W. K. Mitchell & Co., Inc.; R. R. Rothermel, National Valve &
Manufacturing Co.; R. W. Jackson, Pittsburgh Piping & Equipment necessary properties to meet adequately operating
Co.; W. H. White, Benjamin F. Shaw Co.; R. J. Mugfor, Shaw-Kendall service conditions of increasing severity.
Engineering Co.; C. E. Pugh, Stearns Roger Pipe Fabrication Plant;
K. W. Haupt, Pipe Fabrication Institute With all new developments that improve product

WELDING JOURNAL || 1175

 the inert-gas-shielded tungsten-arc process. Since
’ ie =i the various member companies of the Pipe Fabrica-
i‘ —a||—e
tion Institute (PFI) produce the majority of the
STYLE | — SQUARE BUTT JOINT high-quality piping used in the power, chemical,
petroleum and other industries requiring process
NX \/a-3/4 piping, the Metallurgical Committee of the PFI con-
f} a 0-.063 sidered that this report would be beneficial to engi-
045 —.090 neers, and industries in general using fabricated pipe.
ra
aa 35-45
This report, therefore, contains the results of a
STYLE 2 — VEE-GROOVE BUTT JOINT literature survey, as well as information correlated
from the various member companies of the PFI on
practices that have been found suitable and eco-
'ava '- a nomical for hoth shop fabrication and field erection of
carbon, low-alloy chromium-molybdenum steels
3/32 3/32
-6 37 1/2 37 1/2 and the austenitic stainless steels.
ren oa a wRroad fe /e
STYLE 3—MODIFIED VEE- GROOVE Weld-joint Designs
FLAT LAND BUTT JOINT
During the past several years, fabricators, as well
as users, of power and other high-quality piping
\/4—1 3/8 1/4—1 3/8 have been directing their efforts toward developing
0 -.063 .063-.094 joint designs and welding procedures that will assure
.030-.090 .045-.063
20 20 consistently satisfactory welds as well as enable
0—.156 0 -.094
3/i6-1/4 3/\6-1/4 more economical and efficient production. This
ose f has resulted in the wide variety of joint designs that
STYLE 4 —U-GROOVE BUTT JOINT are illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2. Although the basic
(WITH CR WITHOUT FLAT LAND)
joint style is essentially the same, the details at the
root of the joint are significantly different. For
WITHOUT WITH special applications where there is a large repetitive
INSERT INSERT number of similar size joints performed by the same
3/4 uP 3/4 uP
3/4 3/4 welders, special designs, as shown in Fig. 2, could well
° .063 be advantageous from the welder-training, cost
3/32 3/32
37/2 37 1/2 and weld-quality standpoints. Standardizing basic
10 10
\/e \/e joint styles and design details permits qualified
welders to become more proficient and results in
less training time than if they are required to weld
STYLE 5~MODIFIED VEE GROOVE
FLAT LAND BUTT JOINT under different conditions on each installation. In-
WITH COMPOUND BEVEL structing and training fitters to prepare properly
the joints for making a good root pass is equally im-
portant as the welding. This is easier and less con-
fusing when one style joint is used by all fabricators.
In considering the possibility of a standard joint
3/4 uP 3/4 up to assure the deposition of a sound, crack-free and
3/4—1 3f 3/4—1 3/8
0-.063 .063 —.094 internally smooth root pass, there are a number of
.030 —.090 .045—.063
20-37 1/2 20-37 1/2 factors that must be given careful consideration.
8& eo 10 10 These include pipe size, material composition, condi-
O—.156 0-.094
Pv@Rroed3/i6—1/4 3/16-1/4 tions for welding and probably the most important
of all—actual fabrication experience and evaluation
of the results obtained by a reasonable number of
STYLE 6—MODIFIED U-GROOVE BUTT JOINT
WITH COMPOUND BEVEL competent fabricators.
(WITH OR WITHOUT FLAT LAND)
Pipe Size
Fig. 1—Various styles of butt joints and dimensional ranges
used for inert-gas-shielded tungsten-arc welding of pipe, with The operating pressures, temperatures and other
and without filler metal conditions of modern steam and atomic power plants
is continually increasing and becoming more demand-
ing for higher quality material to contain the heat-
quality and service life, customer demands further transfer media. Even though higher strength piping
stimulate the fabricator to seek improvements to materials are used, their wall thickness has been in-
achieve these assets under the most advantageous creasing until it is now beyond 4 inches. Considera-
conditions from a production standpoint. As a re- tion must thus be directed toward designing a joint
sult of this stimulus, the literature has described with reasonable accessibility to the root for all sizes
many variations in joint preparation and welding so that there is sufficient clearance to adequately
procedures for making the root pass in pipe joints by manipulate commercially available inert-gas-shielded

1176 | DECEMBER 1959

 tungsten-arc (hereafter referred to as “tungsten- there is no restraint except the actual pipe mass
arc’) welding torches during the root-pass weld. (Fig. 1, Style 2). A modified-vee-groove flat-land butt
Excessive joint openings necessitate a greater volume joint is shown in Fig. 1, Style 3. A pipe wall thick-
of weld metal to complete the joint. This is time ness of '/, in. is often considered a desirable break-
consuming, costly, and conducive to higher shrink- ing point for changing to a U-type groove joint (Fig. 1,
age stresses. Style 4). As the wall thickness of the pipe increases,
Increasing wall thickness and mass contribute to a compound bevel is used after reaching */, to 15/s-in.
increasing the restraint of the joint thus requiring wall to reduce the volume of weld metal required to
that the root-pass weld metal must be capable of complete the weld (Fig. 1, Styles 5 and 6). Modified
absorbing solidification and thermal stresses without U-type joints having extended lands are used where
cracking. It appears reasonable, therefore, that root cracking is caused by high residual stress or low
several modifications of a basic joint design are essen- hot-weld strength (Fig. 1, Styles 5 and 6). By ex-
tial to accommodate the normal range of sizes used tending the land and adding filler metal to increase
for fabricating piping in the plant, as well as in the the cross section of the fused area, the stress per unit
field. area is decreased and the stress is distributed over a
Square butt joints are generally used for light longer length than in a joint where the maximum
gage pipe up to '/; in. thick (Fig. 1, Style 1). Véee- stress occurs entirely in the weld.
groove joints having a nominal 75-deg included angle Material Composition
have been used successfully for selected materials up
In joining metals by the tungsten-arc process, an
to */, in. thick, where the welding conditions were
electric arc between a tungsten electrode and the
optimum. This would include fabricating shops
work, under a blanket of an inert gas, causes the com-
where the work can be positioned and rotated and
ponent base metals to be melted and subsequently
fused upon cooling. On many compositions of base
metals, cracking or porosity often occurs during fu-
sion of the root pass because of undesirable inherent
metallurgical phases or anomalies resulting from
segregations and other residual constituents such as
phosphorus or sulfur being melted into the weld
puddle. The addition of high-quality filler metal,
having a more uniform and more closely controlled
chemistry, to the weld puddle tends to improve the
uniformity and quality of the root-pass weld as well
as to increase the cross-sectional area at the fused
joint. This filler metal may be added manually
during the actual* tungsten-arc welding of the root
pass or it may be added as a prefit insert ring. In
some cases, the manually fed wire is used supplemen-
tary to the inserted joint. Where austenitic stain-
B. ROLLED LIP JOINT less-steel piping such as Types 304, 316 and especially
347 is used, a filler metal of carefully controlled
Fig. 2—Special styles of butt joints used for inert-
gas-shielded tungsten-arc welding of pipe chemistry is almost mandatory to provide a weld
nugget free from cracks. Schaeffier'* has provided a
constitution diagram showing the general relation-
ship between the chemical compositions and the
microstructure of the as-deposited weld metal. The
axes of the diagram are based on the chromium and
nickel equivalents rather than upon the elements
only. The chromium equivalent consists of the
total percentage compositions of the chromium, sili-
"Ten:
+30°%C
+0.5"7eMn con, molybdenum, columbium, tantalum and other
ferrite formers. The nickel equivalent is based on
the total of the nickel, manganese, carbon and other
austenite formers (see Fig. 3).
Type 347 pipe generally exhibits a fully austenitic
NICKEL
EQUIVALENT
= | Feanire! microstructure, while the Types 304 and 316 may,
or may not, be fully austenitic. When fully austen-
© @ 20 22 24 26 26 30 32 34 36 38 40 itic, if these types are fused together, cracking will
CHROMIUM EQUIVALENT = “7eCr +*7eMo + 1.5 °79Si +0.5° Cb +To generally occur. A _ controlled-composition filler
Fig. 3—Constitutional diagram for estimating the metal that will deposit an undiluted weld having 5
relationship between chemical composition and micro- to 10% delta ferrite in the austenitic matrix has been
structure for as-deposited stainless-steel weld metal commonly used to overcome the cracking tendency.

WELDING JOURNAL | 1177

 A resulting root-pass weld having at least 3% delta land and either a single or compound bevel depending
ferrite in the austenite has been found necessary to upon wall thickness. By such standardization, con-
obtain crack-free welds. fusion between designers, fabricators, suppliers and
Under certain thermal conditions, this ferrite erectors have been minimized. Costly field modifying
may be converted to the brittle sigma phase. The and welding of pipe components having uncompatible
ASA and ASME Codes stipulate that final heat treat- end preparation unsuitable for welding have essen-
ment is a matter of agreement between the fabricator tially been eliminated by wide acceptance of the ASA
and the customer. It is not within the scope of this Standard designs.
paper to discuss the heat treatment, or other metal- It must be remembered, however, that these stand-
lurgical aspects. ‘This subject, however, should be ard end-preparation details were established before
recognized with respect to the anticipated service welding of the root pass with the tungsten-arc process
conditions. became accepted practice. 'To remachine such joints
The joint styles shown in Figs. 2A and 2B are not for tungsten-arc welding would be expensive and
designed to accommodate an insert for weld-com- again create confusion during fabrication. It ap-
position control as previously discussed. Since pears desirable, therefore, that consideration be given
Lemon and Smith* state that the G-E joint can be to adopting new standard designs that would be
used for making root-pass welds in ferritic and aus- equally applicable to root pass welding with, or with-
tenitic steels, as well as nonferrous materials with- out, backing strips as well as with, or without, insert
out filler metal, it must be assumed that they are rings. By applying an extended land to standard
using materials of carefully controlled quality, com- ‘“‘vee”’ or “‘U”’ end preparations, it would be a rela-
position and size that obviate conditions and metal- tively easy and economical operation to remove the
lurgical microstructures that are conducive to weld projection if it was not considered desirable. The
cracking. In welding the rolled-down lip joint sug- G-E and “rolled-lip” joints would not be conducive
gested by Purcell’ a two-pass tungsten-arc root weld to such standardization. An extended land has
is made using manually fed filler wire. This pro- also been found advantageous where minor align-
cedure accomplishes the benefits of weld-composition ment modifications are required to fit properly and
control, as well as increased root section. weld field assemblies without applying undue bend-
Various filler wires with suitable chemistry to ing stresses.
produce weld metal having essentially the same Another factor to be considered is possible damage
nominal composition and properties to match the to the joint root during handling. The “U,” or
base material are available from many commercial modified ‘“‘U”’ joints having a damaged land appear
suppliers. Insert rings are commercially available to be more easily accommodated during fit-up and
in coils and/or standard ring sizes. One solid ring welding than the specialized G-E and rolled-lip type
insert is a flat ring 0.062 in. thick and has small pins joints.
for locating purposes during fit-up. In addition to controlling the weld contour and
Another type of consumable ‘weld insert is es- cross section by using inserts to reduce cracking re-
sentially a semicircular wire °/,. in. in diameter with sulting from high solidification-stress conditions,
a projection 0.063 in. square for fitting between the the piping system is often put in a state of compres-
pipe ends. It is also the practice for some companies sion at the weld joint by tie bars or other similar
to make their own inserts to various rectangular or means.
trapezoidal cross-sectional designs to accommodate
specific conditions. PFl-recommended Joint Designs
From a design standpoint, therefore, the root of a During the past several years, the member com-
standardized joint should be designed to accommo- panies of the Pipe Fabrication Institute have gained
date accessibility of the welding torch without an extensive shop and field experience in fabricating
insert. Where it is desirable to use an insert, the steam and atomic power piping in which the root
addition of the extra 0.063 in. required for a standard pass was welded using the tungsten-arc process.
commercial insert would be more beneficial than This includes the ferritic as well as the austenitic
detrimental, or the amount of land equivalent to the grades of piping having a wide range of diameters
insert could be removed. and thicknesses ranging to over 4in. The joint de-
tails illustrated in Fig. 4 represent the results of a
Conditions for Welding and correlation of data submitted by the PFI member
Other Considerations companies, and serious consideration of the neces-
Conditions for welding are regarded here as those sary requirements for a practicable joint design that
other than actual welding technique and related de- can be standardized as well as be entirely conducive
tails that are included later. to good tungsten-arc welding practice to obtain
Considerable time, thought and experience are sound root passes.
reflected in the standardization of end-preparation The actual choice of joint design must be left to
details for pipe, elbows, stub ends and other fittings the intelligent discretion and correlation of the de-
set forth in the ASA Code and adopted by many signer with the welding engineer or other welding su-
suppliers and fabricators. Such joints are essenti- pervision charged with the eventual fabrication.
ally “‘vee’’ or “U” joints having a '/\, in. nominal The final decision must necessarily be based on the

1178 | DECEMBER 1959

type and size of pipe, fabricating conditions, eco- t
dh ibe I
nomics, fabricating procedure and past experiences. “ty MAX.
There are obviously many circumstances that a Style at _ad STYLE A
C (Fig. 4) will be used in preference to Style B for
material thicknesses under */, in. Regardless of 37 1/2°>2 1/2° be
how these joints are used, proper accessibility of the
welding torch and tungsten, as well as adequate gas
shielding to properly melt and fuse the joint, are man- j \
3/4 MAX. ) iy ;
datory. - \ 4
! _ ¥—
The land dimension for Style C is given as °/« plus i/ie t 1/64
or minus '/,,in. This figure is a realistic standardi- STYLE 8
zation that is practicable for root-pass welding with,
or without, inserts.
Fabricating Conditions
Welding the root pass of pipe joints using the tung-
sten-arc process is equally applicable to field as well as
shop fabrication for insuring optimum quality joints /)
\OVER baud13/8
free of internal constrictions and irregularities. The ) \ } p i Pp insert — 1/16
pipe material, the conditions for welding, the ability to ) P no insert-3/32
rotate the joint during welding and many other fac-
tors will dictate the exact fabricating procedure and 3
“=P ~ /s/ea* i/o
welding technique that is most conducive to pro- oh
\/@ MIN. RAD
ducing a successful weld. Although the influence STYLE C
of various factors will be discussed and some recom- C=A—0.03i—1.75 T —0.010
mendations offered, it is obviously essential that each =A—0.041 —i.75T
fabricator test and finalize his own procedure to Where A = Outside Diameter in inches
0.03! = Minus Tolerance on O.D. of Pipe to ASTM AIO6
best meet the requirements and the conditions of the 1.75 =Minimum Wall of 87 |/2°7: of Nominal Wall, (permitted by ASTM AI06)
Multiplied by Two to convert into terms of Diameter
work. T =Nominal Wall Thigkness in Inches
0.010 = Plus Matching Tolerances on Bore Only
Tacking
Fig. 4—Recommended joint styles by
To accurately “‘fit-up” the pipe joint and align the the Pipe Fabrication Institute
piping assembly for good root-pass welding, it is
generally considered good practice to tack weld the
components together, with the tungsten are and a not used for tacking inserted joints. Where filler
suitable inert gas. On heavy assemblies and often metal is considered necessary on noninserted joints,
during field erection, “clips” or fit-up lugs are care must be taken to prevent excessive build-up as
necessary to further assure that the joint will retain it will interfere with obtaining complete penetration
its position during fabrication. Preheating is re- and fusion during the root-pass weld.
quired while tacking the air-hardenable steels in order Purging Joint Area
to assure strong crack-free tacks. In general, the The tungsten-arc welding process requires an
same precautions are required as during welding of inert gas to envelope the molten puddle to prevent
the various compositions of pipe materials. The contamination from atmospheric gases that are
actual tacking procedure will vary with the pipe conducive to porosity, cracking, irregular internal
size, joint design and whether or not an insert is weld surfaces and other factors deleterious to weld
used. Joints without inserts and those using the quality. In tungsten-arc welding the root pass
solid rectangular type of insert with locator pins are of pipe joints, the gas from the welding torch shields
fit firmly together and tacked by fusing the compo- the outer surface of the weld. The inside surface
nents. Where the circular type of insert is used, the may require that atmospheric gases be removed from
underside of the insert is tacked to the inside edge the weld area. This is especially pronounced for
of one side of the pipe joint. The other joint face is the austenitic steels. A wide variety of novel, but
then fitted to the insert attached to the other pipe effective, methods have been used. In some cases,
face. The assembly is then fused together. the entire system, or the pipe assembly containing
The tacks should penetrate about 85% of the root the joint, is purged and kept under pressure during
land and insert. The actual size of the tack should welding. Pneumatic flexible diaphragms and other
be about '/; in. long. The distance between tacks related removable devices to isolate and purge a
will be governed by the strength required to hold the localized joint area have been successfully used,
joint for welding. Thus, on small pipe sizes that especially in shop fabricating, Paper or cardboard
are properly supported, one tack on each quadrant cones or disks have provided inexpensive gas dams
may be adequate. On the other hand, heavy unsup- for both shop and field fabrication, where it is con-
ported assemblies may require tacks as close as 2 in. venient and expedient to remove them by burning
apart. Individual judgement is, therefore, de- during the stress relieving operation.
manded of the fabricator. Filler metal is generally Generally the inert gases used for welding, such

WELDING JOURNAL | 1179

 as argon or helium, are preferred for both purging as tour at the top of the joint (12 o’clock position).
well as maintaining a positive pressure in the internal Although a skilled welder can control this condition
weld area during welding. Nitrogen, however, is to a limited degree, the variation of both internal and
reportedly satisfactory for stainless steels. The ac- welding gas pressures,”'*'> as well as adjusting
tual purging technique varies widely between fabri- the insert alignment (on rectangular inserts) has
cators and, of course, is significantly influenced by been considered a beneficial assist for the welder.
the tightness of the dams and joint as well as the For example, while welding at the 6 o’clock position,
pipe size and purged volume. After the initial purge the torch gas may be increased and the internal pres-
to displace the air in the restricted area with an inert sure decreased to keep the weld puddle from sagging
gas, a constant flow of gas ranging from 5 to 15 cfhis away from the internal surface. Conversely, at the
maintained. 12 o’clock position, the internal pressure is increased
and the torch gas returned to normal to prevent in-
Molten Weld-metal Control
ward sagging. It is apparent that unless gas con-
The factors that have the most influence on the trol regulators are convenient to the welder, such a
control of the weld puddle and thus the effectiveness, controlled procedure may not be economically nor
quality and appearance of the root weld are welding functionally justified. Normal weld reinforcement
technique, position of the joint and internal gas con- on the outer surface of the joint should be more than
trol. Since welding techniques will be discussed adequate to offset any loss in joint efficiency caused
subsequently in this section, it will suffice for now to by a moderately concave root weld.
assume that a suitable proved technique is being
applied by a competent welder. Welding Technique
Prefabrication practice performed by qualified Commercial equipment for tungsten-arc welding,
fabricators adequately equipped with positioning that has been extensively proved by many fabrica-
equipment for uniformly rolling the pipe provides tors, is available from several welding equipment
optimum conditions for making good root-pass welds manufacturers. The actual size and electrical rat-
(as well as completing the joint). By positioning the ing of the torch as well as power source is, of course,
torch at about the 2 o’clock position and rotating dependent upon the demands that each fabricator
the joint toward the operator, and maintaining a will impose. Where a wide range of material sizes
constant internal pressure, the weld puddle on the is involved it may be practicable to have several
inside of the joint can be controlled to produce a flat, torch sizes available for maximum flexibility. In
concave or moderately convex contour with maxi- any case, however, the type and size of tungsten,
mum smoothness and uniformity. Increased con- cup size, gas flow and current conditions must be
vexity can be obtained by decreasing internal gas compatible with the diameter of the pipe and the
pressure and/or welding closer to the 12 o’clock wall thickness of the joint.
position so that the weld puddle will sag because of In general, most fabricators prefer using thoriated
gravity forces prior to solidification. Conversely, tungsten for the electrode, while zirconium-type
if a flat or concave internal weld surface is desired tungsten has also apparently been found satisfac-
(which is very seldom except for special applica- tory. The most popular tungsten sizes for general
tions) increased gas pressure is used, or welding is root pass welding are */;. and '/s in. in diameter.
done toward the 3 or 4 o’clock position. For light gage and small diameter pipe or tubing,
In welding the root pass of joints in the vertical or '/\-in. diam tungsten has also been found appli-
fixed horizontal position normally found in field cable. Regardless of the tungsten size, the arc end
fabrication, there is some difficulty in controlling the is generally ground with a long, smooth taper to a
weld puddle and its final contour upon solidification. small-radius point in order to concentrate the arc on
With the pipe assembly in the fixed vertical posi- the insert, or the joint interface when an insert is not
tion, the action of the welder is to progress forward used. The shielding cup size and shape depends
as uniformly as possible horizontally around the upon the type and capacity of the torch being used.
joint. With suitable internal gas pressure and keep- It is significant, however, that the joint design and
ing the weld puddle size to a minimum while still shielding-cup size must be compatible to allow proper
being assured of sufficient heat to penetrate com- access of the torch and tungsten to maintain a proper
pletely the joint, it is possible to make a good uni- arc and permit reasonable clearance for the necessary
form tungsten-arc weld with only a minimum amount manipulation by the welder. Consequently, it is
of sag. desirable to use the smallest cup commensurate with
The welding of pipe assemblies in the fixed hori- the most economical joint style for a given size of
zontal position is most difficult for weld puddle and pipe, that will provide adequate gas shielding.
bead contour control. The normal welding proce- The function of the inert gas (predominantly
dure is to start at the bottom (6 o’clock position) and argon and helium) for shielding the molten weld
weld vertically upward from each side. The forces metal and the incandescent tungsten, as well as con-
of gravity, however, have a very tangible influence trolling the bead contour has been discussed. The
on the weld puddle that varies in extremes to cause a actual volume of gas required for effectively shield-
concave weld contour in the lower half of the joint ing the work depends upon the condition of the work,
with a gradual transition to a convex or sagging con- environment, the welding torch and personal prefer-

1180 | DECEMBER 1959

Table 1—General Welding Conditions Recommended by ASA Code to make the fabrication and other re-
PFI for Inert-gas-shielded Tungsten-arc Welding of the quirements more rigid according to the service condi-
Root Pass in Carbon, Low-alloy and Austenitic-steel Pipe tions and the degree of public risk involved. Such
Joints Without Backing Rings codes include the minimum requirements for qualify-
Welding process Inert-gas-shielded tungsten-arc ing welding procedures and operators to demonstrate
Shielding gas the ability of a fabricator to properly handle and
Welding-purity Argon (preferred) join materials of various compositions and sizes.
Welding-purity Helium = (oc- The root-pass weld made by the tungsten-arc
casionally used)
10-20 cfh process is considered an integral part of the entire
joint that may be completed by other fusion-welding
Welding-purity Argon (preferred) processes, such as metal-arc or submerged-arc. In
Welding-purity Helium (oc- qualifying the procedure, therefore, the conditions
casionally used)
5-15 cfh for welding the root pass and the remaining portion
of the weld are defined in the procedure specification.
High quality wire of nominal The actual welding may be done by the same welder
base-metal composition. or by separate welders for each welding process used.
Balanced composition for The quality and mechanical properties of welded
austenitic stainless steels
Insert size '/16 OF 5/39 in. joints are generally evaluated by the ASA Code
Filler-wire size........... 1/16-3/30 in. specified qualification tests consisting of reduced-
Internal dam material Paper, cardboard, rubber-disk or section transverse tension, face bends, root bends or
diaphragms side bends depending upon the material thickness
Power source Rectified or generated dc
Tungsten being qualified. The procedure-qualification test
2% thoriated automatically qualifies the operator or operators mak-
3/305 "/s in. ing the welded joint, for that particular material
Arc amperage 100-120, 110-15) classification and welding conditions.
Arc voltage 12-18, 16-22 When specific attention is directed to the root
weld only, the individual! fabricator usually assumes
ence. Of the fabricators surveyed, a flow rate of the responsibility of making cross sections of the
10 to 20 cu ft of argon per hour appears to be suitable weld for macro- and microexamination and other
for covering a wide average range of shop fabricating tests deemed necessary to be assured that a suitable
conditions. technique has been developed and the welder is
The current required for tungsten-arc welding the proficient. ‘
root pass in pipe joints is direct current-straight In Table 1, the PFI has recommended some of the
polarity. Both rectified and generated d-c power general welding conditions that may well be used
sources are satisfactorily used. The actual arc as a guide for tungsten-arc welding the root pass in
amperage and voltage are governed by the work and carbon, low-alloy and austenitic pipe joints without
modified by the welder as required to developa suit- backing rings.
able technique and weld puddle control. Bibliography
In finalizing on a welding procedure and technique, 1. Pilia, F. S., and Minge, R. W., “The Application of Inert-Gas-
therefore, material composition, joiat design, posi- Tungsten-Arc Welding Carbon Steel Pipe,” THe WerLDING JOURNAL,
36 (4), 363-370 (1957)
tion of the work, environment and welding equip- 2. Lemon, H. C., and Smith W. R., “Joint Design for Making Root
ment must be carefully considered. Of utmost Pass Welds Without Filler Metal,” Jbid., 36 (3), 240-242 (1957).
3. Soidan, C. H., “A Summary of Manual Inert Gas Root Pass Weld-
importance is the ability of the operator to properly ing Procedures as Applied to Nuclear Power and Steam Power Piping,”’
Private Report, March 1957
position and manipulate the torch as uniformly as 4. Thielsch, H. T., and Pulliam, C. S., “Engineering Aspects of
possible to make a good weld. In general, a welder Inert-Gas Tungsten-Arc Welding of Piping,’’ THe WELDING JOURNAL,
34 (12), 1185-1196 (1955)
can become proficient and qualified with very little 5. Pollack, W. A., “Backing Ring Elimination Permits Ultrasonic
training. There is, however, no substitute for on- Testing and Avoids Cracking at Piping Welds,” Jbid., 34 (10), 954
960 (1955).
the-job experience to efficiently and effectively 6. Purcell, R. T., “Joint Detail for Inert Gas Welding of Pressure
meet normal production anomalies such as irregular Piping,” Ibid., 34 (8), 747-751 (1955)
7. Risch, T., and Dohna, A., “Consumable Inert Method of Root
fit-up, power fluctuations, etc. Pass Welding,”’ Ibid., 33 (7), 670-679 (1954)
8. Purcell, R. T., “Inert Arc Field Welding of Pressure Piping,”
Ibid., 33 (1), 41-46 (1954)
PFl-recommended 9. Pilia, F. J., “Inert Gas Tungsten-Arc Welding of Stainless Steel
General Welding Conditions Pipe,” [bid., 32 (12), 1167-1174 (1953
10. Benz, W. G., and Caughey, R. H., “Fabrication of Austenitic
Pressure and process piping is generally designed, Stainless Steel Steam Piping for Operation at 1100°F,” American
Society of Mechanical Engineers Paper No. 53-SA-58, July 2, 1953.
purchased, fabricated, installed and operated under 11. Mueller, R. A., and Root, W. B., “Inert Arc Welding Technique
the basic requirements set forth by a recognized for Eliminating Backing Rings in Piping,”’ THe WerLpinGc JOURNAL, 32
3), 205-216 (1953)
Code, or set of governing rules. The ASA Code for 12. Diehl, C., Blumberg, H. S., and Benz, W. G., “Controlled Internal
Pressure Piping published by the American Society Contour Shielded Root Welds without Backing Rings,”’ American
Society of Mechanical Engineers Paper No. 52-A-141, Dec. 5, 1952.
for Mechanical Engineers is one of the most promi- 13. Schaeffler, A. L., “‘Welding Dissimilar Metals with Stainless
Electrodes,”’ Iron Age (July 1, 1948)
nent and widely used codes. Other codes and 14. Schaeffler, A. L., “Selection of Austenitic Electrodes for Welding
regulations prescribed by federal, state and local Dissimilar Metals,” THe WELDING JOURNAL, 26 (10), Research Suppl.,
601-8 to 620-s (1947)
governmental agencies oftentimes supplement the 15. U.S. Pat. 2,747,065 M. W. Kellogg Co., K-Welding Proceas.

WELDING JOURNAL | 1181

 _<oume & -
game e *
, mee
~—- -. a j
pe : ~raaae— >
« } onl
Inert-gas tungsten-arc welding of LOX tank for the first manned space vehicle, the X-15. Tankis shown
in circumferential weld jig; tank end strap has been positioned. Rotary weld fixture is tilted to puddle the weld

Control of Process Variables—Key to the Successful

Welding of Foil

The fusion welding of plain butt joints in foil has been found

to be feasible by the inert-gas-shielded tungsten-arc process

BY JOHN CAMPBELL

ABSTRACT. The need for high-strength, low-weight developed and if the electrode tip maintains its shape.
structures makes mandatory the attainment of joints When a power supply with a sharply drooping volt-
whose weight is not excessive and whose mechanical ampere characteristic 1s used in conjunction with a
properties are equal to those of the metal being fabricated. pointed electrode and an argon-helium shielding mixture,
The basic nature of joining by welding is compatible with rapid are ignition and satisfactory arc stability are ob-
these requirements. Inert-gas-shielded tungsten-arc tained.
welding is particularly adaptable for the welding of butt The contour of the welded joint is influenced by arc-
joints in foil. However, careful consideration of a num- and surface-tension forces acting on the molten weld
ber of the process variables is essential. Only by control pool. These forces displace the metal to either side of
of these variables through good design of all components the seam so that a thinner section usually is obtained in a
of the welding equipment can foils of 0.002, 0.003, and plain butt joint. Proper design of the hold-down and
0.005-in. thickness be welded. backing strips for a given metal thickness limits this
Accurate preparation of the joint edges is essential to effect. Maximum joint efficiency is obtained by care-
achieve successful welds. Shearing, slitting and milling fully adding filler metal to the joint. A fine-diameter
techniques are discussed with respect to their applica- wire is suitable for filler to control the weld reinforce-
bility to edges for welding. ment.
The volt-ampere characteristic of the low-current arc
required for welding of foil necessitates careful selection Introduction
of the power supply. The arc voltage increases very The development of supersonic aircraft has created
sharply as the current decreases. The rate of increase is
affected by the shielding gas and the arc length. Arc the need for structures which achieve high strength
stability is achieved if a well-defined intersection of the from low-weight components. Although designed,
volt-ampere curves of the arc and the power supply is the most desirable structures frequently could not be
fabricated since thin sections could not be fastened
JOHN CAMPBELL is Engineer, Metallurgical Research Division, Cen- with joints having satisfactory aerodynamic quality
tral Research Laboratories, Air Reduction Co., Inc., Murray Hill, N. J
or strengths approaching these of the parent sections.
Paper presented at the AWS 40th Annual Meeting held in Chicago, IL,
Apr. 6-10, 1959 Welding is the most likely method of fabrication for

!
1182 | OECEMBER 1959
achieving the joint quality that is necessary; and, at straight within 0.002 in. This device also contains a
the present stage of development of welding methods, flanging roll on the cutting head so that a flange, to
the most likely one for the requirements of aircraft be used as filler material in welding, may be bent
applications is the inert-gas-shielded tungsten-arc along the length of the sheet.
process. This process can be controlled to achieve Milling. A milling operation has been used to
the penetration and reinforcement demanded by the prepare edges for the butt welding of metal, the
designers. thickness of which is far greater than the thicknesses
This investigation was conducted to determine the of metal investigated in this work. If such a tech-
problems and critical variables in the welding of foil nique were to be used to prepare the edges of foil, the
by the tungsten-arc process. Foil is defined in the sheet would have to be clamped between additional
Metals Handbook as ‘‘Metal in any width but no more thicknesses of metal to give it the rigidity necessary
than about 0.005 in. thick.”” The sheet material to resist the loading of the milling cutter. Cutter
used in the test work was Type 302 stainless steel in wear may constitute a barrier to the use of milling
thicknesses of 0.002, 0.003 and 0.005 in. for preparing joints of any length in harder alloys.
The character of some of the variables of edge An extremely accurate traveling carriage guide is
preparation and welding was found to have profound an obvious requirement for precise results. The
effects on weld performance. A discussion of these simultaneous milling of opposed edges might improve
characteristics has been included to permit a fuller the resultant fit-up of the two sheets.
understanding of their influence.
Edge Fit-up
The procedures utilized for fabrication of plain
butt joints in the three metal thicknesses are defined. The structural defiection of any cutting device due
A technique for filler-metal addition to the weld pool to the cutting load will result in a severed edge that
also is described. is not straight. The extent of the deflection can be
The effects on fusion of variations of arc current, determined, and some compensation may be made so
travel speed and arc length were evaiuated. The in- that deviation of a given magnitude from a straight
fluence of these parameters on joint efficiency is dis- line will not be exceeded.
cussed. Additional deviation from a straight line also may
be introduced by local distortion of metal which con-
tains residual stresses. This distcrtion usually does
Inherent Variables Affecting Welding
not occur in the same pattern for each cut, and the
Edge Preparation points of edge contact will vary. in successive joints of
Optimum edge preparation for thin-sheet welding metal cut from the same sheet. Intermittent edge
would be absolutely straight and flat cuts of the edges contact may impose restraint which is not uniform
to be joined. Although several methods of edge along the joint during welding. Distortion then may
preparation are available, few have been developed be suffiiciently great to prevent satisfactory fusion of
to achieve the extremes of precision needed for such very thin foil.
work. The information which follows is a summary
of comments made by the few manufacturers that re-
plied to a request for data on precision edge prepa-
ration.
Shearing. Shears are available on special order 40 DIA. 2% THORIATE IGSTEN ELECTROOE
which will make cuts that will not deviate from a GROUND TO SONICAL POINT
straight line by more than 0.0005 in. per foot of cut ARC OPERATED ON WATER COOLED
STAINLESS STEEL ANODE
(in stainless steels up to 0.010 in. in thickness). Up-
keep costs are high due to the shorter life of the cut-
ting edges which operate at zero clearance in this ap-
plication.
Slitting. Information obtained about slitting indi-
cates that manufacturers do not have standard
equipment which could be used to prepare edges of VOLTAGE, = = 060°]
foil for welding. Except for those applications where riers }ARC
ARC — 938. LENGTH
25% ARGON
width is maintained by passing sheet between accu-
rately spaced cutters, the precision obtained with SS 3 ARC
Sj — et ™ 040.
020 LENGTH
manual slitting is dependent upon operator skill and
probably runs within '/;, in. in a 6-ft. length of cut. ARC
All manufacturers who replied to inquiries thought a 020" LENGTH:
in terms of moving the work against the cutter. The
opposite approach has been used by one aircraft man-
ufacturer' to obtain greatly improved precision on 4 6 8
edge preparation of material for thin-sheet welding. ARC CURRENT, AMPERES
Six-foot cuts in 0.005-in.-thick 17-4 PH stainless Fig. 1—Arc characteristics as a function
steel made by their machine are claimed to be of shielding medium and arc lengtt

WELDING JOURNAL | 1183

 Arc Behavior
The potential drop across any arc is composed of
three distinct voltage drops which occur at the cath-
ode, in the arc column and at the anode. Normal
experience with arcs at currents above 50 amp indi-
cates that arc voltage is fairly constant for a given arc
length. A marked departure from this behavior is
found with very low current arcs; the arc voltage has
a tendency to increase markedly as the current de- POWER SUPPLY CHARACTERISTICS
creases below some critical value. Some attribute
this relationship to the thinner arc column obtained ie] °
at a low current. The thin column experiences a
greater heat loss than the heavier column of the high- VOLTS
current arc because the thin column has a greater sur-
face-to-volume ratio. As a result, the thermal exci-
ARC CHARACTERISTICS
tation in the column is reduced; the reduction, in
VOLTAGE,
turn, lowers the electrical conductivity of the column.
The increase in electrical resistance of the column
creates a greater voltage drop in the column and
therefore raises the total arc voltage. 75% HELIUM ~
Figure 1 depicts the voltage-current relationship 25 % ARGON ARC
for an arc in the range of conditions pertinent to this 020"
investigation. For a given electrode diameter, cur-
rent and arc length, the arc voltage is different for
each shielding gas. For each gas, the arc voltage in-
creases gradually with decreasing current until a crit-
ical value of current is reached, below which the arc
voltage begins to increase more rapidly with further
decrease in current. This critical point is not the CURRENT, AMPERES
same for each gas. Helium shows the greatest rate Fig. 2—Plot of superimposed power supply
of rise, and argon the smallest. A mixture of the two . and arc-characteristic curves
gases exhibits an intermediate behavior, but it should
be noted that it is not in direct proportion to the per-
mor
centage composition of the mixture.
The magnitudes of arc voltage in Fig. 1 are slightly
higher than those obtained during welding. This
may be attributable to the fact that the data shown . -_— :
Ss
eo: ay"
in Fig. 1 were obtained from arcs maintained on a
water-cooled stainless-steel anode. The significance Fig. 3—Cross section of a plain butt joint showing weld
of characteristic arc phenomena will be discussed fur- depression; 0.005in. thick. X50. (Reduced
ther in the section on arc and power-supply perfor- by 33% upon reproduction)
mance. at an essentially constant value of current. Such an
Power-supply Output oscillation was noted at very low currents with arcs
maintained on small-diameter electrodes. These
Stable arcs can be developed only at points where
small-diameter electrodes become resistance heated
the volt-ampere characteristic of the power supply
to emission temperatures for a considerable distance
intersects the characteristic volt-ampere curve of the
from the electrode end at which the arc should root,
arc. The approximate location of these points can
and it is quite easy for the arc to climb up the elec-
be made by superimposing the two characteristics as
trode when the characteristics of arc and power sup-
illustrated in Fig. 2. In this instance, the power sup-
ply permit it.
ply characteristic shown is that of a laboratory pro-
The characteristics of the arc cannot be modified
totype, the output current of which can be precisely
easily, if at all; those of the power supply can be
controlled. Using the angle of intersection as a meas-
changed. However, the requirement of a limited
ure of arc stability, arcs at currents above 4 amp
variation of current with arc length made it manda-
should be quite stable in all mixtures of argon and
tory to use a power supply having a sharply drooping
helium shields. At lower currents, high stability is
volt-ampere characteristic. Therefore, only the de-
obtained with argon or an argon-helium mixture for
gree of droop in the characteristic of the power supply
shielding.
could be varied; the steepest possible slope is the
At extremely low currents, it is possible for the
most desirable.
characteristic curves of arc and power supply to coin-
cide. This condition may cause oscillation of arc Electrode Composition and Configuration
voltage and movement of the arc along the electrode The satisfactory behavior of low-current arcs is

1184 | DECEMBER 1959

controlled considerably by electrode composition and also must be considered as a contributing factor to
configuration. In the welding of thin sheet, ease of this depression.
arc starting and arc stability are important. Arc Upon cooling, this center portion would be the last
starting is known to be facilitated when electrodes to freeze; and at the high cooling rates found in
with a thoria addition are used. Further improve- these sections, solidification would take place before
ment in starting is obtained when the cathode con- this depression could be relieved. The resultant re-
figuration is such that a sharp electrostatic voltage duction in weld thickness at this point limits joint
gradient is established at the tip of the electrode. efficiency, and for this reason high joint efficiencies
This gradient can be obtained by using fine-diameter can be obtained only when filler metal is added to the
electrodes or by pointing larger diameter electrodes. joint. The high cooling rate also may limit the travel
The use of pointed electrodes is preferred since it speed used for welding if the resultant structure
confines the resistance heating to the tip of the elec- is undesirable from a metallurgical standpoint.
trode and sharply limits the possibility of arc oscilla- Residual Stress
tion when the characteristic curves would indicate it
The presence or build-up of stress in thin sheet
to be a potential problem.
must be considered throughout all stages of a thin-
While arc starting is not overly affected as long as
gage-mctal welding process. As mentioned in the
a sharp tip is maintained, arc stability is not assured
discussion of edge preparation, the presence of cold-
when fine-diameter electrodes are used in standard
work stress in sheet metal will markedly affect the
holders. The ohmic resistance of a 0.010-in. diam
straightness of a cut in a severing process. In the
tungsten electrode is many times greater than the re-
welding operation, sheets with a high degree of cold-
sistance of an 0.040-in. diam electrode. When the
work stress tend to distort and buckle in the region
same welding current is passed through each elec-
preceding the arc. This effect is more noticeable on
trode, the smaller diameter electrode is resistance
the thinner material, but it does not appear to affect
heated to emission temperatures for a considerable
the fusion process as long as the proper backing and
part of its length, whereas heating of the larger elec-
hold-down strips are used.
trode is confined to its tip. With fine-diameter
The postweld appearance of the joint usually re-
electrodes, the arc is found to climb up the electrode
flects the prefusion stress state of the material. The
intermittently due to availability of spots which mo-
0.002-in. sheet welded in this investigation showed
mentarily have lower emission-energy requirements.
more postweld distortion than the heavier foil. It
Also, the excessive heating of the smaller-diameter
was noticeably rippled along the weld, whereas the
electrode fosters radial movement of the electrode
0.005-in. foil showed no ripples. ‘The distortion was
when used in standard holders. This behavior is un-
not unexpected since intermediate stress relief had
desirable because of the need for maintaining align-
not been used between the reduction of the foil from
ment of the electrode with the seam which is to be
0.005 in. to 0.003 and 0.002 in. Asa result, the cold-
welded.
work stress present in the foils increased with de-
Heat Flow to Backing creasing metal thickness and probably increased the
Controlled heat flow is an inherent part of any suc- amount of distortion in the thinner sections. The
cessful thin-sheet welding operation. Since the mass use of a stretcher-leveling or a roll-planishing tech-
of the base metal is very small, the arc energy must be nique might be a suitable way to relieve this post-
dissipated at a rate that will prevent the mean tem- weld distortion.
perature of the weld pool from exceeding a value at Requirements for Satisfactory Welding of Foil
which the surface-tension forces of the molten metal
can keep the pool intact. 'To accomplish this, heat Edge Preparation
sinks are made available in the form of a continuous The preparation of foil edges must be considered
hold-down strip, a backing strip and the underbead as the greatest single factor affecting the success of
shielding gas. foil welding. This judgment is probably influenced
A cross section (see Fig. 3) of a typical plain butt by the difficulty experienced in controlling this vari-
joint shows a reduction in cross section at the center able in the subject investigation because the shear
of the weld with metal displaced to each side. This used was not equal to the task. However, the re-
effect may be due to several factors present during sults obtained indicate that extreme precision is nec-
the welding operation. essary. At the time of this writing, no commercial
It is generally agreed that arc temperatures are device could be found that would provide the needed
greatest along the axis of the arc. From this it may precision.
be assumed that the metal directly under the arc is It is apparent that a precision machine must be
at a higher temperature than the metal at any other fabricated for the severing process. The use of a
position in the weld pool. The surface tension shearing technique appears limited to short cuts
forces acting on the metal at the weld center would since the best cut obtainable by this method will
therefore be lower than those forces on the surround- still have a deviation from a straight line of 0.0005 in.
ing metal. This in itself would create a thin- per foot of cut. The feasibility of using a precision
ning of the weld-pool center. The effect of arc- shear will be determined by metal thickness and
plasma forces, which are greatest at the arc center, length of cut, as well as other factors mentioned in

WELDING JOURNAL | 1185

 previous paragraphs. The use of such a shear on 3. Uniform and high joint efficiency cannot be
0.005-in.-thick foil probably would not yield satis- maintained if the gap width varies along a seam.
factory results if the cut length should exceed 5 or 6 Although use of a filler wire can minimize the
ft. effect of gap variation and restraint, the requirement
Long seams would require the use of a carriage- of maximum joint efficiency with minimum joint
mounted cutter which is guided along an extremely reinforcement cannot be obtained when the gap in
accurate beam. The use of a slitting or rotary shear- fit-up varies. The need for satisfactory arc starting
ing operation appears more suitable for thinner ma- at any point in the seam would limit gap width to a
terials. Milling appears to be suitable only for maximum of 0.0015 in. for foil of 0.005-in. thickness.
heavier sections unless the thinner materials are The fit-up requirements for foil of 0.002 and 0.003-in.
reinforced for the machining operation. thickness are considerably more demanding. A\l-
Edge Fit-up though exact figures could not be obtained, for equiv-
alent percentages of joint efficiency the requirements
When only fusion is considered and a successful
would certainly be more stringent than for the 0.005-
start is assumed, welds can be achieved with gaps in
in. material. Actual edge contact was necessary for
fit-up if these gaps are not greater than the material
are starting on these thicknesses, and restrained gaps
thickness and the sheet is free to move in its plane.
of 0.0015 in. could not be fused even when filler wire
This fact was verified with all three foil thicknesses
was added. No benefit was derived from a reduction
tested. However, the welding of joints with gaps
in the clamping force achieved by lowering hose pres-
should not be considered without filler-metal addi-
sure below the usual 20 psi.
tion because of three factors
1. Arc starting on 0.005-in. sheet metal could not Power Supply
be obtained without burn-through when a gap The prototype low-current power supply possesses
greater than 0.0015 in. existed at the point where the an essentially constant-current characteristic over
are was struck. the operation range of interest in this investigation.
2. The probability is high that restraint to clo- The volt-ampere curve of this power supply is illus-
sure will be present in some joints. trated in Fig. 4. Intersection between the charac-
teristic curves of the power supply and the arc occurs
at currents above 2 amp, as shown in Fig. 2 where
these curves are superimposed.
This power supply performed very well for the
range of conditions covered in the formal program.
When a fixed electrode holder was used to maintain
arc length, a constant arc voltage was obtained be-
cause only a negligible variation in arc length was
introduced by the accurately guided carriage. This
fact, plus the essentially constant current output of
the power supply, controlled arc power very well
without any further concern to the operator after the
arc was established. Readjustment for successive
VOLTS
welds was seldom needed after a set of arc conditions
cy, was established for a given sheet thickness.
The relatively high arc voltage obtained at low cur-
rents places some importance on the magnitude of
open-circuit voltage available from the power sup-
ply. The laboratory supply had an open-circuit
voltage of 90 v. This appeared adequate for all the
TERMINAL
VOLTAG work conducted, although isolated testing indicated
some inconsistency on arc starting at current-output
settings below 1.8 amp.
The use of a motor-generator set with a dropping
resistor to reach low currents was found to be feasi-
ble, although readjustment was necessary to compen-
sate for the resistance change in the dropping resistor
due to heating. If a limited amount of thin-sheet
welding is to be done on 0.005-in.-thick foil, this
power supply should be considered satisfactory. The
possibly greater effect of the thermal changes at lower
2 4 6 8 currents might eliminate the use of such a machine on
OUTPUT CURRENT, AMPERES materials below this thickness.
Fig. 4—Power-supply characteristics; precision- Perhaps a subtle, but important, consideration is
controlled low-current power supply the high noise level encountered in a motor-generator

1186 | DECEMBER 1959

as opposed to the almost complete absence of noise steel. The use of reverse-polarity direct-current or
from a transformer-rectifier. The more delicate na- alternating-current arcs in this technique did not
ture of the thin-sheet welding operation requires a prove desirable because random movement of the arc
greater attention to detail on the part of the operator. from the sheet to the hold-down strips was prevalent.
Such efficiency is bound to be affected by excessive
Design of Weld Backing
background noise.
A study of backing design was not conducted to a
Electrode Composition and Configuration sufficient extent that an equation can be written to
Two-percent thoriated-tungsten electrodes with define the geometry as a function of foil thickness.
diameter of 0.040 in. were used for the major part of The need for rigorous correlation probably would not
the investigation. These electrodes were machine be great enough to justify the expenditure of time in-
ground to a 20-deg conical point. Pointing proved volved in obtaining such a relationship. A general
to be a satisfactory method of improving the perfor- understanding of the proper condition for satisfac-
mance of the electrodes in arc starting. In addition, tory welding has been obtained through observation,
the heating of the electrode to emission temperature and a hypothesis has been formulated concerning the
was confined to the very end, which greatly reduced role of the backing in maintaining these conditions.
arc movement on the electrode. No visible lateral In the early stages of this investigation, both solid
electrode movement was noticed when the 0.040-in. and grooved gas-supplying backing strip were evalu-
diam was used. ated. Thesolid backing proved to be less suitable on
Electrodes ground to points sharper than 20-deg the 0.002 and 0.003-in. foil. With a solid backing
were found to undergo extensive heating, which pro- strip, the level of current needed for fusion is higher
moted arc instability. Angles as great as 40 deg because intimate contact exists initially between the
were used, but there was some indication that arc work and the strip. However, when heated, these
starting was more difficult at the very low currents thinner sections distort more readily than the heavier
when using the argon-helium mixture. Use of a ones and lift up slightly from the flat strip; the arc
100% argon shield improves starting performance at input then is too great to be dissipated at a rate suffi-
all current levels with these larger angles. cient to prevent burning through the sheet. Use of
The life of these electrodes is very good and points a grooved backing to supply underbead shielding
remain fairly sharp throughout. Care must be taken eliminates this problem.
when adding filler wire so that accidental contact The molten weld pool is maintained by surface-
with the electrode is not made. Such contact will tension forces on the molten metal. These forces
result in electrode contamination, which will cause act against the arc-plasma forces, which depress the
weld burn-through and prevent further use of the center of the pool and displace the metal to each side
electrode until its tip is reground. of the center of the arc discharge. Thus, surface-
tension forces, acting on the molten metal, work to
Arc Characteristics keep the pool intact. The magnitude of the arc cur-
Arce starting by contacting the electrode to the rent, travel speed, arc length and backing-groove
sheet is not recommended since it causes sufficient width determine the instantaneous temperature of
contamination of the electrode to make the arc un- the weld pool. When the combination of these fac-
stable at very low currents. A standard spark-gap tors is such that a higher than optimum metal tem-
oscillator was found to be satisfactory for starting perature is reached in the pool, the surface forces
purposes when used in conjunction with pointed elec- which hold the molten metal together at the seam
trodes. Since arc starting was difficult in helium, are reduced and the weld thins out excessively at its
argon was used for this purpose. A switch to helium center. The extreme of this condition results in sep-
after arc ignition can be made without arc interrup- aration of the main pool into two separate globules in
tion, although the initial part of the weld varies in which the surface-tension forces now act independ-
appearance until all the argon is purged from the sys- ently to oppose fusion of the two edges. This is what
tem. Starting is accomplished readily in the 75% appears to occur when the weld “‘burns through.”
helium—25% argon mixture when an electrode with a Unfortunately, no set of conditions for conventional
20-deg conical point is used. tungsten-arc welding practice will completely elimi-
If difficulty was noticed in arc starting with an nate the depression obtained in a plain butt joint;
electrode which had been performing satisfactorily, however, proper backing-groove width used in con-
it was usually found that a film had formed on the junction with welding parameters of appropriate
electrode tip. These electrodes could be used again magnitude will limit this effect.
after redressing. In all test work, the edges of the hold-down strips
The arcs can be ignited without burn-through on were maintained parallel to and directly above the
0.002-and 0.003-in. foil only if the edges of the sheet upper edges of the backing groove. In general,
are touching at the point of starting. With the backing-groove width must be decreased with de-
0.005-in. foil, a gap as great as 0.0015-in. could be creasing metal thickness. This is important for two
tolerated without burn-through. reasons:
Straight-polarity direct current was found to be 1. The amount of deflection of the edges is re-
most suitable for the welding of Type 302 stainless duced as they are heated.

WELDING JOURNAL | 1187

 2. The heat path from the molten weld metal to 100°F was maintained in the fixture so that any pos-
the heat sink, formed by the backing and hold-down sible effects due to temperature changes during the
strips, is shortened, and the unit rate of heat transfer test program would be eliminated.
by conduction is thereby increased.
Shielding Gases
A groove width of '/\_ in. was used to weld 0.005- Welding was done with shields of either helium or
and 0.003-in. foil. Welds also were made on the a 75% helium-25% argon mixture. Pure argon,
0.005-in. foil using a groove width of '/, in. While although necessary to start the arc when helium was
higher travel speeds were possible with the wider used as a shield, did not prove satisfactory for weld-
groove, the weld cross section was inferior to that ob- ing at currents much below 5 amp. Use of this gas
tained with the narrower groove. The '/\-in. at lower currents usually caused irregular welding
groove width was adopted as standard for this thick- action, as evidenced by intermittent sections where
ness. The use of intermediate groove width should little or no weld was made. Helium or the argon-
be considered for 0.005-in. foil if higher speeds are helium mixture worked very well. Welding speeds
necessary and high joint efficiency is not essential. with 100% helium were somewhat greater than those
A groove width of '/,. in. was used to weld 0.002- obtained with the argon-helium mixture. The metal-
in. foil. A narrower groove might be usable but it lurgical structure is affected by travel speed; con-
would require a smaller space between the hold-down ceivably, the travel speed may have to be limited to
strips and this might result in the fusing of the strips achieve a satisfactory structure.
to the sheet. The effect of arc characteristics, previously dis-
The depth of the groove did not appear to be crit- cussed, should be kept in mind when selecting a par-
ical and was maintained at '/, in. Flow of the ticular shielding medium. This is particularly true
backing gas was maintained at a rate just sufficient if an arc-voltage-controlled head is being considered
to prevent discoloration of the underside of the weld. for use.
Excessive flow rates displaced the molten metal and Welds can be made using dissimilar gases through
produced a concave surface on the underside of the the electrode holder and the backing groove. How-
weld. The attainment of uniform distribution of the ever, such a practice is potentially troublesome if a
backing gas might be a problem when long joints are considerable difference in arc characteristic exists
fabricated; it was not a problem in the laboratory. between the two gases. With the most common
Alignment of the backing-strip groove within shield gases, the magnitude of arc voltages, the arc-
t0.003 in. of either side of the electrode center pro- column configuration and the bead shape will vary
duced a satisfactory bead width on 0.002-in. foil. significantly when these gases are substituted in arcs
Alignment of the backing strip to the same tolerance in which current and arc length are held constant.
in a horizontal plane should be satisfactory. The The diffusion of the backing gas through the seam in-
backing strip on the laboratory jig did not run out to the arc column could be expected to cause these
more than 0.002 in. from horizontal in its total length. variations when dissimilar gases are used in the weld-
Welds made at 1.3 amp were not affected by this ing of foil.
runout. The flow of backing gas should not exceed the min-
The effect of preheating on welding performance imum value which will offer protection to the under-
was not determined, although provision for this was side of the weld. There is no indication that this gas
included in the fixture. A constant temperature of flow is necessary to support the weld pool. There
were several indications that excessive flow will
create sufficient pressure to displace the weld metal.
With this minimum flow of backing gas, little var-
iation in cooling effect will be noted with changes in
EGU IER -€ CCC CERO # its composition. Unless a particular application
Wine Ree CORR CCC CCR CEERR e shows the use of different gases to be necessary as
well as feasible, the same gas should be used for the
backing and for the arc shield.
0.003-in.-thick Type 302 stainless steel welded Filler-metal Addition
with 0.013-in. diam filler wire The depression inherent in plsin butt joints can be
relieved by the addition of a filler material to the
joint as it is welded. Previous investigators! have
made use of a flange on each edge to supply this addi-
tional metal to the joint. Although the method was
+8 4% : < iad Cia fat « r
not evaluated in this laboratory, the published data
indicate that it is suitable for straight seams in foil
equal to or greater than 0.005 in. in thickness.
Type 304 stainless-steel wire in 0.003, 0.007, 0.010
0.003-in. thick Type 302 stainless steel and 0.013-in. diam was successfully fed into joints on
welded with 0.007-in. diam filler wire all three foil thicknesses tested. Control of rein-
Fig. 5—Effect of filler-wire diameter on weld surface. X4.5 forcement as well as external appearance of the welds

1188 | DECEMBER 1959

were better with 0.007-in. diam wire than with 0.013- Control of travel speed was never a problem in this
in. diam wire. An example of the difference is shown investigation. Drive systems presently used in
in Fig. 5, a photograph of welds made with these two machine-welding operations should have no trouble
sizes of wire. in meeting the requirements for this process.
The mechanical strength of all joints was measured
Effect of Welding Variables on Joint Properties
with transverse tension tests to give a numerical indi-
Effect of Current, Arc Length and Travel Speed cation of any differences in weld section which were
In the welding of metals that are considerably not apparent by visual examination. Three tensile
heavier than foil, a reasonably wide range of currents specimens were prepared from each joint representing
and travel speeds may be used to achieve fusion. Ex- one combination of weld parameters. Specimens
perience obtained in foil welding during the initial were prepared according to the ASTM specification
stage of this investigation indicated that latitude in E8-54T for metallic material. The results of these
the choice of current and travel speed decreased tensile tests were evaluated statistically, and the
rapidly as metal thickness decreased below 0.005 in. average tensile strength and its standard deviation
To establish the effect of variation in current, travel for a 95% confidence level were determined for each
speed, and arc length on fusion, preliminary tests condition. Although the sample size was small, these
were.conducted and determination was made of a set significant facts were disclosed for plain butt joints:
of weld conditions for each metal thickness which 1. With each foil thickness, the highest tensile
appeared to be optimum on the basis of external strengths were shown by those specimens welded at a
appearance. Conditions then were determined current which was 25% below the current initially
which represented all combinations of a +25% var- considered to be the optimum from visual examina-
iation in current, travel speed and arc length from tion.
the optimum values. Welds were attempted in 2. Among the groups of specimens welded at these
0.002, 0.003 and 0.005-in. foil at these varied condi- lower currents, the highest tensile strengths were
tions as well as at the optimum values. Weld sam- shown by those specimens which also were welded at
ples were not prepared unless the resultant edge fit- the lowest travel speed. This behavior was noted
up appeared to be the best obtainable with the shear. for the three thicknesses which were tested.
Fusion was obtained with all combinations of the 3. The average joint efficiency was found to de-
25% variations of weld parameters in the tests on crease with decreasing foil thickness. ‘The standard
0.005 and 0.003-in.-thick foil, but it was not obtained deviation from this average joint efficiency increased
with approximately one-third of these parameter with decreasing metal thickness.
combinations for the 0.002-in. foil. Excessive travel 4. Noconsistent effect could be attributed to arc
speed or arc current was responsible for these failures. length variations between 0.015 and 0.025 in.
Although no additional work was conducted to de- The average tensile strengths of the three-foil
fine the limits of variations for material of 0.002-in. thicknesses welded at the lower currents are listed in
thickness, it is obvious that a 25% variation cannot Table 1. These strengths are an average of the spec-
be tolerated. At the current levels used for 0.002-in. imens welded at the three different travel speeds and
foil, the allowable arc-current variation is limited to three different arc lengths. The tensile values are
less than '/,amp. The laboratory model of the low- based on the nominal thickness of each foil. Joints
current power supply can meet this requirement with welded at these low currents, and also at a travel
ease. Whether other power supplies will do as well speed which was 25 % lower than the average, showed
is not known. a 5% increase in the values of tensile strength listed
There was no noticeable effect on the welds made in this table. The average tensile strength for this
at arc lengths between 0.015 and 0.025 in. Varia- alloy in the annealed wrought condition is usually re-
tions in arc length slightly greater than this would ported at 90,000 to 100,000 psi.
still probably have little effect at currents above The metallurgical structures of the samples welded
three amperes. Similar variations at lower currents at the two values of travel speed were examined to see
would have to be evaluated in practice, since the if an explanation was available for the differences in
effect of arc characteristics on arc power becomes tensile strength. Those welded at the higher travel
quite pronounced in this region. speed showed a structure composed of equiaxed

Table 1—Average Transverse Tensile Strength for Plain Butt Joints”

Standard deviation
Material Arc current, Average travel Backing groove Average tensile for 95% confidence
thickness, in. amp speed, ipm width, in. strength, psi interval, %
0.005 3.0 13 1/16 90 ,000 +8.5
0.003 1.3 15 ‘His 85 ,000 +21
0.002 1.5 28 '/ 39 67 ,300 +25

@ All samples were welded with a 0.020-in. arc length. Shielded-gas flow was 10 cfh, and a 75% He-25% Ar mixture was used. The same mix-
ture was used as an underbead shield. The average tensile strength usually reported for Type 302 stainless steel is in the range of 90,000 to 100,000
psi for the annealed wrought condition.

WELDING JOURNAL | 1189

 Experience would lead one to suspect edge prepara-
tion as the probable cause since its requirements be-
come extremely demanding with decreasing metal
thickness.
The high joint efficiency obtained in plain butt
joints in 0.005-in. foil indicates this to be the lowest
thickness of stainless foi! which can be butt welded
without the need for filler material or ultra-precision
edge preparation.
Effect of Filler Metal
While improvement in joint efficiency can be ex-
0.003-in. thick Type 302 stainiess steel welded pected with better edge preparation, the addition of
at 1.31 amp and a travel speed of 18.75 ipm metal as a filler has proved to be an effective method
for obtaining consistently high joint efficiencies with
Pr
Ye Lain - FP Me --Ord
rc Wx! Bot
be small deviations. Table 2 lists the average tensile
strengths and their deviation for the same three foil
ao ™ '
thicknesses when the joints were made by the -addi-
tion of metal from a 0.007-in. diam filler wire of Type
304 stainless steel.
Figures 7 and 8 include photographs, photomacro-
graphs and X-ray pictures of plain butt joints and
joints to which filler was added. These pictures
demonstrate the reasons for the uniformly high
strengths of joints made with filler-metal addition.
The uniformity of weld cross section is apparent in
-_-
both the radiograph and photomacrograph of each
0.003-in. thick Type 302 stainiess steel weided at joint. (A density reversal is present in the X-ray
1.31 amp and a travel speed of 11.25 ipm
because the radiograph was used as the negative in
Fig. 6—Effect of travel speed on weld microstructure. X1000 printing.) This improvement is not too apparent in
the photographs showing the external surface of the
grains having heavy grain boundaries composed of a weld, and visual examination of the surface should
second phase which formed a closed network. This not be used to assess the quality of these joints in
structure offered less resistance to tensile failure than welded foils.
did the samples welded at the lower speed. The
structure of the latter samples showed grains which Conclusions
were irregularly shaped. The second phase was 1. The fusion welding of plain butt joints in foil
present in the grain boundaries, but did not form a is feasible by the inert-gas-shielded tungsten-arc
continuous, closed network. Both structures are welding process.
shown in Fig. 6. 2. Successful welding is primarily dependent on
The differences in structure probably are due to the precise control of edge preparation and of the weld-
time and temperature effects on grain growth and ing-power input to the arc. The design of the hold-
grain orientation in this particular alloy. The cool- ing fixtures, the electrode configuration and the com-
ing rate of these low mass sections is inherently high. position of the arc shield also are important.
The effect of this rapid cooling on the properties of 3. Edge-preparation equipment, which is pres-
other alloys which might be welded would have to be ently available as a standard item, is suitable for
investigated. short seam lengths in the heaviest foil. Prep-
The joint efficiencies of these plain butt joints show aration of long seams in all foils would require that
reasonable average values, but the marked increase a precision edge-preparation device be built.
in deviation shown by the foil below 0.005 in. indi- 4. Precise control of arc current is required, and
cates an excessive inconsistency in some variable. current variation has a greater effect on welding than

Table 2—Average Tensile Strength of Joints with Filler-metal Addition®

Standard
deviation for
Material Arc current, Travel Filler wire Backing groove Average tensile 95% confidence
thickness, in. amp speed, ipm feed rate, ipm width, in. strength, psi interval, %
0.005 5 12.5 18 '/i6 117,600 #1.1
0.003 4 19 24 1 716
j 104 ,000 +6.8
0.002 4 21 20 '/ 32 103,800 +5.8

« All samples were welded with a 0.040-in. arc length. Shielding gas flow was 10 cfh and a 75% He-25% Ar mixture was used. The same mixture
was an underbead shield. Wire diameter was 0.007 in. in all samples.

1190 | DECEMBER 1959

whey NS Seay A TE ae oe RE e
 Metal
Plain butt joints thickness, in. Joints with filler-metal addition

0.005

rene as
Fig. 7—Photographs of weld samples and their X-rays for plain butt joints and joints with filler metal addition. X3

PARE Gi ee
Fig. 8—Photomacrographs showing weld cross section of plain butt joints and joints
with filler-metal addition. X50. (Reduced by upon repro juction)

a comparable variation in arc voltage. Excellent 7. The addition of a filler metal to a butt joint
control of both arc current and arc voltage can be will increase the strength of welds in all metal thick-
obtained when a power supply with a constant-cur- nesses to a value which approaches the average value
rent output is used to supply energy to an arc gap of of tensile strength for Type 302 stainless steel in the
fixed dimension. wrought annealed condition. This technique also
5. While the use of a motor-generator and drop- will lower the deviation of the strengths of individual
ping resistor is feasible, a machine with the charac- joints from the average joint strength and extend the
teristicsof the prototype precision-controlled low-cur- useful range of edge-preparation equipment which is
rent power supply is preferred because of its self-com- currently available.
pensation for thermal effects on power-supply output. 8. The automatic feeding of a fine-diameter wire
The latter power source is virtually noise-free in into the weld pool is a satisfactory method of making
operation; this factor is considered important to sus- the filler-metal addition.
tained operator efficiency in foil welding. Acknowledgment
6. The average transverse tensile strength of The author wishes to thank the various members
plain butt joints made in foil of Type 302 stain- of the Metallurgical Research Division for their con-
less steel decreased with decreasing metal thickness. tributions to this work. He is particularly indebted
The deviation of the strengths of individual joints to Frank Ferraioli for his capable efforts in the
from the average value increased with decreasing experimental welding investigation.
metal thickness. The decrease in average strength
is thought to be due, in part, to the increasing effect Reference
of non-optimum edge preparation as metal thickness 1. Collins, J. C., and Jenkins, S. P., ‘“Tungsten Arc Welding of 0.002-
and 0.005-In. Stainless Steel and Titanium,’ THE WELDING JOURNAL,
decreases. 37 (4), 342-347 (1958

WELDING JOURNAL | 1191

 sg

’ Practical Welder

and Designer

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7¥ 0908 , @@e0e0e06€e80@000606€¢060888086 The Wells-Lamont Corp., Chicago, IIl., is a leading
glove manufacturer with 9 plants from coast to coast.
Sometime ago, they invested in special equipment
that would mass-produce nonslip cloth covered with
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iJ : ; :
cylinder containing over 260 holes per square inch.
Because the cylinder was fabricated with a longi-
tudinal lap joint, it caused unsightly skips in the
Z ‘eoeeeeeeee4 protrusion pattern with every revolution. The prob-
, 7 ] r] , / ; / ; ; ; , lem, then, was to find a means of butt-welding the
Fig. 1—This Type 302 stainless-steel screen, worth $1200 a stainless cylinders without altering the shape, spacing
square yard, had to be welded without altering the 0.043- or continuity of the 0.043-in. diam holes.
in. diam holes, 260 of which are contained in each square The search ended with Airline Welding and
inch
Engineering Co. of Hawthorne, Calif., a Los Angeles
suburb. This company specialized in the welding of
thin-gage metals. Their specially designed equip-
ment, utilizing the inert-gas tungsten-arc welding
process, permits them to butt-weld screen or per-
forated metal into flat sheet, cylinders, cones or other
shapes with no distortion.
Solving the Problem
Test samples were first made to determine the
amount of weld shrinkage. The shrinkage was then
compensated for when the edges of the sheet were
sheared.
A combination of special mandrels, longitudinal
positioners and two parallel banks of steel “‘fingers’’
with continuous copper gripper platens was re-
quired to position and clamp the parts precisely to
Fig. 2—This inert-gas tungsten-arc torch, mounted on a G. D. CRAWFORD is Welding Foreman, Airline Welding and Engineer
side-beam carriage is ready to weld the 0.015-in. thick ing Co., Hawthorne, Calif., and A. H. BUTLER, JR., is a Welding Sales
Stainless steel cylinder Engineer, Linde Co., Los Angeles, Calif.

11922 | DECEMBER 1959

the mandrel backing bar. The bar itself was specially
grooved to exactly fit the weld contour and prevent
nagging of the weld. It was also pierced with holes
to permit argon backing. Argon, 99.995% pure,
surrounded the weld area to prevent atmospheric
contamination.
A precision side-beam carriage, used to support
the inert-gas tungsten-arc torch, assured 0.005-in.
arc length accuracy. Welds were made at a speed of
14 ipm, using a current of 150 amp, 9 v, DCSP and a
0.040-in. tungsten electrode tapered to a 0.015-in.
point.
With this special equipment, stainless steel, alu-
minum, titanium and other pierced or unpierced
metals, from 0.003 to 0.500 in. thick, can be welded
without any inclusions, cracks or laminations. The
same torch is used for the entire range of thickness
with the same quality results.
Successful welds were due to a combination of the aa SS sna”
accurate positioning, precision side-beam carriage,
and smooth, automatic travel of the tungsten-arc Fig. 3—The cylinder has been successfully welded. The
torch. Weld width was held to a tolerance of amount of weld shrinkage on the connecting ‘‘necks”
0.010 in. and weld thickness to + 0.002 in. between the holes was determined by special tests. This
amount of shrinkage was then compensated for when the
There was no margin for error on this job—a 42-in. sheet was sheared—each half of the necks was made enough
square piece of the Type 302 stainless cost $1600. longer so that they would be the same size after shrinkage

Redesign of Turbine-Rotor Assembly for

Brazing Cuts Costs 80%

When a stainless-steel turbine-rotor assembly was The 38 separate pieces that make up the redesign
redesigned to utilize furnace brazing, processing are simultaneously brazed using a BNiCr alloy in a
costs, including labor and materials, were cut a pure dry-hydrogen furnace at 2150° F. Proper
startling 80%. control of the brazing cycle prevents distortion and
The part was originally produced as a machined holds critical dimensions well within tolerance limits
Type 347 stainless-steel forging. This method was established for this turbine-rotor application.
costly, expecially since extensive and careful machin- This design eliminates the need for elaborate
ing was required to produce the precisely contoured brazing fixtures to hold the details together properly
blade segments. Machining from the solid, however, during brazing. A simple machined ring-type
was considered the only process that could meet the fixture is used to support the blades during furnace
critical dimensional requirements of the rotor. processing.
The rotor was redesigned as a brazed assembly of
Type 347 stainless-steel details (see Fig. 1). The
rotor hub is produced by brazing together a pre-
machined stainless-steel ring and disk. The ring is
provided with airfoil-shaped slots to accept the
blade-root forgings. The forged blades are finish
machined to specifications prior to brazing.
Separate production of the blade segments sub-
stantially reduces scrap costs; improper machining
of a blade in the brazed design, for example, means
scrapping only the blade forging—in the machined-
from-the-solid design, on the other hand, improper
blade machining means scrapping the entire rotor
Turbine-rotor assembly redesigned for brazing consists of
forging. 35 forged blades, ring and disk, all fabricated of Type 347
Based on a story by the Wall Colmonoy Corp., Detroit, Mich. stainless steel

WELDING JOURNAL | 1193

Number and Scope of Technical Papers
Point to Unusual Program at

4ist Annual Meeting in Los Angeles

The AMERICAN WELDING So- In addition, the ASME-sponsored However, other groups represented
CIETY will present a total of 57 sessions will cover one session on are private, public, governmental
technical papers in 19 sessions at welding and fabrication of Ni-Cr-Fe agencies as well as university re-
the 4ist Annual Meeting to be alloys, two sessions on fracture search staffs. One of the authors
held in the Biltmore Hotel, Los mechanics and one on nonmetallic invited is from Japan.
Angeles, Calif., next April 25th structural materials. From April 26th to 28th the
to 29th. Four additional sessions The technical sessions will get Welding Exposition will be staged
will be sponsored by the Metals under way on Monday afternoon, at the Great Western Exhibit
Engineering Division of the Ameri- April 25th, at the Biltmore Hotel. Center.
can Society of Mechanical Engineers, Following this, on Tuesday, Wed- The latest equipment for welding,
making a grand total of 69 papers nesday and Thursday, both morning as well as filler materials, acces-
and 23 sessions——one of the largest and afternoon sessions will be fea- sories and supplies, will be shown
technical offerings to be made by tured, with only morning sessions and demonstrated.
the Society in years. being scheduled on Friday. The tentative program of the
The Technical Papers Committee Many of the papers originate various technical-papers sessions
was faced with a huge task this year with fabricators, shipyards and sim- will be published in the January
in coping with the selection of ilar manufacturing organizations. 1960 issue of theWELDING JOURNAL.
papers from the numerous abstracts
which were offered. The high cali-
ber of the papers proposed for
presentation added to their prob-
lem. AWS DIRECTORS-AT-LARGE
The unusual quality of the Los
Angeles program is assured not Term Expires ]960 1961 1962
only by the high technical pro- J. F. Deffenbaugh A.A Holzbaur Jay Bland
ficiency of the accepted material A. E. Pearson D.B Howard F. G. Singleton
but also by the wide scope of the C. M. Styer C.E Jackson C. B. Smith
subjects treated. Notably, a num- JR Stitt
JL York
ber of papers will be related to ;
the aircraft industry and to rock-
etry applications, although the range AWS DISTRICT DIRECTORS
of investigations runs from such
topics as micro-wire welding to District No. leNew England G. W. Kirkley District No. 6eCentral
record-size all-welded girders, and District No. 2eMiddie Eastern E. E. Goehringer District No. 7eWest Central
from research to practical fabrica- District No. 8eMidwest
tion methods. Other subjects fea- District No, 3eNorth Central J. W. Kehoe District No. 9eSouthwest
tured will include heat-effects on District No. 4eSoutheast E. C. Miller District No. 10eWestern . McGinley
steel weldments, resistance welding, District No. 5eEast Central H. E. Schultz District No. 1leNorthwest . Robinson
structures, aluminum alloys, fabrica-
tion procedures, weldments, weld-
ability of steels, surfacing, high AWS PAST PRESIDENT DIRECTORS
alloys, oxygen cutting, gas-shielded
welding, ductility of steels, brazing, J. J. Chyle G. 0. Hoglund C. P. Sander
columbium, titanium and _ zirco-
nium, pipe lines and processes.

1199 | DECEMBER 1959

 ‘Thomas. ‘They are, John H. Blank-
enbuehler, A. F. Chouinard and
Clarence E. Jackson. For direc-
tors-at-large, 1960-63 term, the com-
mittee has submitted the names of
Roy B. McCauley, John Mikulak,
Ernest F. Nippes and Robert D.
Stout. In addition, the District
Nominating Committees, composed
of representatives of each of the
Society’s eleven districts, have
selected four men to serve as dis-
trict directors for the 1960-63 term.
They are George W. Kirkley, Dis-
trict No. 1; James M. Shilstone,
District No. 4; Lester L. Baugh,
District No. 7; D. P. O’Connor,
District No. 10.

Nominated for President

R. David Thomas, Jr.

Born in Oakmont, Allegheny
County, Pa., Mr. Thomas received
his B.S. degree in Chemistry in 1937
from Cornell University. His mas-
ter’s degree, also from Cornell, was
conferred shortly thereafter, largely
on the basis of his thesis, ‘‘Reactions
in Electric Arc Welding.”
In 1937 Mr. Thomas was ap-
pointed director of research and
engineering at the Arcos Corp. in
Philadelphia. A vice-president in
1945, an executive vice-president
in 1955, he was named president of
Arcos in 1956.
Vice-president of AWS for the
current term and a past chairman of
R. D. THOMAS, JR. the Philadelphia Section, Mr.
Thomas has been especially active
on technical committees. He- is
chairman of the High Alloys Filler
Metal Subcommittee, a member of
the Subcommittees for Low Alloy
Electrodes and Nickel Alloy Elec-
trodes, and a former member of the
Subcommittee for Copper Alloy
Electrodes. He was __ secretary
National Officers for 1960-1961 1946-50) of the Joint Navy-NEMA
Committee charged with the de-
velopment of low hydrogen-ferritic
Nominated by AWS electrodes. With the Welding Re-
search Council, Mr. Thomas was
secretary (1948-51) of the High
Alloys Committee. Also, he was a
member of the Subcommittee on
Twelve members of the AMERICAN The national committee entrusted Corrosion and on Welding of Stain-
WELDING Society have been nomi- with this important assignment is less Steels. He is a member of the
nated to serve as national officers composed of a chairman, three AEC Advisory Committee for proj-
for the 1960-61 term. The National members-at-large and eleven dis- ect on welding Type 347 steels. He
Nominating Committee, after care- trict representatives, chosen to re- was an advisor to the National Re-
ful deliberation, has submitted an flect fully the wishes of all geo- search Council Committee on Weld-
imposing list of candidates for the graphic and industry groups of ing during World War II and, in
approval of the members. In ac- members. 1952, served as a member of an
cordance with National Bylaw re- At the head of the list of nominees informal committee formed by the
quirements, the ballots will be for the next fiscal year is R. David National Academy of Sciences to re-
mailed on or before Dec. 26, 1959, Thomas, Jr., of Arcos Corp. He port on opportunities of nickel con-
and must be returned by Jan. 26, has been nominated for the presi- servation in alloy-welding applica-
1960, in order to be counted as dency. Three Vice-Presidents have tions. Industry coordinator, Elec-
valid. been nominated to serve with Mr. trode Group for the Ordinance Ad-

WELDING JOURNAL | 1195

visory Committee for the Welding AMERICAN WELDING Society. Dur- In addition to the AWS, Mr.
of Armor, he also holds membership ing that time he was a member of Chouinard is a member of the IAA,
in two specification and research the Executive Committee of the AISE, ASM and is a registered
groups. National Board of Directors and has professional engineer in the state of
Mr. Thomas has taught various been active on the Sections Advisory Illinois. He is also a member of the
courses at Temple University and Committee composed of the district Chicago Engineers Club.
Drexel Institute of Technology. directors. He has also served on the
He was instrumental in establishing National Membership and Publicity
courses in welding at Drexel in Committees. Clarence E. Jackson
1952. Clarence E. Jackson was born in
A recipient of the 1958 Samuel Graceville, Minn. He graduated
Wylie Miller Memorial Medal, he A. F. Chouinard from Carleton College with honors
has delivered papers at local and na- Graduated from Purdue Univer- in physics in 1927, and engaged in
tional AWS meetings, as well as in sity in 1931 with a B.S. degree in graduate work at George Washing-
Switzerland and Belgium. electrical engineering, Mr. Chouin- ton University. Upon completing
ard has spent all of his professional his studies, he joined the National
life in the engineering field. Bureau of Standards.
Nominees for Three He has worked in an engineering Mr. Jackson was associated with
Vice-Presidents capacity for the Chicago Surface the foliowing branches of the govern-
Lines, the Champion Chemical Co. ment: Metallurgy Division, Natl.
John H. Blankenbuehler and Stewart-Warner Corp, Bureau of Stds. (1930-36); U. S.
Since 1939 he has been employed Naval Gun Factory, Metallurgy
John H. Blankenbuehler was born by National Cylinder Gas Co. and Testing Division (1936-37);
in Elizabeth, Pa., and graduated During this time, Mr. Chouinard and Naval Research Laboratory
from Lehigh University with a has designed many types of welding (1937-46). In 1946 he accepted a
degree of Electrical Engineer. He and cutting equipment and ma- position as head of Welding Section,
then worked at the Westinghouse chines, and has some 20 patents Metals Research Laboratories of
Electric Corp. in Pittsburgh for 23 issued in hisname. For the past 14 Electrometallurgical Corp., and in
years, starting as a design engineer, years he has been manager of the 1956 was made manager of their
and was manager of Welding Appa- Research and Development Depart- Welding Group.
ratus Engineering in charge of all ment of NCG. He has just recently In 1957 Mr. Jackson was trans-
engineering on motor-generator been appointed director of research ferred to the Development Labora-
sets, transformer welders, automatic and development for the NCG tory of the Linde Co., at Newark,
welding equipment and welding Division, and his department is now N. J. He is now associate manager
accessories at the time he left responsible for the development and of Electric Welding Development.
Westinghouse in 1946. Since then application of all of the company’s Mr. Jackson’s AWS activities
he has worked for Hobart Brothers products and processes. include: director for District No. 3
Co. in Troy, Ohio, as design engi- Mr. Chouinard has been active in (1953-56); past chairman of the
neer. the AWS in both local and national Washington, D. C., and Niagara
While at Westinghouse he secured activities. He is a past chairman Frontier Sections; and, presently,
30 patents on welding apparatus. of the Chicago Section and is cur- chairman of the Educational Activ-
He is a member of the honorary rently a national vice president. ities Committee. He was also a
engineering society Tau Beta Pi In 1957, Mr. Chouinard was ap- representative on Mission 250 of the
and the honorary military society pointed chairman of the Section Organization of European Economic
Scabbard and Blade. He is also a Advisory Committee. He isa mem- Cooperation in 1955, in Europe, un-
fellow in the American Institute ber of the Executive and Finance der the sponsorship of the Welding
of Electrical Engineers and has been Committee, and is chairman of the Research Council and the Ship
a director of the Dayton Section of Districts Council. Structures Committee. He has been
the American Institute of Electrical He has presented many technical active on a number of committees
Engineers. He is a member of the talks to AWS sections throughout of the Welding Research Council,
AIEE Committee on Electric Weld- the country. These talks include particularly those which pertain to
ing. discussions on oxygen cutting, metal- weldability and interpretive reports.
He is a member of the American lurgical aspects of flame hardening, Mr. Jackson has presented numerous
Ordnance Association, American specialized cutting applications, talks before various sections, and
Society for Metals, the Ohio Society foundry applications of many oxya- has authored more than 20 papers
of Professional Engineers, and is cetylene processes,etc. Mr.Chouin- on welding and metallurgy.
registered professional engineer in ard has also written several tech- Mr. Jackson was given the Distin-
Pennsylvania and Ohio. nical articles which have appeared quished Civilian Service Award in
A director-at-large of AWS, in different trade journals. 1945 by the Secretary of the Navy.
he is also a member of the Troy He was chairman of the commit- He also received the Samuel Wylie
Rotary Club. During World War tee that prepared Chapter 4 (Gas Miller Memorial Medal in 1956
II he received a Certificate of Com- Welding Equipment and Materials), and delivered the Adams Memorial
mendation from the United States for the Third Edition of the WELD- lecture in April 1959.
Navy for electrical design work done ING HANDBOOK, published in 1948,
for the Navy. He has presented and also was a member of commit-
a number of papers before various tees preparing other chapters for Nominated for
sections of the AIEE and AWS. this edition. Mr. Chouinard was Director-at-large
He has been chairman and secretary chairman of the committee that
of the Dayton Section of the AMER- prepared Chapter 23 (Gas Welding 1960-63
ICAN WELDING Society, and since Equipment and Materials) for the
1952 has been district director of Fourth Edition of the WELDING Roy Barnard McCauley
District 4 and then District 5 of the HANDBOOK. With a B.A. degree from Cornell

1196 | DECEMBER 1959

College in 1940 and an M.S. from Associates, Inc., manufacturers of to both local and national meetings
Illinois Institute of Technology in metallurgical and welding equip- of the Society. He has also pre-
1943, Prof. Roy McCauley has ment and instrumentation. sented papers before the American
developed wide experience in in- His society memberships include Society for Metals, the American
dustry, research and education. Sigma Xi, Tau Beta Pi, Phi Lambda Foundrymen’s Society, the Ameri-
From 1940 to 1950, he rose from Upsilon, American Society for can Society of Mechanical Engineers
assistant in metallurgy to assistant Metals, and American Institute of and the American Institute of
professor, Met. Engrg., Illinois In- Mining and Metallurgical Engi- Electrical Engineers.
stitute of Technology. Starting at neers. He is a past chairman of
Ohio State University in 1950, he the Eastern New York Chapter of
became associate professor and the ASM, and a past chairman of Nominated for
chairman, Welding Engineering the Northern New York Section of Director-at-large
Dept., which position he now holds. the AWS. He is actively engaged 1960-63
After joining the Columbia Tool in welding research and is a member
Steel Co. from 1938 to 1939, he of several technical committees of Robert D. Stout
became actively engaged with the the Welding Research Council. Dr.
McCauley Alloy Co., Chicago, IIl., Nippes, the author or coauthor of A graduate of Pennsylvania State
of which he is now vice president. more than 55 articles on welding, University in 1935, Dr. R. D. Stout
He is a registered professional engi- was the 1956 winner of the $2000 received his Master’s degree in 1941
neer, State of Illinois, a_ licensed Teaching Award sponsored by ASM, and his Ph.D. in 1945, both from
radioisotope radiographer and presented the AWS Adams Lecture Lehigh University. He joined the
health officer of the Atomic Energy in 1958 and received the Samuel Lehigh engineering faculty in 1939
Commission. Wylie Miller Memorial Medal after serving as metallurgist at the
During the last 15 years, Prof. for 1959. Carpenter Steel Co., Reading, Pa.
McCauley has published a number He is married and has two chil- Noted in the field of welding, in
of papers on welding-engineering dren. Residing in Troy, N. Y., he 1943 he was awarded the Lincoln
education, welding metallurgy, cast- is active in the Lutheran Church. Gold Medal for ‘conspicuous ad-
ing metallurgy, industrial radiog- vancement of the science of weld-
raphy and has specialized in the ing” and in 1952 he was presented
development of phosphide alloys. the $2000 award from the American
He is a contributor to the handbooks Nominated for Society of Metals for “‘outstanding
of ASM, SNT, STE and the Lin- Director-at-large contributions to the teaching of
coln Electric Co. 1960-63 metallurgical engineering.’”’ In 1956
A member of Cornell Men’s he was given the meritorious service
Senate Key, Sigma Xi, Tau Beta award of the AMERICAN WELDING
John Mikulak
Pi, Phi Lambda Upsilon, Pi Tau Sociery.
Sigma, Sigma Gamma _ Epsilon, After graduation from the Uni- In the summer of 1955, Dr. Stout
American Society for Engineering versity of Minnesota, John Mikulak was an Official representative at the
Education, he is also listed in started employment with the Elec- International Institute of Welding
*“Who’s Who in the Midwest,” tric Manufacturing Co. at Minneap- Conference at Zurich, Switzerland,
“Who Knows-and-What,” ‘‘Who’s olis, Minn., in the mechanical design and was named to the commission
Who in American Education.” department. He then became as- to study metal behavior under weld-
Married, with four children, he is sistant to the mechanical engineer ing.
active in church and local affairs. and in 1938 was placed in charge of At present, head of the depart-
welding operations. In 1943 this ment of metallurgical engineering
company became a subsidiary of at Lehigh, he is also chairman of
Nominated for Worthington Corp. the University Research Committee
Director-at-large From 1945 to 1951, Mr. Mikulak of the Welding Research Council
was employed by the American Car and member of the Welding Journal
1960-63 Committee and Technical Papers
and Foundry Co. with the title of
chief engineer of Welded Products Committee of the AWS. He is a
Ernest F. Nippes Division and later as senior re- member of Sigma Xi and Tau Beta
Born in New York City, Dr. search engineer. He rejoined Wor- Pi, and this year was given the
Nippes attended Rensselaer Poly- thington Corp. in 1951 as assistant David Ford MacFarland Award
technic Institute from which he to the vice-president in charge of of the Penn State Chapter of the
graduated in 1938 with a B.S. de- manufacturing, the position he now ASM.
gree. He continued there to earn holds. In his present capacity he
his master’s degree in 1940 and his is responsible for handling welding
Ph.D. in 1942. and fabricating problems. In ad- Nominated for
He stayed with that institution dition, as a consultant for the com- District Director
and is at present professor of metal- pany’s manufacturing problems, he 1960-63
lurgical engineering and also direc- supervises Worthington’s manufac-
tor of welding research. A licensed turing laboratory. George W. Kirkley
professional engineer in the State of A professional engineer in the
New York, he has maintained an state of New Jersey, Mr. Mikulak District 1, New England
active consulting practice and is has been chairman of the North- A graduate of Virginia Polytech-
at present with the Adirondack west and New York Sections of the nic Institute, Mr. Kirkley was em-
Steel Casting Co., Watervliet, N. Y.; AMERICAN WELDING SOCIETY, in ployedby M. W. Kellogg Co. as a
Aeroprojects, Inc., West Chester, addition to serving on many AWS welding specialist. One of his as-
Pa.; and the Oak Ridge National local and national committees. He signments, in 1952, was the in-
Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn. He has contributed to the AWS Hand- troduction of industrial radiog-
is also secretary-treasurer of Duffers book and has presented papers raphy to the country of Israel.

WELDING JOURNAL | 1197

Mr. Kirkley used isotopes from of his time in the past few years to Nominated for
the British Atomic Energy installa- bring welding before the public District Director
tion in Harwell, England, for this through addresses to technical and
1960-63
purpose. In this same capacity nontechnical groups. He success-
he conducted courses for Israeli fully campaigned for a uniform
engineers and technicians in the operator qualification in the south-
David P. O’Connor
welding and nondestructive inspec- east area. He proposed and devel-
tion of high-pressure high-tempera- oped a high-school science-project District 10, Western
ture piping systems. Mr. Kirkley contest on subjects pertaining to David P. O’Connor was born in
joined his present employer, the welding, which has encouraged sim- New York City in 1906 and later
Electric Boat Division of the Gen- ilar programs in other AWS sec- moved to Los Angeles where he at-
eral Dynamics Corp., at Groton, tions. tended school, taking a vocational
Conn., in 1953. At that time he A member of the American So- course in the metal trades. After
developed the procedures for the ciety for Metals, the Society for graduation from high school, he ap-
welding of the reactor piping for the Nondestructive Testing and the prenticed as an art metal worker for
Nautilus, the first nuclear-powered National Association of Corrosion a year and then served in the U. S.
submarine. At present he is both Engineers, he is also active in civic, Navy as an aviation metalsmith for
welding consultant to Electric Boat’s social and service clubs. four years. After leaving the Navy,
design department and _ nuclear he worked as an acetylene and elec-
projects and welding engineer for tric welder in fabricating shops and
Electric Boat’s research and devel- in the field.
opment department. He has been employed by the
A member of the Atomic Energy City of Los Angeles, Department of
Commission’s welding committee, Nominated for Water and Power, since 1930 start-
Mr. Kirkley is also a member of the District Director ing as a combination welder, taking
AWS Subcommittee on Nuclear 1960-63 time out during World War II to
Power Piping. In addition to being serve in the 301st Naval Construc-
a lecturer of the Atomic Institute, Lester L. Baugh tion Battalion as a chief shipfitter.
Mr. Kirkley has spoken to various Upon his return in 1946 from the
AWS sectional audiences. He is District 7, West Central
armed forces, he became a welder
a former chairman of the Hartford Mr. Baugh became associated foreman and then a senior machin-
Section and is currently Director, with Allis Chalmers Manufacturing ist foreman in 1953. He has been
District 1, New England. He has Co., Springfield Works, in 1936 as a in charge of the mechanical repairs
served actively to bring about the welder. The next year, 1937, he to hydro- and steam-electric tur-
recent New England Regional Weld- was promoted to welding foreman bines and equipment of over 1'/;
ing Conference. and held this position until 1944 million kilowatts in the power sys-
at which time he became general tem which included eleven of the
foreman in charge of the welding large turbines at Hoover Power
processes at the Springfield Plant. Plant. He was recently made the
Nominated for
In 1948, after four years as general Power General Shops foreman at
District Director foreman, he became the Welding the plant.
1960-63 Process Engineer and is presently He served two years as member-
serving in this capacity. ship chairman in the local section
James M. Shilstone He graduated from the Lincoln of the Society and has held the elec-
District 4, Southeast Electric School of Welding, and tive offices of secretary-treasurer,
attended the John Huntington Un- vice chairman and chairman. He
Born in New Orleans, Mr. Shil- iversity. He has completed an is now a member of the National
stone began his high-schooling at extension course from the Univer- Nominating Committee and is serv-
Lake Placid, N. Y., and finished at sity of Illinois in welding engi- ing the Los Angeles Section as hos-
Georgia Military Academy. In neering. pitality chairman for the 1960
1945 he graduated from the United Mr. Baugh is a member of the nationai meeting in Los Angeles.
States Military Academy at West Sangamon Valley Section which he
Point, N. Y., with a B.S. degree. helped promote and organize in
After 5 years of service with the U. S. 1952, and served as this section’s District Representatives
Army in World War II, he returned first secretary. He is now a past Selected for the National
to join the Shilstone Testing Labora- chairman of this section, and is
tory for a short time. The Korean Nominating Committee
presently serving his fourth term
conflict saw him back in action for as secretary. Eleven nominees to serve the
21 months during which time he Mr. Baugh was instrumental in 1960-61 term as district represen-
earned two commendations. promoting and planning the first tatives on the National Nominating
Since 1952 he has been a partner welding show to be held in this Committee have been selected.
of the Shilstone Testing Laboratory. section. This welding show is now Their names and addresses are
From this focal point he has ex- in its sixth year of operation. listed as follows:
tended his activities into the field In 1957, Mr. Baugh was elected
of welding which has become a representative from District Num- District
major interest. In 1955, Mr. Shil- ber 7 to the National Nominating No. Nominee
stone moved to Baton Rouge where Committee, and attended the meet- 1 Helmut Thielsch, Grinnell
he was instrumental in founding the ing in Philadelphia. He was elected Co., Providence, R. I.
Baton Rouge Section of the SociEry. again to the same office in 1958, and 2 S. T. Walter, Air Reduc-
Deeply interested in the promo- has attended and participated in all tion Sales Co., 150 E.
tional aspects of welding as an art of the meetings of this committee. 42nd St., N. Y.17,N. Y.
and a science, he has devoted much He is the present District Director. (To be announced later

1198 | DECEMBER 1959

 G. M. Slaughter, Oak
Ridge National Labora- |Midwest Welding Conference To Be
tory, P. O. Box X, Oak Held in February
Ridge, Tenn.
E. T. Scott, Cleveland Welding and brazing applications Dynamics Corp., Groton, Conn., |
School of Welding, Inc., to the missile and aircraft industries and “Welding and Brazing of Nu-
2261 E 14th St., Cleve- will be among major topics to be clear Fuel Elements,’ by Stanley
land 15, Ohio. discussed at the Sixth Annual Mid- Donelson, supervisor, process en-
R. H. Hoefler, Kaighin & west Welding Conference to be held gineering, M & C Nuclear, Inc.,
Hughes, Inc., P. O. Box at the Illinois Institute of Tech- Attleboro, Mass.
952, Toledo, Ohio nology Feb. 3 and 4, 1960. Six other papers scheduled to be
L. C. Monroe, Publisher, The conference, designed to pro- presented at the two-day conference
Welders Digest, P. O. vide a forum for discussion of pro- and their authors are:
Box 142, LaPorte,Md. gress in the field by researchers and ‘Latest in Nondestructive Test-
James Warn, Havens users of the welding processes, is ing of Weldments,’”’ by Warren J.
Structural Steel Co., sponsored each year by Armour McGonnagle, group leader, non-
1713 Crystal Ave., Kan- Research Foundation of Illinois In- destructive testing, Argonne Na-
sas City, Mo. stitute of Technology and _ the tional Laboratory, Lemont, IIL;
Marvin Barnes, Black, Si- Chicago section of the AMERICAN ‘Resistance Welding in the Auto-
valls and Bryson, Okla- WELDING SOCIETY. motive Industry,’”’ by Jack Ogden,
homa City, Okla. Three papers covering uses of senior engineer, Fisher Body Di-
Franklin Drahos, Byron welding in aircraft and missile pro- vision of General Motors Corp.,
Jackson Div., Borge- duction will be presented at the Detroit; “‘Precise Control of Spot
Warner Co., P. O. Box opening session. They are: ‘“‘Weld- Welding Using Feedback of Weld
2017, Terminal Annex, ing of Ultra-High-Strength Steels Zone Resistance,’ by G. R. Archer, |
Los Angeles 54, Calif. for Missile Applications,”” by chief engineer, electronic controls|
Eric Kinnard, 2936 36 Thomas H. Burns, chief of the section, The Budd Co., Philadel- |
Ave. So., Seattle 44, metallurgy section, rocket engineer- phia.
Wash. ing department, of Thiokol Chem- “Fundamentals of Inert-Gas|
= ical Corp., Huntsville, Ala.; ‘‘Weld- Welding,” by G. R. Rothschild,
Final election results will be ing of Refractory Metals,”’ by Allen assistant director of metallurgical
published in the May 1960 issue of F. Busto, technical administrator, research, Air Reduction Co., Inc.,
the WELDING JOURNAL. Elected Fansteel Metallurgical Corp., North Murray Hill, N. J.; ‘‘Recent Ad-
nominees will take office officially on Chicago, Ill., and ‘Welding and vances in the Welding of Stainless|
June 1, 1960. Brazing on the B-70 Bomber,” by Steel,’ by Robert D. Wylie, assist- |
J. Melill, supervisor of brazing, ant manager, quality control, Bab-
North American Aviation, Inc., cock & Wilcox Co., Barberton, O.,|
Los Angeles. and ‘‘Pipeline Welding,” by Robert|
One session devoted to discussions S. Ryan, supervisory engineer, Co-
Welcome of welding applications to the nu- lumbia Gas System Service, Co-
|clear-reactor industry will include lumbus, O.
e Supporting Company papers on “Welding on the Enrico The meeting will be held in the
Effective September 1, 1959: Fermi Reactor,” by William O. Illinois Tech Chemistry Building,
Wright, Louis Kovac and Bela 3255 S. Dearborn St.
Miller Electric Mfg. Co., Inc. |Ronay, Atomic Power Develop- Inquiries concerning the confer- |
718 S. Bounds St. ment Associates, Detroit; ‘“Welded ence should be sent to Harry
Appleton, Wis. Construction for Submarines,”’ by Schwartzbart, supervisor of welding
E. H. Franks, chief welding engi- research, Armour Research Foun-
Effective Oct. 1, 1959: |neer, Electric Boat division, General dation, 10 W. 35th St., Chicago 16.
FWD Corp.
105 E. Twelfth St.
Clintonville, Wis.

Society for Nondestructive Testing

Chooses Leader

Donald T. O’Connor was officially

installed as President of The So-
“ACRO WELDER MEG. CO.

ciety for Nondestructive Testing at MILWAUKEE

the National Convention held in
Chicago the week of Nov. 2, 1959. WELDING MACHINERY —
Mr. O’Connor has an extensive
background in the field of radiation ENGINEERS BUILDERS
physics and is the author of numer-
ous papers on applied X-rays. He ESTABLISHED 18936
is an active member of committees
of the ASTM and the ASA. He
was the first recipient of the SNT
Coolidge Award for original work
in the field of X-ray engineering. For details, circle No. 10 on Reader Information Card

WELDING JOURNAL | 1199

 KEEPING YOU POSTED

by Fred L. Plummer

@ Past-president Lee Delhi called Chairman E. E. Goehringer (Chair- noon interview of President Mac-
your Secretary in New York just man C. E. Jackson was delayed in Guffie and your Secretary, a half-
prior to his departure for the AWS Europe) and Staff Member A. L. hour Wednesday evening television
National Fall Meeting held in Phillips directing the fine discus- program with President MacGuffie,
Detroit, September 28th to October sions; the all-day meeting of the Professor Roy McCauley and Ray
2nd and reported in the last issue of Missiles and Rockets Welded Fabri- Stitt as the featured performers, and
the JouRNAL. Mr. Delhi is now cation Committee attended by 53 shorter interviews of Past-president
located in Buffalo in charge of the members with Chairman D. B. J. J. Chyle and others.
reorganization of a fabricating firm. Howard, Vice-chairman F. H. e@ At the conclusion of this meeting
@At the successful meeting in Stevenson and Secretary B. Gates; your Secretary, and Convention
Detroit President C. I. MacGuffie and a special committee on section Manager Frank Mooney flew to Los
joined Convention Chairman Ed contests for high school students Angeles (where the Dodgers were
Dato and Staff Members at a headed by J. N. Shilstone and re- winning the crucial series games) to
Sunday luncheon meeting of the porting to the Publications and meet on October 5th with conven-
Detroit Section members who han- Promotion Council. tion bureau, exposition hall, deco-
dled local arrangements so effec- @On Thursday and Friday the rating contractor, city and power
tively. These included Section Pressure Vessel Research Commit- company officials to complete ar-
Chairman R. B. Wilcoxson, General tee of WRC held meetings of its rangements for the Apr. 25-29,
Chairman A. E. Lindsey, J. E. three divisions (materials, design, 1960 Annual Meeting and Welding
Rainey (Banquet), C. R. Hilde- fabrication), several committees, Exposition.
brand (Hospitality), K. Sheren (La- and a joint meeting of the Executive @ Following conferences with hotel
dies’ Entertainment), R. B. Chat- and Main Committee with WRC representatives (Biltmore will be
terton (Meetings), C. Schamanek Directors Bill Spraragen and Ken headquarters) the next morning,
(Tours), R. P. Wolgast (Publicity), Koopman, PVRC Chairman Tom Arrangements Chairman C. P. San-
L. R. Broniak (Signs) and W. A. Armstrong and Division Chairman der called a meeting of the chairmen
Jones (Technical). Irv Boberg, Ed Wenk and N. G. of local committees including Sec-
@ President MacGuffie and Mr. Schreiner in charge. tion Chairman R. C. Hayes and
Dato presided at the opening session e Your Board of Directors met on Secretary Dave Elmer, F. A. Mc-
as Mr. Will Scott of Ford Motor Thursday with President MacGuffie Ginley (Banquet), E. O. Williams,
Co. presented an excellent dis- presiding, and acted on a number of E. A. McCorkle (Reception), D. P.
cussion of “Economy Cars—The important items including the fol- O’Connor (Hospitality), J. B. Ross
New Segment,” following a welcome lowing: approved several committee (Ladies’ Entertainment), R. J. Frick
address by President MacGuffie. appointments including J. F. Ryan (Meetings), A. M. Thompson
After this session President Mac- as Vice-chairman of the Exposition (Tours), L. M. West (Publicity),
Guffie, Vice-president Thomas and Committee, C. P. Sander to the J. M. Soyars (Signs), S. E. Hickman
your Secretary were hosts at a small Executive Finance Committee, and (Technical) and A. L. Collin
luncheon for Mr. Scott. C. E. Jackson to the Administrative (Welded Products).
@ Vice-president Al Chouinard Council; received reports of actions @ The Executive Committee of the
chairmanned a meeting of the Dis- of the Administrative Council by Los Angeles Section then held an
tricts Council on Monday afternoon Chairman G. O. Hoglund, the informal reception and dinner in the
and another, of the Section Officers, Districts Council by Chairman A. F. Biltmore which was thoroughly en-
the following morning. Chouinard, the Publications and joyed by your Secretary, Chairman
@ Vice-president Dave Thomas pre- Promotion Council by Chairman R. Hawkins and Vice-chairman
sided at a meeting of the Technical J. J. Chyle and the Technical Coun- J. R. Fullerton of the San Diego
Council on Tuesday afternoon, cil by Chairman R. D. Thomas, Jr.; Section and Assistant Secretary
spoke at the Educational open meet- approved a memorial resolution for Frank Mooney as well as Chairman
the following morning and partici- A. F. Davis and requested the Hayes and officers of the host group.
pated in the full schedule of board, preparation of one for R. M. Wilson; This event provided an opportunity
council and committee meetings. decided to hold a 1960 fall meeting to discuss section activities and
@ Other outstanding meetings in- in Pittsburgh; and reviewed reports served as an appropriate “send-off
cluded the following: technical re- on finances by Treasurer H. E. party” for Frank Mooney who flew
presentatives with TAC Chairman Rockefeller, membership, the UEC to Florida the following morning for
J. J. MacKinney and Staff Member fund drive and many other a well-earned vacation which kept
Ed Fenton in charge; the authors’ activities. him away from the office until early
daily breakfasts at which Staff @ President MacGuffie hosted a November.
Member Bonney Rossi coordinates delightful dinner in his suite for @ This same day your Secretary flew
activities of session chairmen, super- Society officers and their ladies on to San Diego to meet with the Ex-
visors and authors; membership Monday evening, providing an op- ecutive Committee of the newly
with National Chairman H. E. portunity after dinner for a confer- formed and very active AWS Sec-
Miller providing outstanding leader- ence on plans, policies and activities. tion in that city. Officers Hawkins,
ship supported by Staff Member @ Publicity Manager A. L. Phillips Fullerton, Beemer, Hughes, Jenkins,
Ed Krisman; the educational open arranged several interesting broad- Lewis and Provancher were leaders
meeting with Butch Sosnin, Vice- casts including a 15-min Tuesday at the well-attended dinner meeting

1200 | DECEMBER 1959

at El Cortez Hotel which your | me Profit through
Secretary had to leave, after speak- . AK .: f& A ] Research
ing to the group, in order to catch a
night flight back to Los Angeles,
Frank Hawkins furnishing trans-
portation to the airport. Past
Director Gordon Parks, recently |
transferred from Des Moines, Ken |
Adams of Convair and Ed Bailey, |
with an unbroken record of attend- |
ance at Annual Meetings going back |
to 1947, were others in this most |
hospitable group who made the oc- |
casion so enjoyable.
e@ The next day your Secretary was
met at the Denver airport by Brent |
Swift and Past Director Horace
. Improved Projection “ Es : £ Se Improved Rocker Arm +
Jackson, and driven to the new | Welders: Gt @aiversel : i, | . | Seat WMbiders “by Uni
Continental-Denver Hotel for a | Electroweld :% ft. versal Electroweld
| 3 mgery 3'
quick check-in and lunch with
Chairman John Mascarello and |
Vice-chairmen Paul Foehl and Sam B ti
Flohr of the Colorado Section, with | £e
a nearby T'V set recording the final eer
innings of the closing game of the | -
world’s series. Following a de- |
lightful afternoon drive through
some of the nearby canyons (an | et e4 a
early wet snow had left a heavy oe De be| SS
cover on the mountains and done
severers damage to city- trees) = with byimproved Bue Welders
Universal Electro Improved Bench Weld
ers by Universal Elex
Chairman Mascarello, your Secre- weld troweld
tary presented a coffee talk on
Society activities and later a tech-
nical discussion of new welding in ready-to-use packages a
applications at a dinner meeting of
the AWS Colorado Section. Officers
C. E. Reissig and Walter Bush as- WELD iN G R a FA KTH e 0)U G ”
sisted those named above in con-
ducting the meeting.
@ This memorable visit to Denver ¢ More Versatile and
Durable Resistance
included a thrilling ride through = “
Clear Creek Canyon to Central City Welders at Major Savings!
(site of gold mines, “‘“Face on the
Ballroom Floor,’”’ summer opera in Welders made for a quarter-century of high production without major r ir
the reconstructed opera house), 2 ? wes aun sne r aerate:
spectacular Virginia Canyon to rams that never need replacing . . . Lineal Ball Bearing sleeves instead of cam
Idaho Falls, snow covered Mt. rollers . . . Heat-Vector® control that brings 3-phase welding performance to
Evans, Echo Lake and_ return single phase welders...
through Squaw Pass to Denver for a
visit at the home of Horace and These are some of the advances that come packaged in today’s new Universal
Frances Jackson and their two fine Electroweld Single Phase Welders . . . the most practical ever developed for
children. resistance welding. They bring new flexibility and precision to resistance
e The first visit of your Secretary welding ... with major savings on your initial investment .. . reduce installation,
to Wichita was highlighted by
several outstanding events including maintenance costs.
the cordial reception by Chairman
J. N. Finke and Vice-chairman J. RENTAL AGAINST PURCHASE... an easy way to see for yourself how
L. Townsend which included a com- you can gain by using Universal Electroweld Resistance Welders.
plete tour of the city with its Beech,
Boeing and Cessna airplane plants,
a dinner party planned by Tweco Write for brochure, “NEW PACKAGED WELDING ADVANTAGES.”
President Ray Townsend (visiting in
Wichita) and his wife followed by a
pleasant evening at the home of | DEMAND THE UNIVERSAL FLECTROWELD DIVISION
prominent Wichita architect Bou- | BRAND MAD
cher, Rees
an inspection
— of the Tweco | BY PEOPLE , ° °
plants in Wichita and Harper is eur youll Jerre (7 epee fF7&-
(trucks) with an opportunity to 5 = 152-10 Jelliff Ave.
meet many key personnel active in PRODUCTS Newark 8, New Jersey
AWS, an all-day conference with
Walter Edstrom, board chairman For details, circle No. 11 on Reader Information Card

WELDING JOURNAL | 1201

4200| VEULECMBENR Lfdd9

of ESAB of Sweden and recently

elected president of the Interna-
tional Institute of Welding, who had
Bulletin from Hawaii arranged his travel schedule to make
this meeting possible, and finally
the dinner meeting of the Wichita
PROGRAM OF EVENTS—A PREVIEW OF
Section held in the new student
AWS MID-PACIFIC CONFERENCE activities center of the University of
Wichita at which the speakers were
APRIL 30 James F. Lincoln, Mr. Edstrom and
Leave Los Angeles via selected your Secretary. Section Officers
jet airliner for Honolulu, Hawaii. Finke, Townsend, Smith and Dent
Special services in flight— conducted the meeting which was
meals, refreshments and attended by a large group including
planned entertainment.
Arrival Honolulu in the early seven or more past chairmen of the
This jet airliner will whisk you to
afternoon. Upon arrival in Honolulu in less than 6 hours..., Section.
Henolulu you will be met and which means you will have extra @ President C. I. MacGuffie joined
days on your Hawaiian Holiday to your Secretary for a meeting of the
assisted in your transfer to relax in the sun and explore the
Hawaiian Airlines for your short special charms of this paradise of Oklahoma City Section with Pro-
flight to Kauai, the Garden Isle the Pacific gram Chairman Ben Walcott piay-
of Hawaii. MAY 4 ing host and officers Suhre, Mc-
EVENING: Following dinner and 10:00 A.M.-12:00 NOON: Mid Dermott, Fiegener, Barner and
cocktails you will enjoy an Pacific Conference will be in Sherman assisting at the dinner
evening of Hawaiian entertain- session. meeting at which President Mac-
ment. Balance of day ‘‘free’’ for in- Guffie presented “‘A Glimpse into
dependent activity. the Future of Welding” after your
MAY 1 EVENING: Leave the Hotel at
After breakfast, you will take the approximately 7:00 P.M. for an Secretary had discussed SocieEtry
delightful Wailua River Boat evening of fun and frolic at a plans and activities. St. Louis
excursion trip to the Fern Grotto. Japanese Tea House. Here you Section Vice-chairman Ned Nyberg
A stop for lunch will be made, will don the traditional robe and attended this meeting and joined
then on to the beautiful valley of enjoy an evening featuring President MacGuffie and your Sec-
Hanalei, described by poets as Japanese dishes, entertain- retary on an early morning flight
the “Birthplace of Rainbows." ment by Geisha girls and native to St. Louis.
Visit Hanalei Beach and the Hawaiian and Tahitian dancers. e@ District Director George Bland
historical caves of Haena. See MAY 5 was waiting at the St. Louis airport
the “Sleeping Giant’’...vast with a cordial welcome and trans-
pineapple fields...rice and taro 10:00 A.M.: Leave from main
paddies...inspect the location entrance of hotel for trip to portation to Henrici’s restaurant
where the spectacular color Pearl Harbor. A two-hour boat for a luncheon conference with Sec-
movie ‘South Pacific’ was trip through the world’s largest tion officers Castle, Burrow, Hon-
filmed. naval installation, highlighted ser, Elfvin and Mathae joining
by a trip through Battleship Nyberg, Director Bland, President
MAY 2 Row, past the sunken hulks of
the “Arizona” and “Utah.” MacGuffie and your Secretary. A
AFTERNOON: Leave hotel for Balance of day ‘‘free."’ large group of St. Louis members
transfer to the Lihue Airport and EVENING: Luau Night. a gathered at Garavelli’s restaurant
departure for your short scenic speciai Luau has been arranged to enjoy a fine buffet dinner and
airliner flight to Honolulu, at romantic Queen's Surf Night
Hawaii. listen to a report by your Secretary
Upon arrival you will be met and Club. Complete native feast and an excellent technical talk by
immediately transferred to the followed by native Hawaiian, President MacGuffie, Chairman
fabulous Hawaiian Village Hotel Tahitian and Samoan _ floor Castle and Vice-chairman Nyberg
show.
—the world's leading resort presiding at the meeting.
hotel with every conceivable MAY 6 e@ The following day, October 16th,
resort facility for your enjoy- 2:00 P.M.: Leave hotel via your Secretary flew to Chicago for
ment. special buses to Kalama Beach an all-day meeting of the Atomic
EVENING: This evening we Park and a complete afternoon Energy Forum, part of a four-day
have planned a gay Aloha Party of fun on your own private conference in which Past-presidents
for all members of the group. picnic. Barbecued steak, cock- Chyle and Hoglund, Director E. C.
(Persons arriving from Los tails and buffet dinner followed
by entertainment. Enroute to Miller and many other prominent
Angeles this day will meet with AWS members actively partici-
group arriving from Kauai.) the park you will pass along
Cocktails, buffet dinner and Diamond Head road to Koko pated. The conference was or-
native entertainment. Crater and continue along the ganized by AWS member Frank
ocean shore to Kalama Park. Davis.
MAY 3 MAY 7
10:00 A.M.-12:00 NOON: Mid- EVENING: A_ special Aloha
Pacific Conference will be in buffet has been arranged for Going to Hawaii? Please Note:
session. this evening prior to your de- The form at the bottom of the
Balance of day ‘‘free’’ for in- parture to the airport for the late second page of the Reservation
dependent activity and for you flight by jet airliner for the Folder for the AWS Mid-Pacific
to enjoy Hawaii. West Coast city of your choice. Conference gives the starting date
from Los Angeles as April 29.
CHECK RESERVATION FOLDER FOR COMPLETE DETAILS This date is incorrect—it should be
April 30.

1202 | DECEMBER 1959

 WELUING JOURNAL | 2402

-DUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES

Educational Open Meeting Held in Detroit

The educational open meeting broadcast was shown. The film welding classes taught by eight
held during the national Fall meet- was very well received and the AWS members. Butch Sosnin gave
ing at Detroit was well attended and narrator, Jack Chyle, was asked to some excellent advice on how to
clarified many points which had give his impression of the telecast train specialized groups. He ad-
been a common problem to all AWS and whether he thought it practi- vised his audience to find men who
sections. cable for other sections to attempt a are expert welders and expert teach-
The objective of the meeting was similar project. Jack Chyle was ers; plan a program of teacher
to help section educational chairmen enthusiastic about the prospects of training, and then—work.
with their education programs and any section programming a local
to indicate how other sections had educational TV show. He ex- Department of Health, Education
dealt with similar problems. plained that more and more interest and Welfare
H. A. Sosnin acted as chairman is being shown in such programs and Howard Hogan, of the Depart-
throughout the meeting, with the that it was not too difficult to obtain ment of Health, Education and
assistance of Co-chairman E. E. the cooperation of the TV station. Welfare, Washington, D. C., gave
Goehringer, in the absence of The film of the broadcast is going a very informative talk on what
Clarence E. Jackson, Chairman of to be purchased by the SocreTy and government aid is available for
E.A.C., who was detained in Europe. it will be made available to sections welding instruction. He explained
*‘Butch”’ Sosnin opened the meeting both for showing to members and how local AWS sections could work
and, after a few words of welcome, for use by local TV stations. with government directors to pre-
introduced President C. I. Mac- pare training courses for welding
Guffie. R. D. Thomas, Jr. technicians. The money is avail-
Mr. Thomas made pertinent re- able for training equipment, instruc-
President MacGuffie marks on the subject of engineering tors’ salaries and visual aids. As
President MacGuffie made many education at the college level and long as a need can be shown for
practical suggestions in his informal showed clearly what was lacking. welding instruction at the technician
address. He pointed out that the He pointed out the serious disad- level, the funds should be forth-
people to be reached are those vantage of graduating engineers coming.
who are vitally concerned with with little or no knowledge of
welding: the people who use welded processes or technology. AWS Literature and Projects
welded products and the engineers He suggested that welding problems The Secretary of Information and
who design them. He mentioned be used in textbooks to replace the Education described the various
the work of the AWS educational out-dated exercises that have been a educational projects under way and
committees, which is beginning to tribulation to generation after gen- the literature available and in prepa-
have an appreciable effect, and the eration of engineering students. ration. A booklet was distributed
widespread interest in National Of the many channels of educa- listing the various pieces of literature
Welded Products Month. Presi- tion, Mr. Thomas has uncovered one available for reference. The booklet
dent MacGuffie said that he thought which may have a far-reaching will be mailed to each section edu-
this work is on the right track but effect upon welding. The more cational chairman for reference and
that there must be no slackening of engineering students are exposed to as the subject for a brief talk to
effort to further the cause of welding situations, the more likeli- his section on AWS educational
welding. hood there is of welding receiving material.
the consideration it deserves.
Educational T.V.
M. Zimmerman contributed some Training Specialized Groups
first-hand knowledge of how an Mr. Sosnin has had extensive
educational TV program was or- experience in the training of groups
ganized and produced. He started for specialized welding operations.
at the beginning when the idea The training of pipe fitters is the Plan Now
was first conceived and _ traced example he used to illustrate his
its progress through consultations method, and the yearly contest and TO ATTEND
with the TV station; preparation of refresher course at Purdue Uni-
a film, made up of extracts from a versity were discussed in this con- AWS
dozen full-length company films; nection.
the writing of a suitable script and, He pointed out that in 1955 41st ANNUAL MEETING
finally, the choice of a narrator. welding was included in the Purdue April 25-29, 1959
These various steps were then course. There was one class in Los Angeles, Calif.
discussed by the group and the welding, taught by two AWS mem-
13'/,-min kinescope of the actual bers. In 1959 there were eight

WELDING JOURNAL | 1203

 SECTION NEWS AND EVENTS

As reported to Catherine M. O'Leary

talk was supplemented with a few measure amount of radiation to

slides and a motion picture which which operator is exposed.
highlighted this type of welding. The subject was of such interest
that the question-and-answer period
CARBON-DIOXIDE WELDING RADIOGRAPHIC INSPECTION ran over the allotted time and finally
Birmingham—The Birmingham Mobile—Morris Miller of the had to be curtailed to adjourn the
Section met on October 13th at A. W. Williams Testing Laboratory meeting.
Salem’s Restaurant No. 2 for a of Mobile was the guest speaker at
social hour, dinner and _ technical the September 17th meeting of the RECENT ADVANCES
session. Mobile Section. The meeting was Mobile—The Mobile Section met
The speaker was C. R. Sibley, held at Korbets Restaurant. on October 15th for dinner and
section leader, Process Develop- Although Mr. Miller did not show meeting at Korbet’s Restaurant.
ment Division, Air Reduction Sales slides, he did bring articles for dem- Featured speaker was Thomas J.
Co., New York. His technical talk onstration during his talk on “‘Radi- Dawson of Ingalls Shipbuilding
included background discussion on ographic Inspection.’”’ These in- Corp. His subject was ‘“‘Modern
carbon-dioxide shielding, electrode cluded negative plates showing de- Advances in Steel Construction.”
selection and developments, equip- fective and acceptable welds; photo- Mr. Dawson’s talk, including
ment developments and the present graphic equipment and safety de- slides taken at Ingalls, highlighted
status of this welding process. The vices carried by an operator to the more recent trends of welding
high-strength metals in shipbuild-
ing. Frequent references were made
LOS ANGELES HOLDS FIRST MEETING OF YEAR
to the fabrication of atomic sub-
marines. Also included were the
following: (1) Developments in
higher strength steels, including
yield point of 150,000 psi, (2
importance of preheat, (3) rebaking
procedures of covered electrodes, (4)
piping systems and various special
alloys to help eliminate seaweed
and barnacles.

INERT-GAS WELDING
Los Angeles—The first dinner
meeting of the Los Angeles Section
At the September 17th meeting of the Los Guest speaker for the evening was D. P. for the 1959-60 fiscal year was held
Angeles Section, Past-President ‘‘Sandy”’ Peterson. His subject was: ‘‘Has Inert-
Sander relates what is being done to Gas Welding Kept Pace with the Jet Age?”’ on September 17th at the Rodger
make the forthcoming 41st Annual Meet- Young Auditorium.
ing the best to date The meeting was opened by
Section Chairman R. C. “Dick”
Hayes, who introduced the new
officers to the 75 members and guests
present.
A brief business meeting was
followed by the showing of a sound
color film by Program Chairman
John Wiley, entitled “The Real
Discovery of California.’”” The film
was shown through the courtesy of
Consolidated Western Steel Divi-
sion of U. S. Steel. The picture
began with the importance of water
in California from the early gold
rush days, when it was used for the
mining of gold, to its present use in
manufacturing and _ agriculture.
Some of the many members and guests who attended the first meeting of The manner of conveyance by pen-
the Section for the 1959-60 fiscal year stock and pipe was also shown.

1204 | DECEMBER 1959

 |@e@eeeeeeeoeoeeeeeeeeg

SECTION MEETING CALENDAR

New career
JANUARY 4 Jenkins, Nelson Stud Welding Div., Gregory Indus-
LEHIGH VALLEY Section. Walp’s Restaurant, tries. Movie—Aluminum Welding.
Allentown, Pa. Dinner 6:30. Meeting 8 P.M. MARYLAND Section. Engineers Club, Baltimore.
Panel Discussion on Hard Surfacing. “Aluminum and Practical Aspects of Gas-shielded opportunity
MILWAUKEE Section. 1960 Educational Course Arc Welding of Aluminum,” Howard E. Adkins,
Marquette University. Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Sales, Inc.
MILWAUKEE Section. Ambassador Hotel.
JANUARY 6 “Welding as an Engineering Profession,” Prof. R. B.
OKLAHOMA CITY Section. Dinner meeting, McCauley, Jr., Ohio State University. for
Swyden’s Restaurant, Oklahoma City. Speaker, JANUARY 18
J. H. Blankenbuehler, Hobart Bros. Co.
SUSQUEHANNA VALLEY Section. Dinner meet- MILWAUKEE Section. 1960 Educational Course.
ing 6:45 P.M. Foot Hills Manor, Shickshinny, Pa. Marquette University.
PHILADELPHIA Section. Engineers Club. Na- welding
“Education and Research on Welding,” Kenneth
Winterton, Ontario Research Institute Foundation. tional Officers Night. “A Glimpse in the Future of
TULSA Section. Welding Design. Fusion Welding,” C. |. MacGuffie.
ROCHESTER Section. “Power Supplies for Arc
JANUARY 7 Welding,” J. H. Blankenbuehler, Hobart Bros. technician
NORTHERN NEW YORK Section. Electron-beam JANUARY 19
Welding, W. L. Frankhouser, Westinghouse Corp. HOLSTON VALLEY Section. Kingsport, Tenn.
JANUARY 11 “High Frequency—lIts Problems and Benefits in
MILWAUKEE Section. 1960 Educational Course. Tungsten-arc Welding,” R. E. Purkhiser, Air Re-
Marquette University. duction Sales Co. Here’s a real opportunity for
NORTHWEST Section. Elks Club, Minneapolis, NEW HAMPSHIRE Section. Queen City Motel, somebody yearning to get out of
Minn. Happy Half Hour 6:00. Dinner 6:30. Manchester, N.H. 7 P.M. the shop and into the field as a
“Gases Used in Welding Industry,” John P. Lapota, NEW JERSEY Section. Essex House, Newark. technical service representative
Dinner 6:30. Meeting 8:00. ‘Spray Metallizing— for a leading supplier of weld-
JANUARY 12 A Research and Development Tool,”’ Moses A. Lev- ing electrodes. Metal & Thermit
BIRMINGHAM Section. Salem's Number Two instein, General Electric Co. seeks such a man with strong
Restaurant. Social 6:30. Dinner 7:00. Meeting OLEAN-BRADFORD Section. The Castle, Olean, advancement potential to work
8:00. “Large-weldment Fabrication,” John L. N. Y. Dinner 7:00. Meeting 8:30. “Machine out of its modern new offices at
Lang, Lukenweld Inc. Tools for Welding,”’ John H. Berryman, Air Reduc Rahway, New Jersey.
CINCINNATI Section. Special dinner meeting. tion Sales Co. As Technical Service Repre-
National officers will speak. TOLEDO Section. Toledo Yacht Club, Bayview sentative he’ll devote about half
DAYTON Section. Kuntz’s Cafe. Social 6:00. Park. Dinner 6:00. Meeting 8:00. ‘Stainless his time to field service work
Dinner 7:00. Meeting 8:00. ‘New Applications of and Low-alloy Steel,’ H. C. Campbell, Arcos Corp. helping solve welding problems
Submerged-arc Welding,” Wm. Sharav, Linde De- YORK-CENTRAL PA. Section. for manufacturers in the auto-
velopment Lab. motive, power, mining, aircraft,
NEW YORK Section. Victor's Restaurant. Din JANUARY 20
PITTSBURGH Section. Auditorium, Mellon Insti- and other similarly challenging
ner 6:15. Meeting 7:15. ‘Welding Power fields. He’ll also have respon-
Sources,” G. K. Willecke, Miller Electric Mfg. Co. tute. “Welding Activities in England and Ger-
many,’ H. W. Thomasson, Canadian Westinghouse sibility for preparing technical
NORTHEAST TENNESSEE Section. ‘The Heat- data about stainless, hard sur-
affected Zone.” Co.
facing, chrome-moly, bronze, and
WESTERN MASSACHUSETTS Section. Silhou- JANUARY 21 aluminum electrodes. The posi-
ette Restaurant, Thompsonville, Conn. ‘‘Applica- DETROIT Section. Plant Tour. Fisher Body. tion offers an attractive salary,
tions of Rocket Energy in the Welding Industry,’’ MADISON Section. Evansville, Wis. ‘Qualifica
Mr. Nessler, Thermal Dynamics Corp. excellent fringe benefits, and real
tion and Code Welding Certification,” Fred E. advancement opportunities.
JANUARY 14 Theiler, Madison Vocational School. The man we seek must have
PEORIA Section. Ladies Night. a solid welding background in
IOWA-ILLINOIS Section. LeClaire Hotel, Moline,
Ill. “Pipe-welding Procedures,” R. H. Hoefler, JANUARY 22 manual and automatic welding
Kaighin & Hughes Inc. INDIANA Section. Severin Hotel, Indianapolis, with a minimum of five years
J. A. K. Section. Joliet, Ill. ‘Maintenance Weld- “Induction and Dielectric Heating,” George Mc diversified shop experience.
ing.” Cook, Induction Heating Corp. Desirable, but not an absolute
SAGINAW VALLEY Section. requirement, is a degree in met-
JANUARY 25 allurgy or welding engineering.
ST. LOUIS Section. Ruggeri’s Restaurant.
“Custom Welding the Improbable,”” Chester Szmco, MILWAUKEE Section. 1960 Educational Course. If you are interested in this
Argonne National Labs. Marquette University. challenging opportunity, write—
JANUARY 26 outlining educational as well as
JANUARY 15 welding experience and salary
SANTA CLARA VALLEY Section. San Jose,
CHICAGO Section. Milner’s Restaurant. Dinner Calif. ‘Welding Power Sources” G. K. Willecke, requixements to Director of
5:45. Peoples Gas Auditorium, Meeting 7:30 P.M. Miller Electric Co. Employee Relations & Admin-
“Welding of Ballistic Missiles,” Messrs. Wilson and istration, METAL & THERMIT
Dawson, Redstone Arsenal. JANUARY 28 Corporation, Rahway, N. J.
DETROIT Section. “Health Hazards and Welding NIAGARA FRONTIER Section. The Cypress,
Inspection,” City of Detroit Board of Health. Buffalo, N. Y. Dinner 6:45. Meeting 8:15. “‘In-
FOX VALLEY Section. Appleton Elks Club, centive Welding and Cost Reduction,”’ R. Dalzell, welding
Appleton, Wis. 7:45 P.M. “Stud Welding,” John Lincoln Electric Co.
products
Editor's Note: Notices for March 1960 meetings must reach JOURNAL office prior to December 20th, so METAL & THERMIT CORPORATION
that they may be published in the February Calendar. Give full information concerning time, place, topic General Offices: Rahway, New Jersey
and speaker for each meeting.

WELDING JOURNAL j 1205

 COMMITTEE MAKES PLANS FOR 41ST ANNUAL MEETING

ARRANGEMENTS FOR 41ST

ANNUAL MEETING
Los Angeles The first meeting
of the Arrangements Committee
for the 41st Annual Meeting and
Welding Show to be held in Los
Angeles April 25-29, 1960, was
held in Los Angeles at the Biltmore
Hotel on October 6th, with Past-
president C. P. “Sandy” Sander
presiding. Inattendance were Nat-
ional Secretary Fred L. Plummer and
Assistant Secretary F. J. Mooney,
who flew out to the West Coast from
Detroit following the Fall Meeting National Secretary Fred L. Plummer, extreme left, is shown at the October 6th meeting
held in that city, to lend their sup- of Arrangements Committee in Los Angeles giving his views on plans for the 41st
port to the local arrangements com- Annual Meeting. Listening attentively are Past-President ‘‘Sandy” Sander, Assistant
mittee. Secretary Frank Mooney, Section Chairman Dick Hayes, Sam Hickman and Bob Hawkins
After introducing his various com-
mittee chairmen and outlining their
duties, Mr. Sander introduced Mr.
Plummer, who gave a general outline FURNACE BRAZING R. C. Sermon, president and E. S.
of the convention which was fol- Tellone, vice-president, were the
San Diego—A dinner meeting hosts. The tour consisted of five
lowed by a descriptive analysis by of the San Diego Section was held
Mr. Mooney, of the functional stations of interest. W. Offner,
on September 16th in the “Don founder of the company, gave an
duties of each committee chair- Room” of the El Cortez Hotel, with
man. The committee chairmen se- explanation of radiography film
80 members and 20 guests present. evaluation. F. Parks spoke on the
lected and their assignments are as After a short business session, the
follows: R. C. Hayes, Chairman, uses and exhibited film on X-ray-
meeting was turned over to Program diffraction stress-analysis equip-
Los Angeles Section; Ed Williams Chairman Roger Beemer who intro-
of Victor Equipment—Banquet; ment. K. Mallory described and
duced Mel James, sales manager, exhibited the X-ray equipment con-
John Ross of Engelhard Industries and Stanley McLay, industrial re- sisting of stationary as well as
Ladies’ Program; Bob Frick of Linde search, of Fabriform Metal Products
Co.—Technical Program; Dave portable equipment. J. Rose spoke
Co., Los Angeles. on how isotopes are used in material-
O’Connor of Los Angeles Water & Mr. McLay presented a film and
Power—Hospitality; Al Thompson defect detection. R. Blair gave
commentary on furnace brazing. demonstrations on the use of Zyglo
of Fabriform—Plant Tours; Leo Mr. James presented slides on fur-
West of Douglas Aircraft— Publicity; as applied to nondestructive testing.
nace brazing and a discussion on Also on exhibit were the mobile
John Sogars of National Cylinder procedures. units which are used for field serv-
Gas-——Signs; Sam Hickman of Aero-
jet-General—Technical Committee ice. These mobile units are quite
PLANT TOUR complete in that they not only trans-
and Al Collins of Kaiser Steel (Fab-
rication Division)-Welded Products Burlingame—In place of the port the isotope but also contain a
Exhibit. regular meeting, the San Francisco portable dark room, thus providing
Section made a plant tour on Sep- a complete service on the job.
In concluding the meeting, it was tember 28th of the X-Ray Engi- This field trip not only provided a
the consensus of those present that neering Co. in Burlingame. Approx- very enjoyable evening but also
the 41st Annua! Meeting and Show imately 75 took part in the tour. resulted in much technical informa-
should exceed in magnitude any
previous Show.
The principal speaker for the
evening was D. P. Peterson, assist- X-RAY EQUIPMENT INSPECTED BY SAN FRANCISCO SECTION
ant manager of Electric Welding
Sales, Linde Co., New York. Mr.
Peterson’s association with Linde
and his background made it quite
simple to dwell upon and present
the technical part of the program for
the evening. The topic was: “Has
Inert-Gas Welding Kept Pace with
the Jet Age?’’ Mr. Peterson’s sub-
ject was well supported with slides
and pictures in color, showing the
latest in inert-gas spot welding with
automation equipment used in the
production of missile and aircraft
parts. The subject was well appre-
ciated by all those in attendance, and The members of the San Francisco Section visited the plant of the X-Ray Engineering
concluded with a fine round of ap- Co. in Burlingame on September 28th. Here, a group of visitors are viewing the X-ray
plause. towers and other portable X-ray equipment

12066 | DECEMBER 1959

tion in the nondestructive testing enjoyed by all and, afterwards, a held its first monthly meeting of the
field. ‘bull session”’ was held. year at Villa Maria Restaurant in
Plans were made to have a large Glastonbury. J. R. Stitt of R. C.
INERT-GAS WELDING attendance from the Bridgeport Mahon Co., Detroit, gave a very
Sunnyvale—The Santa Clara area attend the New England informative talk on ‘Control of
Valley Section met on September Welding Show scheduled. for Octo- Distortion in Steel Weldments”’
22nd at Sabella’s Restaurant in ber 21st and 22nd. which was very well illustrated with
Sunnyvale, with 72 in attendance slides. A very lively and prolonged
for dinner and meeting. HIGH FREQUENCY discussion period followed Mr.
Speaker at the meeting was D. B. Bridgeport—The Bridgeport Sec- Stitt’s talk.
Peterson of the Linde Co., New tion met on October 15th for a A brief technical session under
York. In his talk, Mr. Peterson dinner meeting at the Fairway the supervision of the Section’s
expressed the view that welding Restaurant. Technical Committee followed.
has kept pace with the requirements Technical speaker was R. Purk- Questions pertaining to welding
of the industry through the inert- hiser of Air Reduction, Union, N. J. were posed by the members and
gas-shielded welding processes. The He gave a very interesting talk on answered by the Technical Chair-
boom in the application of this ‘‘High Frequency—Its Problems and man.
process started in California for the Benefits in Tungsten-arc Welding.”
welding of difficult-to-join metals. It was a presentation of ideas that
Slides showed applications and have actually been used in practice.
methods. The speaker also dis- It covered the need for high fre-
cussed the plasma-arc process and quency and characteristics of its DESTRUCTIVE TESTING
its uses. In addition, the function performance with helium and argon
of automatic equipment with se- and discussion of techniques used in Miami—The South Florida Sec-
quence-weld operations through the the field to improve the reliability tion met on September 16th at the
use of tape-controlled equipment of high-frequency starting. Slides Pittsburgh Testing Laboratory in
was explained. were used to show inert-gas tung- Miami. Even though rain was fore-
Coffee speaker was R. C. Wiley of sten-arc welding applications. cast for the evening, it did not stop
the California Polytechnic Institute, 38 of the members and guests from
who spoke on welding-engineering DISTORTION IN STEEL attending. A brief business meet-
activities at the Institute. ing was followed by a demonstration
WELDMENTS of destructive testing by Charles
Hartford—The Hartford Section Hamburger and Ramon Wimenberg.

WELDING PROGRESS
Denver—The Colorado Section
held its October meeting on the 8th BRIGHT
at Cavaleri’s Restaurant. The
group gathered at 6:30 P.M. for
an appetizer and at 7:00 the dinner
was served.
FINISH

The meeting opened at 8:00

ALUMINUM
P.M. The guest speaker was Fred
L. Plummer, national secretary. WELDING WIRE
His subject for the evening was = deposits uniformly
*‘Welding Achieves New Firsts.”” A
very interesting talk and _ slides = eliminates interruptions
covered outstanding welding appli- = makes x-ray quality
cations in bridges, buildings, storage welds
vessels, piping, heavy equipment, All-State Bright Wire Spoolarc, ®
aircraft, ships and other applications, extruded and precision spooled,
including different welding processes is uniformly round, microscopi-
and materials.
cally clean. . . meets aviation,
Also acting as coffee speaker,
tank, construction, and shipbuild-
Mr. Plummer, spoke on the activ-
ities and future plans of the Socrety. ing standards.
Send for booklet and chart on all
types and forms of aluminum in
BRIGHT FINISH...including 1 lb. and
10 Ib. spools. Company branches at um
St. Louis, South Gate, Calif., and
SOCIAL MEETING Toronto afford ready supplies and
Bridgeport—A meeting of the service. hi

Bridgeport Section was held on

September 17th at the Fairway Distributor Stocked, convenient to buy. Economical to use
Restaurant to acquaint new mem- MGs WELDING ALLOYS CO., INC., White Plains, N. Y.
S Call WHite Plains 8-4646 or write for nearest distributor
bers with old members. It was
a social rather than a_ technical
session. A shore-type dinner was For details, circle No. 13 on Reader Information Card

WELDING JOURNAL | 1207

 No matter how you join aluminum—by welding, soldering or
brazing—you can lower the cost and improve the quality of your
na end product if you use materials from Alcoa. The reason: rigid
Lower fi l costs quality controls and thorough testing that go into all Alcoa weld-
; ' ing materials assure you of more sound welds and fewer rejects.
with aluminum But, as a supplier, Alcoa does more than furnish first-quality
; ; materials. Alcoa also offers you the benefit of extensive research
welding materials in alloys, welding techniques and joining methods. From design
from ALCO A to production, this single source can work with you to answer
any joining requirement, no matter how large or small.
Consider this complete line of welding materials from Alcoa:
Your Guide to the Best
in Aluminum Value
ALUMINUM,
Ace mee Comeamy OF amemien
—J WELDING rier meta. ano Fux
1G (INERT GAS) WELDING ELECTRODE: For the consumable electrode, inert
gas shielded metal arc welding process. Available in a wide variety of
alloys, level wound on 10-lb and 1-lb spools.
COILED WELDING ROD: Available in standard mill-wrapped coils approxi-
mately 55 lb in weight. Etched or commercial finish; several alloys are
available for immediate delivery, others fabricated on request.
STRAIGHT-LENGTH WELDING RODS: Thirty-six-inch straight-length welding
rods, packed in 5-lb tubes; 10 tubes to a standard shipping carton.
Other alloys and sizes fabricated on request.
WELDING FLUX: Available in jars of 8 oz, 1 lb, 5 lb; drums of 50 Ib and
150 lb. General use is for oxyacetylene or oxhydrogen gas welding. No.
22 flux, colored deep pink to facilitate identification.

BRAZING sneer, roo ano FLUX

BRAZING SHEET: Made as a one- or two-sided clad product with the
filler metal integrally bonded to a core alloy, or in the form of shim
stock of a brazing filler alloy.
COILED BRAZING ROD: Standard wrapped coils with etched or commercial
finish in sizes from \%-in. to %-in. types available for standard or
specialized brazing operations.
STRAIGHT-LENGTH BRAZING RODS: Thirty-six-inch straight lengths packed
in 5-lb tubes, 10 tubes to a standard carton. Sizes from 4 in. to !j in.
May be applied either by flowing into the joint when torch brazing or
as wire rings or other shapes when furnace or dip brazing.
BRAZING FLUX: Four types available, color coded for identification pur-
poses. Available in packages ranging from 8-oz jars to 150-lb drums to
fill any brazing requirement.

SOLDERING sucer, souver, souverine FLUX

SHEET: Zinc-coated aluminum sheet, clad on either one or two sides.
This new product permits easier joining and provides maximum
resistance to corrosion.
SOLDER: Two types available for low- or high-temperature applications.
Available in a variety of spool and stick sizes; high-temperature solder
can be used to join aluminum with copper, brass, steel, stainless steel,
nickel, etc.
SOLDERING FLUX: Several types available for use with both high- and
low-temperature solder. Available in packages ranging from 1-oz bottle
to 150-lb drum.

Any of the distributors listed can give you full information on aluminum welding and brazing processes. For excitingevery
drama watch “Alcaa Presents”
Also, a number of films are available from Alcoa on a loan basis. Further information is available from Emmy Award Tuesday,
winning ABC-TV, and the
“Alcoa Theatre’’
Aluminum Company of America, Pittsburgh 19, Pa. alternate Mondays, NBC-TV
For details, circle No. 14 on Reader Information Card
1208 | DECEMBER 1959
Want technical help in welding, brazing or sol- INDIANA SECTION ADDRESSED BY THOMAS
dering aluminum? Contact your Alcoa sales
office, listed under “Aluminum” in the Yellow
Pages of your phone book.
For immediate delivery of Alcoa welding
products, call your Alcoa outlet listed below. He
carries a complete range of alloys and sizes.

ALABAMA New York

Birmingham Whitehead Metals,
Hinkle Supply Co. Inc.
Syracuse
CALIFORNIA Brace-Mueller-
Los Angeles Huntley, Inc.
Ducommun Metals | Speen Metals,
& Supply Co. nc.
Pacific Metals
Company, Ltd. NORTH CAROLINA
San Francisco Greensboro
Pacific Metals Southern Oxygen Co.
Company, Ltd.
COLORADO OHIO
Denver Cincinnati
Metal Goods Corp. Williams and Co., Inc
CONNECTICUT Cleveland
A. M. Castle & Co.
Milford Williams and Co., Inc
Edgcomb Steel of Columbus
New England, Inc. Williams andCo., Inc Vice-President R. D. Thomas, Jr., was the principal speaker at the September 25th meet-
Windsor Toledo ing of Indiana Section. CO, welding was his topic. Left to right, above, are B. Canine,
Whitehead Metals, Williams and Co., Inc. F. D. Stout, Section Chairman R. Hilbert, Mr. Thomas, F. Watts and Past-District-director
Inc.
John Blankenbuehler. Membership trophy occupies place of honor on the table
FLORIDA OKLAHOMA
Jacksonville Tulsa
The J. M. Tull Metal Metal Goods Corp.
& Supply Co., Inc.
Miami
The J. M. Tull Metal OREGON
& Supply Co., Inc. Portland
Tampa Pacific Metal Co.
The J. M. Tull Metal J. E. Haseltine & Co.
& Supply Co., Inc. WELDING OF MISSILES year was held on Friday, Sept. 25,
GEORGIA PENNSYLVANIA 1959, at Buckley’s Restaurant in
Atlanta Moline—The regular monthly Cumberland. Sixty-three members
Philadelphia dinner and technical meeting of the
The J. M. Tull Metal Edgcomb Steel Co. and guests were served dinner at
& Supply Co., Inc. Southern Oxygen Co Towa-Illinois Section was held on
Mid-South Oxygen Co. Whitehead Metals 6:30 P.M. A short business meet-
ILLINOIS Inc. October 8th at LeClaire Hotel in ing followed.
Chicago Pittsburgh Moline. The meeting was attended
Williams and Co., Inc The technical speaker of the
Machinery & Welder York by 55 members and guests. The evening was R. D. Thomas, Jr.,
Corp. Southern Oxygen Co
Steel Sales Corp. speaker, James K. Dawson, welding president of Arcos Corp., who
KANSAS engineer in the Fabrication Labora- gave a very interesting illustrated
TENNESSEE tory at the Army Ballistic Missile
Wichita Kingsport talk on the CO, welding process.
Metal Goods Corp. Southern Oxygen Co. Agency, presented a very interesting Two films, one on construction of
KENTUCKY talk on the fabrication of missiles. large tanks in the field (Europe)
Louisville TEXAS His talk was accompanied by slides
Williams and Co., Inc. Beaumont and the other on the electroslag
Big Three and movies. welding process, were shown.
LOUISIANA Welding Equip. Co.
New Orleans Corpus Christi
Metal Goods Corp. Big Three
MARYLAND Welding Equip. Co
Baltimore Dallas
Southern Oxygen Co. Metal Goods Corp.
Whitehead Metals, Texas Welding
Inc. Supply Co. FLUXES
Bladensburg Houston AUTOMATIC WELDING
Southern Oxygen Co. Metal Goods Corp. Joliet—The-/. A. K. Section met
Big Three on October 8th at D’Amicos Res- Louisville—The Louisville Sec-
MASSACHUSETTS Welding Equip. Co.
Cambridge San Antonio taurant for dinner and meeting. tion met on September 22nd for
Whitehead Metals, Big Three Robert Roeteger, electrodesalesman- dinner and meeting at the Kentucky
Inc. Welding Equip. Co.
ager for Hobart Bros., presented a Hotel.
MICHIGAN UTAH very fine talk accompanied by 16- Kenneth G. Kollman, process
Detroit Salt Lake City mm film on the mining of sea sands, engineer with Air Reduction Sales
Steel Sales Corp. Pacific Metals
Company, Ltd. at Hobart Bros.’ Vero Beach, Fla., Co., discussed factors to be con-
MISSOURI plant, and the extraction of rutile, sidered in deciding to tool up for an
Kansas City
Metal Goods Corp. VIRGINIA ilmenite, garnet and other products automatic welding line. He traced
St. Louis Norfolk used in the welding and other indus- the progress of welding from a repair
Meta! Goods Corp. Southern Oxygen Co
Steel Sales Corp. Richmond tries. He also spoke on the com- status during World War I, through
Southern Oxygen Co. position of fluxes for the various the major production status of
NEW HAMPSHIRE
Nashua WASHINGTON classes of welding rods. World War II, to the aggressive
Edgcomb Steel of Seattle research and refinements of the
New England, Inc. Pacific Metal Co.
J. E. Haseltine & Co present, such as the _ electronic-
NEW JERSEY beam welding machine which welds
Harrison Spokane
Whitehead Metals, J. E. Haseltine & Co. without a visible arc, using a heated
Inc. tungsten filament in a high vacuum.
WISCONSIN CARBON-DIOXIDE WELDING Dinner speaker was John D.
NEW YORK Milwaukee
Buffalo Machinery & Welder Cumberland—The first meeting Rhodes of Goodbody & Co. who
Whitehead Metals, Corp. discussed the current stock market.
Inc. Stee! Sales Corp. of the Indiana Section for the fiscal

WELDING JOURNAL | 1209

 DISCUSS DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR WELDMENTS

WELDING MACHINES
Baton Rouge —-On September
24th members of the Baton Rouge
Section met in the Pan American
Suite of the Bellemont Motor Hotel
to hear Jerry Willecke of Miller
Electric Manufacturing Co., Apple-
ton, Wis., discuss the development
of various types of welding machines
and their efficiency. Dr. Willecke
outlined methods of accomplishing
rectification and explained differ-
ences in these types of units.
The cocktail party prior to the The question of material and design consideration and fabrication
meeting was held beside the beauti- procedure of weldments was discussed by Lloyd Pote at October 13th
ful swimming pool connecting with meeting of the Worcester Section. Head table is shown above
the suite. A buffet supper was
served at 7:30 P.M. to 45 members sistant Medical Examiner of theState
and guests. Yelm alelate. of Maryland. Dr. Petty selected
The Section is making plans for the subject of careless handling of
its membership drive, preparing to WELDING OF poisons and the tragic effects re-
double its size during the current sulting from the use of containers
year. Also being outlined are pro- HIGH-STRENGTH STEELS
originally used for food or drinks.
grams for an educational series and Baltimore—The Maryland Sec- The technical meeting was turned
a high school science project. Plans tion held its first meeting of the over to Mike Nigro, technical sales
are being formulated for the activa- 1959-60 season on September 18th supervisor for Air Reduction Sales
tion of two divisions: one in Jack- at the Engineers’ Club of Baltimore. Co. Mr. Nigro gave an interesting
son, Miss., and the other in Morgan After dinner, a very interesting talk, accompanied by slides, on
City, La. talk was given by Dr. Petty, As- inert-gas consumable-electrode arc
welding as applied to HY-80 steel.
He pointed out the importance of
....-GOMPLETE heat input and operator technique
in welding high-strength steels.
WELDING

SATISFACTION Massachusetts
Give Your Welding Problems to Cayuga
In addition to a complete line of DESIGNING FOR WELDING
standard Cayugamatics (see be-
low) Cayuga designs and builds Worcester—Lloyd W. Pote, pres-
special equipment, either single ident of CPC Engineering Corp. in
units or complete assembly lines Sturbridge, Mass., gave an excellent
for a high speed precision weld- presentation of the design and
ing. This includes process devel-
opment to fit your particular material consideration for machin-
requirements, ROLLS ery weldments at the October 13th
1 to 100 ton, 6” and up diam-
eter tank range Rheostat re- meeting of the Worcester Section.
mote control, ground shoes OTHER Mr. Pote pointed out that, first of
CAYUGAMATICS all, a weldment must be profitable
Turn Tables to both the user and the supplier,
Turning Rolls and, secondly, that a weldment is
Positioners
Travel Carriages not to be a mere substitution for a
and Beams casting.
Contour Welders The uses of 1020 steel, sulfur steel
Horn Jigs or free-machining steel, and leaded
Sheet Splicers
Motor Stator & steels were also covered. Mr. Pote
ms A Transformer emphasized that the 1020 low-carbon
POSITIONERS » Core Welders steel is the best for general use. He
100 Ib. to 50 ton capacities. 135 Tank Welders showed how a weldment properly
tilt, vertical adjustment, rheostat Head & Tail
remote speed control, ground col Stocks designed can be stiffer than a casting.
lectors Wire Reels Also, in designing a weldment, great
MANIPULATORS } consideration should be given to the
wv & 3’ te 25’ & 30'.360° rotation Send for complete
Both vertical and horizontal pro- ease of assembly and, finally, stress
tection by limit switches information relieving. All members and guests
Rapid traverse standard all models CAYUGA MACHINE & FABRICATING present were very much enlightened
Safety devices prevent ram falling
accidentally eeeate speed con- CO., INC. DEPEW, N. Y. by Mr. Pote’s unique talk.
trol, automatic flux conveyors
The dinner meeting was held at
For details, circle No. 15 on Reader Information Card Nick’s Grill in Worcester.

1210 | DECEMBER 1959

ANNUAL PICNIC HELD BY NEW JERSEY SECTION

Ed Bowden (left) and Bob Thornton take Herb Zolde was the winner of the money Manyfactivities kept the 877 members and
a break with some refreshments at the guessing game. Left to right are Section guests who attended busy at all times—
September 19th picnic of the New Jersey Chairman H. L. Hoffman, Mr. Bowden, such as... horseshoe pitching...
Section Mr. Zolde and Tommy Smith

.. softball... .. Shot-put...

whose guess of $348 was off by only The talk was followed by a lively
a few cents. question-and-answer period.
Ed Bowden, Section secretary,
ANNUAL PICNIC and his staff deserve a great deal of WELDED PRESSURE VESSELS
credit for their fine job in making
Union—The New Jersey Section the picnic such a huge success. New York—The New York Sec-
held its Annual Picnic on September tion held its second meeting of the
19th at the Old Cider Mill Grove season at Victor’s on October 13th.
in Union with 877 members and The speaker of the evening was
guests present. The brisk clear air Norman Block, director of quality
of one of the season’s most delightful ELECTRON-BEAM WELDING control for the Foster Wheeler Corp.
days stimulated appetites and in- Mr. Block’s subject for the evening
spired many to participate in the New York—A joint meeting of was “Welded Pressure Vessels.”
variety of games and contests. the Long Island Section of AWS This is a subject which he is ex-
For those who preferred the more and the Long Island Chapter of the tremely qualified to handle, in the
vigorous activities, there were games American Society for Metals washeld light of his more than 10 years’
of softball, golf chipping, egg throw- on October 21st at Patricia Murphy’s experience as metallurgist, director
ing, nail driving, fly casting and Candlelight Restaurant in Man- of materials research and quality-
shotput; while others pitched horse- hasset. The technical speaker of control director.
shoes or played cards...or just the evening was William J. Farrell, Mr. Block described the proce-
relaxed. Unlimited quantities of chief applications engineer, Sciaky dures for making the highest qual-
food including corn on the cob, hot Bros., Inc., Chicago. The topic ity welds in vessels 8 to 12 in. thick,
dogs, hamburgers, barbecue, clam discussed was “Electron-beam which require the utmost integ-
chowder, sausages, clams and, of Welding.” rity. These vessels are to be used
course, lots of beer, were available Mr. Farrell covered the early in nuclear power plants, steam power
all afternoon. history of the process, and pointed plants and in various high-pressure
The winners of the contests and out that the first application for chemical and petroleum applica-
holders of lucky tickets took home welding was made in France in tions. Because of the limited pro-
dozens of prizes donated by 72 1954. He then outlined the funda- duction of any one type of vessel,
companies interested in the work mental design and modifications they are made under job-shop con-
of the Society. The money guess- leading to present-day apparatus. ditions. Because of the integrity
ing game—the highlight of the Mr. Farrell also discussed a number requirement, the vessels are con-
picnic—was won by Herb Zolde of typical applications. structed under rigid quality-control
WELDING JOURNAL | 121
 Smooth bead and good wash-in,
give Jetweld 2 easy slag removal,

For details, Circle Ne. 16 on Readers’ Service Card

1212 | DECEMBER 1959
 wea wiwe FV wee | ae

Did you ever think

that you would find

an £6027 for the same price as an £6020?

Jetweld 2 is that rod!

Designed specially for

welding grooves and flat fillets,
Jetweld 2 has qualities
that production men gloat over.
It makes such smooth beads
that there is no need
to grind off cover passes,
even for taking X-rays.

It restrikes cold.

The exceptional wash-in

and easy slag removal
cut cleaning time to virtually nothing.

The deposit speed and

quality is unsurpassed, reducing
welding costs to rock bottom.

And it sells at
the same price as E6020 rods.

No wonder, more and more

profit-conscious companies
are switching to Jetweld 2.

It is the best E6027 on the market!

THE LINCOLN ELECTRIC COMPANY

Dept. 1961 © Cleveland 17, Ohio
The world’s leading manufacturer of arc welders,
electrodes, ac motors and battery chargers

Don’t forget Jetweld 2’s

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and 25-30% elongation...
now available in 3;,"’, Jg9’’ and 4”’ sizes.
For details, circle No. 16 on Reader Information Card
WELDING JOURNAL | 1213
HEAR TALK ON ELECTRON-BEAM WELDING Block showed sections of typical
welds with defects caused by exces-
sive bead size or poor placement of
the bead.
To maintain the best root con-
ditions of the joint, any one of these
methods is used: (1) full-penetration
welds are made from the back side,
(2) manual arc root passes are put
in the root or (3) tungsten-arc
welded preplaced consumable weld-
insert rings are first put into the joint.
Mr. Block explained the use of the
weld-cladding method for cladding
the interior surface of vessels to be
subjected to corrosive materials.
This is a continuous overlay weld,
using a series arc in which the arc
goes from wire to wire and does not
Electron-beam welding was the subject discussed by William J. Farrell at the October directly hit the plate. In this
21st joint meeting of the Long Isiand Sections of AWS and ASM. Shown above, left manner, the base-metal penetration
to right, are K. Berry, AWS; G. Strader, ASM; Mr. Farrell; and T. F. imholz, AWS is reduced to a minimum.
In conclusion, Mr. Block dis-
cussed briefly the heat-treating
conditions, and the welds are 100% requirements. These include the methods used to stress relieve and
radiographically inspected. d-c double-wire methods, as well as heat treat the completed vessels.
He explained that the major the tandem arc.
welding tool for joining heavy steel Mr. Block pointed out, also, that MEMORIAL AWARD
sections is the submerged-arc proc- to produce crack-free welds, it is
ess. At Foster Wheeler, many their practice to use a relatively New York—The New York Sec-
combinations and variations of the small bead size with many passes tion Executive Committee, at their
standard single-arc method are used to fill the joint. To illustrate the October meeting, unanimously
at various times for particular advantages of this technique, Mr. agreed to establish the John E.
Taylorson Memorial Award, for the
two best papers on welding to be
written by students of the Poly-
technic Institute of Brooklyn.
Mr. Taylorson, a former Linde
employee, was Chairman of the
QUI yt svat
Education Committee which origi-
nated these awards when he and his
wife met an untimely death last year
in an airplane crash at LaGuardia
Airport.
ECONOMICAL, «.

This award consists of $200 for

the best paper and $100 for the
runner-up. The first of these awards
was given during the past summer
to S. Friedman and F. Haaskjold.
Professors George Fisher and Otto
Henry of Polytechnic Institute of
Brooklyn are the judges of these
awards.
It is hoped that the John E. Tay-
lorson Memorial Award will stimu-
late young men to take an active in-
terest in the welding field.

NATIONAL OFFICERS NIGHT

Attaches quickly with any good Buffalo—The Niagara Frontier
of low hydrogen electrode. Section opened its season on Sep-
pom CaPrgyral ives Bremen tember 17th with a National Officers
Write for Night, since this proved very popu-
autématic electric welding method Complete det
ails lar last year. The Section was
and Nearesy fortunate in having present Presi-
distribute, dent C. I. MacGuffie, National
STULZ-SICKLES CO. Secretary F. L. Plummer, and
PORT AVENUE at JULIA ELIZABETH, NEW JERSEY District 3 Director J. W. Kehoe.
President MacGuffie discussed the
growth of the Socrery. While very
For details, circle No. 17 on Reader information Card encouraging, he pointed out, it did

12144 | DECEMBER 1959

not equal the rate of increase in use a colored movie on the assembly of |
of welded products. He wondered When You Weld Cast Iron
stainless-steel fins for one of the!
if it could come closer to doing so. larger missiles. Select the Correct
Mr. MacGuffie also described The development and use of the|
the new headquarters building which wire-feed process comprised the}
will be shared with other engineering second half of the lecture. This |
societies. Part of the cost of partic- welding method was illustrated with |
ipation in ‘this building is to be colored slides, and the economics | ae
‘ital

carried by the local Sections. of using 0.030 wire with a mixture | CAST IRON WELDING RODS
Secretary Plummer described of 75% argon and 25% CO, was} OR ELECTRODES
some of the new headquarters staff explained in detail.
activities, and Director Kehoe dis- |
cussed membership goals.
The 60 diners agreed that it was STAINLESS STEELS FUSE-WELL No. 11, Square—Gray Cast
an evening of good fellowship, aided Youngstown—Social Security Iron Welding Rod for Acetylene use in
filling or building up new or worn
in no small degree by the excellent and stainless steels were the topics castings producing machineable welds.
dinner served by the Cypress Res- covered in the October 15th meeting |
taurant staff. of the Mahoning Valley Section held |
at Victoria Restaurant in Youngs- |
STEEL FUSE-WELL No. 12, Round—Has the|
town. same uses and analytical ingredients
Niagara Falls—A joint meeting Louis Levine, Warren, Ohio, dis- as Fuse-Well No. 11.
with their Canadian friends was trict office manager for the Social
enjoyed by 18 members of the Security Bureau gave an excellent
Niagara Frontier Section on October coffee talk on ‘“‘You and Social FUSE-WELL No. 14, Moly—An Iron
7th. Fred Butters, new chairman Security.”” His 23 years’ experience Base Rod with alloys added for finer
of the Niagara Chapter of the in this field provided a background grain structure and greater strength.
Canadian Welding Society, presided for a most informative program and
at the meeting. The meeting and discussion period covering Social
Security. FUSE-WELL No. 22, Electrode — Light |
dinner were held in Niagara Falls, coated Rod to be used for AC or DC |
Ont. at the Park Hotel. The technical speaker was Wayne welding in the fabricating and repair-
The speaker, Harry Thomasson, L. Wilcox of Arcos Corp., Philadel- ing of cast iron castings.
presented an unusually good talk on phia, who gave an interesting talk
*‘Steel—Its Fundamentals for on “‘Controlled Welding of Stainless
Steels and Dissimilar Metals by THE CHICAGO HARDWARE FOUNDRY CO.
Welders.”” Mr. Thomasson, a con- Weld Rod Division
sulting engineer with the Canadian the Use of the Schaeffler Diagram.” NORTH CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
Westinghouse Co., gave each person After discussing briefly the history
a copy of his lecture. In describing of stainless steels, Mr. Wilcox pro- For details, circle No. 18 en Reader information Card
the effects of alloying elements he ceeded to outline the various types
stated that many specifications for of steels under the headings of
steel are a carry-over from riveted hardenable by heat treatment and
nonhardenable by heat treatment. ALUMINUM ALLOYS
construction and take little account
of those elements that affect welda- These categories were broken down Canton—Howard Adkins, weld-
bility. Welding men must take a into martensitic, austenitic and ing specialist in the District Engi-
larger part in the writing of material ferritic types, and a slide of the neering Group of Kaiser Aluminum
specifications. On the subject of Schaeffler diagram was used to & Chemical Sales, was a good choice
heat effects, he emphasized that each illustrate how these various forms for the beginning of a new and, it is
welder was a heat treater and, there- are obtained during welding. Mag- hoped, a most interesting year for
fore, could profit by studying a netic and ductility qualities were the Stark Central Section.
good book on heat treatment of discussed along with stress-corrosion Mr. Adkins’ subject “‘Aluminum
steels. cracking. The role of carbide pre- Alloys and Selection” was well
cipitation was also covered. presented, supplemented by slides

DISCUSS SELECTION OF WELDING PROCESS

INERT-GAS WELDING
Dayton—The Dayton Section
held its first meeting of the 1959-60
season on October 14th at Kuntz’s
Cafe. Sixty members and guests
were present.
The latest developments in inert-
gas tungsten-arc and metal-arc weld-
ing equipment and applications were
discussed by Thomas McElrath of
the Linde Co. Development Labora-
tory.
The first half of the talk was ‘‘Which Welding Process Shall | Use?”’ was the topic of the talk presented by J. M. Cam-
devoted to the automation of the eron and J. Kolnik at the October 5th meeting of the Lehigh Valiey Section. Shown,
inert-gas tungsten-arc spot-welding left to right, are Section Vice-chairman L. J. McGeady, Mr. Kolnik, Mr. Cameron and
gun. This was well illustrated with Section Chairman L. R. Constantine

WELDING JOURNAL | 1215

the Airco

LINAGHAR

The Airco LINAGRAPH is the newest, finest multiple torch machine on the
welding market today for flame cutting intricate shapes out of mill plate
up to 96” wide, in any length.
The LINAGRAPH’S pantograph design enables its Aircotron (electronic)
Tracer to follow a templet so precisely that in most cases further finishing
of the flame cut part is unnecessary.
The LINAGRAPH features also a central location of all controls. Further-
more, the tracing table moves easily on rollers —lets you move the templet
without moving the work itself.
It cuts steel plate up to 96” wide and up to 12” thick, using acetylene,
natural or city gas or propane with up to six torches. The LINAGRAPH
requires floor space only 19’3” wide.
Extra lengths of rails and tracks and extra tracing tables can be ordered,
and right- or left-hand operation is available.
Sie Dimes taleael Voares For complete information on the New Airco LINAGRAPH, phone your
accurately follows a gear templet. nearest Air Reduction office. Or write us today for Catalog 804L.

On the west coast—

Air Reduction Pacific Company
AiR REDUCTION SALES COMPANY _ internationaity-
Airco Company Internationa!
A division of Air Reduction Company, incorporated In Cuba—
Cuban Air Products Corporation
150 East 42nd Street, New York 17,N.Y. in Canada—
Air Reduction Canada Limited
Offices and authorized dealers in most principal cities All divisions or subsidiaries
of Air Reduction Company, inc
For details, circle No. 19 on Reader Information Card
to make your flame cutting jobs more profitable
TUBE PLANT TOURED The subject of the meeting was FULFILL UEC FUND QUOTA
“Which Welding Process Shall I
Use?” Mr. Cameron spoke on the
application of automatic welding
processes to freight-car welding.
Mr. Kolnik supplemented and illus-
trated the lecture, using 3-D slides.
Coffee speaker was Attorney
Ralph Griesemer who spoke on the
‘Liberty Bell Shrine for Allentown.”

PANEL MEETING
Collegeville—The Panel Meeting
of the Philadelphia Section got off to
At the plant tour of the Superior Tube Co. an excellent start for the season
by the Philadelphia Section on October on October 9th in the form of a plant
9th, W. C. Hanna and R. Utter acted as tour through Superior Tube Co.’s The Philadelphia Section makes their
guides and answered the many questions Collegeville plant. pledge of $1500 to the United Engineering
raised by the visitors Frank Hussey as panel chairman Center Fund a reality as Past-chairman
arranged the tour and those in Cari Schaub presents Vice-president
and a 15-min movie, showing recent attendance agreed that their time R. D. Thomas with the first of three in-
construction of products made with was well spent. stallments
aluminum that formerly were made W. C. Hanna, field sales manager
of other materials. for Superior Tube, started the
evening off with a brief description answers to the many questions
The ease and thoroughness of his asked.
presentation was indicative of his of the company’s equipment and
extensive background, both from a products and a very excellent film
showing the manufacture of tubes. PLANT TOUR
practical and engineering stand-
point. The attendance was then split New Kensington—The Pitts-
The meeting was held at the up into groups of five and escorted burgh Section visited the Aluminum
American Legion, Post 44. A social through the shops by very capable Company of America plant at New
get together and dinner preceded the guides. The members were shown Kensington on Friday, September
meeting. the forming, brazing, swaging, bead- 25th. A tour was made of the plant
ing, flaring, expanding, machining, in groups of 10 to 12 men. As the
cleaning and inspection facilities men arrived at the plant, a guide
Pennsylvania used in the manufacturing of round immediately started a group on
or shaped tubing. the tour which lasted approximately
Sizes ranged from 0.010 in. OD three hours. About 91 men made
PROCESS SELECTION
by 0.002 in. wall to 2'/, in OD to the tour.
Allentown—The Lehigh Valley standard and special specifications The tour was first conducted
Section met on Monday, October and using carbon, alloy and stain- through the Alcoa Process Develop-
5th, at Walp’s Restaurant in Allen- less steels as well as some nonferrous ment Laboratory for the Joining
town for dinner and meeting. A metals. and Finishing Division. Following
Board of Directors meeting preceded Tubes seen here were used in such this, the group was conducted
the dinner. varied applications as hypodermic through the job shop, beer barrel
The speaker was James M. Cam- needles, electronics tubing and golf unit, machine and steel fabricating
eron, supervisor of welding research clubs. shop, remelt division, extrusion,
for A. C. F. Division of A. C. F. Following the tour, an informal tube mill and foil mill. The guides
Industries, Inc., assisted by John question-and-answer period was explained the different processes
Kolnik, assistant superintendent of held. Rodney Utter, welding engi- and answered questions put to them
A. C. Division at Berwick. neer for Superior supplied the by the visitors. At the conclusion
of the tour, the visitors were given
a sample of Alcoa aluminum foil in
the new flat package.
ALCOA PLANT VISITED BY PITTSBURGH SECTION The visitation was under the
personal supervision and direction of
W. M. Rogerson, a member of the
Section, who was very ably assisted
by others in his department. This
event was voted a complete success.

Tennessee

INCENTIVES
Nashville—A joint meeting of
the Nashville Section and the Society
On September 25th, the members of the Pittsburgh Section visited the Alcoa for the Advancement of Manage-
plant in New Kensington, Pa. Some of the visitors are shown above ment was held on September 11th

1218 | DECEMBER 1959

at the Hermitage Hotel. WELDING SHOW HELD BY HOLSTON VALLEY
One hundred and fifty members
and guests of both societies were
present to hear James F. Lincoln,
chairman of the board of The
Lincoln Electric Co., Cleveland,
Ohio, present a most interesting
talk on “Incentives’’ which was
followed by a question-and-answer
period.

Texas

PLANT TOUR
Dallas—Plant tour of Fritz W.
Glitsch & Sons, Inc., Dallas, was
arranged for the September meeting
of the North Texas Section. Fifty- Pictured above are two typical demonstrations performed at the September 15th
six members and guests were guided welding show sponsored by the Holston Valley Section in Bristol, Va.
through this “Job Specialty Shop.”’
A movie was shown on the details
of rolling a 5*/,-in. thick steel plate Ductile Iron,”’ dealing with brazing gram will be given in a future
into a cylindrical section for a large with silver alloys on applications issue of the WELDING JOURNAL.
pressure vessel. During the tour, such as gasoline and diesel engines,
members and guests were able to hydraulic valves and aircraft parts. WELDING SHOW
observe the equipment used in A film “Ductile Cast Iron’ con- Bristol—The Holston Valley Sec-
fabricating, welding and inspection cluded this very fine presentation. tion held a Welding Show on Sep-
of the vessels. tember 15th at Bristol Steel & Lron
WELDING EDUCATIONAL Works Pierce Steel plant. About
HIGH-STRENGTH STEELS COURSE 250 attended this Show where they
Dallas—On Oct. 13, thirty-seven Houston— The officers and direc- saw demonstrations by the following
members and guests of the North tors of the Houston Section met on companies: Air Reduction Sales,
Texas Section gathered at the West- Friday, October 9th, at the Houston Oxygen Service, Southern Oxygen,
ern Hills Inn for dinner and a most Engineering and Scientific Building. Lincoln Electric and Nelson Stud
interesting presentation by R. D. Li- In addition to the regular business, Welding.
bert. Mr. Libert is manufacturing a number of important decisions
manager of the Special Products and were made for a welding educational
Tool Manufacturing Division, A. O. course for the 1959-60 season. The _ Wisconsin
Smith Corp. The subject of his course recommended was Welding
presentation was ‘Welding High- Metallurgy, based on the textbook
strength-steel Missile and Airframe ARC CUTTING
Welding Metallurgy by O. H. Henry
Components.” The _ presentation and G. E. Claussen, revised by G. E. Appleton—The Fox Valley Sec-
was highlighted by 18 slides of Linnert. Eight two-hour sessions tion met on September 18th at the
missile and airframe components commencing Tuesday, February Elks Club in Appleton to launch its
which have been fabricated by 2nd through Tuesday, March 22nd, 1959-60 program.
A. O. Smith. were approved. Details on the pro- A premeeting movie was shown
DUCTILE IRON
San Antonio—The San Antonio HEAR TALK ON HIGH-STRENGTH STEELS
Section met on October 5th for
dinner and meeting at Capt. Jim’s
Cafe with 46 members and guests
present.
Five new student members were
introduced by their respective
teachers—Rex Gaither, Vocational
Industrial Club No. 126 of Harlan-
dale High School; Wm. Bentley,
Teacher; Fernando Flores, George
Montalbo, Henry Flores and Robert
Jaurez, Vocational Industrial Club
No. 119 of San Antonio Vocational-
Technical High School, W. H.
Wood, Teacher.
Charles R. McGrail, sales engineer
and metallurgist for Alamo Iron
Works reported from a paper he had The welding of high-strength-steel missile Al Bernson is receiving the Past-chair-
received presented by J. L. Sal- and airframe components was discussed man's pin from Ed Mia, Section secretary,
baing of International Nickel Co., by R. D. Libert, extreme left, at the Octo- in recognition of his efforts during the
entitled “New Result of Welding ber 13th meeting of North Texas Section past year. J.C. Collins is in foreground

WELDING JOURNAL | 1219

 PROGRESS IS NEVER A

Ete Wag bade.

EUTECTIC RESEARCH

MAKES THE BIG DIFFERENCE

IN OUR 20th YEAR OF

World Headquarters
Flushing, New York

For details, circle No. 20 on Reader information Card

1220 | DECEMBER 1959
 MATTER OF CHANCE

Real progress doesn’t “just happen”. It must be carefully and deliberately created!
It requires dedication and a relentless desire to make things better than they are.

Ceaseless research has been the key to EUTECTIC progress since its inception
20 years ago. It began with the discovery of the “Surface Alloying” principle and
the development of the exclusive Low Heat Input Welding Process — and has con-
tinued through the development of the more than 160 EUTECTIC “Low Tempera-
ture Welding Alloys”® Fluxes and Welding Aids. The purpose has always been the
same: to develop better methods of providing faster, easier and stronger welds...
while minimizing stresses, embrittlement, distortion and warpage created by con-
ventional high heat methods.

Today, these efforts are still going on — more than ever before! Every year finds
new plants...new laboratories...new equipment being added to our already
extensive facilities throughout the world. Soon, a vast new Foundry and Metallur-
gical Center will be completed — heralding the start of the most ambitious research
and development program ever undertaken by this or any other company in the field.

Progress, based on research, is the primary aim at EUTECTIC. And progress to us

means better products, improved techniques, and greater service for you.

NEW FOUNDRY AND METALLURGICAL DIVISION being constructed will house complete
facilities for metallurgical research and developments, as well as the actual production
of core wires from virgin metal.

PROGRESS AND SERVICE

® REGISTERED TRADE MARK OF : ©1959 EWAC

EUTECTIC WELDING ALLOYS CORPORATION

40-40 172nd St., FLUSHING 58, NEW YORK
Warehouses and Service Centers im ATLANTA; BOSTON; CHICAGO; COLUMBUS, OHIO; DALLAS; DETROIT;
LOS ANGELES; ST. LOUIS; SEATTLE; BERKELEY, CALIF.; HURON, $0,
DAKOTA; PHOENIX, ARIZONA.
WELDING ALLOYS CANADIAN PLANT AND HEADQUARTERS: MONTREAL
WAREHOUSES: DARTMOUTH, N, S., TORONTO AND VANCOUVER

For details, circle No. 20 on Reader Information Card

WELDING JOURNAL | 1221
through the courtesy of the Lincoln CARBON ARC-COMPRESSED AIR PROCESS DESCRIBED
Electric Co. on “Facts About the
Prevention and Control of Distor-
tion in Arc Welding.”
Featured speaker was Elmer
Lehmkuhl, sales manager for the
Arcair Co. He spoke on the recent
developments in the compressed-
air carbon-arc cutting process. ‘The
talk covered the history of the proc-
ess as well as the details on current
applications and most recent devel-
opments. Slide pictures were used
to show the process at work on many
typical applications.

WELDING ABROAD
The compressed air-carbon arc cutting process was described in full at the September
Milwaukee ~The Milwaukee Sec- 18th meeting of the Fox Valley Section by Elmer Lehmkunhl. Left to right are John
tion held its first regular 1959--60 Teigen, Gordon Jacklin, Mr. Lehmkuhl and Section Chairman Max Kern
technical meeting at the Ambassador
Hotel on Friday evening, September
18th. One hundred and _ seven and application photographs. The Mr. Goetsch explained the Mil-
members and guests attended the application photographs were taken waukee expressway system now
program and buffet dinner. by him during one of his visits to under construction with the aid of a
Jack Chyle, director of welding Europe. After the technical dis- map showing their exact location
research, A. O. Smith Corp., gave cussion, Mr. Chyle continued with and where they tied in with the
a very interesting and informative a series of colored slides taken in interstate system. The question-
talk entitled, “Welding Abroad.” Brussels, Belgium, during his recent and-answer period following the
His presentation dealt mainly with visit to the World’s Fair. formal talk cleared up many of the
the newer welding processes and was After-dinner speaker was Ed misconceptions that have existed
highlighted with schematic slides Wells, Wisconsin Telephone Co., among the members.
who gave an interesting discussion At 8:00 P.M. the technical ses-
on the use of telephone equipment sion got under way. Jerome B.
for transmitting television programs. Welch of Cutler Hammer, Inc.,
His talk was entitled ‘“Telephone was the technical speaker. Mr.
Skyways” and miniature transmit- Welch spoke on magnetic-force
FOR ting equipment was set up for resistance welding, using slides and
CONTROLLED demonstration purposes. high-speed motion pictures to illus-
WORK
RESISTANCE WELDING trate his talk. Recent advance-
inA ATMOSPHERE ments in both magnetic-force and
Milwaukee—On October 16th
v4 percussion-resistance welding devel-
at 6:30 P.M., the Milwaukee Sec-
tion met at the Ambassador Hotel oped by his organization were
for its monthly meeting. At the explained and demonstrated with
completion of the dinner, the meet- pictures.
ing was called to order by Wm. J. It was a very informative and
Dyble, Chairman. Herbert A. Goet- entertaining meeting with 72 mem-
sch, assistant expressway engineer bers present for the dinner and 84
of Milwaukee, was the coffee speaker. for the meeting.

BLICKMAN

VACUUM DRY BOX

Designs and specifications are avail-

able for a variety of welding enclo-
sures for research aad production
welding, and for work in the fields of
metallurgy and physical chemistry.
These enclosures can be fully evacu-
ated and then be filled with an inert
gas for welding in an inert atmosphere.
Write for Technical Bulletins on vari-
ous types of welding enclosures:
S. Blickman, Inc.,3012 Gregory Ave-
nue, Weehawken, N. J.
BLICKMAN
LABORATORY EQUIPMENT |
H. A. Goetsch explained the Milwaukee Magnetic force and percussion resistance
Look for this symbol of quality Blt athe expressway system at October 16th meet- welding was discussed by the technical
ing of Milwaukee Section. He was the speaker, Jerome B. Welch
For details, circle No. 27 on Reader information Card coffee speaker

1222 | DECEMBER 1959

 EFFECTIVE OCTOBER 1, 1959
New Members
MEMBERSHIP CLASSIFICATION
A—Sustaining Member D—Student Member
B—Member E—Honorary Member
C—Associate Member F—Life Members
TOTAL NATIONAL MEMBERSHIP
Sustaining Members
Members
Associate Members
Students......
Honorary Members...
ALBUQUERQUE McCassalin, James M. (C Life Members....
Ingersoll, F. Johnson (B Williams, Michael J. (C Total...
ATLANTA INDIANA
AWS Builds Men of Welding
Smith, L. Walter, Jr. (B Greiner, Clifton R. (C
1OWA-ILLINOIS Johnson, Floyd I. (C SAN DIEGO
BOSTON
Keller, Lloyd (C Sandusky, Robert M. (C Buono, Guy (B
Cox, J. Norman (B) Luetkehans, Lawrence (C
Schneider, William R. (B NORTHEAST TENN. SAN FRANCISCO
CHATTANOOGA b. & G. Brown, Leo L. (B Maurer, John G. (B
Edman, Gene (B Pratt, Charles J. (B
Taylor, William G. (C Gillmore, Claude V. (B SANGAMON VALLEY
NORTHERN N. Y.
CHICAGO KANSAS CITY Baker, Harold D. (C
Marsh, Paul F. (C Fox, Ronald B. (D
Brown, Calvin C. (B Matney, George R. (B Michels, Peter (B
Cain, Gerald F. (C Thoman, John A. (C)
Warring, Thomas Arthur (B NORTH TEXAS
De Hoog, Paul H. (B SOUTH FLORIDA
Dellinger, William T. (C LEHIGH VALLEY Brewer, Henry V. (B
Dillon, Joseph H. (C Clark, Morton L. (B)
Marshall, Richard W. (C Powell, Jack M. (C Grider, Ralph Lewis (B
Hemenwary, Henry H. (C
McGrath, William K. (B Patterson, W. L. (B NORTHWEST STARK CENTRAL
Schjerven, W. N., Jr. (B LONG BEACH Whitbeck, William J. (C
Schreiner, Robert (C Swenberg, Herbert (C
Shugarman, Alvin E. (B Crosby, Timothy J. (C OKLAHOMA CITY
Shupp, Lawrence N. (C TULSA
LONG ISLAND Fite, Hugh H. (B
Warren, J. M. (C Clark, George A. (B
Baltusis, Peter (C Garner, Jim (C Peterson, M. J. (B
CINCINNATI Leeker, Warren F. (C Hamilton, Jack A. (B
Pearson, Alan C. (B Jackson, Jack Allan (C WESTERN MICH.
Sage, Lauren W. (C Walcott, Ben E. (B
Schneider, Ralph P. (C LOS ANGELES Kightly, John W. (C
PASCAGOULA
CLEVELAND Ewing, Thomas A. (B YORK-CENTRAL PA.
Homberoff, Al (B Stuart, Paul S., Jr. (C
Barber, C. Merrill (B Farnham, William Field (B
Hale, Harry (C Luther, Verdie W. (C
Mileham, Russell J. (B PHILADELPHIA
Pertekel, Albert Joseph (C MEMBERS NOT IN SECTIONS
Bater, Harold (B
COLORADO MADISON Dorminy, Bill A. (C Badmann-Coret, M. (B
Flynn, Charles J. (C Bridoux, Claude (B
D’Amico, Edward A. (B Carver, George A. (D McLeod, George W. (B
Haberkorn. George (B Newquist, Gerald G. (B
MAHONING VALLEY Miloslavich, Steve (B
Haberkorn, John A. (B PITTSBURGH Morton, Daniel Salazar (B
Haynes, Richard F. (B
COLUMBUS Oakley, Melvin (B Anderson, Lloyd E., Sr. (B Members Reclassified
Farber, Edward Austin (B Denz, Benjamin H. (C During September
MARYLAND De Paul, Dominick J. (B
DAYTON Farrell, Norman S Fischer, Al D. (C DAYTON
Ballman, Gerald J. (B Gladora, John A. (B Schober, William R. (C to B
MILWAUKEE McCampbell, Roy L. (C
DETROIT Mirecki, Richard M. (C DETROIT
Cameron, J. D. (C PORTLAND Shaughnessy John Paul
MOBILE Grewell, C. C. (B C to B
Hudson, Thomas M. (B
Paek, Stephen (B McElvain, Gary B. (C Wolgast ; Raymond P. (C
Wuestenberg, Clayton (C PUGET SOUND toB
NEW JERSEY
FOX VALLEY Grow, Gerald R. (B NEW JERSEY
Goodspeed, William A. (C Rains, Francis C. (B
Johnson, Le Roy (C Oliver, George Joseph (B MacGuffie, C. I. BtoA
Kruse, Walter (C Peterson, Albert L. (B RICHMOND
Lemke, Elmer, L. (C Sylvester, William (C NORTH TEXAS
Pasch, Robert L. (C Schutte, Lawrence E. (B Banks, Ralph A., Jr. (C to B)
NEW YORK
HOUSTON SAGINAW VALLEY PUGET SOUND
Maciulis, Anthony (C
Dollinger, John (C Geiger, William R. (C Holt, Richard E. (C to B
Graham, Davis L. (C NIAGARA FRONTIER
Johnson, Fred W. (B Barnes, Harold E. (B ST. LOUIS RICHMOND
Lockard, Alfred (C Griesbaum, Charles J. (B Jerrett, Elliott B. (B Maloney, George S. (C to B)

WELDING JOURNAL | 1223

 Motor Trucks Titanium and Alloys
Truck Cab Fabrication, T. J. Palmer. All-Beta Titanium Alloy (Ti-13V-
Welding & Metal Fabrication, vol. 27, 11Cr-3Al), R. A. Wood and H. R.
no. 8-9 (Aug.-Sept. 1959), pp. 320-324. Ogden. Battelle Memorial Inst.
DMIC Report 110 (Apr. 17, 1959),
Nickel Alloys 196 pp.
Welding Nimonic, R. Levick and P. A. Welded-steel Structures
Morgan. Aircraft Production, vol. 21,
no. 7 (July 1959), pp. 251-257. Welding Economy with Planned Con-
nections, O. W. Blodgett. Civ. Eng.
Petroleum Refineries (N. Y.), vol. 29, no. 8 (Aug. 1959), pp.
LITERATURE 38-40.
Stress Relieving in Field, J. L. Corlett
and S. Beck. Petroleum, vol. 22, no. 2 Weld Testing
(Feb. 1959), pp. 54-56, 60.
Review of Some Recent Developments
Petroleum Refineries in Industrial Radiography, R. Halm-
Welding Techniques and Electrodes for shaw. Welding & Metal Fabrication,
Oil Industry, J. W. Shedden. Petro- vol. 27, no. 7 (July 1959), pp. 292-297.
leum, vol. 22, no. 2 (Feb. 1959), pp. Welder Ability Testing
67-69. Tests for Use in Training of Welders.
For copies of articles, write directly to Piles Brit. Standards Instn.—Brit Standards
publications in which they appear. A list of no. 1295 (1959) 55 pp.
addresses is available on request. Tubular Leads on Big Crane Handle
Long Piles. Construction Methods & Welding
Arc Welding Equipment, vol. 41, no. 5 (May 1959), British Commonwealth Welding Con-
pp. 92-95. ference. Inst. of Welding, London,
Industrial Uses of Electroslag Weld- 469 pp.
ing in Soviet Union, E. Bishop. Weld-
ing & Metal Fabrication, vol. 27, Enclosed Welding of Rail Sections, G. Strength of Components Repaired by
no. 8-9 (Aug.-Sept. 1959), pp. 316-319. Zoethout. Philips Tech. Rev., vol. 20, Welding, S. Wise. Brit. Welding /.,
no. 4 (Oct. 30, 1958), pp. 94-100. vol. 6, no. 8 (Aug. 1959), pp. 345-350.
Beryllium Welding Machines
Resistance Welding
Joining of Beryllium, N. E. Weare and How to Select Arc-Welding Machines,
R. E. Monroe. Light Metal Age, vol. Rating of Resistance Welding Equip-
ment. Brit. Standards Instn.—Brit. B. Ronay. Welding Engr., vol. 44, no.
17, no. 7-8 (Aug. 1959), pp. 10-12. 7 (July 1959), pp. 26-29.
Standards no. 3065 (1959), 13 pp.
Blowers New Current Analyzer Determines Re-
sistance Welder Performance, M. A.
Spot Automation Speeds Assembly at Maintenance Applications of Welding, Ferguson. Gen. Motors Eng. J., vol.
Trade-Wind, W. D. Engstrand. As- R. J. Osborn. Jron & Steel Engr., vol. 6, no. 3 (July-Aug.-Sept. 1959) pp.
sembly & Fastener Eng., vol. 1, no. 9 36, no. 9 (Sept. 1959), pp. 107-113. 15-18.
(June 1959), pp. 36-39. (discussion), 113-116. Transfer Welding Machine. Automa-
Dissimilar Metals Sheet Metal tion, vol. 6, no. 6 (June 1959), pp.
65-67.
Joining Dissimilar Metals, J. G. Young, Progress in Fusion Welding of Non-
A. A. Smith. Welding & Metal Fabrica- ferrous Alloys, J. G. Young. Sheet Welds
tien, vol. 27, no. 7, (July 1959), pp. Metal Industries, vol. 36, no. 388-389 Application of Electron Microscopy,
275-281, No. 8-9 (Aug.-Sept.), pp. (Aug.-Sept. 1959), pp. 557-566, 576. D. Hrivnak and I. Hrivnak. Metal
331-338. Sheet Metal Working Treatment & Drop Forging, vol. 26, no.
175 (June 1959), pp. 225-230, 236.
Electric Busbars Designing for Production, J. V. Hard-
ing. Sheet Metal Industries, vol. 35,
Welded Aluminum Bus Cuts Station no. 377 (Sept. 1958), pp. 676-677, 684;
Costs, J. A. Maneatis. Elec. Light & No. 380 (Dec.), pp. 914-916; vol. 36,
Power, vol. 37, no. 12 (June 15, 1959), no. 381 (Jan. 1959), pp. 50-52; No.
pp. 52-55. 385 (May), pp. 362-364. BOUND VOLUMES OF
Electric Transformers Steel JOURNAL AVAILABLE
Stud Welding, Design—and $80,000. Reproducibility of CTS Weldability
J. E. Thornton. Can. Machy., vol. 70, Tests for Low-Alloy Steels. Brit. Weld- Individual bound volumes of the
no. 8 (Aug. 1959), pp. 115-116, 118, ing J., vol. 6, no. 8 (Aug. 1959), pp.
120, 129. 354-361. WELDING JOURNAL for the years
1948, 1955, 1957 and 1958 are
Footbridges Steel Castings
available in black imitation
Bridge Designed by Plastic Theory, J. Reclamation of 30-ton Steel Casting,
G. G. Musted. Brit. Welding -J., vol. leather covers, together with a
S. Ellis. Eng. Inst. Canada—Trans.,
vol. 3, no. 1 (Apr. 1959), pp. 18-22. 6, no. 8 (Aug. 1959), pp. 351-353. comprehensive subject and
Steel Hardening authors index. Price $15.00 per
Machine Tools
Flame Hardening Beats Abrasion. copy. Each volume represents a
Welded Bed, Modular Design Mass Production, vol. 35, no. 7 (July
Strengthen Powerful New Lathe. Jron veritable encyclopedia of infor-
Age, vol. 183, no. 21 (May 21, 1959), 1959), pp. 72-75. mation in the welding field.
p. 147. Superheaters Copies may be ordered through
Development of Transition Weld be- the AMERICAN WELDING SO-
Motor Boats tween Ferritic and Austenitic Super-
High Speed All-We'ded Steel Passenger heater Tubing. B. Loefblad and G. CIETY, 33 W. 39th Street, New
Launch, R. Du Cane. Welding & Metal Lindh. Welding & Metal Fabrication, York 18, N. Y.
Fabrication, vol. 27, no. 8-9 (Aug.- vol. 27, no. 8-9 (Aug.-Sept. 1959), pp.
Sept. 1959), pp. 307-315. 325-330, 349.

1224 | DECEMBER 1959

 All Teeth Stay Sharper, Last Longer with

Stoody

TUBE BORIUM!

Wear and loss of digging efficiency are common com-

plaints on all types of teeth—ditchers, power shovels,
rippers, draglines, dredges, etc. Hard-facing greatly
prolongs useful life. But even so, each tooth can be
made to last far longer than ever before and retain
its sharpness by hard-facing with Stoody TUBE
BORIUM!
Why is this one hard-facing alloy so superior on teeth?
No other hard metal equals TUBE BORIUM in
straight abrasion resistance. Its deposits are thickly
peppered with tiny tungsten carbide particles. Wear
is virtually defied by this hardest-of all man-made
metals.
More expensive in first cost, Tube Borium shows excel-
lent economy in overall service life, outlasting other
materials many times over. And longevity is not your
only benefit. Remember, one major cost of any hard-
facing application is welding time. Use the best, Tube
Borium, and you'll save several applications of less
effective alloys besides eliminating needless downtime!
ROAD RIPPER TEETH averaged 7 to 10 times more Your Stoody dealer (check the Yellow Pages of your
life after receiving protection with Tube Borium. Notice phone book) will supply details, literature or recom-
how tooth chisels down with wear. mendations. Ask about Tube Borium—or write direct.

DRAG LINE TEETH used in slag dump were hard-fuced

with Electric Tube Borium—outlasted unprotected teeth
9 to 12 times.

SHOVEL TEETH wore out in one 8-hour shift. A few

beads of Tube Borium applied during noon break prolong
life 6 or 8 full shifts. They are then repointed and hard-
faced for further use.

TUBE BORIUM is available in stick form for oxy-

acetylene or manual electric application. Also in con-
tinuous wires for automatic and semi-automatic elec-
tric application. Various mesh sizes for individual uses.

a > ud o!
STOODY COMPANY
DITCHER TEETH —A few ounces of 30-40 Electric Tube
11986 E. Slauson Ave., Whittier Calif. Borium on points of teeth increased life 6 to 8 times over
factory originals.
For details, circle No. 21 on Reader Information Card

WELDING JOURNAL | 1225

Eight-foot Cutting Machine Roy T. Omundson, Cardox Div. The system is also available in a
president, stated that the plant 750-amp model.
At an open house held at Air being built at Gibbstown, N. J.,
Reduction’s Equipment Manufac- about 15 miles southwest of Phila- Two Firms Bought by Budd
turing Plant, Union, N. J., the Lina- delphia, will have a_ production
graph, a four-tip pantograph, han- The Budd Co. has purchased the
capacity of 155 tons of liquid and electronics business of the Lewyt
dling 8 ft-wide plate, was demon- solid carbon dioxide a day. Raw
strated to members of the press. Manufacturing Corp. in Long
material will be obtained from a Island City, it was announced by
An addition to its regular line of nearby E. I. du Pont de Nemours
shape-cutting machines, the prin- Edward G. Budd, Jr., president.
& Co. ammonia plant. Lewyt’s vacuum cleaner business
cipal innovation, according to Airco,
is the centralized operator control was not included. The Lewyt firm
Linde Liquid Oxygen Plant will be a wholly-owned subsidiary
under the name, Budd Lewyt Elec-
Union Carbide Corp. Division, tronics, Inc., Budd said.
Linde Co., will add another link to Also revealed was an agreement
its chain of liquid oxygen-nitrogen to take over the Cleveland Welding
producing plants being built pri- Division of the American Machine
marily to supply missile installa- and Foundry Co. at Cleveland,
tions with cryogenic fluids, according Ohio. The Cleveland Welding Di-
to Morse G. Dial, Chairman of the vision manufactures wheel rims
Board of Union Carbide. This for trucks and tractors.
newest plant will be located near Earnings of The Budd Co. for
the missile engine production fa- the first half of 1959 were $8,976,-
cilities at Fort Crowder Reservation, 000 after taxes in gross sales of
Neosho, Mo. $170,000,000 according to Mr. Budd.

which is contained in a panel adja- Customer Training by A. 0. Smith

cent to the tracing head. The torches
are individually motorized which Proper service and maintenance COMING
facilitates this feature. This com- procedures for A. O. Smith Corp.’s
pactness of design is reported to re- multioperator welding-power-source
sult in a reduction of floor space re- system were explained to over 60 EVENTS
quired, although it is also possible customer users during a_ recent
to extend the cutting length by add- training session held at the com-
ing track. The tracing head can be pany’s Product Service Division
equipped for manual, magnetic or branch at Union, N. J. A Calendar of Welding Activity
electronic tracing units. The full-day meeting, the first of a
The mechanical suspension of the series planned for power source
carriage permits motion under a customers, was conducted by en- AWS National Meetings
light driving force. This condition gineers from A. O. Smith’s Welding
is further aided by a split sensing- Products Division, A. E. Johnson 4ist Annual Meeting:
driving circuit, which at appropriate and Dennis Pierce. A _ typical April 25-29, 1960. Biltmore Ho-
times throws some of the driving 1500-amp multioperator unit, power tel, Los Angeles, Calif.
burden on the actuated arm carriage. junction boxes and individual arc Exposition: April 26-28
current control resistance grids were Great Western Exhibit Center
used to illustrate maintenance pro- 1960 National Fall Meeting. Sep-
Carbon-dioxide Plant tember 26-29. Penn Sheraton
cedures. Walter Roe and Paul
Chemetron Corp.’s Cardox Div. Savoca of the J. B. Nottingham Hotel, Pittsburgh, Pa.
is constructing a plant near Phila- Co., suppliers of the grids and
delphia that it says will be the junction boxes described operation NWSA
largest carbon-dioxide producing fa- of their firm’s products. December 3-4. Southwestern
cility in the Northeast and one of The 1500-amp multioperator Zone Meeting, Hotel Texas, Fort
the largest in the U. S. to recover power system operates as many as 30 Worth, Texas.
carbon dioxide from ammonia. welders from a single power source.

1226 | DECEMBER 1959

COMPLETING

THE PICTURE... Bi
requiremerits.
Nuclear Systems Economical,

Portable Radiography Machines

iaPT 7
omy =
'" . ““We save approximately 50% of radiography costs
on welding inspection by using Nuclear Systems
Equipment,” said the Manager of Manufacturing at the
Chattanooga, Tennessee plant of Combustion Engineering,
Inc., last year when Nuclear Systems gamma radiography
machines were in use many hours a day. Now these machines
are used around the clock—and savings over the use of con-
ventional X-ray equipment have increased proportionately.
Without expensive rigging, high quality radiographs are being
obtained wherever and whenever needed—on almost all
sizes and shapes of welded vessels and components.
There’s a Nuclear Systems radiography machine which can
tighten up your quality control... ease up your budget. For
full information, write any of our sales offices.

PHILADELPHIA CHICAGO SAN FRANCISCO

BSE on Be 7-4 ee Ae ee
A DIVISION OF THE BUDD COMPANY, Philadelphia 32, Pa ~Parhe f—
IN CANADA—TATNALL MEASURING AND NUCLEAR SYSTEMS
46 HOLLINGER RD. « TORONTO 16, ONT

For details, circle No. 22 on Reader Information Card

WELDING JOURNAL | 1227

 QUARTER-CENTURY GROUP

PLAST-IRON

GRADE B-171

POWDER

FOR

MILD STEEL, LOW Eighty of the 320 employees of the McKay Co., in the York, Pa., plant,
who have served 25 years or more, pose for their picture
HYDROGEN AND

HARD-FACING _ Livingston Buys Firm Exclusive Argon Outlet

The welding supply division of Southern Oxygen Co., Washing-
| Benson and Zimmerman, Modesto, ton, D. C., recently announced their
ELECTRODES | Calif. was sold to J. P. Livingston, exclusive sales and distribution
| formerly of the Linde Co., Division
agreement with Spencer Chemical
of Union Carbide Corp. The new Co., Kansas City, Mo., wherein
firm is known as the Livingston Southern will market the entire
Oxygen and Equipment Co. liquid argon output of Spencer’s
Vicksburg, Miss., plant.
Approximately 3'/, million cubic
feet of argon per month will be pro-
duced and sold through compressed
gas manufacturers and distributors,
as well as direct to large bulk con-
sumers.

© IMPROVED QUALITY
New Airco Headquarters
@ HIGHER DEPOSITION RATE in Tonawanda

@ FASTER OPERATION Air Reduction Sales Co. has

begun construction of a $140,000
Send for Technical Data sales office and warehouse at 1250
and Working Sample Military Rd., Tonawanda, N. Y.«
A native San Franciscan, The new building, due for com-
Livingston joined Linde Co. as a pletion in December, will serve
sales representative at its San as the headquarters for the com-
Francisco office in 1947 and has pany’s sales and technical service
held executive positions with the staffs who were previously located
company in Los Angeles, Pittsburgh at 730 Grant St., Buffalo, N. Y.
and most recently New York, where Air Reduction Sales Co. has head-
he was assistant manager of the quarters at 150 E. 42nd St., New
firm’s welding department. York 17, N. Y.

PLASTIC

Wesu0- i
Division
National-U.S
Radiator ¢ orp ration

JOHNSTOWN, PA.

For details, circle No. 12 on Reader information Card

1228 | DECEMBER 1959
Medium Frequency (1200 10 12,000 cyctes)
sAOW
Induction Heating Equipment for Stress Relieving
By Werner K. Haessler, Project Engineer, Brown Boveri Corp. SOVE

Brown Boveri manufactures turbine All sets are complete on a mobile,

and generator shafts, precision 4-wheel chassis. Plug and socket con-
marine gears and other products nections are supplied for connecting
requiring flawless, stress-free weld- 2 similar sets in parallel for higher
ments. After thorough testing, the power. Drip-proof housing for out-
Company adopted medium-frequency door exposure. Power and heat con-
induction heating for stress reliev- trols provide accurate, automatic
ing of weldments and for shrink heating, soaking and cooling periods
fitting. Compact, mobile power- with no supervision.
converters and special heat-resistant,
insulated cable were developed The complete range of Brown
adding speed and flexibility to induc- Boveri stress relieving units makes it
tion heating techniques. Standard sets possible to provide the frequency best
are now available. suited for the specific size, thickness,
composition and shape of the work-
Advantages pieces to be treated. In general, the
Mobile truck for 38 to 110 kw output units. lighter the workpiece, the higher the
Induction heating offers complete Larger units are also on a mobile chassis.
mobility not possible with furnaces. Automatic temperature sequence control, frequency. Experience has proved,
Even assembly welds at a customer’s Graph shows record of complete sequence. however, that if one machine is to be
used for a variety of applications, fre-
400 cycles, require thick or very long quencies in the range of 2 to 2.5 ke
cables and are limited to heating are the most suitable.
thick, heavy sections.)

Brown Boveri medium frequency

converter sets
Fre- Volt-
quency Power age
ke/s kw Vv
60 260
110 630
165 720
220 900
50 400
66 540
Cable arrangement for stress relief treatment RS 720
of welded flange. Diam. 80”, thickness 5%”, 130 720
max. temp. 1148°F. Maximum power: 60 kw 5 900
at 2.4 ke/s. ih
if
ihe
i>
50
bo>bo 600
390 S00
22) 540
plant can be heat-treated. It gener- 650
ates the heat inside the metal as com- etel 450
Ne
oe
cl
eel
pared to furnaces or resistance heat- 3-phase motor input at 220, 4:
ers that heat from the outside using or 500v, 60c. Upper photo: Cable position during pre-heat-
high surface temperatures. Thermo- ing at 850°F and welding. Below: Cable wind-
couple control allows more accurate ings are simply pushed together and are ready
adherence to prescribed tempera- for stress relief treatment up to 1250°F.
ture gradients. Simple cable and insu-
lation arrangements cut labor cost.
Cables and work can be covered with Brown Boveri Induction Cable
asbestos blankets to minimize radia- Highly flexible, heat-resistant. For
tion losses. work temperatures up to 1250°F with-
Medium frequency induction heating out water cooling. Can be used for
allows the use of relatively short and preheating then stress relieving with-
light cables with longer cable life. out removal during welding. Bends to
Since only a few turns are required, radii of 2” or less for easy application
the energy is concentrated at the to the work. Supplied in easy-to-
welding area allowing substantial handle sections of 15 to 50 ft. quickly
power savings. The medium frequency zJ connected during application. Insu-
system is adaptable for workpieces lated for 1000v.
Shrinking a gear wheel onto a shaft. The insu-
from 1/32” thick up to heavy forg- lating blanket covering the cable has been Write for complete details and Cost
ings. (Low frequency systems, 50 to removed to show the cable arrangement. Estimate Questionnaire.

U.S. Sales and Engineering: Brown Boveri Corp., Dept WJ12,

BROWN BOVERI 19 Rector Street, New York 6, N. Y. Agents in 27 U. S. cities.
For details, circle No. 23 on Reader Information Card
WELDING JOURNAL | 1229
 Engineering Undergraduate
Design Competition
The $5000 in annual awards made
by The James F. Lincoln Arc
Welding Foundation, Cleveland,
Ohio, in its design competition for
college engineering undergraduates
this year went to 66 students in 21
colleges and_ universities. The
welded designs, made to improve
or lower costs of machinery and
structures, ranged, from a _ re-
design of the traditionally cast-iron
fire hydrant to an imaginative
“hyperbolic-paraboloid roof struc-
ture.”” Scholarship funds honoring
the recipients of the main awards
were presented to the schools in
which they were enrolled: The
University of Minnesota, University
of Illinois and New York University.
The first award of $1250 went to
Seppo J. Viikinsalo of Parkville,
Minn., for his design of a fire
hydrant redesigned for welding.
Dr. Richard C. Jordan, head of the
Department of Mechanical Engi-
neering at the University of Minne-
Job report courtesy of sota in which Mr. Viikinsalo was
Superior Welding Company, Decotur, lil. registered, will administer a scholar-
ship fund of $1000 presented by
The Lincoln Foundation. Eight
How to get maximum corrosion resistance students at the University of Minne-
sota received awards, marking the
from Welded Stainless Steels best performance of any one school.
A University of [Illinois civil
engineering student, James Galinsky
of Hammond, Ind., received the
second award of $1000 for his design
of a welded hammerhead support.
The Department of Civil Engi-
neering at the university, under N.
wu wn IREOS

STAINLESS ELECTRODES W. Newmark, received a $500 award

to provide scholarships honoring
This reactor type vessel is used by the chemical industry to produce Galinsky.
paints and resins. Effective resistance to corrosion depends largely The third award of $500, for the
upon the quality of its welded joints. Arcos CHROMEND HCN and design of a welded-aluminum hyper-
CHROMEND K-LC Electrodes were selected to meet these critical
demands. The inner vessel is 304 ELC clad carbon steel—all bolic-paraboloid roof structure, was
other parts in contact with the charge are also 304 ELC. Whatever received by Robert Silman of
your job, there’s an Arcos Stainless weld metal of the right analysis Middle Village, N. Y., a student in
for dependable results. ARCOS CORPORATION, 1500 South the Civil Engineering Dept. of New
50th Street, Philadelphia 43, Pa. York University. The department
head, James Michalos, also received
a scholarship fund of $250.
Schools whose students made
noteworthy performances are Uni-
versity of Minnesota, eight awards;
University of Wyoming, eight
awards; Case Institute of Tech-
nology, four awards; State Uni-
versity of Iowa, four awards, and
Cornell University, three awards.
The Lincoln Arc Welding Founda-
tion has announced a similar com-
petition for the current school
year. All undergraduate students
in all branches of engineering are
eligible to participate. A _ rules
booklet is available from The James
F. Lincoln Arc Welding Foundation,
For details, circle Ne. 24 on Reader Information Card Cleveland 17, Ohio.
1230 | DECEMBER 1959
Fairmount Chemical Moves Office How X-Ray Quality Welds Make
Fairmount Chemical Co., Inc.,
manufacturing chemists _ special- Low Alloy Steels Pay Off
izing in hydrazine and hydrazine
derivatives, announced the removal Wi
of its main offices to 117 Blanchard
St., Newark, N. J. Fairmount mar-
kets Hydrazine flux, a noncorrosive,
nonhygroscopic flux for soldering
electrical and electronic equipment.

Trucks Market Reservoir

of Liquid Gases
Part of a fleet of six new liquid
oxygen and nitrogen tank trucks
are in service at the Pittsburg, Calif.
plant of Linde Co., Division of
Union Carbide Corp. Each of the

Job report courtesy of

Superior Tank & Construction Co., Los Angeles, Calif.
The first of six new liquid oxygen and
liquid nitrogen trucks is delivered to
the Pittsburg (Calif.) plant of Linde Co.,
Division of Union Carbide Corp. WELD WITH alle COS a

tractor-trailer combinations is ca-

pable of carrying 475,000 cu ft of
liquid oxygen or 385,000 cu ft of LOW HYDROGEN ELECTRODES
nitrogen. The vessel being welded is part of an L.P.G. tank truck. For high
The tank trailers were produced strength with low weight—USS “‘T-1” steel is used and welded
for Linde Co. by the Lox Equip- with Arcos Ductilend 110 Electrodes. These tanks meet or exceed
ment Co. of Oakland and the ASME code requirements... and all Ductilend 110 welds qualify
with X-ray soundness. Ductilend 110 is an Arcos Low Hydrogen
trucks were manufactured by Peter- Electrode especially developed for welding high strength notch
bilt Motors Co. of Oakland, Calif. tough steels of the 110,000 psi tensile strength range. Data sheet
on request. ARCOS CORPORATION « 1500 South SOth Street,
Philadelphia 43, Pa.
A. 0. Smith Adds Distributor
According to A. R. Schneller,
Milwaukee district sales manager,
increased customer requirements has
resulted in the appointment of
Northern Gases and Supplies, Inc.,
1831 W. Atkinson Ave., Milwaukee,
as a new distributor for all of A. O.
Smith’s line of electrodes and
welding machines. Northern Gases
recently constructed a new Mil-
waukee plant to manufacture acety-
lene and oxygen and has enlarged
its sales staff. The new distributor
outlet supplements Viking Welding
Supply, 1230 N. 70th St., which
recently expanded its office and -
warehouse facilities. For details, circle No. 25 on Reader information Card

WELDING JOURNAL | 1231

2,898,441--Arc Torcu PusH START- The present patent on a portable welding gun evacuate the chamber when it is closed and other
ING-—-Thomas B. Reed, Danville, and covers such a gun where a housing is provided means seal the chamber against the entrance of
Martin T. Smith, Jr., Indianapolis, with a pair of laterally spaced guide rods extend- atmospheric air around the movable support.
Ind., assignors to Union Carbide Corp., ing slidably through and beyond the housing.
The novel features of the gun relate to a friction 2,899,539-—ELECTRONICALLY Con-
a corporation of New York latch plate slidably engaging one of the guide rods TROLLED BONDING MACHINE—Edwin
This new patent is on apparatus for starting an and apparently movable with the other guide rod G. Millis, Dallas, Tex., assignor to
are torch. In the apparatus an electrode holder in latched engagement therewith. Special control Texas Instruments Inc., Dallas, Tex.,
is provided, and an arc wall-stabilizing nozzle is means regulate movement of the latch plate and a corporation of Delaware.
positioned in insulated relation to the electrode associated means.
holder and connected to a source of electrical This patented apparatus is for bonding two
current. A push button controls means for 2,898,446—-WELDING-ROD HOLDER objects by resistance welding. Means are
bringing an electrode tip into starting relation- Howard P. Minnick, Norristown, Pa. present to pass an electric current through the
ship with the arc wall-stabilizing nozzle, and the objects in series and sensing means are present to
distance the electrode tip is retractable from the Minnick’s patented welding-rod holder determine the commencement of fusion of the
nozzle is controlled by a variable setback control. generally comprises a C-shaped handle having its objects. A timing means is provided responsive
intermediate region adapted to serve as a hand- to the sensing means to terminate the electric
2,898,442—-MANUFACTURE OF COM grip portion. A passageway for cooling air is current a predetermined time interval after the
PRESSOR VANE AssEMBLY—Charles C. provided in this handle, and special means are objects begin to fuse.
Anderson, Virgil K. Eder, William P. provided for positioning a weld rod in a connector
block carried by the handle. 2,900,484—-AuTomaTic Arc-WELDING
Zimmerman, Thomas A. Heath and PROCESS AND MAcHINE—Francois
James F. McLaughlin, Indianapolis, 2,898,516—ELectric Arc INITIATING Georges Danhier, Anderlecht, Belgium,
Ind., assignors to General Motors AND STABILIZING APPARATUS—Charles assignor to La Soudure Electrique
Corp., Detroit, Mich., a corporation of Volff, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Autogene, S. A., Brussels, Belgium, a
Delaware. Volff’s patent on an electric arc welding system corporation of Belgium.
This patent is on a specialized apparatus for relates to apparatus wherein a welding current In this patent, a process for automatic electric
source is connected to a welding torch. A are welding of austenitic stainless steel under a
generator of high frequency oscillations also is at phere is provided. This
provided. Other means connect the generator electrode ‘includes a granulated core having a
to the welding torch. A _ step-down turned mixture of deoxidizers and slag-forming materials
transformer is permanently connected across therein, which core amounts to between 24 and
the output of the generator with a quarter-wave 42% of the weight of the metallic portion of the
resonant line extending from one terminal of the electrode. The electrode also includes metallic
secondary of the transformer to the torch. The chromium and nickel. An electric arc is main
other terminal of the secondary is connected to tained between the electrode and the work
one pole of the welding current source and the while the arc is surrounded with a protective gas
other pole of such source is connected to a work- mixture of nitrogen and carbon dioxide with about
piece to be welded. Thus optimum transfer of 40% or less carbon dioxide therein and more than
high-frequency energy is obtainable from the 60% nitrogen.
generator to the torch irrespective of the load
condition prevailing at the torch. 2,900,485 PoRTABLE ELECTRIC
Torcu—Albert G. Clark, Wayne, Pa.,
mallalins 2,899,536—CLEANING ‘'ToRCH—Leroy assignor to General Electric Co., a
M. Hoese and Mike A. Trtan, Granite corporation of New York.
City, Ill., assignors to American Steel This new torch includes a housing, a pair of
Foundries, Chicago, Ill., a corporation electrodes supported within the housing and
of Ill energizable by a power source to transmit an ar«
This patented cleaning torch or gun includes therebetween while other means form a con
hinge jaws each including an electrode holder and tinuously moving mass of fluid about the arc and
a related gripping surface. A port is provided on the portions of the electrode in contact therewith
at least one of the holders to direct compressed The cross sectional thickness of the fluid mass is
gas along an associated electrode in contact considerably greater than the cross section of the
therewith in a stream approximately parallel to arc. Means responsive to the magnitude of the
the longitudinal axis of the electrode. The are electrical current are provided to regulate the
holder also has another port intersecting this distance between the electrodes to maintain the
gripping surface to direct the gas against contact- current substantially constant.
prepared by Vern L. Oldham ing surfaces of the electrode and helder
2,900,486-—-MEANS FOR GUIDING A
Printed copies of patents Work HEAD OVER A WORKPIECE
may be obtained for 25¢ from the 2,899,537—-M ANUFACTURE OF GIRDERS
oR MEsH Fritz Grebner, Mainz Harry Williams and William Clarke
Commissioner of Patents, Washington, D.C. Holliday, Darlington, England, as-
(Rhine), Germany, assignor to Voigt &
Haeffner A. G., Frankfurt-am-Main, signors to Whessoe Ltd., Darlington,
Germany. England, a British company.
assembling structures comprising two strips The present patent is on a specialized welding This patent is on apparatus for guiding a work
having holes therein and to which cross members machine to produce constructional elements head along a predetermined path relative to the
are to be secured to extend therebetween. The having at least three chords disposed in parallel workpiece. A track means is provided to
cross members have tongues extending through relation to each other and having no common support and guide the work head in the apparatus
the holes in the strips. Special electrode and plane and a series of connecting members are and the feature of the invention relates to the
clamp means are provided to hold the members included in the constructional elements. The fact that the track includes flexible rails detach
in engagement to locate the cross members in machine has a welding station at which are ably secured to the support members in the ap-
alignment with the electrodes provided. arranged a plurality of pairs of welding electrodes paratus so that the rail can be reshaped and used
for being brought into intermittent operative with different support members for providing
2,898,444--APPARATUS AND METHOD engagement with the three chords and connecting guiding means of different size and shape
FOR WELDING END CLOSURE TO CON- members in the constructional elements to 2,900,487—-PROcEss AND DEVICE TO
TAINER—CharlesE. Frantz and Thomas provide welding action thereon. RETAIN IN POSITION THE LIQUID
B. Correy, Richland, Wash., assignors METAL IN AUTOMATIC VISIBLE ARC
to the United States of America as 2,899,538-—-MACHINE FOR’ ELECTRI- WELDING IN 3 O’cLock Butt JoInTs
represented by the United States CALLY WELDING ANEROID CAPSULES Francois Georges Danhier, Anderlecht,
Atomic Energy Commission. AND OTHER WELDABLE ARTICLES IN AN Brussels, Belgium, assignor to La
In this new weld apparatus, the object to be EVACUATED CHAMBER, AND METHOD— Soudure Electrique Autogene, S. A..,
welded is rotatably positioned, and a welding William J. Hughes, Baltimore, Stephen Brussels, Belgium, a corporation of
electrode is provided positionable at the center S. Haynes, Towson, John E. Tracey, Belgium.
of the object for initiating an arc. Thereafter, Reisterstown, and Elwood L. Wheeler,
other means move the electrode to a position Owings Mills, Md., assignors to Bendix Danhier’s process is for welding butt joints
between the center and periphery of the object Aviation Corp., Baltimore, Md., a between two butt-assembled vertical plates
to hold the electrode there for one rotation of the The process comprises supplying flux and filler
object for preheating it, and thereafter the corporation of Delaware. metal in the form of a composite wire and main-
electrode is moved to the edge of the object and In this electric welding machine, means provide taining a visible arc to the plates at the joint
held there for one rotation of the object to weld the a plurality of interfitting welding chamber from the wire. The arc is blanketed with a
same sections which when joined define a_ closed protective stream of carbon dioxide and slag
welding chamber, and electrode means and a formed by the welding arc is allowed to flow
2,898,445-—PorRTABLE WELDING GUN movable support therefor are mounted in at down over the side of the weld head. The slag
Raymond J. Slezak, Barberton, Ohio, least one of the sections. Another member is is allowed to solidify below the weld head against
assignor of one-half to Schott Metal provided to impart relative movement of the a copper element having a cooling capacity to
Products Co., and one-half to RJS sections to close and open the chamber and form a dam of solidified slag on the upper surface
another member drives the movable electrode of the copper element. This dam of solidified
Products Co., Inc., both of Akron, support in a substantially cycloidal path during slag is maintained in position until the weld
Ohio, and both corporations of Ohio. the weld operation. Means are provided to metal completely solidifies.

12322 | DECEMBER 1959

 or

GOGGLES AND
EYE SHIELDS
| en ... welding, WELDING, CUTTING,
FLAME HEAT TREATING
INDUSTRIAL GASES WELDING AND cutting, PORTABLE CARRIAGE
BRAZING TORCHES HELMETS Hl
brazing,
—— GLOVES y and metal conditioning af
SUPPLIED IN CYLINDERS, WELDING AND FLAME CLEANING
PORTABLE BANKS, HEATING TIPS
STATIONARY UNITS
TRAILERS,
LIQUID CONVERTERS

‘
AUTOMATIC FLAME HARDENING
WELDING EQUIPMENT EQUIPMENT
WELD CLEANING TOOLS
MANIFOLDS AND GAS WELDING —
CONTROL UNITS FILLER RODS
i SCARFING TORCHES
ELECTRODE HOLDERS

—_—_—_—_ -
POWDER
CUTTING
RESSURE COMPENSATING => —» EQUIPMENT
EGULATORS
CABLE AND CONNECTORS

DUAL-STAGE COMBO KIT

EGULATORS

GROUND CLAMPS ACETYLENE

GASARC* GENERATORS
INGLE-STAGE TORCHES
EGULATORS
CENTER- §
FIXERS
AC WELDERS,
AC-DC WELDERS,
DC WELDERS INERT
GAS ARC WELDERS

C= § 2
GAS HOSE AND
HOSE FITTINGS HY DROPURE*
a GAS PURIFIERS
PORTABLE WELDERS
CUTTING ATTACHMENTS

TYPE R CUTTING MACHINE

CYLINDER TRUCKS AND ELECTRONIC CONTINUOUS RAIL
[y
LINE TRACER WELDING EQUIPMENT

WELDING WIRES
MACHINE CUTTING (SPOOLED & COILED)
TORCHES rs
TIP CLEANERS

ent
CUT-O-MATIC* ABRASIVE
CUTTING TIPS PORTABLE BELT RAIL GRINDER
CUTTING MACHINE
WELDING AND PORTABLE © 1959, CHEMETRON CORPORATION
BRAZING FLUX SPOT WELDERS

NATIONAL CYLINDER GAS

DIVISION OF CHEMETRON CORPORATION / CHEMETRON ]

840 NORTH MICHIGAN AVE., CHICAGO 11, ILLINOIS

*Gasarc, Cut-O-Matic, Hydropure, are Trademarks Reg. U.S. Pat. Off.
if io. 26 on Reader information Card
 12322 | DECEMBER 1959

Scott Appointed by Hobart

Preston L. Scott has been named
district sales manager of the South-
eastern States for Hobart Brothers
Co., Troy, Ohio. Mr. Scott will
supervise the distribution of Hobart
arc-welding equipment and elec-
trodes in North Carolina, South
Carolina, Georgia, Florida and part
of Tennessee.

Bickel and Baird Appointed

Wayne E. Bickel and James H-
Baird have recently been appointed
to the Gas Plant Equipment Sales
staff of the Bastian-Blessing Co.,
according to Sales Manager J. K.
Calhoun. Both Bickel and Baird
are at the factory to provide better
service for the increased activity in
Personnel Changes Made the RegO line of high pressure gas
by A. 0. Smith control and utilization equipment.
A number of sales territory geo-
graphical and personnel changes Easter, Pearson and McMahon
have been made by the Welding Get New Posts
Products Division, A. O. Smith J.S. Easter 5, has joined Ingalls
. Corp., Milwaukee, Wis. Iron Works as production manager
D. H. Buerkel WS, formerly of the two Birmingham plants.
Philadelphia district sales manager, Mr. Easter has had many years’ ex-
has been named regional sales man- perience in various management
ager of all industrial East Coast positions.
welding sales activities. He will A. E. Pearson 53, has been as-
continue to headquarter in Phil- signed the newly created position of
adelphia. His region now covers manager, Research and Develop- Preston L. Scott
the area from Maine through North ment. Mr. Pearson, who is on the
Carolina. national board of directors of AWS,
J. B. Ray WS, who has been sales has been with Ingalls for some years
engineer in the New York, New as chief welding engineer and more
Jersey area, has been named district recently acted as production man-
sales manager for New York and all ager.
New England states. He reports to W. R. McMahon M3, has been
Mr. Buerkel. appointed chief welding engineer of
The region between the Pitts- Ingalls two Birmingham plants, the
burgh industrial area west through Decatur, Ala., Shipyard and the
the Dakotas, Nebraska and Kansas Verona, Pa., plant. Mr. McMa-
has been consolidated into one hon, a member of the AWS Bir-
regional sales territory and is di- mingham Section executive com-
vided into districts with the fol- mittee, has been with Ingalls ap-
lowing district sales managers in proximately three years as welding
charge: A. M. Brinson AWS, Detroit; engineer.
W. P. Finneran 3, Chicago; A. R.
Schneller WS, Milwaukee. Donald Smith in Algiers Wayne E. Bickel

Cummings Named Donald W. Smith, chief engineer,

Sight Feed Generator Co., West
Territory Manager
Alexandria, Ohio, is in Algiers
Donald E. Cummings of Hart- training personnel how to use Rex-
ford, Ill., has been appointed a arc Automatic Welding Equipment.
territory manager for Smith Weld- The Caterpillar dealer in Algiers,
ing Equipment Corp. of Minneapo- Compagnie Algerienne De _ Trac-
lis. He has been assigned to the teurs, purchased Rexarc equipment
St. Louis area, succeeding C. G. for a complete rebuilding shop and
Westerson who has been promoted Rexarc supplies for the complete re-
to southeastern district manager. building service. Mr. Smith will
With a degree in mechanical direct the installation, arrange the
engineering, Cummings has served production operations, and train the
as a methods and plant projects personnel in Rexarc techniques.
engineer in industry, and has done In addition, Mr. Smith will make
machine designing. His _ back- business contacts for Sight Feed in
ground also includes the training of Switzerland, Sweden, Germany and I

welders and welding inspection. France. James H. Baird

1234 | DECEMBER 1959

 840 NORTH MICHIGAN AVE., CHICAGO 11, ILLINOIS
*Gasarc, Cut-O-Matic, Hydropure, are Trademarks Reg. U.S. Pat. Off.
9. 26 on Reader information Card

Smith Welding Appoints New Sales, ecutive with Zeuthen, Thomas &
Ad Managers Hulbert Advertising Agency.
Smith Welding Equipment Corp., eee
Murchie Promoted
Minneapolis, Minn., has recently
made two key personnel changes. Stulz-Sickles Co., Elizabeth, N. J. YOU'RE interested in metals and welding
P. E. Taylor has been appointed has announced the appointment of YOU can handle a job where you're pretty
to the position of vice president in Donald J. Murchie as general sales much your own boss
charge of sales. He has been with manager. Mr. Murchie, formerly YOU like to travel (Met. N.Y., N.J., Phila.)
the company 19 years, having held district sales manager for the East
positions as plant manager, per- Central States, will direct the com- YOU want to sell and to manage a Sales ter-
sonnel director, and most recently pany’s sales and marketing of its ritory
as vice-president in charge of pro- 11-13'/,% manganese-nickel steel YOU like being paid according to the re-
duction and personnel. and its other welding products. suits you produce...
D. B. Moline has been appointed YOU may be our man
to the position of advertising and Fair Appointed Sales Engineer
sales promotion manager for the Our personnel know of this ad.
firm. He has been an account ex- T. C. Fair 9, has been appointed
sales engineer in the Pittsburgh area WRITE:
for Coast Metals, Inc., producers
of wear and heat resistant alloys, BOX V385
brazing powders, and surfacing weld- WELDING JOURNAL
ing rods. Mr. Fair will maintain
an office in the Investment Building, 33 WEST 39th STREET
Pittsburgh 22, Pa. NEW YORK 18, N. Y.

Thor Promoted by NCG

The appointment of J. Donald
Thor WS, as assistant district man- shop located in the Midwest. Advise
past experience, present employment
ager in the Chicago district of the and salary desired.
National Cylinder Gas Division of V-384. Welding engineer for auto-
Chemetron Corp. has been an- motive body work. Salary open de-
nounced by R. L. Thuerbach, dis- pending upon qualifications. Location
trict manager. in Kenosha, Wis.
Thor has been with the company
P. E. Taylor eight years and served previously as
sales assistant in NCG’s Mid-
western region.

ELECTRICAL

WELDING ENGINEER
EMPLOYMENT
Young, aggressively growing Pacific N. W.
SERVICE manufacturing organization has an unusual
career opportunity in developing and head-
BULLETIN ing new product line engineering. Report
directly to Chief Engineer. College grad-
uate in Electrical Engineering or equivalent
and five years of progressively responsible
Services Available experience in E.E., preferably in electric
A-725. Corrosion-metallurgical-in- welding. Should have some experiencein
spection welding engineer. Seven shop and design and development of elec-
D. B. Moline years’ corrosion, metallurgy, equip- trical welding equipment.
ment and welding inspection, major Company employs 500, with young top
refining, petrochemical plants. Super- management in Fastening and Saw Chain
visory experience. B.S. Met. E. Age field. Present expansion and diversifica-
30. $10,000 present salary. Prefer tion provides fine growth opportunity.
Southwest, South. Other areas con- Modern plants jocated in metropolitan
sidered. area in heart of Northwest recreational
A-726. Seeking Southern California area, Top pay, excellent fringe benefits,
nee position in welding sales. Seven years outstanding profit sharing plan. Inter-
experience in gas and electric, sales views will be arranged for qualified en-
and management. B.S. Marketing, gineers. Send resume and salary require-
oe
TR electrical background. ments to

Personnel Department
Positions Vacant
V-383. Fabricating plant super- OMARK INDUSTRIES INC.
intendent. Should be experienced in 9701 S. E. McLoughlin Bivd.
all welding methods and work layout Portland, Oregon
with particular reference to code work
D. J. Murchie on stainless steels. A medium sized

WELDING JOURNAL | 1235

 1. AC-DC COMBINATION WELDERS
for convenience and economy

Patented dual transformer and

hermetically sealed silicon
diodes provide high arc stability
and smooth steady arc for all
AC and DC welding conditions.
Stepless current control with
single wheel adjustment. Avail-
able in 200, 300, 400 amp sizes.

a ee

4. MURETRAN* ALL-PURPOSE
WELDERS highly versatile units
for any welding job

Simpie switching and plug-in con-

trols permit rapid changeover
from inert gas arc welding to
manual, automatic, spot MIG
and TIG welding. Unique plug-
in control panel provides auto-
matic timing of gas pre-flow,
gas post-flow, high frequency
drop-out and spot arc. Models
for AC-DC or AC operation.
*Trademark

7. AC ARC WELDERS
for medium duty welding
Compact, all-purpose 180 amp
portable arc welders for light
manufacturing, maintenance or
farm welding. Have automatic,
built-in volt-arc characteristics
that provide deep penetrating
arc at high amperage, soft arc
at lower settings. No moving
parts, no maintenance.

10. HIGH FREQUENCY ARC

STABILIZER
for inert gas arc welding
Converts any AC or DC welder
for inert gas shielded arc weld-
ing. Completely automatic. Has
foolproof gas after-flow device.
Reduces gas costs. Remote con-
trol switch. Also available with
water valve shut-off and timer.
230 volt, 0-600 amps capacity.

For details, circle No. 28 on Reader information Card

1236 | DECEMBER 1959
 2. DC RECTIFIER WELDERS 3. AC INDUSTRIAL ARC WELDERS
for economical, heavy duty service for heavy-duty production welding

Hermetically sealed silicon Unique transformer design with

diodes deliver high efficiency patented dual coil produces high
and non-aging characteristics. arc stability for smooth, steady
Instant recovery voltage provides welding. No moving coils: steel
high stability and easy striking shunt travels only one-inch to
and maintenance of the arc. provide full stepless range of
Simple current range selectors output. Forced air cooling.
and a single control knob sim- Instant arc starting. Models with
plify machine setting. Available 200, 300, 400 and 500 amp
in 200, 300, and 400 amp sizes. rated output.

5S. INERT ARC AC WELDERS 6. AC ARC WELDERS

for heavy-duty inert gas arc welding for production, maintenance and shop welding
Foolproof, built-in gas afterflow
device eliminates complicated Wide current range from 7 to
timers. Stepless amperage con- 300 amperes. Delivers 200 am-
trol provided by steel core which peres at 50% duty cycle. Auto-
slides only one-inch for full matic built-in voltage control
range. Automatic remote control gives deep penetrating arc at
systems operate gas, water, high high outputs, soft arcs at lower
frequency and primary power settings. 66 heat settings.
from torch. May be used for
metallic arc welding. Models
with 200, 300, and 400 amp
rated output.

8. AC ARC WELDERS 9. HIGH FREQUENCY ARC

complete, portable welding outfit STABILIZER for metallic arc welding

Low cost complete welding out- Gives instant start with any AC
fit for light requirements. Good or DC welder, any electrode.
penetration on metals up to %- Stabilizes arc to prevent burn
inch plate. Also available: M&T through on low-current settings
Model 91 Arc Torch for brazing, for thin gauge welding. Remote
soldering and heating work. control available. 230 volts,
Rated to 95 amp output. 0-600 amps capacity.

EESTI Be
* ONT
METAL & THERMIT CORPORATION
11. PORTABLE SPOT WELDER
General Offices: Rahway, New Jersey
for sheet metal and wire
| am particularly interested in the equipment checked below.
Simple, light and rugged. Fixed
upper tong is positioned on exact Oo Have representative phone for appointment. 0 Send data sheets.
welding spot, providing better 0'o?o?o% OF>orto’o'§o’o*go"
contact than welders that must
be brought up to the work.
Lower jaw comes up to exact NAME.
underside spot. Welds mild steel, TITLE
stainless, and galvanized iron to
COMPANY.
¥g-inch combined thickness. Wide
range of tong configurations. ADDRESS
CITY.

For details, circle No. 28 on Reader Information Card

WELDING JOURNAL | 1237
 New Literature 13 to 500 amp continuous for vari-
ous section lengths.
For your free copy, circle No. 57
on Reader Information Card.

Ceramic Welding Shields

A four-page illustrated bulletin
discusses the physical properties,
heat resistant qualities, strength
Fire-prevention Safety Codes cerning the steel, aluminum, copper, characteristics and freedom from
and copper-base, stainless-steel, contamination of the welding cups
Latest changes in fire safety titanium and special welding wires and nozzles manufactured’ by
standards are incorporated in a used with Air Reduction’s Airco- Diamonite Products Mfg. Co.,
revised edition of the National Fire matic welding process. The guide Shreve, Ohio, a division of U. S.
Codes just published by the Na- contains technical information such Ceramic Tile Co.
tional Fire Protection Assn., 60 as chemical composition, mechanical For your free copy, circle No. 58
Batterymarch St., Boston 10, Mass. properties and operating procedures, on Reader Information Card.
The six-volume set, priced at as well as wire diameters and pack-
$7.00 each or $35 for six, is a aging data.
compilation of the 177 standards Welding-equipment Manual
For your free copy, circle No. 53
developed by NFPA and entitled: on Reader Information Card. A new manual featuring its full
(1) Flammable Liquids and Gases;
line of gas-welding, cutting and al-
(2) Combustible Solids, Dusts,
lied equipment has been published
Chemicals and Explosives; (3) Build- CO. Environmental Testing by Smith Welding Equipment Corp,
ing Constructionand Equipment; (4) 2633 Fourth St. S. E.., Minneapolis,
Extinguishing Equipment; (5) Elec- Pure Carbonic Co., 150 E. 42nd
St., New York 17, N. Y. has just is- Minn. The 40-page publication has
trical Installations; (6) Transpor-
sued a 6-page, 2-color brochure on in addition to equipment pictures
tation. and description, charts and tech-
For details, circle No. 51 on the uses of carbon dioxide for low
temperature environmental testing. nical data on the various items. A
Reader Information Card.
For your free copy, circle No. 54 section is devoted to flow capacity
on Reader Information Card. curves for the company’s line of gas-
pressure regulators.
Specialty Steel buyers’ Guide For your free copy, circle No. 59
Induction-heating Catalog on Reader Information Card.
A 40-page guide for buyers of
specialty steels is available from the Covering developments in harden-
Carpenter Steel Co., 3254 W. Bern ing, brazing, soldering, forging and Fire-prevention Aids
St., Reading, Pa. This reference annealing by Ther-Monic induction
source contains detailed information heating equipment, a 52-page illus- Two pamphlets—one dealing with
on tool and die steels; stainless trated book published by Induction home fires, the other with industrial
steels; high temperature alloys; Heating Corp., 181 Wythe Ave., fires—have been published by the
electronic, magnetic and electrical Brooklyn 11, N. Y. is said to cover National Safety Council, 425 N.
alloys; special-purpose alloy steels; all recent advances in the field. Michigan Ave., Chicago 11, Ill.
tubing and pipe, and fine wire For your free copy, circle No. The 12-page home pamphlet, “‘Be-
specialties. 55 on Reader Information Card. fore It’s Too Late!” is an ideal
Numerous tables show the proper- off-the-job safety aid, according to
ties and workability of major types the Council. ‘Fred Flame, the
of stainless steel and high-temper- Stoody Publication Fiery Delinquent” is a 16-page il-
ature alloys. Twenty-six types of lustrated pamphlet for industry.
“Fusion Facts,” a 21-page pam- For your free copy, circle No. 60
stainless and supercorrosion resist- phlet, vol. 18, no. 3, published by
ant tubing and pipe are described, on Reader Information Card.
Stoody Co., Whittier, Calif., con-
including sizes available and recom- tains several articles on application
mended uses. of hard-surfacing by automatic and English Brazing Product
For further information circle No. semiautomatic welding. Published quarterly by Suffolk
52 on Reader Information Card. For details circle No. 56 on Iron Foundry, Stowmarket, Suffolk,
Reader Information Card. England, a 40-page booklet en-
titled, ‘‘Sif-Tips” illustrates appli-
Welding-wire Pocket Guide cations of the company’s brazing
Tab-weld Resistors rods. Price sixpence or 2s per year.
A revised edition of ‘“‘Aircomatic
Welding Wire Pocket Guide” has A 4-page bulletin which describes For details circle No. 61 on
been published by Air Reduction EC&M Tab-Weld Resistors has Reader Information Card.
Sales Co., Inc., 150 E. 42nd St, New been published by the Electric
York 17,N. Y. This 84-page book- Controller & Manufacturing Co.,
let has been brought up to date to in- a Division of Square D Co. 4500
clude the latest information on Air- Lee Road, Cleveland 28, Ohio. Use
co’s line of gas-shielded metal-arc Showing the construction features
welding wires, including data on the of Tab-Weld Resistors, and explain-
ing how these features contribute Reader Information Card
improved A675 steel wire, and the
new A666 steel and A556 aluminum. to minimum maintenance, the bul-
The guide provides convenient letin No. 6715 also includes a selec- Page 1249
answers to pertinent questions con- tion table which covers ratings from

1238 | DECEMBER 1959

 Dashefsky, New York Naval Ship- velopment Center, U. S. Air Force,
yard, U.S. Navy, August 1958, may April 1957, 76 pp. (order PB 131074
be ordered from OTS, U. S. Depart- from OTS, U. S. Department of
(A
ment of Commerce, Washington 25. Commerce, Washington 25, D. C.,
KU 4 It contains 18 pages, price 50 cents. $2.00 and The Strengthening of
(A related report, released earlier Austenitic Solid Solutions by F.
and still available from OTS, is Eberle, J. H. Hoke, E. J. Rozic and
PB 131131 “Sparking Character- W. E. Leyda, Babcock & Wilcox
REVIEWS Co. for Wright Air Development
istics and Safety Hazards of Metallic
c ,cf YW AX Materials,”’ by H. Bernstein, U. S. Center, U. S. Air Force, April 1958,
Naval Gun Factory, April 1957, 36 70 pp. (Order PB 131992 from OTS
pages, $1.00.) U. S. Department of Commerce,
Washington 25, D. C., $1.75.)
Filler Wires for Welding
Method Tests Metal Sparking High-Strength Steel Gas-welding Equipment
The sparking characteristics of Air Force-sponsored development Gas Welding Equipment. By A.
metals can be determined by a of two high-strength filler wires for N. Kugler, Air Reduction Sales
technique devised by the Navy for welding low-alloy aircraft steels by Co., 137 pages plus 3 pages exami-
selection of materials safe for use in inert-gas tungsten-arc and consum- nation questions, 5 x 7'/» in., paper
explosive atmospheres. A report on able-electrode techniques is de- bound. This text is part of the
the method, which also identifies scribed in a report released to indus- International Correspondence
safe and unsafe materials, has been try through the Office of Technical Schools’ welding curriculum and
released to industry through the Services, U. S. Department of Com- cannot be obtained without the
Office of Technical Services, U. S. merce. instruction service provided by ICS.
Department of Commerce. A second report, also to the Air Simply and clearly written, with
The technique involves a spark Force, reviews work toward develop- numerous illustrations, the text
test using a gasoline and oxvgen- ment of peak-strength aircraft en- covers in detail all the basic com-
enriched air mixture. A clear dis- gine alloys for use at temperatures ponents of gas-welding equipment
tinction is made between safe and to 1800° F. The two volumes are from an operating point of view.
unsafe metals. The Navy used the Development of High-Strength Filler Function and use of parts are
method to establish sparking test Wires for Welding SAE 4130, 4140, described together with reasons for
requirements for nonsparking tools. and 4340 Steels, by H. W. Mishler the various methods of operations
The report, PB 151650 “Sparking and R. P. Sopher, Battelle Memo- which are given in step-by-step
Characteristics of Metals,’’ by G. J. rial Institute for Wright Air De- sequence.

ELECTRODE HOLDERS
Excessive heat in a welding circuit is oftentimes caused
by a resistance build-up at some point in the welding cir-
CABLE ATTACHMENTS cuit due to connections being loose or oxidization setting up
in a mechanical type of terminal cennection.
Shown in the above “‘cut-a-way” picture of an Elec-
GROUND CLAMPS
trode Holder is the new HI-AMP, T.P.C. type of connection
that can be adapted to ground clamps and quick discon-
nect plugs as well as to electrode holders.
T.P.C. means a Threaded Power Connection using the
pressure of threads on a sleeve to drive the ends of any
welding cable down into the depth of a cable socket, then
locked into place with threaded plugs. An excellent electrical
connection as well as providing direct contact with the
welding cable to the accessory so that maximum heat is
conducted into the heat-absorbing cable.

ASK YOUR WELDING SUPPLY HOUSE FOR FURTHER INFORMATION

354 W. ADAMS ST. LENCO, INC. JACKSON, MO.

For details, circle No. 29 on Reader Information Card

WELDING JOURNAL | 1239

 New Products

Welding Machine and Power Unit

A new gasoline-engine-driven com-
bination welding machine and power
unit, designed especially as a source
of power for inert-gas-shielded tung-
sten-arc welding in the field where
normal power is not available, has tions that require manual welding
been announced by Hobart Brothers and has a full 60° duty cycle plus
Co., Troy, Ohio. an 80 open-circuit voltage from six
conveniently located, 135 through
205 amp, heat taps. A low open-
circuit voltage feature is optional on
the 230-v or 460-v models.
For details, circle No. 104 on
Reader Information Card.
trodes is 1200-1500 psi, obtained
through Precision air-hydraulic Heavy-duty Regulators
boosters. The Harris Calorific Co., 5501
For details, circle No. 102 on Cass Ave., Cleveland 2, Ohio, spe-
Reader Information Card. cialists in the manufacture of pres-
sure-reducing regulators announces
Heavy-duty Arcair Torch a low-cost, single-stage regulator
that matches, and in many cases ex-
The H-55 torch is a heavy-duty ceeds, the performance of higher
model for work requiring air on both
priced regulators.
The unit has only one engine and sides of the electrode. Primary ap- The Model No. X25 will pass
only one generator, yet provides plications are in foundries for flash 2000 cfh, enough to cut 14 in. steel
current for either a-c welding or d-c removal and cutting holes in heavy with only 2-lb drop from no flow to
welding. It is rated 250-amp, 30-v work which requires frequent re- flow.
for d-c welding and 300-amp, 30-v Unique, soft valve seats virtually
for a-c welding, both ratings on eliminate seat leak or creep, and the
100% duty cycle. large diaphragm area (2*,, in.)
As a welding machine power com- assures accurate pressure regulation.
bination, the unit can also be used as Maintenance is simplified because
a source of single phase, 110/220-v of relatively few parts, with critical
a-c power of 10 kw capacity (up to 3 = =
surfaces well protected.
kw available while welding). One For details, circle No. 105 on
kilowatt, 110-v d-c auxiliary power Reader Information Card.
is also available while welding.
For details, circle No. 101 on ’
Reader Information Card. Tube Rod for Hard Surfacing
< versal. Having a push-button air- A manual, tubed electrode for
Aircraft Welding Machine control valve in the torch handle, general-purpose hard surfacing,
either '/, or */s-in. diam electrodes Amsco 53, is available from the
A dual-head spot-welding machine can be used, according to the manu-
with an 11-ft reach has been an- facturer, Arcair Co., P. O. Box 431,
nounced by Precision Welder and Lancaster, Ohio.
Flexopress Corp., Cincinnati. The For details, circle No. 103 on
unusual machine has been designed Reader Information Card.
for the aircraft industry where it will
be used to spot weld through stain-
Portable Welding Machine
less-steel sections to military specifi-
cations. A lightweight (70 lb), low-cost,
Welding electrodes are located at hand-portable, 205-amp, heavy-
the extreme tip of the long, box-sec- duty welding machine suitable for
tion arms, which may be set to production welding or tacking, is
operate in either the horizontal or now being manufactured by Emer-
vertical plane at constant height. son Electric Mfg. Co., St. Louis, Mo.
In the model pictured they are set According to the manufacturer,
fora */,-in. stroke and '/,-in. operat- the Portarc 205 is designed for all
ing clearance. Pressure at the elec- industrial and commercial applica-

1240 | DECEMBER 1959

32,000 variations

0) a 1B)1 Mere) ae)

AVAILABLE FROM STOCK!

eg

Square D “Building-Block” Construction

means fast delivery of the Control you need

e When you need welder control—for any in on-the-spot service. e Square D plug-in con-
welding function—Square D can give you what struction lets you add control functions as you
you want, when you want it. More than 32,000 need them. Panels perform all NEMA standard
combinations of enclosures and plug-in panels functions, with either tube or relay firing, in-
can be made up from off-the-shelf stock to meet cluding heat, slope, current regulator, dual
your exact requirements. The result— your con- functions, forge and anti-repeat initiation. All
trol is made to order, thoroughly checked and NEMA standard enclosures are available, with
tested, and shipped without delay. Similar facil- or without disconnect switch, as well as enclo-
ities exist in warehouses from coast to coast, sures to meet JIC specifications or your own
and warehouse stocks of plug-in panels are special requirements. You can get the welder
also available to assist Square D field engineers control you need from Square D—quickly!

Write per detadls. For the complete story on Square D welder control,
write for Bulletin SM-277. Square D Company, 4041 North Richards Street, Milwaukee 12, Wisconsin

SQUARE J) COMPANY |

-—wherever electricity is distributed and controlled

For details, circle No. 30 on Reader Information Card
WELDING JOURNAL | 1241
 American Manganese Steel Division Central Power Outlet
of American Brake Shoe Co. The
new rod features a stable, low-spatter Unique portable “power centers”
arc and is specially alloyed for use for welding crews bring safety and
where both impact and abrasion are convenience to construction jobsites,
a problem. It has proved excel- according to the Mullenbach Div.,
lent on crusher rolls, hammermills, Electric Machinery Mfg. Co., P. O.
scraper blades, dipper teeth and Box 58436, 2100 E. 27th St., Los
similar applications, according to Angeles, 58, Calif.
the manufacturer.
For details, circle No. 109 on
Reader Information Card.

Diesel-driven Welding Machines

Welding voltage is adjusted auto- range of the 400-amp machine,
matically during use of new 300 and Model A4000 W-DS, is 80 amp at 20
400-amp,_ direct-current, diesel- v and 500 max amp at 40 v.
engine-driven welding machines in- The Continental liquid-cooled
troduced by the Welding Products diesel engines, operate at a welding
Division, A. O. Smith Corp., Mil- speed of 2150 rpm, idle at 1050 rpm.
waukee, Wis. Manual idle control permits reduc-
Two indicators are set to operate tion of engine speed when not weld-
either unit: one for electrode size, ing. The liquid cool: .-system ca- Each “center” acts as a distribu-
the other for desired current. The pacity is 12 or 13 qt. Cold starts tion unit for 440, 220 and 110-v util-
welding machines feature current are assured with an electric heater ity lines. One heavy-duty cable con-
curves that remain steady even at coil, it is stated. nects the power center with the
extreme ends of range, according to An outlet is provided for universal source, taking the place of individual
the manufacturer. Welding range tools and floodlights. Output is 2 cords to each welding machine or
of the 300-amp machine, Model kw, 80 v de. power tool.
A3000 W-DS, is 60-amp min at 20 v For details, circle No. 110 on For details, circle No. 107 on
and 375 max amp at 40 v. Welding Reader Information Card. Reader Information Card.

SEND FOR FREE DATA

SAXE WELDED CONNECTIONS
1701 ST. PAUL STREET - BALTIMORE 2, MARYLAND
Send me a copy of the new 1960 edition of the SAXE MANUAL
FOR STRUCTURAL WELDING PRACTICE, as applied to Saxe Welded
Connection Units for Welded Assembly.

Name Title

Company
Street
Produces
City State oe
WJ1259 BETTER BUILDINGS
For details, circle No. 38 on Reader Information Card

1242 | DECEMBER 1959

 Tempulstik’

Above: A valve, with its ends protected by masks,

receives a sprayed overlay of Colmonoy No.
6 hard-surfacing alloy. Left: A finished valve
with long-wearing Colmonoy alloy stem surface.

Colmonoy Spraywelder

Builds Longer Life

into Aircraft Valve

To overcome corrosive pitting and abrasion of

aircraft engine valve stems, more than one manu-
facturer has chosen Colmonoy No. 6 alloy to pro-
vide a long wearing stem surface. Colmonoy No. 6
stops the pitting and excessive wear which necessi-
tates frequent engine overhauls. The Colmonoy
Spraywelder is used to apply the powdered alloy.
* Also Tempil® Pellets
It works fast and makes smooth, controlled-depth and Tempilaq® (liquid form)
overlays that finish up in minimum time.
Besides being an ideal method of applying a hard
Tempilstilke°—« simple and
surface to finished machined parts, the Spraywelder accurate means of determining preheating
employs the finest of hard-surfacing materials: Col- and stress relieving temperatures in
monoy nickel-base alloys. There are now five Colmonoy welding operations. Widely used in all
heat treating—as well as in hundreds
alloys available as Sprayweld* Powders. of other heat-dependent processes
in industry. Available in 80 different
Call a Colmonoy sales engineer to get an appraisal temperature ratings from 113°F
of your wear problems and information on just to 2500°F ... $2.00 each.
how Colmonoy alloys and methods might solve Send for free sample Tempil’ Pellets,
them. Colmonoy alloys (nickel-, cobalt-, and iron- State temperature desired... Sorry,
base) are also applied in many other ways: as no sample Tempilstiks’.
welding rod, electrodes, Most industrial and welding supply
paste, and as castings. houses carry Tempilstiks® ...If yours
does not, write for information to:
Learn more about this re-
markable group of alloys.
ACCESSORIES DIVISION
Ask for the Spraywelder Catalog and
Colmonoy Hard-Surfacing Manual No. 79. *Registered trade-mark
Tempil® corporation
HARD-SURFACING AND BRAZING ALLOYS
132 West 22nd St., New York 11, N Y

WALL COLMONOY For details, circle No. 32 on Reader information Card

19345 John R Street ¢ Detroit 3, Michigan
BIRMINGHAM + BUFFALO - CHICAGO - HOUSTON - LOS ANGELES
MORRISVILLE,PA. - NEW YORK ~+ PITTSBURGH
- MONTREAL - GREAT BRITAIN
For details, circle No. 35 on Reader Information Card
WELDING JOURNAL | 1243
 INVESTIGATE SYSTEMS...

NOT MACHINES

Today improvements and refinements in oxygen cutting techniques are

making possible important savings in steel mills, shipyards, and metal
fabricating plants.
Automated systems—not just machines—are providing these impressive
economies.

MESSER CAN INCREASE YOUR PROFITS

Longa leader in developing completely engineered cutting operation systems,
Messer can show you how cybernetics in oxygen cutting can boost your
profits. The design of Messer cutting systems offers great shop flexibility.
It permits wide use of automation—takes advantage of the distinctive con-
struction of Messer machines to set new standards of accuracy in precision
workmanship.

THE REVOLUTION IS HERE!

Yes, machines that make the revolution in oxygen cutting are already here.
Let Messer work with you to make sure you get the maximum savirigs and
benefits from your own cutting operation. If you use—or could use—oxygen
cutting, it will pay you to checknow on what Messer can offer you. Write for
full information. No obligation, of course. Messer Cutting Machines, Inc.,
Chrysler Building, 405 Lexington Avenue. New York 17, N.Y.

MESSER CUTTING MACHINES

ENG,
PO Me

i 5?

‘NCE \®

PRECISION CUTTING MACHINES...OXYGEN, NITROGEN, ARGON PLANTS

For details, circle No. 33 on Reader Information Card

WELDING JOURNAL | 124
Stationary Plate Retainer Spot Control Unit unit, and heavy-duty contactor
mounted to heavy-duty frame truck.
Back-plate loading is the principal Available from TEC Torch Co., This unit makes TEC spot welding
feature of the new stationary front Inc., Carlstadt, N. J., is a com- accessible at the point of work by
plate retainer introduced by Sell- pletely portable spot control unit
strom Manufacturing Co., Pala- adding a d-c power source.
which consists of a TEC spot gun, For details, circle No. 113 on
tine, Ill., for its welding helmets. spot control panel, high-frequency Reader Service Card.

All-position Powder-jet Guns

Two new metallizing guns have
been announced by Metallizing Co.
of America, 3520 W. Carroll Ave.,
Chicago 24, Ill. The manufac-
turer states that these guns feature
vacuum feed which does away with
horizontal-spray limitations and per-
mit a positive, even flow of powder

According to the manufacturer, the

feature is made possible by the use
of new plate holding springs.
For details, circle No. 116 on
Reader Information Card.

to be sprayed from any angle.

Vacuum feed, produced by move-
ment of gases through the gun, is
said to eliminate all usual problems
of condensation in powder guns
using compressed air. Since pow-
NATIONAL CARBIDE

der feed is at the gun, powder and

compressed air do not mix until
IN THE RED DRUM emitted. This feature and the sep-
arate hopper provide infinite flexi-
bility of operation with a small,
lightweight gun.
HIGHEST For details, circle No. 114 on
Reader Information Card.

QUALITY Recording Thermometer

Has Dry Stylus
A recording thermometer with a
spring-wound clock movement, op-
DUST FREE erating in one of two ranges ( —40
to 160° F or 20 to 220° F) and
featuring a dry scriber is announced
by the Pacific Transducer Corp.,
DEPENDABLE 11836 W. Pico Blvd., Los Angeles
64, Calif. According to the manu-
facturer, inking problems are elim-
SUPPLY

Write for the name and address

of the NATIONAL CARBIDE supplier nearest you.
National Carbide Company
A DIVISION OF AIR REDUCTION COMPANY, INCORPORATED
GENERAL OFFICES: 150 EAST 42ND STREET, NEW YORK 17, N. Y.
AT THE FRONTIERS OF PROGRESS YOU'LL FIND AN AIR REDUCTION PRODUCT
For details, circle No. 34 on Reader information Card

1244 | DECEMBER 1959

 inated. The weight is 14 oz, card The unit is a long-handled room temperature, and 10~‘ mm in
size 3°/, in. diam, recalibration holder for a glass-fiber brush insert. the 1800-2000° F range.
simple. It is further stated that When rubbed through molten sol- For details, circle No. 107 on
the instrument will record in any der on the metal surfaces to be Reader Information Card.
position and can be placed any- joined, the brush abrades the metal,
where. removing oxide; thus tinning and Hard Hats and Caps
For details, circle No. 115 on fluxing operations are eliminated, it
Reader Information Card. is claimed. A heating torch is the Safety hats and caps manu-
only additional equipment required. factured by the Fibre-Metal Prod-
Liquid Flux for Soft Solders Sold in kit form with solder rods, ucts Co., 5th & Tilghman Sts.,
glass brush refills and illustrated Chester, Pa., feature an inner poly-
A general-purpose liquid flux, instructions, the soldering tool is ethylene suspension which is inter-
developed by the research depart- available at retail hardware, variety,
ment of All-State Welding Alloys auto accessory and hobby stores.
Co., Inc., 249-55 Ferris Ave., White For details, circle No. 112 on
Plains, N. Y., is available for use Reader Information Card.
with all soft solders. It is used on
stainless steel, chrome, Monel,
Vacuum Furnace
The Pyromet Co., 429 S. Canal
St., South San Francisco, Calif.,
announces that it has developed a
high-vacuum furnace for brazing
and heat-treating the “problem”
metals, such as titanium, beryl-
lium, zirconium, molybdenum, tung- changeable and can be laced to fit
sten, tantalum and columbium, the individual. According to the
according to the South San Fran- manufacturer, this is a safety factor,
cisco concern. The cylindrical work as is also the addition of spun glass
area is 24 in. in diameter and 24 in. fiber to the outer shell.
in height. The furnace can hold a For details, circle No. 117 on
vacuum of 10~* mm of mercury at Reader Information Card.

copper, brass, cast iron, nickel,

nickel silver, steel, galvanized, gold, the MODERN METHOD
sterling silver, bronze, coated steels of Transporting Compressed Gases
all except aluminum, magnesium
and die cast. "Ome eee—
For details, circle No. 111 on
Reader Information Card.

Aluminum Soldering Device

Soldering aluminum in home or
industrial workshops is s mplified
with a soldering tool described by
Reynolds Metals Co., Richmond, Da
Va. This company states that

2%, /gas supply TRAILERS

Raa atleted just for OU

@ CAPACITY — to meet YOUR Requirements

@ SAFETY — Cylinders, Safety Devices, Controls etc., All in accordance with ICC Requirements
for YOUR Protection.
© CHASSIS — by leading Chassis Manufacturers with Service Branches throughout the United
States for YOUR Convenience.

&
‘**The tool was developed in response consuctine (](3(C(®) DESIGNING CYLINDERS AND GAS PRODUCING EQUIPMENT
to a need of metal workers who A ACETYLENE » OXYGEN » NITROGEN- ARGON
require aluminum for workshop pro- RESEARCH
O'FALLON 2, ILLINOIS
jects.” For details, circle No. 31 on Reader information Card

WELDING JOURNAL | 1247

 TIG welding is “right“’ for so many jobs...

Outdoor furniture made of steel tubing, is TIG-welded

for smooth, slag-free welds and greater strength

a
Magnesium ramp for trailer trucks features
rugged TIG welding of plates and channels

-and Sylvania Tungsten Electrodes

do the jobright...everytime! jy

From lightweight outdoor furniture to giant magnesium

truck-ramps...Tungsten Inert Gas Welding is adaptable
to almost any job. But the quality of the weld is only as
good as the tools you use...
That’s why TIG welders prefer Sylvania Tungsten Elec-
trodes. You can take your pick of all 4 electrode types:
Puretung®, Zirtung®, 2% Thoriated, 1% Thoriated. They’re
available with cleaned or ground finish. And they’re color-
coded to prevent waste and costly errors.
Sylvania Tungsten Electrodes are available through all
leading distributors. Call yours today.

[AS Sylvania Electric Products Inc.

N
| SY LVA Chemical & Metallurgical Div.
Subsidiary of Towanda, Penna.
GENERAL TELEPHONE & ELECTRONICS
For detaiis, circle No. 36 on Reader information Card
1248 | DECEMBER 1959
READER INFORMATION CARD Cor voli untilFobroary
29, 1960
Please send me, without cost or
information and literature on items
26 51 76
27 32 77
28 53 78
29 34 79
30 55 80
31 56 81
32 57 82
58 83
CSaenoashunwea 59 84
60 85
61 86
62 87
63 88
64 89
65 90
66 91
67 92
68 93
oF 94
70 95
71 96
72 97
73 98
74 9
75 100
SSSRFGESESSSESSLSLLES

Information

and. a. 4 :

Literature...

PERMIT
NO.
9286NEW
FIRST
CLASS YORK,
N.
Y.

Now, with just one postcard, you can gather

all the literature offered in the Journal.
Just follow these simple steps for quick action:

1. Note reference number on text pages

and advertisements.

2. Circle the corresponding number on one

of the facing reply cards. (Keep other
card for future use if desired.)

3. Please print name and address legibly.

The Journal and its Advertisers Welding

Journal
Street
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33
appreciate
your interest mailed
States
United
No
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 1248 | DECEMBER 19539

NO. Y.
WN.
YORK,
NEW
PERMIT
$286
FIRST
CLASS s9 Acro Weider Mfg. Co.
1217 Air Reduction Sales Co.

"M161 Alloy RodsCompany

i (1207 All-State Welding
Alloy Co., Inc.
: 1268, 1209 Aluminuin Company
of America
imeem The American
Brass Co.

1230, 1231 Arcos Corporation

S. Blickman,
Inc.
Brown Boveri Co.
The Budd Company
Rare Machine and Fabricating

Chicago Hardware Foundry Co.

Welding
Journal
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BY
PAID
BE
WILL Eutectic Weiding Alloys Corp.
Harnischteger Corp.
Hobart Bros. Co.
Independent Engineering Co., Inc.
Lenco, Inc.
The Lincoln Electric Co.
Linde Company, Division of
Union Ca Corporation
é Messer Cutting Machines, Inc.
ne Metal & Thermit Corporation
3

Miller Electric Mfg. Co.

National Carbide Company
Ceneocnaun
ov tog inder Gas
sion of Chemetron Corp.
is U. S. Radiator Corporation
National Welding Equipment Co.
Omark Industries, Inc.
Saxe Welded Connections
Square D Company
Stoody Co.
NUNAMISSasaeeessesseaseeress
d
Ssse
SSS SSysSy
SSSRFSPSEAASSSVKKL ESTEE
SSECTEESRESSSRRR
SSSVISSLSSLSSSLSRESSS Stulz-Sickles Company
=
é : : Sylvania Electric Products, inc.
:
|
oO
Tempil® Corporation
Te
areUnion Carbide Corporation
isiaal
BSSERERBES
BEESEERES
Linde Company

taken Victor Equipment Co.

1243 Wall Colmonoy Corp,

_sare {1250
pPREFF

rl x
 Welding

Researc Sponsored by the Welding Research Council

of the Engineering Foundation

SUPPLEMENT TO THE WELDING JOURNAL, DECEMBER 1959

Elevated-lemperature Properties of

Modified Type 347 Weld Metals

Varied weld-metal compositions are subjected to conventional elevated-temperature

tensile, stress-rupture, and RPI hot-ductility tests in an attempt to evaluate their properties

BY THOMAS J. MOORE

ABSTRACT. ‘Two fully austenitic modi- nese 347 and 16Cr—S8Ni—2Mo weld sitions of Type 347 weld metal
filed Type 347 weld metals have deposits were significantly above stand- with a view toward finding one or
been shown to possess stress-rupture ard 347 weld metal in tensile ductility. more that were: (1) free from weld-
strength superior to that of Type 347 The high-carbon 347 weld showed a metal cracks, (2) suitable for cor-
base material at 1000, 1200 and 1300° F more modest tensile ductility improve-
on the basis of all-weld-metal and ment over standard Type 347 weld rosion-resisting applications, (3) free
transverse stress-rupture tests. One metal. from serious embrittlement when
weld-metal composition was fully In hot-ductility tests which were subjected to elevated temperatures
austenitic by virtue of high manganese conducted at Rensselaer Polytechnic either during heat treatment or in
5%) and the other via high (0.12% Institute, the partially ferritic weld service, (4) suitable for service
carbon. The stress-rupture strength deposits, standard Type 347 and Type applications at very low tempera-
of the present standard partially fer- 308L, exhibited good _ hot-ductility tures 320° F), (5) suitable for
ritic Type 347 weld metal was found to characteristics. These results had strength applications in elevated-
be above that of Type 347 base ma- been anticipated since these welds have temperature service.
terial. Annealing generally improved been proved to be resistant to hot In the course of our early investi-
the stress-rupture ductility of the cracking tendencies. The fully aus-
columbium-bearing welds. A Type tenitic high-manganese and _ high-car- gations, the problem of base-metal
308L weld deposit was found to be bon 347 weld deposits were slow to cracking arose, but it was decided
below Type 304L base plate in stress- recover ductility on cooling from 2400 that this subject was outside the
rupture strength between 1000 and or 2450° F but various commercial scope of the work which was out-
1300° F. qualification tests have shown these lined, although an attempt was
All-weld-metal specimens of five electrodes to be practical, usable com made to keep abreast of the infor-
different compositions were tested in positions for production welding. It is mation and experience that were
conventional elevated-temperature ten- felt that an intergranular constituent collected so as to consider this
sile tests and were found to exhibit the which forms on heating to very high problem if it was found to be
characteristic ductility dip at 1800 temperatures is at least partially
1900° F. Standard Type 347 weld responsible for the characteristically related to the selection of the weld
metal containing 7% ferrite exhibited slow ductility recoveries. metal
the lowest ductility, with Type 308L In a brief investigation of the effect In the early years of this work,
being almost as poor. High-manga- of varying rate of strain in the standard there also existed a serious colum-
tensile test, it was indicated that rate bium shortage; thus it was proposed
of strain is the most significant me- that the noncolumbium, extra-low-
THOMAS J. MOORE is associated with Arcos chanical factor in establishing tensile carbon variety of 18-8 weld metal
Corp., Philadelphia, Pa ductility at the “‘low ductility’ tem be simultaneously examined.
Paper prepared on behalf of the Advisory Sub perature of 1800° F The result of the first few years
committee on the Welding of Stainless Steel
High Alloys Committee, Welding Research of testing confirmed the fact that
Council. Chairman R. B. Gunia Members Introduction weld-metal cracking was clearly a
W. O. Binder, H. C. Campbell, F. W. Davis,
W. B. DeLong, C. R. Mayne, M. A. Scheil, R. D The attention of the Advisory function of ferrite content. The
Thomas, Jr., R. D. Wylie and T. J. Moore Subcommittee, which is guiding the fact was also confirmed that, at
Secretary. Work performed under AEC Con AEC-sponsored program at Arcos least in columbium-bearing alloys,
tract No. AT(30-1)-1233
Paper presented at AWS 40th Annual Meeting Corp., was originally directed to- ferrite transformed to the sigma
held in Chicago, Ill., Apr. 6-10, 1959 ward the study of varying compo- phase, thus resulting in embrittle-

WELDING RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT | 457-s

Table 1—Chemical Analyses
Undiluted weld metals (all electrodes were °/;. in. diam)
Calc. Severn
Sample territe, ferrite,
Composition No. Cc 2 % %
A 7,470 0.080 7 9-10
7,472 0.115 MW
oo Ph
Ww
10,604 0.110 8
10,795 0.111
9,616 0.036 SEeSsat 3-5
10,467 0.033 35
9,716 0.088 oococo
10,897 0.077 Nm
© mee
ww
16-8-2 9,904 0.067 z=
ee
ee SSESSSSRE
FP
wo
aDw
foal coossssss
RBeseReBesess
eoossssss A
SRIEREREE
Plate materials (mill analyses)
N
Type Heat No. Cc Mn Si S P Cr Ni
304L° 65170-1A 0.022 1.00 0.57 0.018 0.025 18.50 9.21
347° 46767-2B 0.054 1.77 0.71 0.025 0.027 18.37 11.45
Sample Nos. of electrodes which were used in specific tests
Elevated Transverse RPI
temperature stress hot
Comp. tensile All-weld-metal stress rupture rupture ductility
7470 7470 7470 7470
7472 7472 except for C53 (10,604) and 7472 7472
C54, C55, C56, C57 (10, 795)
9616 9616 except for F51, F53 (10,467) 9616 9616
9716 9716 except for H58, H59 (10,897) 9716 9716
9904
@ Used for transverse stress-rupture tests.

ment after exposure to elevated partially ferritic Type 347 alloy interpretation of the tests.
temperatures. Poole” has reported (Composition A).
that the sigma phase is precipitated A number of reports covering Test Procedure
between 1000 and 1700° F, and the work of this Subcommittee
that the rate and amount of sigma have been issued by the AEC.'~ Elevated-temperature Tensile Tests of
All-weld-metal Specimens
formed is apparently dependent Reports covering this work have
on the quantity of ferrite present also appeared in the WELDING The first phase of the high-tem-
in the Type 347 weld deposit. JOURNAL.$ ~” perature test prugram involved the
The rate of transformation of sigma This report is concerned with tensile testing of all-weld-metal
from ferrite in Type 347 welds the final phase of the original specimens in the as-welded condi-
also depends on both time and test program as outlined by the tion at temperatures of 1000 to
temperature, with transformation Advisory Subcommittee.? Weld- 2000° F in 100-deg increments, in
being most rapid at 1400° F. metal compositions which appeared duplicate, on the first {sur compo-
When ferrite was eliminated, to be most promising for elevated- sitions which are lis&d_ below.
cracking became a severe problem temperature applications were sub- Single tests were conducgd at these
unless carbon was increased sub- jected to conventional elevated- same temperatures on 1%-8-2 weld
stantially as in Composition C, temperature tensile, stress-rupture, metal. Several reports™'* have
or manganese was increased substan- and the RPI hot-ductility tests, been issued dealing with Zhe prop-
tially as in Composition H, Table I. in an attempt to evaluate their erties of the 16-8-2 composition.
These two modified, fully austenitic elevated-temperature properties. A Ferrite contents were ‘calculated
Type 347 alloys were never found discussion of the test results and using the Schaeffler Diag *am.
to be as fully satisfactory in crack- comments regarding the suitability Composition A—19 Ch (7%
ing tests as were the partially of the compositions for service ap- ferrite, present st: dard Type
ferritic welds, but they were free plications at elevated temperatures 347)
from the ferrite-to-sigma _ trans- will be offered. Some discussion Composition C—19 #13 Cb (0.12%
formation which occurred in the will also be given regarding the carbon, fully austenitic, modi-

605 .005°DIA
f-0+.003 TO .005" 7 ka ; -10-NC
D+.505"DIA.t.001" |
st eypa
- + .
t |
| }
be2 GAGE LENGTH —= |
I a} ae 2j REDUCED SECTION+= 3+}
~—- 5; " 2 2
a 4 ie
*5 FOR TYPE 304
Fig. 1—Test specimen employed in high-temperature
tensile and stress-rupture test programs Fig. 2—Design of transverse stress-rupture specimen

458s | DECEMBER 1959

 WELDING RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT | 457-s

fied Type 347) in AWS-ASTM A298-55T are pre- In all elevated-temperature tensile
Composition F—19/10 LC (4% sented in Table 1. tests, failure occurred within the
ferrite, Type 308L) All-weld-metal tensile test speci- 2-in. gage length, even though the
Composition H—19/13 MnCb mens were prepared using °/,-in. ductility was very low in some cases.
(6% manganese, fully austen- diam electrodes, following recom- In conducting the elevated-tem-
itic, modified type 347) mended AWS procedures; thus the perature tensile tests, the procedures
16-8-2 16Cr/8Ni/2Mo (4% axes of the test specimens were outlined in ASTM E21-43 were
ferrite, modified Type 316) taken parallel to the weld beads. followed. The test specimens were
A drawing of the 0.505-in. diam test brought up to temperature slowly
Undiluted chemical analyses of specimen which was employed for (60 to 90 min), with particular
the weld deposits obtained fol- the elevated-temperature and stress- care to avoid heating the bars
lowing the procedures recommended rupture tests is shown in Fig. 1. above the test temperature. The

Table 2—Elevated-temperature Tensile-test Data

All-weld-metal specimens tested in the as-welded condition
Ferrite
Composition Ultimate tensile strength, ksi
Elongation %, 2 in. Reduction in area, % after
and No. Temp., ° F Ave Avg Avg testing, %*
1000 68.1,65.1 24, 23
66. 24 48 9-10
1000 63.5, 63.0 28, 33
63. 30
1000 51.8, 51.5 30,283. 29 35
xrIno>
eee xrInTO>
Rh
NmPh 1000 58.5, 57.1 29,29 29
& MN”Hh* = ' 1000 63. 28 28 1-3
1100 60. 61.0 21,21 21 7-9
o> o>> 1100 59. 60.0 26,26 26
Ph 1100 44 = > 5 28, 31 29 1-3
» Www Pmri w - S 1100 52. 35.7,7 28, 25, 27
| BR =:co 1100 58. 29 29 i-3
1200 55. oD. 20, 21 20 5-7
1200 56. 56. 26, 27 26
1200 39. 38.5 28, 38 33
HAART xrIzoO>
aArTaan- 1200 $i. 53. 26, 28 27
Sxrnors
6-8 = 1200 49. 31 31
A 1300 49. 48. 26, 23 24
Cc. 1300 49. 47. 27,29 28
F- TOP>NK 1300 32. Sh: 32, 29 30
H ONNN » &©I 1300 45 46.1, 22, 32, 27
}
16 ie Nm 1300 39. 48 48
1400 43. 15, 11 13
1400 40. 30, 31 30
1400 23 23, 27 25
ple IMOP: 1400 39. 34
¢ 1400 31. 58
1500 34. 8
1500 35 25
1500 18. 15
ITOPRINO> 1500 36. 36
= 1500 25. 53
BEGNREHES 1600 27. 3
1600 29. 10
ee Www_5 1600 13. 7
rInoO>S rToP®zrToO>
CESE: a= 1600 26 22
|
tT ie=] rrre 1600 19 44
; 1700 24. 2
1700 26. 7
~~ee
Aan TOD”
i= Aan 1700 11 9
R, H-15, H-16 1700 13
sitTNoO>,>
6-8-2, W-3 1700 27
1800 2
POPNNWODANPPONSSOHMCSNUNUSSONAMWOSSMMSHLN
1800 7
1800 8
Ww 1800
RITO>
Eo: 1800
1900
1900
1900
1900
RITO>RI 1900
BEE! 2000
2000
2000 ,18 :
2000 18 8, 37
2000 C> <Cc“ 4<i 7 CHMKENAGBDODOHAMBDNMOONNOWOONAMDONUENOSCROSOUOON
19
@ Ferrite by Severn Indicator. Before testing: Comp. A, 9-10%; Comp. F, 3-5%; 16-8-2, 1-3% Compositions C and H were nonmagnetic before and
after testing.

WELDING RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT

| 459s
 C, F and H welds in the as-welded
© COMPOSITION condition. All-weld-metal speci-
mens were also tested after anneal-
,KSL
od ie) ing and aging heat treatments to
determine the effect of heat treat-
ments on the stress-rupture prop-
erties. The all-weld-metal bars
TYPE 347 were in the form of */,-in. diam
. oO BASE METAL cylinders for heat treatment.
(ref. 17,30) Transverse stress-rupture speci-
mens which were machined from
weldments composed of Type 347
base material and Compositions A,
tr oO C and H (columbium bearing) welds
were tested. There was also a
w=°ro) set composed of Type 304L plate
welded with Composition F (Type
ULT
TENSILE
STRENGTH | 308L) electrodes. During welding,
o
1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 the plates were securely clamped to
TEST TEMPERATURE, F the work table to prevent distortion.
The design of the transverse speci-
Fig. 3—Elevated-temperature strength of various weld metals and men is shown in Fig. 2. Chemical
Type 347 base material analyses of the Type 347 and Type
304L base plates are given in Table
1. Tests were conducted in the
as-welded condition and also after
10,000 hr of aging at (or near
° COMPOSITION A the test temperature.
ral = Time-to-rupture, percent elonga-
0 ; F tion in 2-in., and percent reduction-
0 of-area data were recorded for each
= 16-8-2 test. No attempt was made to
obtain creep data. Stresses were
chosen in such a manner that the
specimens were designed to fail
“J in periods of 10 to 1000 hr.
Zz ow Oo
RPI Hot-ductility Program
Zz
The hot-ductility tests were con-
° ducted using the test setup de-
{20 scribed in Reference 15. Weld
O pads 1 in. high by 6 in. wide by
Z 15 in. long were built up on mild
° steel plate. Thirty all-weld-metal
Ha 3
WwW cylinders '/, in. diam by 4'/» in. long
of Composition A, C, F and H
x were machined longitudinally from
1@) ! the uppermost portion of the weld
i000 1200 \400 1600 1800 2000 pads in such a manner that the axes
TEST TEMPERATURE F of the cylinders of undiluted weld
metal were parallel to the direction
Fig. 4—Variation of percent elongation with test temperature of welding. The test specimens
were finish-machined and tested at
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.
bars were held at the test tem- Ultimate tensile strength, percent The RPI equipment consists of a
perature for a minimum of one-half elongation, and percent reduction high-speed hydraulically operated
hour before the load was applied. of area data were recorded. No tensile testing machine, coupled
The ductility of the test specimen attempt was made to obtain the with a high-speed time-temperature
determined the period of time which yield point for it is felt that this control device. In testing, the spec-
elapsed from the moment that the value is of little significance above imen is held in a pair of water-
load was first applied until rupture 1000° F. Heuschkel’s work'‘ on cooled copper jaws and is heated
occurred. That is, when there was stainless-steel welds indicates that by its own resistance to the flow
little or no ductility, the specimen yield strength is essentially equal of current from the secondary of
failed shortly after reaching the to ultimate tensile strength at a conventional resistance-welding
ultimate tensile strength; but when temperatures above 1500° F. transformer.
there was a measure of high- The hot-ductility specimens were
temperature ductility, the test pe- subjected to thermal cycles equiva-
riod became prolonged. Stress rupture Program lent to those experienced in the
The free-running crosshead speed The second phase of this high- vicinity of an arc weld made in
was maintained constant for all temperature test program involved 1'/,-in. stainless-steel plate using an
tests, at approximately 0.04 in. stress-rupture testing at 1000, 1200 input of 70,000 joules per inch with
per inch of gage length per minute. and 1300° F of Compositions A, an initial plate temperature of 72° F.

460-s | DECEMBER 1959

The evaluation of the effect of
weld thermal cycles on the elevated- OCOMPOSITION
temperature properties of the weld
deposits was made on the basis
of (1) the effect of the heating
portion of the thermal cycle alone,
and (2) the effect of heating to
various peak temperatures, cool-
ing to intermediate temperatures
and testing. Reheating the weld
metal to 2400 or 2450° F reproduces
the condition that exists im-
mediately below the line of fusion; 3
i.e., for the stainless-steel welds, it a
reproduces the heating and cooling 0
cycle of the weld metal in the heat- 0
affected zone approximately 0.015 O
in. (for a 2400° F peak temperature) re) | ! }
REDUCTION
Ye
OF
AREA1000 1200 1400 1600 1Ig00 200C
or 0.010 in. (for a 2450° F peak)
below the molten puddle. TEST TEMPERATURE, F

Test Results Fig. 5—Variation of percent reduction of area with test temperature
Elevated-temperature Tensile Tests of
All-weld-metal Specimens although the general pattern of the rather severe drop in percent elonga-
The elevated temperature ten- “low-ductility dip’? as reported by tion, leveling off at 7 to 10%
sile-test data are presented in Table Heuschkel':" between 1500 and between 1600 and 1900° F.
2. A plot of ultimate tensile 2000° F was noted in all cases. Percent reduction of area versus
strength versus test temperature The standard T'ype 347 weld metal test temperature (Fig. 5) gave
is shown in Fig. 3. Notice that the with 7% ferrite, Composition A, the same pattern which was found
strength levels of the columbium- was poorest, exhibiting elongation for percent elongation. It should
bearing welds were very similar at values in 2 in. of 4% or lower be mentioned here that the tested
all temperatures, and above or between 1600 and 1900° F. The all-weld-metal specimens tended
on the high side of the Type 347 16-8-2 weld metal retained the to have an oval cross section.
base material scatterband. Compo- highest ductility as measured by Therefore, careful measurements
sition F weld metal was substan- percent elongation with a maximum were made of both the major and
tially weaker than the Type 347 of 58% at 1400° F and a minimum minor axes and the percent reduc-
grades at all temperatures. The of 19% at 1900° F. The high- tion of area was calculated on this
strength of 16-8-2 was above that manganese fully austenitic Type basis. It should be noted that
of the Type 347 base material 347 deposit, Composition H, re- Composition A exhibited 6% or
between 1000 and 1200° F, but tained relatively good ductility; less reduction of area between 1600
it decreased more rapidly than the minimum elongation was 13% at and 1900° F; that Composition H
columbium bearing welds until at 1700° F. Composition C, the high- reached its lowest value (27%) at
temperatures between 1800 to 2000° carbon fully austenitic Type 347 1800 and 1900° F; and that 16-8-2
F, the strength of the 16-8-2 weld, was a modest improvement fell below Composition H between
weld metal was approximately the over Composition A with a mini- 1700 and 2000° F, with a low value
same as that of Composition F. mum elongation of 7% at 1700 and of 16% at 1900° F.
Percent elongation versus test 1800° F. It should be noted that Photographs of tested tensile spec-
temperature is presented in Fig. 4. Composition F, the Type 308L imens are shown in Fig. 6. Notice
A marked difference in behavior weld, which contained 4% ferrite the difference in the appearance of
was noted for the weld metals and no columbium, exhibited a the brittle and ductile mechanisms

28s 06

1000° F 1800° F
Fig. 6—Tested tensile bars, all-weld-metal in the as-welded condition, of Compositions A, C, F, H and 16-8-2 (W). Approximately X 4/,

WELDING RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT | 46h3

Table 3—Part 1: All-weld-metal Stress-rupture Data at 1000° F
Composition Heat Stress, Hr to Elongation Reduction Ferrite, %°*
and code treatment ksi rupture in 2in., % of area, % Before testing After testing
A37 AW? 65 22.0 25 34 9-10
A24 AW 62 148 18 24 9-10
A25 AW 221 19 9-10
A28 AW 544 16 9-10
A32 AW 593 14 9-10
A5l ST 80.3 34 1-3
AS2 ST 1182 17 1-3
A45 ET 62.4 29 7-9
A46 ET 422 15 7-9
C36 AW 109 28
C21A AW 434 24
C27 AW 571 23
C33 AW 839 20
C42 ST 6.6 48
C39 ST 419 32
C46 ET 224 24
C45 ET 2108 18
F21 AW 29.3 53
F24 AW 145 39
F23 AW 402 24
F25 AW 593 39
F26 AW 1068 37 wprw.
Tr
F52 ST 41.3 23
F51 ST 181 22
F45 ET 174 43 cr
PRP
F46 ET 739 40 Iwwaad’
—_—)
WWE
H55 AW 121 26
H37 AW 510 18
H33 AW 607 19
H34 AW 997 20
H53 ST 632 32
H6R ST 1141 26
H46 ET 610 17
H45 ET 1012 19
H57 ST 709 32
@ Ferrite by Severn indicator. Compositions C and H were nonmagnetic in all conditions. E
> AW, As-welded. ET, Embrittlement treatment, 1000 hr at 1050° F, air cooled. ST, Solution treatment, 1950° F, 1-hr, air cooled.

of fracture, i.e., the 1000° F versus welds, Compositions A, C and H, At 1300° F, a distinct difference
1800° F modes of failure. were quite similar, the level being in strength is observed in Fig. 9
above that of the Type 347 base for each composition. In order of
Stress-rupture Tests of plate. Composition F was con- decreasing stress-rupture strength
All-weid-metal Specimens siderably lower in strength than the were Compositions C, H, A and F,
As-weiced Condition. Stress-rup- Type 347 base plate. with the columbium-bearing welds
ture curves were determined for At 1200° F, shown in Fig. 8, being above the strength of Type
all-weld-metal specimens of Com- Compositions C and H were strong- 347 base material and Composition
positions A, C, F and H welds in est. Composition A was at a F being substantially lower.
the as-welded condition. The test lower strength level than these The rupture ductility of the
data are presented in Table 3. welds, although it was still above columbium-bearing welds was in
Figure 7 presents stress-rupture the Type 347 base plate. Compo- general quite low, particularly at
curves at 1000° F. Note that the sition F was substantially lower in 1200 and 1300° F. On the other
strengths of the columbium-bearing strength than the other materials. hand, Composition F exhibited su-
perior ductility to the columbium-
100 bearing welds except for the longer
tests at 1300° F. The general
= 2 Ath 4 tendency of the stress-rupture duc-
w° ———— 347 BASE MATE19RIAL25) tility to decrease with increasing
rupture time was observed for all
compositions.
Photographs of stress-rupture
specimens tested at 1200° F are
+>——_-—_- - ————— presented as Fig. 10.
|O COMPOSITION A |
K.S.1.
STRESS, c | + — - 4 Heat-treated Condition. The ef-
4 PERCENT ELONGATION AT RUPTURE fect of heat treatment on the
4 |SHOWN AT EACH TEST POINT |
100 1000 2000 stress-rupture strength of all-weld-
HOURS TO RUPTURE AT |000°F metal specimens was also investi-
gated. The types of heat treat-
Fig. 7—Stress-rupture curves for as-welded ment involved are given in Table
all-weld-metal specimens at 1000° F 4.

M462-s | DECEMBER 1959

Table 3—Part 2: All-weld-metal Stress-rupture Data at 1200° F
Composition Heat Stress, Hr to Elongation Reduction —__—_——__Ferrite, %
and code treatment ksi rupture in 2in., % of area, % Before testing After testing
A35 AW? 40 7.5 16 9-10
A38 AW 34 126 6 9-10
A36 AW 31.5 185 6 9-10
A22 AW 30 263 4 9-10
A30 AW 25 773 ow
co 2 9-10
A40 ST 40 10.9 36 1-3
A39 ST 30 246 16
A48 ET2 38 27.3 13
A47 ET2 30 229 7
C22 AW 45 30.0 15
C54 AW 42 50.5 24
C35 AW 40 110 20
C37 AW 38 286 19
C55 AW 35 426 18
C56 AW 34 878 16
C57 AW 33 1153 SPOAASAOOaOwaaowoorc~
17
C40 ST 38 7.6 48
C43 ST 27 425 46
C47 ET2 38 204 35
C48 ET2 34.5 1415 14
F29 AW 25 21.8 45
F35 AW 22 58.7 42
F34 AW 20 179 34
F37 AW 17 680 40 a.
eR
F39 ST 21 17.7 27 I|
F41 ST 15 433 15 >
F48R ET2 16 546 39 PEP
F47 ET2 20 94.0 32 Ww
Pw
©mrt
!
i WWeEeaaaa-: ~ UeR
eSwe
ee
Oe
H58 AW 45 37.1 33
H59 AW 43 35.2 oOMMe
Rh
mM
—ww 42
H25 AW 40 134 LS
LADO
OF
SOMwowonwse 34
H27 AW 37 503 4 14
H22 35 748 4 13
H26 34 1023 5 12
H53A 37 21.9 18 35
H41 35 52.7 19 38
H43 30 236 22 34
H47 39 45.0 21 39
H48 ET2 34 916 1 4
@ Ferrite by Severn indicator. Compositions C and H were nonmagnetic in all conditions.
> AW, As-welded. ET2, Embrittlement treatment, 1000 hr at 1200° F, air cooled ST, Solution treatment, 1950° F 1 hr air cooled

The aging temperatures of 1050 shown in Fig. 12. Tests which were C and H to nearly the same level
and 1350° F were chosen as a conducted in the 1200° F-for-1000- as that of as-welded Composition
matter of convenience, since fur- hr condition indicate that the stress- A. The stress-rupture strength of
nace space could not be found rupture strength was not signifi- Composition A was not lowered,
for long-time aging at 1000 and cantly affected for Compositions A, but the strength level of Com-
1300° F. C and H by this heat treatment. position F was reduced by anneal-
The stress-rupture test results Composition F appears to have been ing.
are listed in Table 3. The results weakened slightly. Annealing re- Aging heat treatment at 1350°
of the 1000° F tests are presented duced the strength of Compositions F for 1000 hr had no apparent
graphically in Fig. 11. The sym-
bols represent tests which were
conducted on heat-treated speci-
mens. The stress-rupture curves
were plotted from tests in the as-
welded condition. Heat treatment
at 1050° F for 1000-hr apparently u >
does not affect the stress-rupture a347 BASE MATERIA GY 4
strength of any of the weld-metal SABE maTeRiatios Oo
compositions. Annealing at 1950°
F appears to lower significantly the
stress-rupture strength of the co-
lumbium-bearing weld metals and ELONGATION AT RUPTURE
WN AT EACH TEST POINT
only slightly for the noncolumbium- 100 1000 2000
bearing low-carbon weld metal. HOURS TO RUPTURE AT 1200°F
Results of tests on specimens
which were stress-rupture tested Fig. 8—Stress-rupture curves for as-welded
at 1200° F after heat treatment are all-weld-metal specimens at 1200° F

WELDING RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT | 463-s

462-s | DECEMBER 1959

Table 3—Part 3: All-weld-metal Stress-rupture Data at 1300° F

Composition Heat Stress, Hr to Elongation Reduction Ferrite, %*
and code treatment ksi rupture in 2in., % of area, % Before testing After testing
A55 Aw? 30 18.0 9-10
A26 AW 25 54.8 9-10
A23 AW 20 294 9-10
A29 AW 18 583 9-10
A3l AW 17 609 oun 9-10
A43 ST 30 7.0 i-3
A44 ST 18 433 a 1 3
A49 ET3 20 219 o 1 3
A50 ET3 17 592 1 3
C24 AW 35 28.7
C25 AW 32 155
C26 AW 31 154
C34 AW 29 580
C41 ST 30 2.0 oflaooonn
Wer
NN
C53 ST 22 54.3
C44 ST 18 1260 RRs
C49 ET3 30
C50 ET3 28.5
F28 AW 17
F33 AW 14
F36 AW 12.5 260
F38 AW 11 764
F40 ST 15 18.8
F53 ST 10 479
F49 ET3 14 32.8
F50 ET3 10 405
H28 AW 35 ~
H38 AW 33 25.5
H24 AW 30 168
H23 AW 25 460
H29 AW 24 500
H31 AW 22 805
H56 AW 21 795
H32 AW 20 981
H52 ST 24 120
H54 ST 15 2064
H50 ET3 28 33.3 ~ 4_
H49 ET3 20 858 FRM
oO
GW
NVOWNN
FKNMNHWO 2©co
NN
NON
@ Ferrite by Severn indicator. ‘»mpositions C and H were nonmagnetic in all conditions.
> AW, As-welded. ET3, Embrittlement treatment, 1000 hr at 1350° F, air cooled. ST, Solution treatment, 1950° F, 1 hr, air cooled.

effect on the 1300° F stress-rupture not affected by the annealing heat a base.
strength of Composition C, al- treatment. A bar chart is presented as Fig.
though Compositions H, F and A A bar chart is presented as Fig. 15 to give a graphic indication of the
were weakened slightly (Fig. 13). 14 in an attempt to summarize effects of annealing and aging on
Composition C was reduced in the effects of aging and annealing rupture ductility for 100-hr rupture
strength at 1300° F to a marked heat treatments on stress-rupture life. Rupture ductility of the co-
extent, and Compositions H and F strength. Approximate values of lumbium-bearing weld metals was
to a lesser extent, by the annealing stress for rupture in 1000 hr are generally improved by annealing
heat treatment. On the other hand, presented at 1000, 1200 and 1300° F (except for Composition A at 1000°
the strength of Composition A was using Type 347 wrought material as F). Annealing tended to decrease
the rupture ductility of Composition
100 © COMPOSITION A F weld metal at 1000 and 1200° F
4 Fe but tended to increase it at 1300° F.
Be Aging for 1000 hr prior to testing
O i)
tended to decrease the ductility at
1000° F for all welds. At 1200
and 1300° F this trend seemed to
be reversed for Compositions A,
C and H, i.e., the 1000-hr aging
periods tended to increase the rup-
ture ductility. The ductility of
,K.S.I.
STRESS Composition F tended to decrease
at 1200 and 1300° F if tested after
= ’ e 1000 hr of aging.
PERCENT ELONGATION AT RUPTURE
|SHOWN AT EACH TEST POINT
°7 10 100 Results of Transverse Stress-rupture
HOURS TO RUPTURE AT I300°F Tests in the As-welded and
Aged Conditions
Fig. 9—Stress-rupture curves for as-welded The results of the transverse
all-weld-metal specimens at 1300° F stress-rupture tests on as-welded

464-s | DECEMBER 1959

 Composition C

@€ 2e@e208080
Composition F Composition H
Fig. 10—All-weld-metal stress-rupture bars tested at 1200° F in the as-welded (AW), annealed (ST), and aged (ET2), conditions.
The specimens are lined up from left to right in the order of increasing time to rupture. Approximately X ¥;

specimens and _ specimens aged

10,000 hr are shown in Table 5.
For the columbium-bearing welds, COMP. A (aw) COMP. Cc (Aw) '9
wv 8
the fracture in all cases occurred 20 @ | COMP (aw
in the base metal, the weld being a ee -
c «D4. COMP. F (Aw) 35 25 2 a mi
stronger, and therefore little if any K
elongation occurred in the weld WOE eee eo
16
itself. Two failures were located
along the line of fusion (Specimen
Nos. C7T and H8T). In two other COMPOSIT
STRESS HEAT TREATMENT
cases, failure was initiated along the
line of fusion and propagated into PERCENT ELONGATION AT RUPTURE ||OSO"F -1O00HRS-AC|® A
SHOWN AT EACH TEST POINT IS9SO°F- | HR-AC (@ A *
the base material (Specimen Nos.
A2T and H7T). Notice that for 7 iO 100
these line of fusion failures, which HOURS TO RUPTURE AT !O0O0°F
were located in the heat-affected
zone of the Type 347 base metal, Fig. 11—Stress-rupture points for heat-treated all-weld-metal specimens plotted for
the specimens were tested in the comparison with the curves which represents the results of tests which were
as-welded condition. All other fail- conducted in the as-welded condition at 1000° F
ures were located in the base ma-
terial, away from the weld heat-
affected zone.
In Fig. 16, stress-rupture curves
are presented to illustrate the fact
that the 10,000 hr aging heat treat- HEAT TREAT
ment reduced the stress-rupture 1200°F
strength in the transverse tests. ISSO0°F
- . +
Transverse specimens composed —LOMP. Cén (aw)|
K.S.1. a Comp. A (Aw)
of Type 304L base plate and
Composition F weld metal were
found to fail consistently in the
weld metal (see Table 5). Wylie,
et. al.,” have reported that Type ,STRESS
308L weld metal was equivalent to PERCENT ELONGATION AT RUPTURE
Type 304L base metal in stress- SHOWN AT EACH TEST POINT
rupture strength at 1050° F, but 10 1}O0
the weld was weaker at 1200° F. HOURS TO RUPTURE AT |200F
A photograph of transverse speci-
mens welded with Compositions A, Fig. 12—Stress-rupture points for heat-treated all-weld-metal specimens plotted
C, F and H electrodes and tested for comparison with the curves which represent the results of tests
at 1200° F is shown as Fig. 17. which were conducted in the as-welded condition at 1200° F

WELDING RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT

| 465-5
RPI Hot-ductility Tests of ;
As-welded Specimens | HEAT TREATMENT
Test data from the hot-ductility ES - 1000 HRS-AC
program on Compositions A, C, EE I9SO0°F- 1 HR.- AC
F and H welds are shown in Table
6. Ultimate tensile strength, per- COMP. c (Aw)
COMP a TAW
cent reduction of area, total-strain COmp A (Aw 1B Es
| 2 ©
data and ferrite content of the
-
heated portion after testing are aa 36 4
included. ¢ Pf ee » 4
Percent reduction of area versus 3
test temperature is presented graph- K.S.L
STRESS,
ically as Fig. 18. At 2300° F for
Composition A and at 2400° F for | 7
Composition F, percent reduction hte |
of area values of 57% were obtained. a —
sebieauie ais leseatok — HOURS TO RUPTURE AT 1300°F
On cooling from 2400° F, the duc- Fig. 13—Stress-rupture points for heat-treated all-weld-metal specimens plotted
tility exhibited by the Composition for comparison with the curves which represent the results of tests
A and F welds was above that which which were conducted in the as-welded condition at 1300° F
had been obtained on _ heating.
This type of behavior indicates
that these welds possess good hot-
ductility characteristics. Com-
position A weld metal which was O) AS WELDED
tested on cooling from 2450° F G \950F-1HR.A.C
recovered ductility more slowly. ®@ AGED FOR 1000 URS
The behavior of Compositions C (J TYPE 347 PLATE%®
and H welds was similar. The 1
ductility of Composition C weld >o
metal which was tested on heating
dropped off gradually from 2000°
F, while the ductility of Composition Ww°o
H dropped off gradually from 1800°
F. For both of these materials, KSI
STRESS,
the steep part of the curve is located
between 2200 and 2400° F. Tests
which were conducted on cooling
from 2400° F indicated that both
Compositions C and H were slow
to recover ductility. Composition
C recovered ductility more slowly
when cooled from 2450° F, but
Composition H exhibited essentially ° OOOF - I200F
vocal ge — Fig. 14—Stress for rupture in 1000 hr at 1000, 1200 and 1300° F
2450° F.
For the “on heating’’ cycle the
Severn-ferrite content of Compo-
sition A, which was 9-10% before ,
testing, decreased to 6% at 1800° F O AS WELDED
and to 4% at 2000, 2200 and 2300° —— 4.nen a oon wn
F. On heating to 2400° F the
ferrite increased to 7% and at = ee Tee. 07 Phare SS
2450° F it increased to 8%. This /
phenomenon of ferrite forming from
the austenitic matrix in this tem-
perature range is in keeping with
Linnert’s observations." The
heated portion of the Composition
F test specimen, which had a
Severn ferrite content of 3-5%
before testing, decreased to between 2°
ELONGATION
%IN
zero and 1% for all test tempera-
tures at and above 1800° F. Since
no increase in ferrite was noted
even at the top test temperature
of 2450° F, it was indicated that c F H 347
either the austenite-to-ferrite reac- 1200F \S00F gh
tion is more sluggish for this alloy
or the temperature was not suffi- Fig. 15—Approximate percent elongation fora 100-hr stress-rupture life

466-s | DECEMBER 1959

 ductility was good.
Table 4—Type of Heat Treatments As-welded all-weld-metal stress-
Stress-rupture rupture specimens (which averaged
Heat treatment test temperature, °F Object of heat treatment 600 hr rupture life) were examined.
1050° F for 1000 hr, AC 1000 Aged at service temperatures be- For tests at 1000° F, failure ap-
1200° F for 1000 hr, AC 1200 fore testing to determine the peared to be transgranular. At
1350° F for 1000 hr, AC 1300 effect of aging on stress-rupture 1200° F, Compositions A and C
properties generally failed transgranularly and
1950° F for 1 hr, AC 1000 Annealed before testing to deter- Compositions F and H showed
1950° F for 1 hr, AC 1200 mine the effect of annealing heat evidence of intergranular rupture.
1950° F for 1 hr, AC 1300 treatment on_ stress-rupture At 1300° F all of the welds showed
properties evidence of intergranular rupture.
A photograph of the central por-
tion of a tested as-welded transverse
ciently high to produce this reac- Metallographic Examination stress-rupture specimen which was
tion. Compositions C and H were Examination of the low-ductility composed of Type 347 plate (No.
nonmagnetic before and after test- tensile bars which were tested at A2T), and welded with Composi-
ing. 1800° F revealed that the fractures tion A electrodes, is shown in Fig.
A photograph of tested hot- were of an intergranular nature and 20. For this specimen, which was
ductility specimens of Compositions that intergranular tearing existed tested at 1000° F, rupture initiated
A and H is shown as Fig. 19 to adjacent to the fracture surface. along the line of fusion, proceeded
illustrate the varying degrees of Transgranular shear was the mode for about one-third of the diameter
ductility. of fracture at 1000° F where the and then tore diagonally through the

Table 5—Transverse Stress-rupture Data

Test Elongation, % Ferrite, %, in welds
Composition Heat temperature, Stress, Hr to In In Reduction Location Before After
and code treatment sail ksi rupture weld 2 in. of area, % of failure testing testing
A7T AW? 1000 60 22 58 BM 9-10 9-10
A2T AW 1000 50.5 612 13 17 BM? g- 10 7-9
Al1lT ET4 1000 87.9 13 46 BM 3- 5 3-5
Al10T ET4 1000 597 1] 27 BM 3- 5 3-5
C2T AW 1000 21.6 24 60 BM
C7T AW 1000 1312 6 16 LF
C10T ET4 1000 182 16 21 BM
C11T ET4 1000 668 9 26 BM
F7T AW 1000 515 14 29 Weld
F11T ET4 1000 1289 6 14 Weld
H2T AW 1000 20.2 24 59 BM
H7T AW 1000 258 15 25 BM?¢
H10T ET4 1000 91.2 22 49 BM
H11T ET4 1000 582 14 31 BM
AlT AW 1200 160 =) 14 BM
A5T AW 1200 406 12 BM
Al3T ET5 1200 469 18 BM
Al4T ET5 1200 893 18
C1T AW 1200 12
C5T AW 1200 12
C13T ET5 1200 DMMNON
DW 21
C14T ET5 1200 17
F1T AW 1200 ~ 28
F13T ET5 1200 4
H1T AW 1200 11
H5T AW 1200 13
H14T ET5 1200 20
H13T ET5 1200 16
A4T AW 1300 13
A8T AW 1300 14
Al6T ET6 1300 43
Al7T ET6 1300 565 Nh
mm 27
C4T AW 1300 163 14
C8T AW 1300 308 NOON
Lf
WOWNMWNHN™
WLM 14
C16T ET6 1300 219 44
C17T ET6 1300 781 23
F4T AW 1300 181 ew 4
F16T ET6 1300 138 2
H4T AW 1300 176 &PY
>oOr 14
H8T AW 1300 875 3 4
H16T ET6 1300 5 191 22 43
H17T ET6 1300 9 928 RPHNWOONMODMONNOCrFOWWWOTOWO
COOOrFM
WO
OWOr
FR
OCOWOWNNF
VO 22 39
@ Ferrite by Severn indicator. Compositions C and H were nonmagnetic in all conditions.
> ET4, Embrittlement treatment, 10,000 hr at 1050° F, A.C ET5, Embrittlement treatment, 10,000 hr at 1200° F, A.¢ ET6, Embrittlement treatment
10,000 hr at 1350° F, A.C. AW, As-welded. BM, Type 347 base material LF, Line of fusion.
€ Failed during loading.
4 Failure was initiated at the line of fusion.

WELDING RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT | 467-s

 base material. It is to be noted
that there is a crack on the opposite
side of the weld from the rupture
surface. This crack is located in
the Type 347 base material, ap-
proximately 0.010 in. from the line
of fusion. A photomicrograph of
this latter crack is presented in
Fig. 21. The rupture as shown, is
intergranular and is located in the
coarse-grained region of the heat-
affected zone. Christoffel*’ recently
reported that this type of cracking
results from mechanical strain pro-
duced during welding. He pointed KEY
out that solution heat treatment of ,STRESS
K.S.1. AS | AGED |
WELDED]
Type 347 materials after welding
should always be employed for > }(iosor
maximum assurance of satisfactory Fl a + We iiz008)
v VG3soF)
service performance.
An examination of the RPI
hot-ductility bars for Compositions
A and H was conducted on speci-
mens which were (1) tested at 100
2300° F on the heating cycle, and TIME TO RUPTURE , HOURS
(2) tested at 2300° F on the cooling
cycle from 2400° F. The micro- Fig. 16—The effect of 10,000 hr of aging on the stress-rupture strength of
structure of Composition A weld transverse specimens. All failures in the as-welded and aged conditions
metal after testing consisted of were located in the Type 347 base material

Table 6—Part 1: RPI Hot-ductility Data

; All-weld-metal specimens tested in the as-welded condition
Ferrite, %,
Ultimate in heated
tensile Reduction portion after
Composition RPI code strength, ksi of area, Total strain, in. testing
Ave Ave Avge Ave
Tests conducted on heating—1800° F
A DW20, DW21 0.077 5-7,5-7 6
Cc DX19, DX20 0.131 acinar | le
F DY21, DY22 0.110 0-1,0-1 0.5
H DZ20, DZ21 0.121 ce ee.
Tests conducted on heating—2000° F
A DW18, DW19 0.083 3-5, 3-5
Cc DX17, DX18 0.121 pape
F DY19, DY20 0.140 0-1, 0-1
H DZ18, DZ19
Tests conducted on heating—2200° F
A DW16, DW17 3-5, 3-5
Cc DX15, DX16
F DY17, DY18 0-1,
0-1
H DZ16, DZ17
Tests conducted on heating—2300° F
a DW14, DW15 0.111, 0.124 3-5, 3-5
Cc DX13, DX14 0.039, 0.036 ane
F DY15, DY16 eee 0-1, 0-1
H DZ14, 0Z15
Tests conducted on heating—2400° F
A DW1, DW2 5-7,7-9 7
Cc DX1, DX2
F DY2, DY3 0-1,0-1 0.5
H DZ1, DZ3
Tests conducted on heating—2450° F
DW3, DW4 4 4 7-9,7-9 8
DX3, DX4 1 0
DY5, DY6 SS ae 9.5, 37.6 33. 054, ... 0. 0-1,0-1 0.5
DZ4, DZ5 "i 1.2, 0. : Bak > es
@ Ferrite by Severn Indicator. Before testing: Composition A, 9-10%; Composition F, 3-5%; Compositions C and H were nonmagnetic before and after
testing.

468s | DECEMBER
1959
 approximately 5% ferrite in austen- precipitates tend to increase the may very well account for the suc-
ite, both for the specimens which electrical resistance at the grain cess in the welding of heavy sections
were tested on heating and on boundaries in the resistance-heated of Type 347 material which has
cooling. Rupture appeared to be hot-ductility specimen. Thus, the been reported!!~'*%° by the
transgranular with no evidence of combination of a continuous inter- steam-power industry. On_ the
intergranular failure. granular precipitate and a weld other hand, since the columbium-
Some evidence of intergranular metal possessing relatively large bearing welds are stronger than the
failure was noted in the Composition grain size would tend to produce Type 347 base plate, the base
H specimen which was tested at localized heating at the grain bound- material heat-affected zone would
2300° F, on heating, but quite aries and result in decreased duc- be the most logical location for
extensive intergranular tearing was tility. rupture during an annealing heat
observed in the Composition H bar treatment of a heavily restrained
which was tested at 2300° F, on Discussion Type 347 weld joint, particularly
cooling from 2400° F. Metallo- if the weld is not ground flush leav-
graphic examination revealed that Elevated-temperature Tensile Program ing a notch effect. Such failures
an intergranular precipitate was The fact that the strengths of have been reported and dis-
present in the latter condition the columbium-bearing welds (Com- cussed.'*: ® Emerson and Jackson**
(Fig. 22). Figure 23, which is a positions A, C and H) are quite feel that the apparently premature
photomicrograph at higher magni- similar and substantially above that failures in Type 347 base material
fication, revealed the nature of the of Type 308L (Composition F) weld may be classified simply as stress-
grain-boundary precipitate. Lin- metal is expected, since the former rupture failures.
nert” has observed this type of welds are strengthened by a higher Ductility differences as measured
microstructure in overheated Type carbon level and the potent strength- by percent elongation and_ percent
347 steel. ening effect of columbium. reduction of area were among the
In regard to interpretation of the The low strength of 16-8-2 weld more significant property differ-
RPI hot-ductility test, Heuschkel'* metal between 1800 and 2000° F, ences which were discovered. For
has pointed out that intergranular combined with its good ductility, all compositions tested, a low-

Table 6—Part 2: RPI Hot-ductility Data

All-weld-metal specimens tested in the as-weided condition
Ferrite, %
Uitimate in heated
tensile Reduction portion after
strength, ksi of area, % Total strain, in. testing*
Composition RPI code Avg Avg Ave Avg
Tests conducted on cooling from 2400° F
2300° F
DW7, DW5, DW6 144,0.051,0.120 0.105 5,3-5,5-7 5
DX5, DX6 0 0
DY7, DY8 184, 0.176 0.180 -1, 0-1 0.5
DZ6, DZ7 0 0

DW8, Dw9 0.164, 0.161

DX7, DX8 12.7,12.3 12. 4,26.6 23. 0.039, 0.081
DY9, DY10 11.4, 9.2 10.3 3,60.3 61.8 0.142.0.186
Dz8, DZ9 11.6,12.2 1. ibaa

DW10, DW11 ‘ . , ; , 0.095, 0.106

DX9, DX10 % fare , -1,44.1 45.1 0.084, 0.069
DY11, DY12 0.138, 0.135
DZ10, DZ11 0.055, 0.063

DW12, DW13
DX11, DX12
DY13, DY14
DZ12, DZ13
Tests conducted on cooling from 2450° F
2300° F
DW23, DW24
DX21, DX22, DX23
D222, DZ24

DW25 : ‘ 39.2 0.064 0.064

DX25 ‘ : 12. 0.021 0.021
DY27 ; : $4 0.172 0.172
DZ25 ‘ . 10. 0.010 0.010
@ Ferrite by Severn indicator. Before testing: Composition A, 9-10%; Composition F, 3-5%; Compositions C and H were nonmagnetic before and after
testing.

WELDING RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT | 469-5

 relief of peak stresses.
ewe a . Heat from 1100 to 1925° F
at 600° F per hour.
. Hold for 2 hr for complete
Alt Cit rE HiT Al3T Ci4i FIST HI3T stress relief and ferrite solu-
tion and spheroidization.
5. Air cool.
Composition H, 16—8-—2, or even
Composition C might be substi-
tuted for Composition A on the
basis of superior tensile ductility.
It would appear that the greatest
ductility advantage would be
secured with 16-8-2 because its
strength is below Type 347 base
material between 1800 and 2000° F.
Fig. 17—Transverse stress-rupture bars tested at 1200° F, then cleaned with emery Before 16-8-2 electrodes are se-
cloth to show the weld. Conditions prior to testing were as-welded (AW), lected to weld Type 347 base ma-
and aged at 1200° F for 10,000 hr (ET5). Approximately X '/; terial, it may be advisable to give
prudent consideration to the find-
ings of Emerson and Jackson.**
Their laboratory tests, on dup-
licate pipe weldments of Type 347
base material welded with 16-8-—2
electrodes, resulted in failures which
initiated at the inside diameter.
The failures were not anticipated
and the path of failure was totally
unexpected. Emerson and Jackson
rationalized this behavior as fol-
Se lows. The face of the weld was
lof COMPOSITIONC Yo) approximately five times the width
a
Ww across the root and the weld pos-
«x 1 i i | J
at 2200 2400 2500 1g00 2000 2200 2400 2500 sessed inherently superior ductility
= as compared with the Type 347
.©)
<90 A 2 £0, base plate in simulated service tests.
Z
56 4,'. Thus, the total potential elongation
ow . I>
- is less at the root and the increase
Vv2
a in loading more rapid, with failure
Ww occurring in the Type 347 heat-
a
b affected zone. They also point out
Zz that fracture initiation from the
aw
U inside diameter is potentially more
xlu
a serious than from the outside diam-
eter since there would be a lesser
aL. COMPOSITION F 19|_COMPOSITION H chance of detecting the former by
! l Nl routine surface inspection.
| \ = 1800 2000 2200 2400 2500
2000 2200 2400 2500 Type 308L weld metal containing
TEMPERATURE, F TEMPERATURE, F 4% ferrite was also subject to the
ductility “dip” between 1500 and
Fig. 18—RPI hot-ductility test resuits comparing the reduction of area obtained 2000° F. The extent was quite
when tested on heating the specimen or on cooling the specimen from the severe, although not as marked
indicated temperature
as that of Composition A.
All-weld-metal Stress-rupture Program
ductility range was noted between ing during postweld heat treatment As-welded Condition. 'The stress-
1500 and 2000° F. Minimum duc- is accentuated rather than allevi- rupture test results indicate that,
tility occurred at 1800 or 1900° F. ated by slow rates of heating; also, as deposited, Composition A, C and
Of the compositions tested, the that the cracking generally is in- H welds have greater stress-rupture
standard 19/9 Cb with 7% ferrite tergranular in nature, thus indicat- strength than Type 347 base plate.
(Composition A) exhibited the poor- ing failure at high temperatures. They also have the low rupture
est ductility. This evidence, they believed, in- ductility which is characteristic of
If a heavily restrained Type 347 dicated that the cracking is caused Type 347 materials. The rupture
weldment which is welded with by residual welding stresses ductility of Composition- F was
Composition A electrodes is to be caused by! uneven heating. Curran superior to the Type 347 materials
subjected to an annealing heat and Rankin’s procedure for post- but the strength was much lower.
treatment, it would seem to be weld heat treatment of Type 347 Data which were obtained in a
advisable to follow the procedure weldments was outlined as follows: joint investigation”? indicate that
which was outlined by Poole* and 1. Heat to 1100° F at 300° F per 16-8-2 is stronger than, and pos-
employed by Curran and Rankin”! hour. sesses superior rupture ductility to,
to avoid base-metal cracking. Cur- 2. Hold at 1100° F for 2 hr for the Type 347 base materials at
ran and Rankin observed that crack- temperature equalization and 1200, 1350 and 1500° F.

470-s | DECEMBER 1959

 Tested on heating

= 1800° F
2000° F

1:1 HCl. Specimen AZT. X2

Fig. 20—Macro-photograph illustrating
mode of fracture of transverse stress-
: rupture specimen which was composed
of Type 347 plate and standard Type 347
Composition A Composition H weld metal containing 7% ferrite and
tested in the as-welded condition. Rup-
Tested on cooling from 2400° F ture life was 612 hr at 1000° F. Notice the
crack in the heat-affected zone of the
base material on the opposite side from
————SaaP es ce fracture
2200" F
- 2000° F Heat-treated Condition. Heat
a treatments after welding, either
1800° F aging at the service temperature
or annealing at 1950° F, do not
Composition A Composition H significantly reduce the stress-rup-
Tested on cooling from 2450° F ture strength of the columbium-
bearing welds (Compositions A, C
and H). The finding that these
2300° F —$——————-_ welds were stronger than the Type
2200° F et meee. 347 base material in all conditions
of heat treatment indicates that
Composition A Composition H the strength levels of the welds are
fully adequate for service in the
Fig. 19—RPI hot-ductility specimens after testing. 7/, Full size temperature range of 1000 to 1300°
F regardless of the postwelding
heat treatment condition. For im-
proved rupture ductility in the
columbium-bearing welds, an an-
nealing heat treatment is indicated.
Px
> om. >ae 51
tigid ul 3 S Transverse Stress-rupture Tests
The transverse test results con-
meres,SOE abe,
ek. firm the statements which were
made previously regarding the su-
perior strength of Composition A, C
and H welds as compared to the
Type 347 base material since rup-
ture was located consistently in
the base plate. Thus it would
appear that 100% joint efficiency
would be expected for Type 347
weldments which were welded with
these electrodes.
It is evident that the 308L weld
(Composition F) would give less
than 100% joint efficiency with
304L base material since rupture
occurred exclusively in the weld.
Composition A +—Type 347 base metal
weld metal— RPI Hot-ductility Tests
In evaluating the results of the
RPI test, the following considera-
tions must be borne in mind:**
*‘When metals contract, during cool-
ing from welding, stresses are set
up; when the contraction of the
metal is restricted, the stresses must
be relieved, either by plastic flow of
«Surface of specimen the metal or by cracking. Ob-
viously, the latter is intolerable.
Oxalic acid. X 50 Furthermore, since the hotter por-
Fig. 21—Photomicrograph illustrating intergranular stress-rupture cracking in the coarse tions of the metal are weaker than
grained heat-affected zone of the Type 347 base material. Section taken in cracked the cold metal, the deformation
area of Specimen A2T on opposite side from fracture will take place in the hot metal;

WELDING RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT | 47l-s

Table 7—Comparative Tensile Properties at 1800° F*
Composition A Composition C Composition F Composition H
HTT® RPI HTT RPI HTT RPI HTT RPI
Ultimate tensile strength, ksi 20.2 22.6 20.8 21.6 9.6 14.5 16.8 21.7
Reduction of area, % 5 47.0 17 60.2 58.6 27 68.7
4 These data appear in Tables 2 and 6.
° HTT = Conventional high-temperature tensile test. RPI = RPI hot-ductility test, “‘on heating” data.

heating” portion of the program

Table 8—Some Basic Differences Between HTT and RPI Tests were of primary interest, because
HTT RPI this avoids any confusion resulting
Time required to reach test temperature 60-90 min Few seconds from metallurgical changes at the
Soaking time at test temperature 1/, hr None elevated ‘temperatures to which
Type of heating Furnace (radiant) Electrical resistance the ‘on cooling” specimens had
Specimen size at reduced section 0.505-in. diam 0.250-in. diam been subjected.
Rate of strain (free running crosshead or Examination of the information in
platen speed in inches per inch of gage
length per minute) 0.04 Approximately 600 Table 7 reveals that the strength
of each weld-metal composition at
1800° F is higher in the RPI hot-
Direction of | tensile force mercial usage. It is more difficult to ductility test than in the conven-
evaluate the results which were ob- tional tensile test. The relative
tained with Compositions C and H. order of merit for the ductility
‘These weld deposits regained ductil- is the same for each test; i.e., both
ity more slowly on cooling from 2400 tests would rate these welds in
or 2450° F than the partially ferritic order of decreasing ductility as
welds. Metallographic examination follows: Compositions H, C, F and
has revealed that an intergranular A. However, there exists a most
precipitate is present in the micro- significant difference in the general
structure of these weld deposits. level of ductility from one test to
The precipitate is heavier and more the other. For example, at 1800° F
Marble's reagent. Specimen DZ6 continuous for Composition H. In Composition A gave only 5% re-
the resistance-heated cylindrical duction of area in the tensile test
Fig. 22—Photomicrograph of RPI hot- specimen, there will be a tendency
ductility bar of high-manganese Type 347 but 47% reduction of area in the
for overheating to occur at the grain RPI hot-ductility test.
weld metal illustrating the intergranular
nature of failure and the continuous boundaries. It is postulated that
this effect may have been a factor There are a number of differ-
intergranular precipitate. This specimen ences between the conventional
was tested at 2300° F, on cooling from in the low ductility which was ob-
served. Welding qualification tests high-temperature tensile and the
2400° F. X 50. Reduced by '/, upon RPI hot-ductility test. Some of
reproduction by several fabricators have shown
that these welds are practical, usable these are listed in Table 8.
compositions. The fact that the lt was suspected that the last
stress-rupture strength of both Com- item in Table 8, i.e., the rate of
positions C and H were superior to strain, was the most notable vari-
Composition A indicates that un- abie. Thus, a series of tests were
ne Fx soundness resulting from intergran- conducted to investigate strain rate
ular fissuring is not an important since it was anticipated, on the
factor for these weld metals. Thus, basis of Avery’s work,” that high-
there is evidence that the RPI hot- strain rates would tend to increase
ductility test may be somewhat the strength of the welds. High-
oversensitive when an intergranular strain rates might also be expected
precipitate is present. Neverthe- to improve ductility since explosion-
less, the RPI test results help us forming procedures of low-ductility
to understand more fully the ele- materials have been developed. In
vated temperature properties of our investigation, the free-running
Oxalic acid. Specimen DZ6 these welds. crosshead speed of a_ standard,
60,000-lb tensile machine was the
Fig. 23—Appearance of eutectic-like inter- Effect of Speed of Testing on criterion which was employed as
granular precipitate at high magnifica- Elevated-temperature Ductility the variable in a brief series of tests.
tion. X1000. Reduced by '/,; upon re- Admittedly, it would appear to be
production Upon examining the test data
emanating from the conventional most desirable to employ a constant
elevated-temperature tensile and strain-rate tensile machine, but it
if no cracking is to occur, the metal RPI hot-ductility programs, an was felt that if there were a signifi-
must have good ductility as it observation was made regarding cant effect it would be discovered
cools from the welding tempera- the relative values which were by varying the free-running cross-
ture.” obtained for strength and duc- head speed in the unit which was at
The good behavior of Composi- tility at the test temperatures of our command.
tions A and F in the RPI test was 1800 to 2000° F (see Table 7). Twelve all-weld-metal specimens
anticipated because these weld de- For comparison with conventional of Composition A were prepared
posits have exhibited excellent re- short-time tensile tests, the RPI for testing in the as-welded con-
sistance to hot cracking in com- test results obtained from the ‘‘on dition. The specimens were all

472-s | DECEMBER 1959

Table 9—Strength and Ductility as Affected by Speed of Testing &
Composition A tested in the as-welded condition at 1800° F )K.S.1.
iS)wa
Free-running °
crosshead speed, Ultimate
in./in. of gage tensile Elongation Reduction Ferrite, % a
Code length/min strength, ksi in2in.,% of area,% after testing
A70 0.020 17.3 3 6 3-5 6
Al7? 0.040 20.1 4 6 3-5 Ww
A18” 0.040 20.3 4 3-5
A60 0.044 20.0 11 3-5 °
A6é1 0.228 20.1 12 3-5
A67 0.65 22.4 20 3-5
A62 oO ~a 20.2 16 3-5
A71 21.9 24 3-5
A63 20.4 17 3-5
A68 22.5 22 3-5
A65 24.5 26 3-5
A66 22.5 23 3-5
A69 24.7 29 3-5
A64 eSRee
eeeSSSSSRES 29 3-5 8area@
@ Ferrite by Severn Indicator; 9-10% before testing TENSILE
REDUCTION
PERCENT
AREA
STRENGTH
OF 1?)
ULT.
> The data for these tests also appear in Table 2

tested at 1800° F in a standard been aged for 10,000 hr prior to

60,000-lb tensile machine. The testing gave further evidence that
free-running crosshead speed was these welds were stronger than Type
the only item which was varied 347 base plate, even after this pro-
intentionally. longed aging period.
The test results are tabulated in 2. Annealing generally improves
Table 9. A graphic illustration of the rupture ductility of the colum- PERCENT
ELONG.
2°
IN L 1 J
the test data is presented in Fig. bium-bearing welds, particularly at 1.0 ‘2 14 16
24. Although there is a tendency FREE RUNNING CROSSHEAD SPEED,
1200 and 1300° F, without seriously
of these data to exhibit some scatter, reducing the stress-rupture strength. IN. /IN,OF G.L./MIN.
it appears clear that strength and, 3. The 308L weld metal, con- Fig. 24—Strength and ductility versus
to a greater degree, ductility, are taining 4% ferrite, is weaker than tensile-testing speed for Composition A
increased as the free-running cross- Type 304L base material in both weld metal tested at 1800° F
head speed is increased. the as-welded and aged conditions.
Ductility, as measured by per- 4. The standard 347 weld, con-
cent reduction of area, was found taining 7% ferrite, possesses in- recover ductility on cooling from
to increase from 6 to 29% as the herently low tensile-ductility be- 2400 and 2450° F. On the other
testing speed was varied from 0.02 tween 1500 and 2000° F when loaded hand, these fully austenitic weld
to 1.56 in./in. of gage length at strain rates which are conven- metals had previously been given
minute. Thus it would not seem tionally employed in elevated-tem- a relatively good rating in various
unreasonable to explain the greater perature tensile tests, and _ its cracking tests, although they were
percent reduction of area for the strength is above that of Type 347 never as completely free of micro-
Composition A material tested in base material. Thus, in annealing fissuring tendencies as are the par-
the RPI hot-ductility tests prin- heavy sections it is recommended tially ferritic welds. Thus, granted
cipally on the basis of speed of that the heating rate to the anneal- that the fully austenitic high-man-
testing, since the rate of separation ing temperature be rapid from 1100 ganese and high-carbon welds are
of the platen was on the order of to 1925° F in order to minimize not completely free of microfissur-
600 in./in. of gage length/minute. the chance of obtaining heat-af- ing tendencies, these compositions
On the basis of these results it thus fected zone cracking in the base have improved tensile ductility and
appears that rate of strain is the material. superior stress-rupture strength to
most dominant mechanical factor in 5. For improved tensile ductility the standard partially ferritic Type
establishing the tensile ductility at at elevated temperatures as ex- 347 weld metal and are therefore
1800 to 2000° F. hibited in conventional tensile tests, logical choices for applications where
the high manganese 347, 16—8—2 or, good stress-rupture strength is re-
Conclusions and to a lesser extent, the high carbon quired.
Recommendations 347, would be an improvement over 8. For the welding of heavy
1. From a stress-rupture strength the standard partially ferritic Type sections of Type 347 stainless steel,
standpoint for temperatures be- 347 electrode. the 16-8-2 electrode would have
tween 1000 and 1300° F, the stand- 6. The good ductilities shown in an advantage over the columbium-
ard Type 347 (containing 7% fer- the RPI hot-ductility test for bearing welds since its tensile
rite), the high manganese 347 or the the partially ferritic Type 347 and strength is below that of Type 347
high carbon 347 electrodes would 308L welds confirm the fact that base material and it possesses
be more than adequate to join these weld metals have good re- relatively good ductility at 1800-—
Type 347 stainless steel since any sistance to hot cracking. 2000° F. This would assure that
of these weld metals are stronger 7. In the RPI hot-ductility test, minimum heat-affected zone stress
than the base material. Stress- the high-carbon and high-manganese concentrations would occur during
rupture tests which were conducted 347 compositions did not behave welding and annealing. On the
on transverse specimens which had well, since these welds were slow to other hand, there is some labora-

WELDING RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT | 473-s

tory evidence that, in service, the ing in the Welding of Type 347 Steels,” U. S. G., “Further Studies of the Hot-Ductility of
AEC NYO-3494 (May 22, 1952). High-Temperature Alloys,’”” WRC Bull. Ser. No
superior ductility of 16-8-2 weld 2. Poole, Lorin K., ““Technical Report No. 1 33 (February 1957).
metal in Type 347 pipe welds may on the Effect of Composition and Microstructure 16. Heuschkel, J., ““Time-Temperature De-
cause stress concentrations to arise. on the Mechanical Properties and Crack Sensi- pendence of Austenitic Stainless-Steel Welded
tivity of Type 347 Weld Metals,” U. S. AEC Joint Components,” THE Wetpinc JOURNAL,
The 16-8-2 electrode is not recom- NYO-3495 (Aug. 28, 1952). 35 (12), Research Suppl., 569-s to 581-s (1956)
mended for use in applications 3. Poole, Lorin K., ““The Effect of Various 17. Linnert, George E., “Welding Type 347
Heat Treatments on the Tensile Properties of Stainless Steel Piping and Tubing,”” WRC Bull
where intergranular corrosion re- Modified Type 347 Weld Deposits,” U. S. AEC Ser. No. 43 (October 1958).
sistance is a service requirement. NYO-3496 (May 12, 1953). 18. Soldan, Henry M., and Mayne, Charles R..,
4. Poole, L. K., “Weld Qualification Tests on “Ductility Related to Service Performance of
Acknowledgments Modified Type 347 Welding Electrodes,” U. 8S. Heavy-Wall Austenitic Pipe Welds,” THe
AEC NYO-3497 (Nov. 7, 1954). WELDING JOURNAL, 36 (3), Research Suppl.,
The program of elevated tem- 5. Poole, Lorin K., ““The Effect of Various 141-8 to 150-8 (1957).
perature testing was directed and Heat Treatments on the Notched Bar Impact 19. Blumberg, H. S., “Metallurgical Con-
Properties of Modified Type 347 Weld Deposits,” siderations of Main Steam Piping for High-
supervised by the Advisory Sub- U. 8. AEC NYO-3498 (Nov. 8, 1954) Temperature, High-Pressure Service,’ Trans
committee on the Welding of Stain- 6. Poole, Lorin K., ““The Results of Nitric ASME, 79, 1377 to 1397 (August 1957).
Acid and Copper Sulfate-Sulfuric Acid Tests on 20. Curran, R. M., and Rankin, A. W., “Aus-
less Steel, High Alloys Committee, Modified Type 347 Weld Deposits,” U. S. AEC tenitic Steel in High Temperature Steam Piping,’
Welding Research Council. Finan- NYO-3499 (July 28, 1955). Ibid., 79, 1398-1409 (August 1957).
7. Hoerl, Arthur, and Moore, Thomas J., 21. Curran, R. M., and Rankin, A. W.,
cial support for this work was pro- “Statistical Analysis of Effects of Various Ele- “Welding Type 347 Stainless Steel for 1100° F
vided by the Atomic Energy Com- ments on the Crack Sensitivity of Fully Austen- Turbine Operation,” THe Wetpinc JouRNAL,
mission under Contract No. AT(30- itic Type 347 Welds,” U. S. AEC NYO-3500 34 (3), 205-213 (1955).
(Oct. 29, 1956). 22. Carpenter, O. R., Wylie, R. D., and Cole-
1)-1233. 8. Poole, Lorin K., ““The Incidence of Crack- man, E. W., “Summary of Joint Investigation of
Furnace space for long-time aging ing in Welding Type 347 Steels,” Toe We.pina the Properties of 16-8-2 Weld Metal,”’ Babcock &
JOURNAL, 32 (8), Research Suppl., 403-s to 412-s Wilcox Co., Quality Control Rept. No. 433
tests was provided by the U. S. (1953). (Feb. 13, 1957).
Steel Corp. and the Babcock & 9. Poole, Lorin K., and Thomas, R. David, 23. Mayne, C. R., Private Communication.
dr., ““Mechanical Properties of Modified Type 347 24. Emerson, R. W., and Jackson, R. W.,
Wilcox Co. The 16—8-2 electrodes Weld Metals,” Ibid., 34 (12), Research Suppl.,
were supplied through the courtesy 583-8 to 595-8 (1955). “The Plastic Ductility of Austenitic Piping Con-
10. Hoerl, Arthur, and Moore, Thomas J., taining Welded Joints at 1200° F,”” Toe WeLpInc
of O. R. Carpenter of the Babcock & “Statistical Analysis of Effects of Various Ele- JouRNAL, 36 (2), Research Suppl., 89-s to 104-s
Wilcox Co. Financial support and ments on the Crack Sensitivity of Fully Austen- (1957).
itic Type 347 Welds,” Jbid., 36 (10), Research 25. ASTM Special Tech. Pub. No. 124 (1952)
arrangements for the RPI hot- Suppl., 442-8 to 448-s (1957). 26. Poole, Lorin K., “Sigma—-An Unwanted
ductility tests were sponsored by 11. Carpenter, O. R., and Wylie, R. D., “16-8 Constituent in Stainless Weld Metal,” Metal
the International Nickel Co. 2 Cr-Ni-Mo for Welding Electrode,” Metal Prog., Prog., 65 (6), 108-112 (1954).
70 (11), 65-73 (1956). 27. Wylie, R. D., Corey, C. L., and Leyda,
through the courtesy of the late 12. Carpenter, O. R., and Wylie, R. D., W. E., “The Stress Rupture Properties of Some
V.N. Krivobok and C. R. Mayne. “Some Considerations in the Welding of Austen- Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Weld De-
itic Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steels,’’ Babcock posits,” presented at the Annual Meeting of the
The elevated-temperature ten- & Wilcox Co., Quality Control Rept. No. 398 ASME, New York, November 1953
sile tests were conducted by Miss (Apr. 2, 1956). 28. Avery, H. S., “Properiies of ‘HT’ Type
Rosemary Matson. The _stress- 13. Wylie, R. D., “Cooperative Investigation Alloys—A Summary,” Alloy Casting Bull. No. 9,
of a New Welding Electrode for Stainless Steel,”’ October 1946.
rupture tests were conducted by Tue WeLpINnG JouRNAL, 37 (9), Research Suppl., 29. Christoffel, R. J., “Notch Rupture Strength
Jutius A. Piland. 426-8 to 432-8 (1958). of Type 347 Heat Affected Zone,”’ Paper pre-
14. Heuschkel, J., “Initial Characteristics of sented at the ASME Metals Engineering Con-
Chromium-Nickel Steel Weld Metals,” Jbid., ference, Albany, N. Y., May 1, 1959.
Bibliography 34 (10), Research Suppl., 484-s to 504-8 (1955). 30. “Steels for Elevated Temperature Service,”
1. Poole, Lorin K., ““The Incidence of Crack- 15. Nippes, E. F., Savage, W. F., and Grotke, United States Steel Corp. (1949).

which prevents them from coming

looseas the specimen is tested.
RESEARCH NEWS Six different alloys were tested
with this method at from room
temperature to 1650° F. Excellent
Tensile-testing Method results were obtained in 93% of
the elevated temperature tests and
Research engineers of the Boeing 99.5% of the room temperature
Airplane Co., Seattle 24, Wash., tests.
have developed a new method of
attaching extensometer arms to
test specimens for protracted ele- Pressure-vessel Design
vated-temperature tensile tests. Process Equipment Design—Vessel
This has resulted in increased ac- and-socket linkage. Strain is ac- Design. By Lloyd E. Brownell
curacy in recording load strain curately recorded as tension in the and Edwin H. Young. 497 pages,
curves to fracture on high strength specimen increases. 8'/, x 11-in. hard bound book.
alloys, eliminating specimen slip- There is no chance of the slippage Price $19.50. Published by John
page and minimizing distortion of which may occur in conventional Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York.
information on plastic flow char- clamping when protracted high A comprehensive guide to the
acteristics. temperatures cause clamps to relax design of equipment for the proc-
The technique centers around their bite and tensile specimens to essing industries, this book inte-
ordinary */3.-in. steel balls, welded attenuate and move from under grates theory and practice.
to test specimens under precisely the clamps. Temperature-recording The analytical derivations of for-
controlled conditions of tempera- thermocouples are also welded to mulas and solutions to problems are
ture, force and cleanliness. The specimens, instead of being con- included. They are intended to
balls attach to sockets on the ex- ventionally wired, providing a posi-
tensometer arms in traditional ball- tive fused metal-to-metal contact (Continued on page 481-s)

474-s | DECEMBER 1959

 oe wee SSCA OV rea nes | ae

Transformational Behavior of Mn-Mo Armor Steels

Determination of behavior under conditions of heating and cooling associated with

by the authors :
arc welding is discussed

SY & F&F HIrres, Ww Ff. SAVAGE AND J. M. PAEZ

SUMMARY. During the course of the heat-affected zone which expe- The second consideration in the
present investigation, instrumentation rienced peak temperatures within the determination of continuous-cooling
was developed for obtaining continuous critical temperature range, that is, diagrams was the effect of heating
cooling transformation diagrams appli- between the A; and A; tempera- rate on the transformation behavior
cable to the rates of heating and cooling tures. The present investigation is of the steels. At the rapid heating
associated with arc welding. Con-
tinuous, cooling transformation dia- a study of the continuous-cooling rates involved in welding, the
grams were determined for four heats transformational behavior of four effective “‘upper’”’ critical temipera-
of Mn-Mo armor steel. Mn-Mo armor steels. Since no ture (A.3) is raised considerably.
In addition, the instrumentation commercially available equipment This “‘upper’’ critical temperature
was employed to study the effect of the was suitable for the study of con- may be defined as the temperature
rates of heating associated with arc tinuous-cooling transformation be- at which residual proeutectoid fer-
welding on the austenite transforma- havior with actual weld thermal rite (for hypoeutectoid steels) is
tion temperatures. It was found that cycles, it was necessary to develop completely transformed to austenite
the rapid heating rates had little eifect special equipment for this purpose. on heating.
on the lower critical temperature (A,;). In addition to raising the “‘upper”’
However, the upper critical tempera- Several factors led to the de-
ture (A,;) was raised from 20 to 75° F velopment of a high-speed dila- critical temperature, rapid heating
above the equilibrium value by the tometer for the determination of also influences the degree of homog-
rapid heating associated with actual continuous-cooling transformation enization of austenite, and thus the
weld thermal cycles. A tabular com- diagrams. First, preliminary work continuous cooling transformation
parison of the A, (equilibrium) and A, on this phase of the program using behavior of the steels. The rapid
(nonequilibrium) values was made for the thermal-evolution technique? heating and the short times at peak
the four Mn-Mo armor steels investi- indicated difficulties in determining temperature experienced by heat-
gated. the continuous-cooling transforma- affected zones, in general, would
A limited amount of metallographic produce an inhomogeneous austen-
examination was employed in order to tion temperatures for nonmarten-
confirm the fact that the rapid thermal sitic products. Inthe absence of any ite.
cycles associated with arc welding transformation, a plot of the loga- The problem of determining con-
failed to produce homogeneous austen- rithm of temperature as a function tinuous-cooling diagrams which will
ite with austenitizing temperatures of time approximated a straight be applicable to the prediction of
155° F above the A,; or 135° F above line for the cooling conditions stud- microstructure in the heat-affected
the Ac. ied. The beginning of the martens- zone of welds thus can best be at-
ite reaction produced a marked tacked by a method that duplicates
Introduction departure from linearity on such a the weld-heating rates and the de-
A mixture of martensite and other plot and thus the M, temperature gree of homogenization provided by
transformation products in the heat- could be determined with reasonable the short times at peak tempera-
affected zone of welds in steel is con- accuracy by the thermal-evolution tures. This problem has _ been
sidered to be metallurgically dele- method. However, since the trans- solved, at least in part, by the devel-
terious to notch toughness. Pre- formation to other products was opment of a high-speed dilatometer
vious work' on the effect of weld time-dependent, no sharply defined designed for use with the RPI time-
thermal cycles on the notch sensi- point of departure from linearity temperature controller.
tivity of armor steels indicated that could be established _from the loga-
the impact strength is seriously im- rithmic cooling plot. Thus, at best, Object
paired in those regions in the weld only a rough approximation of the The object of this program was to
transformation temperature could investigate the transformation char-
E. F. NIPPES, W. F. SAVAGE and J. M. PAEZ be obtained for nonmartensitic acteristics of four Mn-Mo armor
are associated with Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute, Troy, N. Y. products. steels upon continuous cooling.

Table 1—Analyses of Steels

Heat No. Code S

JLJL-0531 AR 0.014 0.013
JLJL-0181 AB 0.011 0.013
JLJL-0303 LR 0.018 0.016
JLJL-0274 MP 0.013 0.012

WELDING RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT | 475-s

 ADJUSTING p~ SPECIMEN
pas SCREW _
Z QUARTZ ROD
CANTILEVER
aku —
CG he Te rh Ce
CeIF“TYPE a-8
STRAINGAGES =|]
l;
r
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM SHOWING =
CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF
THE HIGH-SPEED DILATOMETER

Fig. 1—A. The high-speed dilatometer and specimen. B. The high-speed dilatometer
with specimen in position

Material circuit, shown in Fig. 2. The

The analyses of the armor steels strain-gage bridge is energized from
used in this investigation are given a 5000 cps oscillator and the un-
in Table 1. In the as-received con- balance is amplified with a standard
dition, the microstructure for all the commercial strain-gage amplifier. FOUR-ELEMENT BRIDGE CIRCUIT OF
The output of the amplifier is then THE HIGH - SPEED DILATOMETER
steels was quenched-and-tempered
martensite. rectified to provide a d-c signal pro- Fig. 2—Details of the high-speed
portional to the transverse dilation. dilatometer
Description of Equipment This signal is recorded using one
The salient features of the high- element of a high-speed, multi-
speed time-temperature controller channel oscillograph providing a
used in this investigation have been record of the dilational behavior of
described in the literature. The the specimen throughout the ther-
basic apparatus consists of water- mal cycle under study. By con-
cooled jaws in which the specimen necting the output of the control
is clamped. Each specimen is thermocouple to a second recording
heated by its resistance to the pas- element, simultaneous records of
sage of an electric current and is dilation versus time and tempera-
cooled by the removal of heat from ture versus time are provided on the
the specimen by conduction to the oscillogram. Ms “oe "a
water-cooled copper clamps.
A 0.010-in. diam chromel-aiumel Treatment of Data
EFERRED DIMENSIONS
SPECIMEN TO ORIGINAL
thermocouple, percussion welded to The dilatometer calibration was
the surface of the specimen, provides performed in the following manner.
a signal which is balanced against a A specimen of Armco iron was sub- 600 e800 1000 1200—s: 1400
jected to a 1000° F peak thermal TEMPERATURE “7
reference signal from a cam designed
to reproduce the desired thermal cycle and a record of both the output Fig. 3—Typical dilatometric data for
cycle. The resultant error signal is of the dilatometer and the specimen steel AR austenitized at 1600° F and
amplified and utilized by the high- temperature was obtained. The cooled at a rate of 145° F/sec at 1300° F
speed time-temperature controller deflections on the dilation curve
to maintain temperature control were measured and plotted as a
during the cycle to within +5° F. function of instantaneous specimen
To facilitate adaptation of the temperature. From the values of were measured to the nearest 0.01
high-speed dilatometer to the exist- the coefficient of linear expansion in. A conservative estimate of the
ing clamping fixture, oversize blanks for Armco iron given in the litera- over-all precision of the tempera-
were machined from the as-received ture,‘ the total lateral dilation of the ture measurements has been given
plate, 0.42- x 0.42-x3 in. A 1-in. specimen was calculated at 100° C at +20° F.
long portion at the center of the intervals. Comparison of the data In determining the continuous
specimens was then machined to obtained from the dilatometer rec- diagrams of the steels, complete
0.250 + 0.001-in. diam with 45-deg ord with values calculated from dilation and temperature traces
transition shoulders. published data established that a were taken for eachrun. The values
Figure 1 shows the general fea- 1-in. deflection on the dilatometer of dilation were then plotted against
tures of the dilatometer which em- trace corresponded to 2.19 x 10~*- the corresponding instantaneous
ploys two quartz rods to gage varia- in. total lateral dilation. temperatures. Figure 3 shows a
tion in the transverse diameter of The values of the deflections on dilation vs. temperature curve for a
the specimen. These rods are held the dilation trace were read to the specimen heated to 1600° F and
in contact with the specimen surface nearest 0.01 in., corresponding to a cooled at the maximum possible
by means of adjusting screws and precision of +88 microinches per cooling rate. (For the, specimen
cause deflection of two cantilever- inch. Dividing this value by 15.6 geometry employed, a cooling rate
mounted strips to which strain gages in./in./° F, an average coefficient of 145° F/sec at 1300° F was found
are attached. A _ typical dila- of linear expansion for austenite, to be the maximum.) Figure 4
tometer specimen is also shown in would show that this relative dila- illustrates the dilational' behavior
Fig. 1. tion would be caused by a tempera- of a specimen which had been heated
SR4 type A-8 strain gages are ar- ture change of 5.6° F. The de- and cooled in accordance with an
ranged to form a four-element bridge flections on the temperature trace actual weld thermal cycle.

476-s | DECEMBER 1959

 posing factors would explain this austenite on cooling, as illustrated
deviation, namely, the volume in Fig. 3, a plot of the dilational
change accompanying transforma- behavior of austenite versus tem-
tion on cooling on the one hand, and perature. The austenite has been
the contraction of both the re- cooled at such a rate as to suppress
maining parent phase and the prod- any transformation reaction other
ucts of transformation, on the other. than the martensite reaction. The
From the above considerations, it portion of the curve above the
would follow that if a characteristic M; temperature would thus be the
16*
IN/IN
DILATION dilation-temperature curve could characteristic curve for austenite.
be established for the single-phase At the Ms, a complete reversal of
— ~{/REFERRED TO ORIGINAL J
SPECIMEN OIMMENSIONS the slope resulted from the large
alloy, the temperatures at which
transformations began could be volume expansion accompanying the
600 000 200 1400 on determined by noting the tem- martensite reaction.
TEMPERATURE °F peratures where initial deviation Figure 4 is a dilatometric curve
Fig. 4—Typical dilatometric data for steel from the slope of the characteristic for a specimen which was subjected
AR austenitized at 1600° F and cooled curve occurred. This deviation to an actual weld thermal cycle.
at a rate of 35° F/sec at 1300° F could be considered to correspond This specimen was identical in
to the initial slow stage of trans- composition and was subjected to
formation. At this point, the the same heating rate as the speci-
One would expect that the dila- volumé changes in the transforming men described in Fig. 3. If the
tional behavior of an alloy in a regions would not be large enough curve of Fig. 4 were superimposed
single-phase region would be char- to overpower the over-all opposing on Fig. 3, the following observa-
acteristic of this phase as long as tendency of the parent phase but tions could be made.
the alloy remains within the bound- would alter the characteristic dila- Above 980° F, the slope of the
aries of the single-phase region. tional behavior of the prior single curve in Fig. 4 is identical with the
In other words, the expansion on phase. characteristic slope of the austenite.
heating (or the contraction on As transformation proceeds, the At 980° F, initial deviation from the
cooling) when plotted as a function deviation from the characteristic characteristic slope of austenite
of instantaneous temperature could slope of the original phase would occurs. This temperature corre-
lie on a curve which represents the become more pronounced. In this sponds to the temperature at which
characteristic dilation-temperature temperature range of transforma- the first transformation products
relationship for the alloy in the tion, the effect of volume changes are formed. As cooling continues
single-phase condition. However, in the transforming regions would from 980 to 820° F, a reversal of
as soon as transformation begins, increase until either transformation the slope of the curve results from
the influence of the transformation had ceased due to external influences the formation of large amounts of
products would be expected to alter or transformation had gone to com- transformation products. The vol-
the dilational behavior of the here- pletion. The amount of deviation ume expansion accompanying trans-
tofore single-phase material. Con- from the characteristic slope of the formation within this range of tem-
sequently, a deviation from the parent phase would be controlled peratures is sufficiently great to
slope of the dilation vs. tempera- by the extent of transformation. offset the contraction of austenite.
ture curve would result. Two op- Consider the transformation of The curve of dilation vs. tempera-

CONTINUOUS COOLING DIAGRAM CONTINUOUS COOLING DIAGRAM

STEEL LR STEEL AR
AUSTENITIZED A T 1600 °F AUSTENITIZED AT i600° F
T “T T

ns

8 °o

TE
MPERATUR
TEMPERATURE
Ms = 680° F
-———— \ “~
ee S.* & Th4
VPN HARDNESS 51I0 SIO

| =; SSees
ig
50 100 $0
TIME , SECONDS TIME , SECONDS
Fig. 5—Continuous cooling diagram, steel LR, Fig. 6—Continuous cooling diagram, steel AR,
austenitized at 1600° F austenitized at 1600° F

WELDING RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT | 477-5

 formation of the still untransformed of austenite on cooling was a non-
Table 2—Observed Coefficient of austenite into martensite. In a linear function of temperature above
Expansion of Austenite at Various manner similar to that described 1100° F. Coefficients of expansion
Temperatures above, the curve reaches a maxi- were calculated for 100° F-inter-
Temperature a X 10-* mum and subsequently falls off at a vals from 1600 to 700° F using data
range, ° F in./in./°F slope governed by the combined obtained from a characteristic dila-
1600-1500 19.20 effects of the dilational characteris- tometer curve for austenite. The
1500-1400 18.40 tics of the various products of results of the calculations are sum-
1400-1300 15.20 transformation. marized in Table 2.
1300-1200 14.40 These features of the dilation
1200-1100 13.60 curves have been used during the Procedure
1100-1000 12.00 present investigation to yield trans- The continuous-cooling transfor-
1000-900 12.00
900-800 12.00 formation temperatures. The data mation diagram was obtained from
thus obtained for a number of a set of dilatometric curves made at
specimens heated to a given austeni- cooling rates ranging from 145° F/
tizing temperature and subsequently sec to 3° F/sec. In all but the
ture exhibits a maximum for the cooled at various cooling rates have fastest cooling rate employed, cool-
temperature range 980-605° F at been assembled into graphical form ing was controlled to specified con-
about 820° F. At this tempera- to describe the continuous-cooling stant rates.
ture, the contraction of austenite transformation behavior of a steel. In studying the transformational
and the transformation products In order to assemble the contin- behavior of the steels investigated,
(the products of transformation, uous-cooling transformation data it was desired to duplicate the
once formed, will contract on cool- on a single plot, it was necessary to thermal cycles encountered in the
ing) neutralize the expansion ac- establish a zero reference from heat-affected zone of a weld. Con-
companying the transformation of which time would be reckoned sequently, dilatometric specimens
austenite. in a continuous-cooling diagram. were heated to identical peak tem-
With further cooling, the rates of This zero reference was taken as peratures using an actual weld
transformation at temperatures be- the instant at which the specimen thermal cycle in all cases. This
tween 750 and 605° F become im- temperature reached the A,; on thermal cycle, with a peak tem-
measurably small. For practical cooling, for obviously it would only perature of 1600° F, corresponds to
purposes, it can be assumed that be at or below this temperature that that experienced by a point in the
in the range between 750 and 605° F any transformation of austenite weld heat-affected zone, 0.340-in.
transformation has ceased moment- would occur. The A,; temperatures from the centerline of a weld made
arily. It will be noted that the for the steels investigated were de- in '/.-in. plate with an energy in-
slope of the curve in this tempera- termined by the differential-ther- put of 47,000 joules per inch.
ture range is less steep than the mocouple technique. Simultaneous oscillographic traces
slope above 980° F. This may be Having established a reference of dilation and temperature as a
attributed to the interaction be- zero time as well as the transforma- function of time were taken for each
tween the dilational characteristics tion temperatures, it would thus specimen. From these, dilatometric
of both the untransformed austenite be possible to construct the con- curves for each run were constructed
and the transformation products tinuous-cooling transformation dia- as described above. The A. and
already formed. gram. the A,; temperatures were also
The reversal of the curve at Examination of Fig. 3 reveals that determined from the oscillograms
605° F corresponds to the trans- the coefficient of thermal expansion for an actual weld thermal cycle.

CONTINUOUS COOLING DIAGRAM CONTINUOUS COOLING DIAGRAM

| STEEL MP
STEEL AB AUSTENITIZED AT 1600 °F
AUSTENITIZED AT 1600°F

8 oO x °o

*F
TEMPERATURE
, ,°F
TEMPERATURE
@ ° °o

Ms =645 °F

b Db hts UT) eeae eeoe eS

50 10 50 100
TIME , SECONDS TIME, SECONDS
Fig. 7—Continuous cooling diagram, steel AB, Fig. 8—Continuous cooling diagram, steel MP,
austenitized at 1600° F austenitized at 1600° F

478-s | DECEMBER 1959

The continuous-cooling transfor-
mation diagrams were then assem- Table 3—Critical Temperatures of Four Mn-Mo Steels
bled according to the method de- Critical temperature, °F a” A.3* Aci” Ags”
scribed in the preceding section. Heat JLJL-0531 (Steel AR) 1337 1427 1335 1455
Heat JLJL-0181 (Steel AB) 1341 1400 1350 1475
Results Heat JLJL-0303 (Steel LR) 1337 1445 1330 1465
Heat JLJL-0274 (Steel MP) 1340 1409 1355 1465
The continuous-cooling diagrams
for steels LR, AR, AB and MP
+ Critical temperatures determined by the differential-thermocouple method at near-equilibrium con-
(refer to Table 1) are presented in ditions.
Figs. 5, 6, 7 and 8, respectively. » Critical temperatures determined with high-speed dilatometer, employing a heating rate equivalent
It should be noted that all cooling to actual weld heating rates.
rates were held constant over the
entire range except the actual weld Discussion of Results are the result of transformation
cooling rate and the cooling curve The iron—iron carbide phase dia- of low-carbon austenite while the
labeled 145° F/sec at 1300° F. The gram shows that, at 1600°F, the martensitic areas are the trans-
latter cooling cycle was obtained entire microstructure of the steels formation products of high-carbon
by merely interrupting the heating under present investigation shouid austenite.
current and allowing the specimen be austenite. Under actual welding Consider the series of micro-
to cool at its maximum rate. conditions, however, the short time structures of steel LR shown in
From Figs. 5, 6 and 7, it is seen at peak temperature leaves little Fig. 9. All specimens were heated
that a nonmartensitic transfor- opportunity for diffusion to occur at identical heating rates to 1600° F
mation begins between 900 and and yield a homogeneous austenite. and then cooled at the indicated
1030° F, the higher transformation The austenite formed from the cooling rates immediately on reach-
temperatures occurring at the slower primary ferrite regions is low-carbon ing peak temperature.
cooling rates. In steel MP, how- austenite, in distinction to that Figure 9A shows a microstruc-
ever, the range of transformation formed by the eutectoid reaction. ture consisting of small, light etch-
temperatures is larger, with the At the 1600° F peak temperature ing, primary ferrite islands in a
upper limit at; approximately 1100° utilized in this study, the resulting matrix of martensite. It will also
F, as can be seen from Fig. 8. austenite consists of microscopic be noted that a trace of banding
For each steel, an oscillographic regions of high-carbon austenite may be observed in this micro-
record was taken of the dilational adjacent to regions of low-carbon structure. This fact tends to lend
behavior using the actual weld austenite. This fact evidently af- credence to the statement that even
thermal cycle with a peak tem- fects the transformation behavior as-received plates in the quenched-
perature of 1600° F associated of austenite on cooling. The in- and-tempered condition ave not
with an energy input of 47,000 homogeneous austenite decomposes homogeneous. That is, concentra-
joules/in. without preheat. The on cooling as if it consisted of lam- tion gradients may exist unob-
cooling portion of the thermal cycle inated zones of high-carbon and low- served in the microstructure.
and the critical temperatures de- carbon steels. For example, where The inhomogeneous nature of the
termined on cooling are shown on the hardenability and cooling rates austenite resulting from the rapid
each of the continuous-cooling dia- are such as to result in a duplex heating rates employed becomes
grams. microstructure of ferrite and mar- more evident from examination of
In Table 3 are presented the tensite, banding is observed in the the microstructures of specimens
critical temperatures of the four microstructure. Ferrite will be cooled at rates slower than the
steels investigated, as determined seen in preferred directions while critical. Figure 9B is the micro-
both by the differential-thermo- high-carbon martensite will be ob- structure of steel LR cooled at
couple method and by the dilato- served between the ferrite bands. 30° F/sec, a rate slightly slower
metric technique employed in this From the concepts of hardenability, than the critical cooling rate. The
study. it is clear that these ferrite areas banding becomes more defined as

Fig. 9—A. Specimen of Steel LR cooled from 1600° F at 145° F/sec. Structure shows light-etching primary ferrite in martensitic matrix.
VPN 510, 2% picral-0.5% nital etch. x 500. (Reduced by '/; upon reproduction.) B. Specimen of Steel LR cooled from 1600° F at
30° F/sec constant cooling rate. Structure shows partially continuous ferrite and carbide bands between martensitic regions. VPN
511, 2% picral-0.5% nital etch. < 500. (Reduced by '/; upon reproduction.) C. Specimen of Steel LR cooled from 1600° F at 17° F/sec
constant cooling rate. Structure shows continuous ferrite and carbide between martensite bands. VPN 492, 2% picral-0.5% nital
etch. xX 500. (Reduced by '/; upon reproduction.)

WELDING RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT | 479s

 PH dm
“he7 ey
® of ae aae ,
ae #4 ofty
Ly. 3 sf . ;
Ae >
” >> ae

Fig. 9—D. Specimen of Steel LR cooled from 1600° F at 8.5° F/sec constant cooling rate. Structure shows further increase
in ferrite and carbide at the expense of martensite bands. VPN 418, 2% picral-0.5% nital etch. x 500. (Reduced by
'/, upon reproduction). E. Specimen of Steel LR cooled from 1600° F at 3° F/sec constant cooling rate. White grains are
ferrite grains in low hardenability areas; structure also shows martensite band. VPN 413, 2% picral-0.5% nital etch. x 500.
(Reduced by '/; upon reproduction.) F. Specimen of Steel LR cooled from 1600° F using actual weld cooling rate. Structure
consists of ferrite and carbide with small bands of martensite. (Reduced by '/; upon reproduction)

the cooling rate is decreased to 17, ite, the hardness of the steel still enough to supply a satisfactory
8.5 and 3° F/sec. This is evident corresponds to that of as-quenched explanation for the above differ-
in Figs. 9C, 9D and 9E, respec- martensite of the same carbon con- ences in transformation behavior.
tively, from the increase in the tent. However, as the cooling rate As a final point in this discus-
relative amounts of the high-tem- decreases, the resulting hardness sion, reference is made to the data
perature transformation product. is found to decrease. This is to be in Table 3. In this table, a com-
From the temperatures of the expected since, with the slower parison is presented between the
high-temperature transformations cooling rates, more of the nonmar- near-equilibrium critical tempera-
shown for steel LR in Fig. 5, the tensitic transformation products are tures and the nonequilibrium criti-
nonmartensitic products of trans- formed at the expense of marten- cal temperatures of the steels.
formation would be suspected to site. The nonequilibrium critical tem-
consist of bainite or at least a Examination of Figs. 5, 6, 7 and peratures correspond to the rapid
mixture of bainite and proeutectoid 8 shows a slight decrease in the M, heat rates encountered in welding.
ferrite. However, the accompany- temperature with decreasing cooling Examination of Table 3 reveals
ing microstructures do not ex- rates. This behavior may be ex- that the A; seems to be sensitive
hibit bainite in its usual acicular plained by noting that as the high- to heating rate while the A, is not.
form. Rather, only carbide and temperature products of transfor- In at least eight experimental runs
ferrite in a martensitic matrix mation precipitate from austenite on each steel, the measured A,; was
are evident, the carbide being at on cooling, the remaining austenite observed to be within +10° F of
the ferrite grain boundaries. This is enriched with carbon. This the average A,, reported in Table
fact seems to bear out the findings enrichment in turn causes a de- 3. Such an independence of the
of Nippes and Nelson’ for armor crease in the M, temperature. It A. from heating rate may be ex-
steel. will be noted further that the ex- plained by the shortness of the mean
Figure 9F is the microstructure perimental M, values for cooling free path between ferrite and car-
produced by the weld thermal cycle rates less than the critical are some- bide in tempered martensite.
with a peak temperature of 1600° F, what erratic in their behavior. The dependence of the A,; tem-
associated with an energy input of Although a systematic decrease in perature on heating rate is under-
47,000 joules/in., without preheat. the M, would be expected, it is standable in the light of the in-
Here a banded structure is again not surprising that somewhat er- ability of carbon and the other alloy-
observed. The light-etching areas ratic values of the M, temperature ing elements to diffuse uniformly
consist of high-carbon martensite, were observed considering the in- throughout the steel at rates com-
having an M, temperature lower homogeneity of prior austenite and patible with the rapid heating
than that normally expected from the complicating effect of the en- rates. At present no quantitative
homogeneous austenite in this steel. richment of this austenite on cool- correlation between the A,; and the
On the other hand, the dark areas ing. A.; temperatures can be given.
are ferrite and carbide in a matrix Steels LR and AB show the same However, one may assume that
of partially tempered martensite. M, temperature and possess ap- such a correlation must be based at
These contain martensite resulting proximately the same high-tem- least on four factors, namely, the
from the transformation of the perature transformation range. heating rate, chemical composition,
carbon-poor zones in the steel. Steels AR and MP, however, have initial homogeneity and, probably,
Figure 5 shows the hardness lower M, temperatures and ex- on grain size.
values (VPN) of the specimens from hibit a slightly wider range of high- In closing this discussion, it
steel LR which were subjected to temperature transformation than may be well to indicate the pos-
various cooling rates in determining LR and AB. While steels LR, AR sibilities to which the high-speed
the continuous-cooling diagram for and AB show an upper transfor- dilatometer coupled with the RPI
this steel. It may be seen from mation limit of about 1030° F, high-speed time-temperature con-
Fig. 5 that, although at a cooling this limit for steel MP is 1100° F. troller lends itself to research ap-
rate of 30° F/sec some high-tem- The differences in carbon, man- plications. In the first place, it
perature product of transformation ganese, molybdenum and boron has been shown capable of measur-
is formed together with martens- contents of the steels are not great ing the temperature coefficient of

480-s | DECEMBER 1959

thermal expansion with reasonable time-temperature controller, can be the four steels investigated were
accuracy. The present investiga- used to determine: (a) Critical determined both at near-equilib-
tion has also demonstrated the feasi- temperatures of steels at controlled rium conditions and at heating
bility of determining continuous- heating rates up to 2000° F/sec; rates corresponding to those en-
cooling transformation diagrams for (6) critical temperatures of steels countered in making a weld.
cooling rates comparable to those at any controlled cooling rate less
encountered in welding. Con- than 145° F/sec at 1300° F; (c) Acknowledgments
tinuous-cooling transformation dia- the coefficient of thermal expansion The authors wish to acknowledge
grams may also be readily prepared as a function of instantaneous tem- the sponsorship of this investiga-
for use in the common heat-treating perature. tion by the U. S. Army Ordnance
practices. Perhaps the most funda- 4. The M, temperature for steels Corps under Contract No. 30-115-
mental application to which the AR, AB, LR and MP (see Table 1) 505-ORD-782. They wish to thank
high-speed dilatometer can be em- were 625, 680, 680 and 645° F, re- Carl E. Hartbower, physical metal-
ployed is as a research tool for spectively. lurgist, and William P. Hatch,
studies on the kinetics of solid- 5. At cooling rates from 145 to Jr., welding engineer, Watertown
state reactions involving volumet- 3° F/sec, steels AR, AB and LR Arsenal Laboratory, Watertown,
ric changes. For instance, it is exhibited initial nonmartensitic Mass., for their aid and suggestions
believed that the degree of carbon transformations between 900 and during the course of the investiga-
enrichment of austenite by the 1030° F, (the higher transforma- tion.
formation of ferrite or bainite on tion temperatures) occurring at the The armor steels were produced
cooling may be studied with reason- slower cooling rates. This nonmar- by the Jones and Laughlin Steel
able success using the techniques tensitic transformation was observed Corp. and were obtained through
developed in this investigation. to begin at 1100° F in steel MP. the Detroit Arsenal and Chicago
6. With the rapid heating rates Ordnance District from the Inter-
Summary and Conclusions studied, a microstructure consisting national Harvester Co. The anal-
The transformational character- of ferrite and martensite was ob- yses of these steels were supplied by
istics of four heats of Mn-Mo armor served with cooling rates faster Watertown Arsenal.
steels were determined and pre- than the critical cooling rate even
sented in summary form as con- with peak temperatures of 1600° F. References
tinuous-cooling transformation dia- This fact is taken as indicative that 1. Nippes, E. F., and Gerken, J. M., “Notch
graris. As a result of the investi- the austenitization was incomplete Sensitivity of Weld Heat-Affected Zones in Three
gation on the transformational be- although 1600° F is well above the Mn-Mo Armor Steels,” Interim Report No. 3,
Rensselaer Polyvechnic Institute, January 1955
havior of the steels, the following A,; temperature. Contract No. DA-30-115-ORD-490).
conclusions can be made: 7. At cooling rates less than the 2. Nippes, E. F., Gerken, J.M., Schaaf, B. W.,
1. A high-speed dilatometer was and Nelson, E. C., ““Thermal Cycles in the Arc
critical cooling rate, the micro- Welding of !/:-In. Titanium Plate,” THe WeELp-
developed and constructed with structures were banded and con- ING JOURNAL, 32 (9), Research Suppl., 461-8 to
which the transformational behavior sisted of primary, untransformed 474-8 (1953)
3. Nippes, E. F., and Savage, W. F., *“‘Develop-
of a steel, during welding, could ferrite and varying amounts of ment of Specimen Simulating Weld Heat-
be determined. austenite decomposition products; Affected Zones,” Jbid., 28 (11), Research Suppl.,
2. The sensitivity of this dila- namely, ferrite, carbide and high- 534-s to 546-s (1949)
4. Mochel, N. L., “Thermal Expansion of
tometer was sufficient to detect the carbon martensite. The banding Metals,”” Symposium on Effect of Temperature on
volume changes accompanying both indicated that inhomogeneities on. the Properties of Metals, p 703, ASTM-ASME,
1931
martensitic and nonmartensitic a microscopic scale existed in the 5. Nippes, E. F., and Nelson, E. C., “A Study
transformations. apparently homogeneous, as-re- of Transformation Characteristics of Weld
3. The dilatometric technique ceived steels. Metals and Base Metals,” Interim Technical
Report, Contract DA-30-115-ORD-250, Jan. 25,
employed, in connection with the 8. The critical temperatures of 1953, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.

Office of Technical Services, U. S. tion of 17 brazing alloysshowed Ag

Department of Commerce. 0.25Mg 0.2Ni 1Li and Ag -—
RESEARCH NEWS Brazing Titanium Sandwich Con- 28Cu — 0.2Li, the stronger of the
struction. By J. F. Rudy, R. M. two, to be best for brazing titanium-
(Continued from page 474-s) Necheles and H. Schwartzbart, Illi- cored panels at brazing tempera-
nois Institute of Technology for ture of 1500 F. These alloys plus
allow application to the difficult or Ag — 7Cu — 0.2Li and Ag — 30Cu-
Wright Air Develo; ment Center,
unique engineering problem. U. S. Air Force. January 1959. 10Sn were found satisfactory for
Frequent references to the various 98 pages. (Order PB 151663 from brazing stainless-steel-cored panel at
codes governing pressure-vessel de- OTS, U. S. Department of Com- 1600° F. A quartz-lamp radiant-
sign and abstracts of tables and merce, Washington 25, D. C., $2.25.) heat-brazement process was de-
code specifications are included. This volume identifies the face- veloped and found applicable to
Book is designed to serve as a sheet alloys, brazing alloys and titanium-alloy face-sheet materials
reference for the industry. fabrication methods used to demon- and sandwich-panel production, in
strate the feasibility of fabricating general. The technique showed
Brazing Titanium Sandwiches titanium-alloy face-sheet honeycomb advantages over other furnace
Alloys and techniques used by sandwiches by brazing techniques. retort methods; such as, inherent
researchers for the Air Force to For the face-sheet alloy, a 16V rapid heating and cooling rates,
demonstrate the feasibility of braz- 2'/,Al material was selected. A 5 good temperature uniformity and
ing titanium sheet honeycomb sand- Al — 2°/,Cr — 11/,Fe was chosen for brazing-time control and _ general
wiches are identified in a report just brazing above the beta transus of cleanliness of the heat source for
released for industry use through the the primary material. An evalua- atmosphere purity.

WELDING RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT | 481-s

 New Developments in Brazing

High-Temperature Nickel-Base Alloys

Self-fluxing brazing alloy, consisting of a palladium-nickel alloy

modified with lithium and boron, shown to be satisfactory
for brazing nickel-base alloys containing aluminum and titanium

BY E. H. KINELSKI AND J. B. ADAMEC

SYNOPsIS. With the increasing de- alloy on the base metal by found to be most useful. This type
mand for trouble-free joints in high- flame spraying. specimen had been used in produc-
temperature nickel-base alloys, the (g) Use of lithium vapor in the tion brazing shops, and was de-
development of new brazing alloys and brazing retort. scribed in a paper by Huschke and
techniques has assumed great signifi-
cance. The presence of aluminum and In the development of a new Hoppin.!
titanium in age-hardenable nickel-base brazing alloy, the goals established The tee joint was made from two
alloys introduces difliculties in furnace for the research were as follows: strips of high-temperature alloy,
brazing. This paper presents two 1/,, in. thick by 1 in. wide by 3 in.
successful solutions to the problem. (a) An alloy which would be long. The strips were cut on a drop
One solution has been the development self-fluxing in an inert-gas shear and held together as a right-
of a new palladium-nickel brazing atmosphere. angle tee by tack welding the end
alloy which is self-fluxing in an argon (6) An alloy which would not edges, or by wiring the two strips
atmosphere and is ‘“‘nonaggressive”’ to penetrate preferentially into together with nickel wire. After
the base metal. The second solution the base-metal grain boun-
is the use of preplaced nickel powder sanding the assembled strips lightly
daries and would not form with 600 grit paper, washing in soap
on the surface to be brazed before the brittle intermetallic com-
introduction of a molten brazing alloy and water, and rinsing in alcohol, a
into the joint. By using the latter pounds with the base metal. quarter of a gram of brazing alloy
method with the nickel-base alloys, no An alloy which would have was placed at one end of the tee. A
flux is required in an argon furnace good flow and wettability at a drop or two of acrylic-resin binder
atmosphere. Tee-brazed joints were brazing temperature below was used to hold the brazing-alloy
used to observe flow, and plug- and 2250° F. powder in place during handling.
cylinder-type joints were used to The various degrees to which the
determine short-time, tensile-shear The advantage of using preplaced
strengths at 1200° F and stress-to- nickel powder on the surfaces to be brazing alloys would flow upon
rupture at 1200 and 1500° F. Com- joined with a commercial brazing melting are shown in Figs. 1, 2 and
mercial brazing alloys were also evalu- alloy was demonstrated with In- 3. These figure are representative
ated on Inconel “‘X”’ age-hardenable conel “X”’ age-hardenable nickel- of a commercial alloy with no flow,
nickel-chromium alloy in tensile-shear chromium alloy. This development an experimental alloy with a limited
at 1200° F and in stress-to-rupture at was pursued to evaluate the extent flow and the new palladium-nickel
1200 and 1500° F. to which it would be successful alloy which flowed the entire 3 in.
on other nickel-base alloys. when used to braze Inconel “X”’
Introduction As a basis for evaluating new alloy in an atmosphere of tank
The technical literature on the brazing alloys and brazing methods, argon. Care was taken to control
brazing of nickel-base alloys is quite it was necessary to determine the the brazing temperature so as to
extensive. Furnace brazing of these tensile-shear strength at 1200° F insure no superheating that might
alloys can be accomplished success- and the stess-to-rupture at 1200 unduly favor the flow of the brazing
fully if one or other of the following and 1500° F of Inconel “X”’ alloy alloy in the tee test.
steps are taken: joints brazed by production methods
using commercial brazing alloys. Tensile-shear Test Specimens
(a) Use of flux. A number of specimen designs
(6) Use of vacuum. Description of Specimens and were considered for determining the
(c) Use of extremely dry-hydro- Brazing Tests shear strength of brazements at high
gen atmospheres. temperature. The plug-and-cylin-
(d) Preoxidizing and leaching the Tee-joint Specimens der type of specimen, as designed
base metal. In a research program devoted to by NACA? was selected for the
(e) Electroplating the base metal new brazing alloys, a simple speci- evaluation of high-temperature ten-
with nickel or iron. men, which can be produced in sile-shear strength. This specimen
(f) Preplacement of the brazing large numbers without the aid of design was used for short time tests
skilled machinists, is desirable for as well as stress-rupture tests.
the preliminary screening tests. The major emphasis was placed
E. H. KINELSKI is associated with the Develop- on the evaluation of the shear
ment and Research Division of the International After initial attempts were made to
Nickel Co., Inc., New York, N. Y., and J. B. use a blind hole in a plate or a wire strength of Inconel “‘X”’ age-harden-
ADAMEC is associated with the Research laid on a strip for wettability and able nickel-chromium alloy braze-
Laboratory of the International Nickel Co., Inc.,
Bayonne, N. J. flow tests, a tee-joint specimen was ments. Hot-rolled bar stock of

482-s | DECEMBER 1959

the alloy was solution heat treated tions. The brazing cycle consisted
at 2100° F for 4 hr and air cooled of a preheat to brazing temperature
prior to being machined into shear for from 1 to 1'/, hr, a brazing time
specimens. The joint clearance in of 5 to 10 min and a cooling time
all of these specimens was main- (to 250° F) of 1'1/, to 2'/, hr.
tained at 1'/, mils. After brazing,
the specimens were machined to Evaluation of Commercial
remove the brazing fillets. Then Brazing Alloys on
the specimens were aged in air at Inconel “X”’ Alloy
1550° F for 24 hr followed by a
second treatment at 1300° F In order to extablish a base line
for 20 hr. In addition to placing for the evaluation of experimental
the alloy in its optimum aged con- brazing alloys on Inconel ‘“X”’
dition, the aging treatment was age-hardenable nickel-chromium al-
useful as a test of the oxidation loy, it was necessary to determine
resistance of the brazed joint. the tensile-shear strength at 1200°
F of Inconel “‘X”’ brazed with com- Fig. 1—Tee test on Inconel ‘‘X"’ alloy with
Description of Materials mercial brazing alloys. It was also a nickel-chromium-boron brazing alloy
The alloys used for the tee-joint deemed necessary to braze the test placed at one end. Specimen was
brazing tests are listed in Table 1. specimens under actual production brazed in argon at 2050° F and the alloy
did not flow

Tabie 1—Nominal Composition, %

Alloy Ni Fe Cr Co Mo Cb+Ta Al Ti Cc Mn Si
Inconel ‘*X"’ 73 7 15 és 0.85 0.80 2.50 0.04 0.30
Inconel ‘‘700'""° 46 1 15 29 +
Incoloy ‘‘901"’ oe a BS) «0 4 > 0.2 5 2.5 45 0.30
Inconel ‘'713C’” 72 1 13 : ne 2 6.0 0.6 0. 10 0.2
@ Hardened with molybdenum, aluminum and titanium
* Inconel “713C"’ was cast into test bars from which «in. thick by 1-in. long wafers were cut for
the tee test.

The tensile-shear test specimens conditions.

were machined from Inconel “X”’ The four commercial brazing al-
alloy hot-rolled bar stock. loys given in Table 2 were selected
for evaluation.
Brazing Procedure
The laboratory brazements were
performed in Inconel nickel-chro- Table 2—Brazing Alloys Selected
mium alloy metal retorts that were
placed inside a large resistance- Brazing
heated furnace. Except where Alloy tempera-
designation Composition, % ture, °F
noted, welding-grade tank argon
Ni-Cr-Si 66Ni - 20Cr - 9Si - 2150 Fig. 2—Tee test on Inconel ‘'X”' alloy with
was used as the protective at- an experimental brazing alloy placed at
4Fe
mosphere. The brazing cycle con- Ni-Cr-B 72Ni - 16Cr - 4Si - 2050 one end. Specimen was brazed at 2200°
sisted of a 10- to 15-min heating 4Fe-4B F in argon, and the alivy flowed 14/, in.
period to reach brazing temperature Ni-P 88Ni -12P 1800
and a 10- to 15-min brazing time. Ag-Pd-Mn 33Pd-64Ag-3Mn 2250
The production specimens were
brazed using a large Inconel-alloy
retort in a gas-fired furnace with One half of the Inconel ‘X”
dried hydrogen gas as a protective age-hardenable nickel-chromium al-
atmosphere. The Inconel “X”’ age- loy’ tensile-shear specimens was
hardenable inckel-chromium alloy nickel plated to a thickness of !/.
tensile-shear specimens were nickel mil prior to brazing, while the other
plated to a thickness of '/, mil or a half was brazed with borax flux.
borax flux was used in these evalua- The brazing-alloy powders were

Table 3—Short-time Tensile-shear Test Results at 1200° F of Inconel “‘X”’ Alloy Braze-
ments Produced Commercially in a Hydrogen Atmosphere
Average shear
Brazing Use of nickel Brazing strength of
alloy plate or flux temperature,°F 3 specimens, psi Remarks
Ni-Cr-Si Borax 2150 23,060 Some flux entrapment
Ni-Cr-Si Nickel plate 2150 32,200 100% braze
Ni-Cr-B Borax 2050 41,100 100% braze
Ni-Cr-B Nickel plate 2050 33,600 100% braze
Ni-P Borax 1800 13,316 100% braze Fig. 3—Tee test on Inconel ‘'X"’ alloy with
Ni-P Nickel plate 1800 15,400 100% braze a palladium-nickel-lithium-boron brazing
Ag-Pd-Mn Borax 2250 31,730 100% braze alloy placed at one end. Specimen was
Ag-Pd-Mn Nickel plate 2250 24,000 100% braze brazed in argon at 2200° F, and the alloy
flowed the entire length of the 3-in. tee

WELDING RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT | 483s

 mixed as a slurry with an acrylic-
resin binder and placed as a circular Table 4—Tee-joint Test Results
fillet at the top of the shear area Brazing
to be brazed. The brazing alloy temper- Length
was required to flow about one Test ature, of flow,
quarter of an inch into the capillary No. Alloy a in.
annulus. T23__—Inconel ‘*X"’ 2200 3
After brazing, machining and heat T70 Inconel ‘‘700’’ 2250 1'/;
treating, the specimens were tested T71 _Incoloy ‘‘901" 2250 l'/,
in short time, tensile-shear at 1200° T32 Inconel ‘‘713C”’ 2250
F. The test results are given in * Tee specimen was only | in. long.
Table 3. The highest shear strength
was obtained with a_nickel-chro-
a self-fluxing alloy. These addi-
mium-boron brazing alloy, using
tions were excellent deoxidizers for
borax flux. The average shear
the palladium-nickel alloy, and the
strength was 41,100 psi.
lithium and boron remaining in the
Fig. 4—Photomicrograph at xX 500 of Since the highest strength was
alloy provided excellent self-fluxing
Inconel ‘‘X"' alloy brazed with a pallad- obtained in short-time tensile shear
characteristics as well as a reduction
jum-nickel-lithium-boron alloy at 2250° F at 1200° F with the Ni-Cr-B brazing
in argon. The interface exhibited no in melting point. In experiments
alloy using a borax flux, new speci-
preferential penetration and no inter- to define the preferred chemical-
mens for stress-rupture tests were composition limits, it was learned
metallic compounds. Etched electroly- prepared under the same production
tically in 10% oxalic acid. The brazing that lithium or boron either alone or
conditions. After brazing, machin-
alloy was left unetched at the top of the together in various proportions
photomicrograph. (Reduced by approxi- ing and heat treating, these speci- would promote the desired self-
mately one half upon reproduction) mens were evaluated in stress-rup-
fluxing characteristics in furnace
ture at 1200 and 1500° F with the brazing using tank argon as the
following results: protective atmosphere. However,
the best experimental alloy com-
Test temperature, ° F 100-hour life, psi position for brazing Inconel “X”’
1200 27,000 alloy was found to be 60% palla-
1500 6,500 dium-40% nickel with 0.05 to
0.30% lithium and 0.01 to 0.10%
boron. The test results are pre-
sented in the next section of this
Experimental Brazing-alloy paper.
Developme it
New Palladium-nickel Brazing Alloy Results of Brazing Tests
The modern development of a The tee-joint brazing test was
honeycomb-structural member for used to determine the wettability
high-temperature use has been suc- and fillet-forming characteristics of
cessful in part because the 17-7 PH the experimental brazing alloys.
stainless steel can be brazed with a Figure 3 is a photograph of a tee
Fig. 5—Tee test on Inconel ‘'X"’ alloy with self-flUxing alloy in an argon at- test performed on Inconel “X”’
nickel wire preplaced in joint and a nickel- mosphere.*: 4 This successful silver- age-hardenable nickel-chromium al-
chromium-boron brazing alloy placed at copper-lithium alloy was a develop- loy in which the brazing alloy-heat
oneend. Specimen was brazed in argon
at 2050° F, and the alloy flowed the entire ment by Hensel, Emmert and Wiggs 1630 - palladium - nickel - lithium-
3-in. length dating back to 1940.° Since then, a boron flowed the entire 3-in. length
number of attempts have been made and formed a uniform fillet on both
to produce other self-fluxing, brazing sides of the tee. Figure 4 is a
alloys—the most recent being the photomicrograph illustrating the in-
development of a copper-nickel alloy terface between the brazing alloy
containing lithium and boron by and the Inconel “X” alloy metal.
Bredzs and Schwartzbart.6 How- ‘The lack of preferential penetration
ever, this alloy has presented diffi- into the base metal and the absence
culties in commercial production of intermetallic compounds are ap-
because of segregation. parent. Again, it is emphasized
A further need has existed for a that these brazements were pro-
brazing alloy which would be self- duced in a tank-argon furnace atmos-
fluxing on nickel-base alloys con- phere. Hydrogen has been found
taining aluminum and _ titanium to react with these brazing alloys,
and which would yield brazements and is not recommended when braz-
that would be strong at high tem- ing nickel-base alloys containing
peratures. Also, it would be desira- aluminum and titanium.
ble if the alloy were “‘nonaggressive”’ The results listed in Table 4 were
and would not form intermetallic obtained from 3-in. long tee-joint
Fig. 6—-Photomicrograph at x 100 of cross compounds with the base metal. tests using the new palladium-
section of tee joint of Fig.5. The brazing nickel-lithium-boron brazing alloy
alloy alloyed with the base metal only The palladium-nickel binary-alloy
where the nickel wire touched the Inconel system provided a good base for on various nickel-base alloys in an
“X" alloy. Etched electrolytically in 10% such a brazing alloy. Lithium and argon-furnace atmosphere.
oxalic acid. (Reduced by approximately boron additions provided a twofold The melting points of various
one half upon reproduction) solution to the problem of producing heats of the new palladium-nickel-

484-s | DECEMBER 1959

lithium-boron alloy ranged from the assembly together. In a sub- phere was unsuitable for this braz-
2100 to 2250° F, depending upon sequent test, the nickel wire was ing procedure.
the lithium and boron content. placed in the joint in the Inconel Tensile-shear tests of Inconel “X’”’
Short-time tensile-shear tests were “*X” age-hardenable nickel-chro- alloy brazed with a_nickel-chro-
conducted at 1200° F on Inconel mium alloy tee, and a commercial mium-boron brazing alloy and pre-
“X” alloy brazed with the new brazing alloy (nickel-chromium- placed nickel powder resulted in an
palladium - nickel - lithium - boron boron) was placed at one end of the average shear strength of 31,400
alloy (in argon at 2300° F) with the tee. The brazing alloy flowed the psi at 1200° F.
following results: entire length of 3 in. when brazed in To explain why the preplaced
tank argon, as illustrated in Fig. 5. nickel-powder slurry aided in pro-
The photomicrograph of the tee ducing a brazed joint, one could
Specimen No. Shear strength, psi cross section, Fig. 6, was equally assume that the nickel powder acted
T-S1 32,810 interesting. Wherever the nickel in the same manner as electrolyti-
T-S 2 32,265 wire touched the Inconel ‘“X” cally deposited nickel. Nickel hasa
T-S 3 26 ,580 alloy, alloying took place between much lower tendency to become
the brazing alloy and the base metal. oxidized during the heating cycle
The average shear strength was Where no contact existed, no alloy- than does the base metal. After
30,530 psi. These specimens could ing took place. Nickel foil, 0.00075 drying the nickel powder slurry,
have been brazed at 2100—-2150° F in. thick, and carbonyl-nickel pow- each particle of nickel would act to
with equal success. Stress-rupture der made into a slurry with an protect the surface of the base metal
tests were conducted on _ tensile- acrylic-resin binder proved to be during the time needed to reach
shear specimens at 1200 and 1500° F equally good when either one was brazing temperature. When the
on Inconel “X” alloy brazed with preplaced on a tee joint of Inconel brazing alloy became molten, it
the new palladium-nickel-lithium- “X” alloy, Figs. 7 and 8. The flowed by capillary action along the
boron alloy (in argon at 2250° F). brazing alloy followed the preplaced path of the unoxidized nickel pow-
The following preliminary data were nickel during brazing and alloyed der—alloying with the powder as well
obtained: with the base metal. During sub- as with the clean base metal under-
sequent investigations, it was found neath. Although not important to
that the preplacement of the brazing the theory of how fiow occurs, the
Test temperature, ° F 100-hr life, psi alloy alone without the nickel pow- nickel powder does sinter into a
1200 18,000 der would result in a brazed joint, porous mass during the time re-
1500 3,000 Fig. 9. However, when the brazing quired to reach the brazing tem-
alloy was placed only at one end of perature.
the tee, no flow would take place,
as illustrated in Fig. 1.
Development of Preplaced- When preplaced nickel powder Discussion of Results
nickel Brazing Procedure was used on Inconel “X”’ alloy with This investigation has shown that
A number of researchers have a brazing alloy placed at one end of argon, rather than hydrogen, is the
been interested in the use of metals a tee joint, flow took place when the preferred atmosphere for brazing
preplaced on the area to be brazed tee was brazed in hydrogen rather nickel-base alloys containing alumi-
so as to promote the flow of brazing than argon, but no alloying resulted num and titanium. The surface of
alloy3. In particular, A. J. Wood with the Inconel “‘X”’ alloy, Fig. 10. Inconel ““X’’ age-hardenable nickel-
of the English Electric Co., Ltd., Tee tests using preplaced nickel chromium alloy when heated in
described this practice in a patent powder were equally successful on hydrogen is blacker and more heav-
specification.’ A similar observation Inconel ‘‘700,” Incoloy ‘‘901” and ily oxidized than when argon is
was made during this investigation Inconel ‘713C” nickel-chromium used.
when a brazing alloy did not flow cast alloy when the brazing was The excellent flow and wettability
into the fillet in a tee test, but did performed in an argon atmosphere. of the palladium-nickel-lithium-
flow along the nickel wire holding Again, a hydrogen-furnace atmos- boron alloy on Inconel “X,” for

»
~“: ?
>
eh
*
& . }
Fig. 7—Photomicrograph at X 75 of cross section of tee test on Fig. 8—Photomicrograph at X 75 of cross section of tee test on
Inconel ‘*X”’ alloy in which nickel! foil (0.00075 in. thick) was pre- Inconel “X" alloy in which carbonyl-nickel powder was pre-
placed in the joint and a nickel-chromium-boron brazing alloy placed in the joint and a nickel-chromium-boron brazing alloy
placed at one end. Specimen was brazed in argon at 2050° F, placed at one end. Specimen was brazed in argon at 2050° F,
and the brazing alloy flowed 3 in. Etched electrolytically in 10% and the brazing alloy flowed the entire 3-in. length. Etched
oxalic acid. (Reduced by approximately one half upon repro- electrolytically in 10% oxalic acid. (Reduced by approximately
duction) one-half upon reproduction)

WELDING RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT | 485-s

 leaving unbrazed areas if complete strengths of these brazements are
coverage is not achieved. How- high by comparison with those
ever, if nickel powder can be placed obtained with the new palladium-
on the area to be brazed and the nickel self-fluxing alloy, the need
molten brazing alloy brought into for flux, the aggressive penetration
the joint by capillary action, the of the brazing alloy into the base
danger of incomplete coverage is metal and the brittleness of the
minimized. joint are disadvantages that are
overcome by the use of the new
Conclusions alloy.
es ae #« The following conclusions were (c) The use of preplaced nickel
Om pep ee . drawn from the investigations re- powder (as a slurry mixed with an
ported in this paper. acrylic-resin binder) has been dem-
Fig. 9—Photomicrograph at x 100 of cross (a) A self-fluxing brazing alloy, onstrated to aid in the flow of a
section of tee test brazed with a nickel- consisting of a _ palladium-nickel molten brazing alloy into the shear
chromium-boron brazing alloy placed in alloy modified with lithium and area of Inconel “‘X,”’ Inconel ‘“700,”
joint alone. Specimen was brazed in Incoloy 901” and Inconel ‘713C’”’
argon at 2050° F, and alloying took place boron, has been shown to have the
following characteristics when used alloy brazements produced in an
wherever the brazing alloy touched the argon atmosphere. ‘Tensile-shear
Inconel ‘‘X"' alloy. Etched electrolytically to braze nickel-base alloys con-
in 10% oxalic acid. (Reduced by approxi- taining aluminum and titanium: tests conducted at 1200° F of
mately “% upon reproduction) Inconel ‘‘X”’ brazed with preplaced
1. Good wettability and excellent carbonyl-nickel powder and a nickel-
capillary flow and fillet form- chromium-boron brazing alloy re-
ing characteristics. sulted in an average shear strength
. No aggressive pehetration into of 31,400 psi.
base metal and no formation
of brittle intermetallic com- Acknowledgments
pounds. The authors are grateful to the
. A brazing temperature of 2150° management of the International
F Nickel Co. for permission to publish
. No need for a fiux for furnace the results of these brazing investi-
brazing in an argon atmos- gations. The help rendered by B.
phere. H. Albert and H. Fischler of the
. High shear strength at 1200° Research Laboratory in producing
F. Inconel “X” age-harden- the alloys and the brazements is
able nickel-chromium alloy also gratefully acknowledged.
Fig. 10—Photomicrograph at 100 of a brazed with this alloy showed Thanks are also due Robert Roberts
cross section of tee test brazed with car- an average strength of 30,550 and his staff of Twigg Industries in
bonyl-nickel powder preplaced in the psi in shear in short-time tests. Martinsville, Ind., for their help in
joint with a nickel-chromium-boron braz- . Preliminary stress-to-rupture producing the commercial braze-
ing alloy placed at one end. Specimen test results of shear joints
was brazed in hydrogen, and the brazing ments in Inconel “‘X”’ alloy.
alloy flowed the entire 3-in. length. in Inconel “X”’ alloy brazed
However, no alloying took place with the with this alloy were as follows Bibliography
Inconel 'X"’ alloy. Etched electrolytically for a 100-hr life: (a) 1200° F, 1. Huschke, E. G., and Hoppin, G. S., “High
Temperature Vacuum Brazing of Jet-Engine
in 10% oxalic acid. (Reduced by ’% upon 18,000 psi; (b) 1500° F, 3,000 Materials,” THE WELDING JOURNAL, 37 (5),
reproduction) psi. Research Suppl., 233-s to 240-s (1958).
2. Russell, W. E., and Wisner, J. P., “An
(6) Using a number of commer- Investigation of High-Temperature Vacuum and
cial brazing alloys, flux-coated joints Hydrogen Furnace Brazing,’”’ NACA Technical
example, minimizes the danger of Note 3932, March 1957.
and nickel-plated joints for com- 3. McDonald, A. S., “Alloys for Brazing Thin
leaving unbrazed areas more effec- mercial brazing of Inconel “‘X,”’ the Sections of Stainless Steel,” THE WELDING
tively than by pretreatment of the highest shear strength at 1200° F JOURNAL, 36 (3), Research Suppl., 131-s to 140-s
(1957).
metal surface to be brazed or the use was obtained with a_nickel-chro- 4. Setapen, A. M., “Brazing Alloys Tackle
of especially dry gases or high mium-boron brazing alloy and borax Heat Barrier,”’ Steel, 140-142 (May 19, 1958).
5. Hensel, F. R., Emmert, K. L., and Wiggs,
vacuum. Slight variations in the flux in a dried-hydrogen atmosphere. J. W., “Silver Copper Alloy,”’ U.S. Pat. 2,196,302,
surface condition of nickel-base The shear strength was 41,100 psi Apr. 9, 1940.
6. Bredzs, N., and Schwartzbart, H., “‘Self-
alloys do not appear to influence the in short-time tests. Stress-to-rup- Fluxing Airproof Brazing Alloys,” THe WerLpInc
flow of a self-fluxing alloy such as ture tests of similar shear joints re- JOURNAL, 36 (7), Research Suppl., 348-s to 352-s
the new palladium-nickel alloy. suited in the following strengths for (1957).
7. Wood, A. J., “Improvements in and Relating
While preplacement of a brazing a 100-hr life: (a) 1200° F, 27,000 to Promoting the Flow of Molten Metals on
alloy alone can be utilized in some psi; (b) 1500° F, 6500 psi. Al- Metal Surfaces,”’ assigned to the English Electric
Co., Ltd., Brit. Pat. 796,682, published June 18,
applications, there is a danger of though the high-temperature 1958.

486-s | DECEMBER 1959

Effect of Arsenic on Weldability and

Notch Toughness of Mild Steel

Literature survey and experimental work are undertaken

by British Welding Research Assn. and a British steel company

to assess the influence of arsenic on the weldability and notch

toughness of mild steel to AP! Grade B Specification

synopsis. A literature survey and fluence of arsenic on the metal-arc Arsenic contents in the range
experimental work was undertaken weldability and the notch toughness 0.10% t 0.15% has no material
by British Welding Research Assn. of mild steel to API Grade B effect on the mechanical prop-
and a British steel company to assess code, a review of the literature erties of structural steel rolled
the influence of arsenic on the weld- dealing with the general aspects of from acid and basic Bessemer and
ability and notch toughness of mild
steel to API Grade B specification. the influence of arsenic on mechani- open-hearth heats. At 0.20% ar-
The experimental evidence obtained cal properties and weldability of senic, some reduction in bend duc-
suggests that arsenic up to and in- mild steels was prepared. -This tility is noted while at 1% arsenic
cluding 0.10% has no influence on precedes the section dealing with tensile strength is increased and
weld-crack susceptibility. the experimental results. ductility as judged by reduction of
Assessment of the results in respect area is materially reduced. Arsenic
of notched impact properties was com- does not apparently tend to produce
plicated by the need to use laboratory Description of Contents
red shortness.
melted heats which were found to be This paper is divided into two (c) P. E. McKinney. Chem.
of comparatively coarse grain; arsenic parts—Part I being a survey of Metal. Engrg. 1920, Vol. 23, p. 294.
in excess of approximately 0.10% the literature, giving in considerable
tended to raise the transition tempera- “Effect of Arsenic in Steel.”
detail a résumé of certain published Tests on converter steel were car-
ture of these steels, whereas Houdre- work and including private com-
mont and also Kasatkin found no ef- ried out to determine the effect of
fect with arsenic up to approximately munications; this part ends with arsenic at levels of 0.1 and 0.5%.
0.25% in commercial steels (Bessemer conclusions drawn from these sources Forgeability was normal and the re-
and open hearth with sulfur and phos- of information. Part II gives de- sults did not indicate that arsenic
phorus up to 0.055%). tails of tests made specifically for has a detrimental effect on steel.
In general the evidence from all this investigation by the British (d) CAMERON AND WATERHOUSE.
sources suggests that arsenic up to Welding Research Assn. and Stew- JISI 1926, No. 1, pp. 335-374.
0.10% will have no effect on fusion- arts and Lloyds and a comparison
weld-crack susceptibility, joint strength “Effect of Arsenic on Steel.”
is made between the experimental The mechanical properties and
or ductility or on the notch toughness results and the published data.
of the API Grade B plate. weldability of basic open-hearth
It should be noted that this arsenic Finally, there is a Summary and steels at 0.50% carbon and 0.2, 0.36
content is two or three times that nor- General Conclusions. and 0.46 arsenic were determined.
mally present in British steel; thus At 0.2% arsenic, there was no appar-
there is no evidence to support any Part I. Literature Survey ent effect on the weldability but the
suggestion that such steel is, for this impact properties, particularly in
reason, inferior to steels having lower 1. ‘Arsenic in Steel,’’ Bibliography the hardened condition, were re-
arsenic content. No. 4, published by the Iron and duced. The effects of arsenic are
Steel Institute. similar to those of phosphorus but
Foreword
(a2) HARBORD AND TUCKER. the quantity required to produce
Following certain suggestions as to JISI 1888, No. 1, pp. 183-197.
the deleterious effect of arsenic upon equivalent effects is very much
“Effect of Arsenic on Mild Steel.” greater.
the weldability and notch toughness Arsenic not exceeding 0.1% does (e) O. Bauer. Mitt. deut. Ma-
of mild steel to API Grade B not appear to affect bend ductility terialspruefungsanhalt., 1930, vol. 13,
specification, emanating from a at room temperatures; above this pp. 58-66. ‘Arsenic in Mild Steel.”
Canadian source, experimental work value, cold shortness appears and
was put in hand and a literature Arsenic is generally present in com-
fully brittle material is produced at mercial iron and steel in amounts
survey carried out. 1.0% arsenic. Forge weldability
Although the purpose of the within the range 0.02 to 0.05%,
is reduced at 0.09% arsenic and larger amounts up to 1% being ex-
experimental work described in this forge welding becomes impossible
document was to study the in- ceptional. The arsenic is present in
at 0.35 % arsenic. solid solution. It segregates less
(6) J. E. Sreap. JISI 1895, than phosphorus but, in the pres-
This paper is a contribution from the British No. 1, pp. 77-140. “The Effect of ence of the latter, it is found with
Welding Research Assn. and a British steel com-
pany. Arsenic on Steel.” the phosphorus segregate. Arsenic

WELDING RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT |487-s

in amounts less than about 0.05% condition is unaltered up to (c) Quenching:
has practically no influence on the 0.4% arsenic and then reduced Arsenic up to 0.6% has virtually
static and dynamic properties of gradually to about zero as no effect on the mechanical proper-
steel; in larger quantities it has a arsenic increases to 0.9%. ties of low-carbon unalloyed steel
weakly adverse effect. Phosphorus (6) Notch - Impact Transition water quenched from 820° C in re-
and sulfur have a much stronger Curves. spect to tensile, yield, reduction of
effect than arsenic but this is aug- From tests on five steels, the area, elongation and notched im-
mented by the simultaneous pres- position of the transition curves pact. Tests on a Ni-Cr steel
ence of arsenic. tor steels with 0.04, 0.12 and 0.24% showed that arsenic above 0.4%
(f) Forge weldability tests were arsenic in the normalized condition reduced the ductility and increased
conducted on open-hearth steel by is virtually unaltered as arsenic the tensile strength of 3% Ni-Cr
J. Marcuat AND P. Haan, the increases, with a mid-point cri- steel with 0.35% carbon, in the
latter work being reported in Stahl u. terion at —40° C. Steels with oil-quenched-and-tempered _condi-
Eisen, Vol. 45, 1925. The former 0.77% and 0.90% arsenic show a tion.
found that forge weldability is transition temperature above 40° C B. Tests on Basic Bessemer Steel;
seriously affected at 0.2% arsenic using the same criterion. Unkilled 0.24% arsenic. (a) Segre-
and the latter, dealing with a steel In the strain-aged condition, the gation and Mechanical Properties.
with 0.1% carbon, showed a limit of steel with 0.04% arsenic shows a A thorough study was made of
0.1% arsenic for adequate welda- transition temperature of —50° C, the segregation of arsenic in a large
bility. with 0.12% arsenic a transition at ingot and the following conclusions
—20° C and that with 0.24% were reached:
2. “*The Influence of Arsenic on the
Properties of Steel,’ Houdre- arsenic at 0° C, again using the The highest arsenic content re-
mont, Bennek and Neumeister, mid-point criterion. corded was just below the top
Arch. Eisenhuettenw. Vol. 12, Aged by standing for 8 hr at segregate.
1938, pp. 91-101. various temperatures after normal- The lowest arsenic content re-
izing, arsenic contents at 0.04, corded was in the skin, where
A. Tests on Laboratory heats 0.16, 0.38, 0.77 and 0.90% showed it was found to be constant,
(0.15% Carbon, Unalloyed Steel). no change in notch toughness at this probably being due to
(a) Mechanical Tests Carried Out temperatures up to 600° C. It was vaporization.
at Room Temperature. concluded from this series of tests Only slight segregation was noted;
In a very thorough program of that: for instance, from a melt value
mechanical tests on steels with vary- of 0.24%, the content increased
ing arsenic contents, the following i Arsenic has no effect on the
transition temperature of nor- to 0.32% in the central axis.
conclusions were reached:
malized mild steel up to, and Comparison was made with other
Grain size is not affected up to including, a content of 0.24%, segregating elements in this ingot.
0.6% arsenic. but at a content between 0.24 The greatest percentage variation
Reduction of area is not affected and 0.77% the temperature from the mean value for carbon,
up to 0.6% but is slightly is raised. sulfur, phosphorus and arsenic was
lowered at 0.9% arsenic. i An increase in arsenic content as follows:
Tensile strength shows a very from 0.04 to 0.12% raised
slight increase as arsenic in- the transition temperature in
the strain-aged condition. Cc Ss P As
creases from 0.1 to 0.6%.
i Arsenic has no effect on quench +112 +204 +97 +67
Elongation and yield strength —38 —54 —41 —33
are unaltered up to 0.6% aging.
arsenic.
Notch ductility in the normalized
condition is unaltered up to Table 1—Chemical Composition of Steels Investigated
0.4% arsenic and then reduced
by 50% as arsenic increases up Thick-
to 0.9%. Serial Heat ness,
Notch ductility in the strain-aged no. no. mm =3 Si
Rimming steels
6254 12 Traces
6254 20 Traces
4319 12 Traces
4319 20 Traces
9031 12 Traces
1310 20 Traces
1310 20 Traces
6331 20 Traces
6331 12 Traces
12609 12 Traces
12609 20 ooooocoooc”ceco
wn
ou
aePhanTraces
ooooocoooc”nceco
Killed steels
Xil 10254 20
Xi 2366 12
XIV 2366 20
XIVA 10251 20
XV 9334 12
Xvi 9334 20
Fig. 1—Fillet weld in ‘‘Reeve test’ on XVil 11642 12 yore
steel containing 0.576% arsenic showing XVill 11642 20 oosossso
eooosssss
SSEGKSIAS
ooocooco
RKRSSUSrs
root cracking. X 6

ast-s | DECEMBER
1959
 These results clearly indicate judged by laboratory testing A. Tests on Unwelded Plate.
that arsenic segregates to a lower methods. Above 0.25% arsenic, Mechanical tests, longitudinal and
degree than either carbon, phos- the weldability of gas-welded sheets transverse to rolling direction,
phorus or sulfur and it should be deteriorates. At 0.25% arsenic, the showed that arsenic in the range
noted that this is at a level of strength properties of gas- and arc- 0.10—0.27% does not affect mechan-
arsenic far higher than is ever welded plate are not affected and ical properties, even in the presence
encountered in normal commercial the flash weldability is satisfactory. of 0.05% phosphorus or 0.05%
steels. The general inference from this sulfur. Impact tests were carried
A similar ingot with 0.24% arsenic very thorough examination of the out in the longitudinal and trans-
was processed to strip and to plates effect of arsenic on the mechanical verse direction, and the sensitivity
(*/. in thick) for comparison with properties of welded joints and the of the steel to aging after cold
basic Bessemer steel containing fusion weldability of mild steel is working was determined by heating
0.02% arsenic. In this comparison, that contents of arsenic exceeding for 1 hr at 250° C after 10%
the steel containing 0.24% arsenic 0.25% must be present before any extension.
showed no change in yield, tensile effect can be observed. It was found that arsenic up to
or elongation in plates rolled from 3. “Permissible Arsenic Content in 0.27% had no definite effect on
the top and bottom of the ingot, Mild Steel (Open Hearth),” B.S. the impact transition temperature
tested in both the longitudinal Kasatkin, Stal, Vol. 16, No. 7, of killed or rimming steels con-
and transverse directions. The 624-62-9 (1956). taining up to 0.05% sulfur and
notched-impact transition tempera- 0.05% phosphorus, nor did it appear
ture was determined for all these The effect of arsenic on the impact to affect aging characteristics which
plates and there was no difference transition temperature of unwelded were normal. The determination
between those containing 0.02% mild-steel plate (open-hearth killed of “brittle strength’’ under static
arsenic and those containing 0.24% and rimming grades) and also its tensile loading of a notched speci-
arsenic. effect on the mechanical properties men at —183° C suggested that,
(6) Weldability Tests. of submerged-arc-welded joints, in- when the arsenic content is in
cluding notched-impact properties excess of 0.27%, it may reduce
Weldability tests included hot- in the heat-affected zone, were
crack susceptibility tests on 1-mm “brittle strength.”
determined. The arsenic-bearing
thick strip in basic Bessemer steel at steels were made to levels of B. Welded Joints. Submerged-
0.02 and 0.24% arsenic (top and bot- 0.10, 0.15, 0.20 and 0.25% arsenic. arc Welding with Normal Wire
tom ingot positions). These showed To determine the effect of arsenic and Powder. (a) Hot Cracking.
that only a very slight effect could in the presence of high sulfur and No effect on hot cracking in butt
be detected when welded with or phosphorus, tests were also made welds could be detected when weld-
without added filler metal. on steels containing 0.04—0.052% ing the steel containing 0.27%
Mechanical tests on butt welds, gas sulfur and up to 0.056% phosphorus arsenic and 0.045% sulfur.
and electric arc, in the ‘'/;-in. with 0.20% carbon. The steels (6) Mechanical Properties of
thick plate material (again being used are given in Table 1. Welded Joints.
taken from the top and bottom
ingot positions) showed no effect
on mechanical properties due to
the increase in arsenic from 0.02 to
FISH - NE ¢ TEST
0.24%.
Forge-weldability tests on
0.24% arsenic material showed se-
vere loss of ductility indicating H.F.1428 HF. 1381 H.F. 1382 HF. 1397
a failure to produce a proper weld.
On the other hand, flash butt welds ee
in this material were completely
satisfactory. Weldability tests were
also done on Cr-Mo steel (1%
Cr—25% Mo) sheets with arsenic
at 0.02, 0.15, 0.24, 0.55 and 1.24%.
These tests were the same as those
used for the basic Bessemer strip re- ''
ferred to above, being fusion tests for
hot crack susceptibility with or with- 0-003 As. 0-022 %oAs. 0-033°%o As. O-O8/°%b As.
out filler wire. There was no evi-
dence of any change in crack suscep-
tibility up to and including 0.24 % ar- H.F.1403 H.F.1441 H.F. 1406
senic and at 0.55% arsenic weldabil-
ity was still good in relation to arse-
nic-free electric steel and normal
open-hearth steel with the usual arse-
nic content. The steel with 1.24%
arsenic appeared to be strongly
susceptible to hot cracking and
would be considered unweldable.
The general conclusion from weld-
ability tests is that the weldability
of unalloyed and alloyed (Cr-Mo) O:108°b As 0:294°% As. O:576°b As. 1:26 °lo As.
material is not affected by arsenic
up to about 0.25% as far as can be Fig. 2—‘Fishbone”’ test pieces showing amount of cracking in different steels

WELDING RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT | 489s

 asHe
20 381
006%

HF 1382
as = 0 033%
c 20 106% _
pre - pee <
s 5 > Le
7 pene HARONESS
VICKERS
NUMBER
VICKERS
NUMBER.
HARONESS s™* -
- - gsco 7
/ ¢ . |- -

° % Reouc °tion 60
% REDUCTION
a b
Fig. 3—Effect of arsenic on 0.2% C steel cold rolling and aging curves

Butt welded joints in steels 9, 4, showed a substantial lowering of fabricated from commercial weld-
6, 7, 18, 12, 14 and 16 were ma- ductility at —40° C. ing fittings and on the notched
chined to tensile and impact-test The fillet-weld specimens all impact properties and _ bursting
bars. Arsenic up to 0.27% did not fractured in the base metal away strength of laboratory melted steels
have any effect on transition tem- from the welds indicating that the with various phosphorus levels was
perature, aging characteristics or steels with arsenic up to 0.27% were investigated. The steels were made
on mechanical properties. Impact insensitive to the effect of stress to ASTM-A106 Grade B specifica-
tests on the material in the heat- concentration at 17° and —40° C. tion.
affected zone of steels 2, 4, 6, 7, (d) Conclusions. (a) Bursting Tests on Vessels
9, 18, 14 and 16 suggested that Arsenic contents up to 0.20% Fabricated with Commercial Fit-
arsenic up to 0.27% does not have do not have any effect on the me- tings.
any effect on the transition tempera- chanical properties of rimming and The joints in the vessels were
ture of the metal in this zone, nor killed steels (mildsteel grade) made welded manually with E 6010 elec-
does the impact strength decrease in the open hearth furnace, even in trodes according to customary pro-
with the simultaneous presence of the presence of up to 0.05% sulfur cedure; the fittings were 2.8 in.
arsenic and high phosphorus (0.04— and phosphorus and up to 0.21% OD and 2.4 in. ID.
0.05%). Arsenic up to 0.27% does carbon; nor does arsenic up to 0.2% All welds were radiographed and
not affect the impact properties of have any effect on the mechanical found to be sound. The vessels
the thermally aged zone in the properties of weldments made in were hydrostatically tested to de-
heat-affected zone. these steels. When arsenic exceeds struction, the results being given
(c) Mechanical Properties of 0.2% there is a icndency toward a in Table 2.
Weldments in 20-Mm Plate. reduction in “b-ittle strength”’ of the Evidently there was no signifi-
Weldments were prepared to give steel und also in the ductility of cant difference in the strength of
longitudinal butt and fillet welds weldme:its; ¥ that un upper limit vessels made from low- or high-
and these were subjected to static of 0.24, arsenic should be considered arsenic steel.
tensile loading at 17° and —40° C. for mild steel made in the open- (6) Bursting Tests on Vessels
Some slight increase in strength and hearth furnace. Fabricated from Laboratory Heats.
reduction in ductility with lowering 4. “The Effect of Arsenic on Mechan- Induction-melted steels at 0.02,
of the testing temperature was ical Properties of Welds in Mild 0.031, 0.075, 0.08, 0.107 and 0.201
noted in both killed and rimming Steel,”” D. Canonico and H. arsenic were processed to rounds
qualities. Arsenic up to 0.2% did Schwartzbart, Welding Engr. 43 which were drilled to form pipes
not appear to have any deleterious (11), pp 32-36 (1958). for fabrication into the same type
effect on the properties but the killed The effect of arsenic on the vessel as were used for the first
steel containing 0.28-0.29% arsenic bursting strength of small vessels series of bursting tests. Phosphorus

Table 2—Results of Bursting Tests

Mn Bursting strengths, psi

0.55 13,000 11,700
0.69 14,000 14,200
0.44 12,300 12,200

490-s | DECEMBER 1959

 content was around 0.010%. There The steel with lowest arsenic and On the basis of 90% cleavage
was no significant difference between phosphorus had a transition temper- fracture criterion, a plot of transi-
the bursting strengths of any of the ature of 20° F and that with highest tion temperature against arsenic
vessels. arsenic and phosphorus one of 0° F. content including the low- and
(c) Notched-impact Properties of
—
the Heat-affected Zone. | SPECIMENS NORMALISED |
Laboratory heats were forged to
flats 5 in. wide by °*/s in. thick and
the Charpy V notch was located
in the heat-affected zone of a single-
run weld at the weld metal—base
metal interface. The steels were as
follows:

As oO
0.02
0.031 Sg
ve
0.075
0.080 oe CHARPY
iMPACT
0.107 ooo
0.201
0.032
0.074
0.092 ooocoocjo°c”]o
rm
meee
ree
rer
Pwoocnoeooww
° 20
TEMPERATURE OE€GREE CENTIGRADE
The energy-absorbed and percent
cleavage fracture relationships with Fig. 4—Effect of arsenic on 0.2% C steel. Charpy V-notch impact tests
temperature were determined. The T
transition temperatures, based on SPECIMEN STRAINED BY BENDING
different criteria, did not appear to
be strongly linked to the arsenic
content. Thus, using 50% of the
maximum absorbed energy as a
criterion, the highest transition
temperature (70° F) was obtained
on a steel with 0.2% arsenic and
0.012% phosphorus and the lowest
(30° F) on a steel with 0.032%
arsenic and 0.054% phosphorus
(carbon 0.14%). The steel with
lowest arsenic and phosphorus had
a transition temperature of 40° F.
The steel with high arsenic and
phosphorus (0.092 and 0.065%,
respectively) had a transition tem-
perature of about 60° F.
On the basis of 15 ft-lb energy
criterion, the highest transition
temperature (50° F) occurred in
the steel with 0.20% arsenic and
0.012% phosphorus and the lowest * sc 6c iT 80
(—50° F) in the steel with 0.031% TEMPERATURE DEGREES CENTIGRADE
arsenic and 0.009% phosphorus. Fig. 5—Effect of arsenic on 0.2% C steel. Charpy V-notch impact tests

Table 3—Analysis of Steels Used

Cast
no. —> 1428 1391 1381
C,% 0.175 0.192 0.170
Mn, % 0.44 0.695 0.50
Si,% 0.12 0.225 0.20
S,% 0.028 0.017 0.016
P, % 0.023 0.030 0.011
As, % 0.003 0.006 0.022
Analysis, % of weld metals (alil-weld metal deposits)
Electrode
gauge P As
6 0.028 0.046
10 0.021 0.033

WELDING RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT | 491-s

Table 4—Reeve Fillet-Weld Test*
1/in. Thick plate. No preheat. Electrodes to AWSE7010 Specification
Elec- Dilution
Analysis, % trode by base —————Crack length, in.
Plate———_. —Weld bead gauge, plate, ——In weld metal——. —%In base metal—
P As Ss P > wv Swe % A B Cc A B Cc
0.018 0.032 0.025 0.023 6 Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil
£8Bo 10 Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil
0.018 0.081 0.025 0.022 6 Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil
10 Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil
0.020 0.294 0.029 0.019 6 29 Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil
10 33 Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil
1405 0.020 0.020 0.576 0.024 0.024 6 33 Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil
0.030 0.026 10 22 Nil Nil 0.05 Nil Nil Nil
1406 0.024 0.024 1.26 0.026 0.023 6 40 0.024 Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil
0.030 0.026 ososssssess
RSSSSERR
10 40 0.008 0.015 0.005 Nil Nil Nil
@ All cracks occurred at the root. All-weld-metal deposit analysis, %: 6 swg—As 0.046, S 0.034, P 0.028; 10 swg—As 0.033, S 0.027, P 0.021.
high-phosphorus steels showed scat- sibly, a tendency toward raising the 0.10 and 0.15 were examined. There
ter but, ignoring one steel and temperature for 90% cleavage frac- was no evidence that arsenic had
drawing the steepest possible line ture; there may be an increase of any effect on tensile or impact
(giving the worst effect of arsenic), about 2° F per 0.01% arsenic. properties, determined at room tem-
the slope suggested that 0.01% perature, with either level of phos-
arsenic raises the transition temp- 5. Private Communications phorus.
erature in the heat-affected zone (a) A study was made of the (c) The arsenic contents of mild
by 2.7° F. When all the low possible influence of arsenic within steel, ND 1 steel and ND 4 steel,
phosphorus steels are included and the range 0.011 to 0.087% on the which gave 15 ft-lb Charpy V
the data examined by the method notched impact transition tempera- notch transition temperatures of
of least squares, the increase in ture, after 3 and 5% strain and 16°, —8° and —60° C were found
transition temperature per 0.01% aging, of semikilled steels in the to be 0.027, 0.051 and 0.030%,
arsenic is given as 1.9° F. carbon range 0.06 to 0.25%. Phos- respectively. The 75% crystallin-
(d) Conclusions. phorus was present in the range ity temperatures were +40°, +8°
The room-temperature hydrostatic 0.037 to 0.040% in all the higher- and —32° C. It is apparent that
bursting strength of fabricated ves- arsenic steels. Material tested was the ND 1 steel with a relatively
sels made from commercial low- plate for oil-storage tanks. There high-arsenic content has behaved,
arsenic steel (0.002 and 0.003% was no evidence that arsenic up to in regard to notch-toughness char-
arsenic) is not greater than that of and including 0.087% has any acteristics, in a perfectly normal
similar vessels made from commer- influence on transition temperature manner.
cial high-arsenic (0.06% arsenic) in the strain-aged condition.
material. Arsenic contents up to (6) Experimental laboratory Conclusions from Evidence in the Litera-
ture and from Private C ications
0.2% had no effect on the bursting melted steels were prepared to
strength of vessels fabricated from determine the effect of arsenic up The experiments reported by
laboratory-melted steels. There did to 0.15% on the mechanical prop- Houdremont, Kasatkin and by Ca-
not appear to be any definite effect erties of steels at 0.12 and 0.35% nonico cover Bessemer and open-
of arsenic on the Charpy V_ notch- carbon. Two levels of phosphorus hearth steels and also induction-
impact transition temperature of were used, 0.02 and 0.04%. Ar- melted laboratory heats; further-
the heat-affected zone except, pos- senic levels of 0.03, 0.05, 0.07, more, they include rimming and
killed steels and the phosphorus
220 T and sulfur levels range up to
mania QUENCHED FROM 650°
0.05%.
t ' Their results are in agreement on
" i matt
|
bes | the following points.
| |
| 1. Arsenic up to 0.24% has no
effect on the notched-impact tran-
sition temperature of the unwelded
material in the as-rolled condition.
~ 2. Arsenic up to 0.20% has no
effect on fusion weldability assessed
by the mechanical properties of
butt welds, including oxyacetylene,
metal-arc and submerged-arc weld-
“aARONESS
ViCKERS
| ing.
There is some uncertainty as to
the effect of arsenic on the notched-
impact properties of the heat-
| affected zone. Kasatkin reports no
7| effect up to 0.27% arsenic on
transition temperature, whereas Ca-
3° ' 2 5 nonico reports a relationship be-
MINUTES “OUR s
AGING TIME tween arsenic and transition temper-
Fig. 6—Effect of arsenic on 0.2% C steel quench aging ature defined by the 90% cleavage-

492-s | DECEMBER
1959
 fication after etching in Nital. A
Table 5—Hardness Survey on Reeve Test Specimens HD,, hardness survey was carried out on
Asin Heat-affected zone Weld deposit the center sections.
Cast plate, Base 6 swg 10 swg 6 swg 10 swg (6) Test Results
no. % plate electrodes’ electrodes electrodes’ electrodes The cracking-assessment results
1407 0.032 132-145 160-190 183-229 206-227 268-308 are given in Table 4, and hardness-
1397 0.081 139-157 164-193 173-219 225-244 241-289 survey results in Table 5. The
1441 0.294 145-158 169-210 200-241 219-225 274-303 type of cracking is illustrated in
1405 0.576 145-168 164-206 189-210 198-246 267-309 Fig. 1; this being a section from the
1406 1.26 153-181 180-212 201-218 201-229 262-283 steel with 0.57% arsenic. It should
be noted that this was the specimen
showing the longest crack but the
only one to show cracking in a weld
fracture criterion. Canonico’s re- using 40-lb laboratory melts to made on the steel containing 0.57%
sults do not support any relation- API Grade B analysis (nominally arsenic.
ship between arsenic content and 0.2% carbon silicon-killed steel) (c) Conclusions
other transition-temperature criteria with arsenic contents varying from There is no evidence of weld
so that it seems probable that 0.003% up to and including 1.26%. cracking until the arsenic content of
arsenic has little effect on the The composition of the steels and the plate reaches 0.57% and then
notched-impact properties of the weld metals examined is given in only one section out of six examined
heat-affected zone at least up to a Table 3. shows a crack. At 1.2% arsenic in
content of 0.2%. The effect of arsenic on the follow- the plate, four sections out of six
Kasatkin shows that there is a ing properties was determined by: are cracked. It is inferred that an
tendency toward reduction of duc- arsenic content in the plate greater
tility in weldments tested under 1. Weldability, i.e., susceptibility than 0.5% promotes root cracking
static loading at low temperatures to weld-metal cracking in the under the conditions of the Reeve
(—40° C) when the arsenic content Reeve fillet-weld test, the fillet-weld test but a lower content
reaches 0.27% and suggests a limit BWRA controlled thermal-se- has no effect on cracking. Analysis
of 0.2% arsenic. verity test, the Houldcroft of the actual weld beads suggest that
Some uncertainty also exists in fishbone test and the Murex the arsenic content of the bead must
regard to the effect of arsenic on hot-cracking test. exceed 0.20% before cracking is
strain-age embrittlement. The re- 2. Rate of work hardening. likely to occur.
sults reported in the literature taken 3. Amount of strain aging after
work hardening. Arsenic has no effect on the hard-
together confirm that arsenic below ness of the weld metal or heat-
0.087% has no effect: above this 4. Impact properties. Transi-
tion curves as normalized and affected zone, within the range
value, Houdremont reported arsenic tested.
raises the transition temperature after straining and aging.
5. Quench aging. BWRA Controlled Thermal-Sever-
in the strain-aged condition but ity Test. This test determines the
Kasatkin found it to have no effect Tee Effect of Arsenic on Weldability influence of cooling rate on cracking
up to 0.27%, the behavior of rim- Reeve Fillet-weld Test. This test under restraint. It is described by
ming and killed steels being normal. assesses resistance to cold and hot Cottrell in Welding Research, Vol. 6,
Houdremont’s steels were labora- cracking under conditions of severe No. 5, October 1952, pp. 89-92.
tory melts and it may not be ad- restraint; two plates, which are a) Test Data
visable to expect direct agreement bolted to a heavy backing plate Plate—'!/,-in. thick, normalized,
with the open-hearth steels used and prevented from moving later- machined surfaces and edges, no
by Kasatkin. ally by anchoring welds are fillet preheat.
It is concluded that arsenic up welded together by the test elec- Electrodes—-As for Reeve Test.
to 0.2% in the base plate will have trode. The test is illustrated in Incubation—As for Reeve test.
no effect on the strength and duc- Weldability of Steels by Stout and Examination—As for Reeve test,
tility of fusion welded joints in Doty, p. 232 and in Transactions but no hardness test.
open-hearth rimming and killed of the Institute of Welding, Vol. 1,
steels with normal sulfur and phos- 6b) Test Results
1938, pp. 7-24. The cracking assessments are
phorus levels, nor will it have any (a) Test Data
significant effect on the notch tough- given in Table 6.
Plate—'/.-in. thick, normalized, c) Conclusions:
ness characteristics of the base metal ground surfaces and machined edges,
or the weld joint. The small change in weld cooling
no preheat. rate brought about by the change
Partli. Tests to Determine Electrodes—Commercial high- in thermal-severity number from
Effect of Arsenic on tensile '/.% molybdenum to AWS 4 to 6 has little or no influence on
E7010 and BS 1719: 1951 E110P the incidence or extent of cracking.
Weldability and Mechanical specifications. These electrodes are As in the Reeve test, there is no
Properties of Mild Steel to API commonly used for ‘“‘stove-pipe”’ evidence of weld-metal cracking
Grade B Analysis welding in Canada. until the arsenic content of the
These tests were arranged to Incubation—-A standing period, plate reaches 0.57°% and then only
study the influence of arsenic on for crack development, of 24 hr one section out of 12 examined
the weld-metal crack susceptibility bolted, and one week unbolted, was shows a crack. At 1.26% arsenic
using one type of covered electrode allowed before sectioning. in the plate, 7 sections out of 12
and to determine its effect on the Examination—Sections A, B and examined show cracks. It may be
notch-toughness characteristics of C taken at 1'/, in. from start, at inferred that an arsenic level in the
the steel. They were carried out center, and at 1'/,; in. from finish of plate greater than 0.5% promotes
by Stewarts and Lloyds and the weld, respectively, were examined root cracking in welds made with
British Welding Research Assn. microscopically at X 200 magni- this particular electrode. This con-

WELDING RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT | 493-s

Table 6—Controlled Thermal-Severity Tests. Fillet Welds
/rin. Thick plate. No preheat. Electrodes to AWSE7010 specification
Ther-
Elec- mal-
————Analysis, %— trode En- se- Dilu-
Plate, Welds gage, ergy, Speed, : Lengths tion,
Lengths of root cracks in.
verity
As As Ss P swe Kj/in. ipm H A no. %
0.032 ~~ uo a.
co 0.26 Nil Nil Nil
0.33 Nil Nil Nil
SVS
~awn 0.28 Nil Nil Nil
0.024 0.33 Nil Nil Nil
oOo MNuo
Nil Nil Nil
Nil Nil Nil
0.021 Nil Nil Nil
0.022 SRSERESE:
: Nil Nil Nil
Nil Nil Nil
Nil Nil Nil
0.022 Nil Nil Nil
0.023 Nil 0.0005 Nil
0.022 PSSeRrsasses Nil 0.0013 0.009
0.024 olwwe
° 0.0022 0.0025 Nil
0.022 Nm
WDM
PY
WwW
WY Nil Nil Nil
0.025 AwWmMwOrwnwrwnwonwacan
ERVERBLRB:
DMD
COM
NMNM
MY
oo
MN
OM
™
OH 0.0019 0.0033
ooocoocoocoooococoeoocoooccoc]eo
HYwowouwnonn
Mr
NSAwwwooooooocococco
ERSRSRSSOKSRASREK
DAOwWInOoaQwannaones efODP
anne
OAorre
LS
LAO
&

firms the evidence of the Reeve conditions. These data are not yet 8 SWG electrodes baked 1 hr at
test. The arsenic content of the available for steel but the test 150° C, 6 SWG electrodes used ‘‘as
weld beads is generally higher than results reported here show the small received.”
that recorded for weld beads de- influence of arsenic on hot cracking. Conditions—The rotational speeds
posited in the Reeve test on the (6) Results: (machine speed) for each electrode
same plate material indicating a The results are given in Table 7 gage were selected to give approxi-
generally deeper penetration in the and are illustrated in Fig. 2. mately equal conditions of test
BWRA tests. The lengths of the (c) Conclusions: severity throughout the tests.
cracks are less in the Reeve test, Under the particular conditions Interpretation—Cracks less than
this being explained by the lower (dimensions of test specimens, etc.) of 0.5 in. in length are disregarded,
rigidity of the CTS test. these experiments, there is insuffi- being formed before rotation begins.
Houldcroft Fishbone Test. This cient restraint to initiate a crack Their cause and significance is not
test assesses the comparative hot when the arsenic content is at or less clear. The results are here assessed
crack susceptibility of weld metal by than 0.033%. At0.081 and 0.108% on a crack/no crack basis under
imposing strain on the metal as it arsenic, the restraint is insufficient selected straining conditions.
cools from the liquid state. The to propagate a crack already initi- (6) Test Results
test was developed originally for ated. At 0.29% arsenic, the re- Reported in Table 8.
use on light alloys and is described straint is sufficient to propagate the (c) Conclusions
in the ““Weiding Research Supple- initiated crack and the results When the arsenic content of the
ment” to the British Welding Jour- obtained at the higher arsenic plate is equal to or less than 0.108%,
nal, October 1955, pp. 471-475. levels show that, as arsenic increases the crack length is less than 0.5 in.,
beyond 0.29%, the restraint re- and therefore not significant (see
(a) Test Data quired for propagation decreases, results above the dotted line in
Plate —'/;-in. thick, normalized. indicating that arsenic at very high Table 8); when the arsenic con-
Dimensions—4'/, x 2°/, in. with levels promotes hot-crack suscep- tent in the plate is equal to or
7 saw cuts on each side (see Fig. 2). tibility. greater than 0.294%, the crack
Procedure—-The specimen is The Murex Hot-cracking Test. length reaches or exceeds 0.5 in.
placed on a carbon block, and The principle of this test is to com- It is concluded that weld metal hot
an argon-gas-shielded tungsten-arc pare hot crack susceptibility of cracking is not promoted, under the
torch is traversed along the mid- welds under controlled conditions specific testing conditions used in
section at a current level and for- of straining at and below solidifi- these experiments, until the arsenic
ward speed which just permits full cation temperature. A fillet weld content of the plate exceeds 0.108%.
penetration. A crack initiated at is laid between plates held edge-on in A crack length not exceeding 0.5
the edge may be propagated until rigid clamps, one of which is rotated in. under these testing conditions
the decreasing restraint due to the away from the other to open out the indicates that the particular com-
lengthening cuts imposes insufficient weld, rotation beginning 5 sec after bination of electrodes and _ base
strain. striking the arc. Increasing ro- plate would be free from cracking
Interpretation —The fishbone test tational speed increases the test under practical production condi-
is purely comparative; for direct severity at a given weld size. tions involving severe restraint,
use there must be a background of The test is described by Rollason and would be suitable for very
practical experience to establish the and Roberts, British Welding Jour- heavy work in plate over 1'/, in.
relationships between cracking in nal, October 1954, pp. 441-447. thickness, such as_ superheater
the test under specific conditions of headers, boiler-tube plate, high-
material thickness, specimen dimen- (a) Test Data. pressure vessels, thick-walled pipes,
sions, current, etc., and cracking Plate—'/, in. thick. etc. (see Rollason and Roberts, p.
experience under general practical Electrodes—As for previous tests; 446, Test Conditions). The results

494-s | DECEMBER 1959

 content. However, the extreme
Table 7—Houldcroft Fishbone Test Table 9—Low and Gensamer
range of initial hardness covered is
Lengths not more than 50 Vickers numbers, Strain-Aging Test
Ar- of i.e., 120 to 170 VDH. The rate of Arsenic Low and
Cast senic, cracks, increase of hardness with percentage Cast content Gensamer
no. % in. Comments reduction is substantially the same No of steel index
1381 0.022 Nil over the range of arsenic contents 1428 0.003 21.6
1382 0.033 Nil examined. For example, at 60% 1391 0.006 18.2
1397 0.081 0.25 Crack initiated reduction, the steel containing 1381 0.022 23.5
but not propa- 1382 0.033 23.4
gated 0.006% arsenic showed an increase
in hardness of 93 Vickers numbers; 1403 0.108 22.0
1403 0.108 0.22 Crack initiated 1405 0.576 19.2
but not propa- that con’ aining 1.26% arsenic, an 1406 1.26 18.8
gated. increase in hardness of 106 Vickers
1441 0.294 Crack initiated numbers for the same percentage
and propa- reduction.
gated. the strain-aged condition was stud-
1405 0.576 Crack initiated Strain Aging ied. It should be emphasized that
and propa- The effect of arsenic on strain the steels used were produced as
gated. aging characteristics is also shown small heats (40 lb) in a laboratory
1406 1.26 Crack initiated in Figs. 3a and 3b (upper curves). furnace and were coarse grained.
and propa- Aging was carried out for 1 hr at The transition temperatures are
gated. therefore higher than those normally
200° C after the indicated amounts
of cold work. It will be noted that recorded on similar steel processed
the increase in hardness due to from commercial ingots and should
suggest that the arsenic content of
aging is constant over the range not be regarded as representative
the base plate must exceed 0.1% of the commercial product. Purely
before any effect on weld metal 0.003-0.57% arsenic; it is slightly
less at 1.2% arsenic. The Low and on a comparative basis, the transi-
hot cracking of AWS Class E7010
Gensamer test was carried out on tion curves shown in Figs. 4 and 5
electrodes could be anticipated,
steels with arsenic contents up to indicate the effect of arsenic on the
even under the most severe condi-
1.26%. The results are given in notch toughness-temperature rela-
tions of restraint. tionship of coarse-grained silicon-
Table 9. There is no marked
The Effect of Arsenic on variation in the strain-aging index killed steel in the normalized and in
Mechanical Properties with increasing arsenic contents. the strain-aged conditions, respec-
Work Hardening. Work hard- It is concluded that arsenic up to tively.
ening curves for the different steels and including 1.2% does not affect It will be noted from Fig. 4 that,
are shown in Figs. 3a and 3b. strain-aging characteristics of nor- as arsenic increases from 0.006% up
The initial hardness of the normal- malized 0.2% carbon steel. to and including 0.081%, no par-
ized test pieces remains unchanged ticular trend is observed; at 0.29%,
as arsenic increases up to 0.57%; Impact-transition Temperatures a rise in transition temperature is
above this level, the initial hardness The effect of arsenic on the impact apparent and this increases at 0.57%
increases with increasing arsenic properties in the normalized and in arsenic and 1.26% arsenic. Thus it

Table 8—Murex Hot-cracking Test

'/»in. thick plate. Electrodes to AWS E7010 specification
Average
Elec- Ma- crack
Analysis, % trode Dilution, chine Length length
Base metal——— ——Weld bead——— gage, approx., speed _ of crack, for both
Ss P As Ss P As swg %* no. in gages, in.
0.028 0.023 0.003 0.022 0.024 0.021 58 Nil
Nil Nil
Nil
Nii
Nil
Nil
Nil
0.14
Nil
0.3
Nil
1.8
3.0
0.6
1.0
Nil
0.5
oa

WWHMAMAADADAAMAMNAMAA
WDAAHAAAVMDAA®D
@ Calculated from As content As in undiluted weld metal 0.046%

WELDING RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT | 495-s

is inferred that arsenic has no effect will apply to the worst conditions In general, the conclusions
on the transition temperature of met in the general field of welding. reached from the experimental re-
normalized 0.2% carbon steel until More particularly, deep-penetrating sults on API Grade B steel in
a content exceeding 0.08% is electrodes of the type examined are respect of the effect of arsenic on
reached. At 0.29%, or above, in- used less widely than electrodes with weldability are similar to those
creasing arsenic promotes higher half the penetration power. deduced from the literature survey
transition temperatures. The results show that, when covering steels of higher sulfur and
After straining and aging (see welding with AWS E7010-type elec- phosphorus contents.
Fig. 5), the steels with 0.29% or trodes, the influence of arsenic on In regard to the effect of arsenic
more arsenic show a greater drop in weld-metal cracking in the Reeve on impact properties of API Grade
impact properties than those with and CTS tests is not detected until B mild steel, caution must be
lower arsenic contents. the content in the plate reaches a exercised in applying the results
It is evident that the impact value between 0.576 and 1.26%, obtained on laboratory-melted heats
properties of coarse-grained silicon- corresponding to a value in the weld to commercial casts of open-hearth-
killed steel are unaffected, either in metal exceeding 0.2%. It is recog- quality mild steel, the former
the normalized or strain-aged con- nized that, in respect to conditions tending to show high transition
dition by arsenic until the arsenic promoting hot cracking in welds, temperatures compared with the
content exceeds 0.08‘. the restrained fillet-weld test of the latter.
Reeve type is not as severe as Bearing this in mind, the lack of
Quench Aging any effect of arsenic up to 0.27% on
certain conditions arising in prac-
Figure 6 shows the increase in tice in the welding of circular notch toughness found by Kasatkin
hardness on aging after air cooling joints in very heavy plate; the in respect of commercial rimming
from 950° to 650° C, followed by hot-cracking test, as carried out in and killed steels does not necessarily
water quenching. The initial hard- conflict with its effect on notch
this investigation, links up with
ness after quenching increases with these particularly severe conditions toughness of laboratory-melted ma-
increasing arsenic content. The rise and the results obtained indicate terials when present somewhere
in hardness on aging up to 10 weeks that the arsenic content of the plate within the approximate range 0.10
is very similar on all the steels must reach a level between 0.108% to 0.27% where an increase in the
examined. The rather high initial transition temperature was noted.
and 0.29% before any effect on hot
hardness of the steel containing cracking could be expected.
0.006% arsenic is due to its slightly Summary and Conclusions
higher carbon and manganese con- Mechanical Properties The effect of arsenic on the
tent. weldability and notch toughness of
Arsenic up to 1.2% appears to
General Comments have no effect on work-hardening mild steel to API Grade B analysis
rate or strain-aging characteristics. has been studied by reference to
Weldability Tests It has no effect on the notched- published results on this grade of
The electrodes selected for the impact transition temperature of steel, and on commercial rimming
experimental work are of a type coarse-grained silicon-killed labo- and killed steels, and by experi-
commonly used for pipe welding and ratory-melted steel, in either the mental work on laboratory-melted
have deep-penetration character- normalized or strain aged condition, heats.
istics. This is confirmed by the until the content reaches a value While some difference was noted
calculated dilution in the tests which between 0.08 and 0.29% when in regard to the effect of arsenic on
ranges from approximately 30% to increasing arsenic promotes higher notch toughness as between labo-
approximately 75° according to transition temperatures. The re- ratory and commercial steels, in
conditions and operator. Such elec- sults reported by Houdremont sug- general the experimental results do
trodes will pick up substantially gested that arsenic raises the tran- not conflict with published data.
more arsenic than those of a type sition temperature of strain-aged It is concluded that arsenic must
producing less penetration so that fine-grained laboratory-melted mild be present in the Grade B plate in
the selected combination of elec- steel when the content reaches excess of 0.10% to produce any
trode and plate represents the worst some value between 0.04 and 0.12%; effect on weld strength, ductility,
conditions of arsenic pickup likely this tends to confirm the work freedom from cracking or notch
to be met in practice. The Reeve reported here but it should be noted toughness.
test and controlled thermal-severity that the transition temperatures Furthermore, the same _ con-
test require welds to be made under are below 0° C. clusions would be reached in respect
conditions of restraint, which may of rimming or killed steels of higher
be described as extremely and Comparison Between the Literature Sur- sulfur and phosphorus contents than
moderately severe, respectively. vey and Experimental Results Grade B steel, provided they are
The “‘hot-cracking”’ laboratory tests The survey suggested that the within the normal sulfur and phos-
(Murex and Fishbone) need to be arsenic content of the plate must phorus limits of 0.06% max.
linked with practical experience; exceed 0.2% before any effect on It should be emphasized that to
the conditions selected represent the weld-metal cracking can be ob- find any effects due to arsenic, it
worst met in practical welding on served. has been necessary to use much
structural steels. The experimental work using greater arsenic contents than would
The arsenic content of the un- E7010 electrodes indicates that the arise in normal steels; indeed the
diluted weld metal from the 6 SWG arsenic content of the plate must value of 0.10% arsenic below which
electrodes at 0.046% is higher than exceed 0.10% in steel of the API no effect is produced is itself two or
the normal level. Grade B quality before it has any three times as high as would be
Bearing the above facts in mind effect on hot cracking and must be present in normal steels. Conse-
it may be said that any con- very much greater (0.5%) to have quently, there is no need to dif-
clusions reached regarding the in- any influence on weld-metal root ferentiate between steels of higher
fluence of arsenic on weldability cracking in highly restrained fillet or lower arsenic content, provided
based on the work reported herewith joints. this does not exceed 0.10%.

49%6-s | DECEMBER 1959

 é <P
APR,
t ¥
PRENUIN adds strength,

helps prevent squeaks, leaks, and rattles in Rambler’s

all-welded, single-unit construction of body and frame.

Extension side roof and roof panel on a

Rambler Cross Coun ry station wagon be-
ing joined by oxyacetylene braze welding
with Anaconda-997 (Low Fuming)
Bronze Rod. Braze weld between rear
quarter pillar and side roof rail (to left)
is one of several made primarily to pre-
vent water leakage. American Motors
welding engineers have found braze weld-
ing with Anaconda-997 (Low Fuming )
Bronze Rod to be an efficient and econom-
ical production tool. The alloy bonds to
steel easily. The relatively low application
temperature minimizes distortion and
makes it easy to control weld metal. Weld-
ing operations on a moving assembly line
are fast, and finishing time is reduced. The
rod’s low fuming characteristics make
normal ventilation facilities ace juate.

There are up to 30 areas, depending on

the model, where braze welding is used to
2 gee ETYLENE braze welding is being used increas- augment electric welding to give Ameri-
can Motors Ramblers an all-welded, single-
ingly for economical as eembly of many steel unit construction of body and frame with
high strength, safety, and quiet operation.
articles which do not lend themselves to joining by are American Motors claims for this construc-
tion elimination of squeaks and rattles, also
welding or resistance spot welding. Applications range better utilization of space and greater
durability
from auto bodies and appliance cabinets to frames for
bicycles. In most cases, Anaconda distributors can help
you select the rod for your job. But if you have a special
problem, Anaconda welding engineers are at your ser-
vice. Write: The American Brass Company, Waterbury
iDA
20, Conn. In Camada: Anaconda American Brass Ltd.,
WELDING ROD AND WIRE
New Toronto, Ontario.
5979 Made by The American Brass Company
For details, circle Ne. 8 on Reader Information Card
 _ : — —_ =

Weld any contour with precise arc control

Mae be Wmot-b lei rers a-t- Nelo Me ov E-Kel-1_;

Model E Heliweld Head

|
ray WELIWELL
AUTOMAI)
HEAD

NEW Airco Automatic Heliweld Head

Get top quality welds every time — even on easily with the 3” or 12” offset arms. Tilting
irregular contours or in restricted areas — with mechanism provides accurate, controlled welding
Airco’s new Automatic Heliweld Head. With this through 360°.
new design, you’re sure of precise arc length con-
trol over all surfaces . . . accurate, automatic Take your choice of two models. Model E takes
welding in all positions ...vibration- and wobble- electrodes up to 24”. Model D takes electrodes
free operation ail the time. What’s more, you can to 7”, and is provided with rotatable offset arms
set it to weld aluminum (on AC) or ferrous of 3” and 12”, greatly increasing your ability to
materials (on DC) —at the flick of a switch. Sensi- weld hard-to-reach spots.
tivity is maintained with argon or helium.
The new Airco Automatic Heliweld Head is Get full details on the new Airco Automatic
right at home on the toughest jobs. Internal cir- Heliweld Head now. Call your nearest Air
cumferential seams, for example, are handled Reduction Office.

On the west coast—

| Air Reduction Pacific Company
Air REDUCT ION SALES COMPANY __ iiternationatty-
Airco Company International
A division of Air Reduction Company, Incorporated In Cuba—
Cuban Air Products Corporation
150 East 42nd Street, New York 17, N.Y. In Canada—
Air Reduction Canada Limited
Offices and authorized dealers in most principal cities All divisions or subsidiaries
of Air Reduction Company, inc.
For details, circle No. 9 on Reader information Card