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Yearly warship publication containing the following articles: French Treaty Cruisers: the Middle Period, The Underside of Warship Design, Post War Cruiser Designs for the Royal Navy 1946-1956, The High Speed Submarines of the I 201 Class, The Design of the Castle Class, The Breakout Fleet: The Oceanic Programmes of the Regia Marina 1934-1940, Project 82: The Stalingrad Class, Battleship end-notes Abmirante Latorre and Chiyoda II First Armoured Cruiser of the Imperial Japanese Navy.
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100% found this document useful (5 votes)
2K views212 pagesWarship 2006
Yearly warship publication containing the following articles: French Treaty Cruisers: the Middle Period, The Underside of Warship Design, Post War Cruiser Designs for the Royal Navy 1946-1956, The High Speed Submarines of the I 201 Class, The Design of the Castle Class, The Breakout Fleet: The Oceanic Programmes of the Regia Marina 1934-1940, Project 82: The Stalingrad Class, Battleship end-notes Abmirante Latorre and Chiyoda II First Armoured Cruiser of the Imperial Japanese Navy.
Uploaded by
SaskJackCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 212
EDITOR
John Jordan i former languages teacher wh bas writen for
defence magaines which incite Navy Intemational, Defence
ara Jen's Defence Weeks. He ithe author of to major books
fn the postwar Soviet Navy, and wis responsible for the
sections on France, the Netherlands a Belgium iy Con's
All the Word's Fighting Ships 1947-95. He has been associated
with Wears since its eet heginning, and in recent yrs
has contributed a series of articles on the French Marine
Nationale of the intervar ad postwar periods He took over
the Editors athe end of 2004
MAIN CONTRIBUTORS
It has always been the poliey of Warship wo publish a wide
variety of work, and this is reflected in the different
backgrounds and expertise ofthe contribucors to his volume.
David K Brown spent the whole of his working life as a
member of the Royal Corps of Constructors, ering as Deputy
Chief Naval Architect in 1988. He is Vice-President of the
Royal Institution of Naval Architects. He has publishes! many
‘books and articles on warship design with one or more in every
year of Warship
Enrico Cerauschi and Vincent O'Hara have collaborated on |
1a number of projects. Cemuschi has written over 150 articles
‘maritime subjects an is coauthor ofthe definitive Le nav
dla guera italiane 1940-1945. C'Hata’s work has recently
appeared in several publications. He is the author of The
German Fleet at War 1939-1945 (Naval Institute Press, 2004)
and is now working on a book on the Pacific War, 1941-45,
Hans Lengerer is an acknowledged expert on the Imperial
Japanese Navy, an has written many books and articles on the
subject, including a number for Warship
Stephen MeLaughlin is librarian ae the San Francisco Public
Library. Besides being a regular contributor to Warship, he is
the author of Russian and Soviet Batdeshps (Naval Institute
Press, 2003) and co-author with R.D. Layman of The Hybrid
Warship (Conway Maritime Press, 1991). He is currently
working on a hook about Russian ironclads and coast defence
ships
Kathrin Milanovich has been researching the history of the
Innperil Japanese Navy for many years, and has previously
contributed an article for Warship on the British-buile cruisers
Noni and Takachio.
George Moore constituted numerous articles to Warship on |
British warship building programmes fom the 1930s onward
He was co-author (with David K Brown) of Rebuilding the Royal
[Naty (Chatham Publishing, 2003). George died in May 2005.
Tan Sturton is a regular contributor of both aicles and
Akstrations to aval jurals, and also edited Contay’s Al he
Word's Baeeskps
Conrad Waters is a barrister by alning but a banker by
profesion. The author of a number of articles on movlern
naval history, he is public relations officer for the group
attempting £0 return the Second World War sloop HMS:
Whintrel to the UK
£30.00 RRP. WARSHIP 2006 WARSHIP 2006
Founding Editor: Antony Preston
Editor: John Jordan
Assistant Editor: Stephen Dent
©
CONWAY Frontispiece:
“The French cnuiser Foch in March 1937. The photograph gives a pasicuart goo view of the distinctive structure ofthe fremast, in
which che two outer legs ane used to support the HA fine control divectors. Note the two rangefnders in che main DCT, painted white
to reflect the hot sun and thereby prevent distortion of the optics, with the black range clock beneath. The rangefinder turret atop the
conning tower was fied afer completion. The single 90mm HA guns pore and starboard ae in shies andl beneath ther, fied tothe
angled sides ofthe deckhouse, ave the paraveres
‘The eurets are named afer the campuiens with which General Foch was idensified, and the nameplates for the inlvidual guns
relate to particular ations or place-names within chose campaigns. They read as follows: No.1 ewret LA MARNE, with che gus
named FERE-CHAMPENOISE and MONDEMENT; No.? turret L'YSER; the poreside gun is named DIXMUDE, but the name-
plate forthe starboard gun is obscured. (Marius Bar)
© Conway Maritime Press 2006
First published in Great Britain in 2006 by
CConvay Maritime Press
A division of Anova Books
151 Freston Road
London W10 6TH
wwmconwaymaritime.com — wwwanovabooks.com
All rights reserved No part ofthis publication may be reproduced,
stored ina retrieval sytem, or transmitted in any form or by any
‘means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, rocording of
‘otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher
Britis Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A recond of this ile is available on request fom the British Library.
ISBN 10: 1 844860302._ISBN 13: 9781844860302
Design and layout by Steve Dent
Reproduction by Anorax Imaging Led, Leeds
Printed in Singapore by Kyodo Printing Co Pre Led CONTENTS
fem McCallum (1929-2005), George Moore (1938-2005)
Biitorial
FEATURE ARTICLES
French Treaty Cruisers: the Middle Period by John Jordan
The Underside of Warship Design: A Preliminary History of Pumping and Drainage
Part 2: The Dreadnought Era by Stephen MeLaughlin
Post War Cruiser Designs for the Royal Navy 1946-1956 by George Moore
‘The High-Speed Submarines of the I 201 Class by Hans Lengerer
The Design of the ‘Castle’ Class: a Personal View by D K Brown
The Breakout Fleet: The Oceanic Programmes of the Regia Marina, 1934-1940
by Enrico Cernuschi and Vincent O'Hara
Project 82: The Stalingrad Class by Stephen McLaughlin
Battleship end-notes: Almirante Latorre by lan Sturton
Chiyoda (II): First ‘Armoured Cruiser’ of the Imperial Japanese Navy
by Kathrin Milamovich
REVIEW SECTION
Warship Notes
Navies in Review 2005
Reviews
Warship Gallery
Index
28
38
59
78
86
102
124
126
137
167
188
202
207 lain McCallum 1929-2005
George Moore 1938-2005
T past year has not been a good one for Warship. As
the 2005 edition was going to press, we were all
greatly saddened to heat of the death of the annual’
founding editor, Ancony Preston. Teibutes to Antony
from the Editor, Publisher and a number of conteibutors
appeared in Warship 2005. Then in May, while the annu-
‘al was being printed, it lost two more regular contibutors:
George Moore and lain McCallum.
‘George was hor in 1938, and following a family eadi-
tion joined Lloyds Bank for the whole of his working life.
His last appointment was as Senior Manager at
Peterborough until his retirement in 1993. He and his
wife Jackie settled in nearby Elton where he became very
involved in village ite
He soon became an active and very carefl worker in
the history of HM Ships. He was a frequent visitor to the
Public Record Office (now The National Archives) and
to the Plans Collection of the National Maritime
‘Museum. Not content with these sources he found his way
into Windsor Caste to verify Royal approval of names of
British ships of the Second World War. This led to his
hook Building for Victory (World Ship Society, 2003,
reviewed in Warship 2004) clarifying the confused story of
‘wartime building programmes with all theie changes, can-
cellations and delays. This valuable book is supplemented
by a monograph Admialy Job Numbers 1939-1945.
"He was also co-author with DK Brown of Rebuilding the
Royal Navy (Chatham Publishing, 2004, reviewed in
Warship 2005), a fll account of post war British desiges.
There were numerous articles for Warship, the mageine
Warship Intemational and for the World Ship Society max
azine. All his writing showed the same determination to
get it ight and complete. When he died he had just com-
pleted an article on postwar RN cruiser designs, and this
can be founcl in this edition, Warship would like to offet
particular thanks to DK Brovin and John Roberts for their
help in getting this final arccle into print.
‘George was always willing to answer questions from
anyone but particularly through the World Ship Society
information service. A frequent speaker at the World Ship
Society Naval Meetings his other interests included rail-
‘ways, sailing, village life and his family. All those involved
in the Warship annual will greatly miss both his meticu-
lous research and his hearty, good humoured, no-nonsense
lain McCallum was bors in. 1929 and worked for the
British Council where he won a cohort of friends world-
wide, and acquired a very wide range of interests. His frst
book, The Riddle ofthe Shells, dea with the procuremenc
of shells before and during the First World War for both
the Army and Navy. Although it failed to find a publish-
cr, the naval aspects were published under the same title
in Warship editions 2002-3, 2004 and 2005 and proved to
be very popular, generating a lot of positive feedback from
the annuals readers. His next book, Blood Brothers: The
Lives and Times of Hiram and Hudson Maxim, was pub-
lished by Chatham in 2003, and tells the story of the
Maxim brothers of machine gun and flying machine fame.
Then came a complete change with a study of a litle
known 18th century painter, Thomas Barker of Bath: The
Arist and His Circle, published by Millstream Books in
2003,
Even when he was il, Iain was always a most welcom-
ing host to Warshi's Assistant Editor during the prepara
tion of The Riddle ofthe Shells for publication in the ann:
al. He was always willing to sit down and go through
things, whether in relation to matters of gunnery and
projectiles, or the possibly even more arcane field of
modern computerised publishing, It is hoped that the
remaining part of The Riddle of the Shells, concerned with,
the problems faced by the army, will find a publisher in
due course.
‘George and Iain were both fine historians, and Warship
is much the poorer without them. All those involved with,
the annual extend their deepest condolences to the farni-
lies and friends of both. EDITORIAL
F irstly, many thanks to those of our regular subscribers
who returned the questionnaire enclosed with theit
copy of last year’s Warship. It is good to know how much
sex enjoy the annual ~ all but a handful of those who
serured questionnaires have been regular readers since
‘Worship began in January 1977 ~ and the generally posi-
sve nature of your responses is much appreciated by those
of us who work hard to put the book together over the
cours of the year. Your complaints, small in number but
se less heartfelt on the part of those who made them,
ave been noted, as have your many suggestions for future
Sanutes. One of the aspects of the exercise which was
Sent encouraging was that we were already starting 0
ssove in the direction many of you would like us to take,
224 hopefully this will be apparent inthe format and con-
sent of this year's annual
Beginning with Warship 2005 we made a decision that
future line drawings would not be published across the
‘ete’ uns this were strictly necessary chis is clearly a
change which many of you will welcome. We are also
encouraging our authors to produce articles which are
sepropriately ‘sized for the annual. This will hopefully
seslt in fewer lengthy treatises on difficult ‘technical
subjects and obscure classes of warship; i will ako mean
shat an article will normally be completed within a single
Ssue, rather than being spread across two or three annu-
als. This is a delicate area, and we are conscious of the
seed for balance. Warship has always been a forum for arti
cles beyond the mainstream and our authors are, by and
lenge, individuals who have undertaken extensive and
original research on a particular area of naval history
which they are anxious to share with an informed reader-
ship. You have our assurance that there will be no ‘dumb-
‘ng down’, nor will there be a narrowing of our scope. On.
the contrary, that scope will not only be maintained but
broadened; future issues of Warship will include articles on
the British HACS fire control system of the interwar peri
od, on the Royal Navy postwar guided missle tial ship
Girdle Ness, on the destroyer base at Port Edgar on the
Firth of Forth, as well as on the smaller European navies,
with our coverage increased to take in the postwar
NATO/Warsaw Pact era.
This year’s annual sees the publication of the final art-
cle in George Moore's series on the postwar Royal Navy
The aticle traces the development of the postwar cruiser
designs from the 16,000-ton Nepeume ofthe late war peri-
od through the various Minotaur proposals, later variants
of which were to be equipped with highly-automated
dual-purpose main guns, modern sensors and fire control
systems, past the abortive ‘Cmuiser/Destroyer’ of 1949 to
the ‘Guided Weapons’ (GW) designs of the mid-1950s
What stands out in all of this is the considerable effort,
expended both by the various committees and sub-com-
iittees set up to consider all aspects of the cruiser issue
and by the constructors, who were changed with drawing
up one series of studies after another without any appre-
ciable outcome. George Moore rightly describes the quest
for cruisers after the Second World War as'a sorry saga for
the Royal Navy’.
There is a similar feel to Stephen McLaughlin’ article
on the Stalingrad-class battlecruisers designed postwar for
the Soviet Navy. Stephen traces the development of the
plans for these ships through the labyrinthine processes of
Soviet policy-making and bureaucracy. If ever there was
ship ‘designed by committee’ then it was the Stalingrad,
the requirements for which seem to have derived from
Stalin’ ‘gut feeling’ about the qualities required fora ship
capable of defending the approaches to the USSR's open.
frontiers in the Arctic and the Black Sea. Deprived of
Stalin's patronage after the dictator’ death in March
1953, the design had to stand on its own merits, and by
this time Stalmgrad and her two sisters had fewer Support-
crs than detractors. Admiral Kuznetsov, recently reinstat-
ced as Navy Minister, was among the latter and construc-
tion was promptly cancelled. The story of the grounding,
of the prematurely-launched hull ofthe Stalingrad and the
subsequent attempts at salvage make a fitting end to a
story of a ship whose conception and construction are
mired in confusion and incompetence.
After an absence from Warship of twelve years, Hans
Lengerer returns with an article on the IJN’s equivalent of
the German Type XXI, the submarines of the I 201 class,
designed for a sustained underwater speed of 20 knots
Derived from the experimental prototype No.7! laid
down in 1937, the I 201 design depended on high-capac-
ity batteries and a hull-form which minimised resistance,
with retractable deck guns and a small elliptical conning
tower. Unfortunately development was plagued by prob:
lems with the machinery and underwater stability; the
three boats completed between February and May 1945
entered service too late to change the course ofthe Pacific
War, and thei trials were protracted due to serious tech-
nical problems, Litele has been published about this revo-
lutionary design in the English Language, so Hans
Lengerer’s article, which traces the development of the
class from conception to completion using a range of pri-
mary and secondary Japanese-language sources, is particu
larly weleome.
‘Also on the subject of the Imperial Japanese Navy, but
from a more distant era, is Kathrin Milanovic’s article on
the cruiser Chiyoda. Built by J & G Thomson of
Clydebank, Glasgow, during the late 1880s, Chiyada was
auite diferent both in her overall configuration and in
hher equipment from the French-buile cruisers then in
service with the IJN, and despite her modest displacement
was given a waterline belt which led to her classification
as an ‘armoured’ rather than as a ‘protected? cruiser. AS
such she can be considered the predecessor of the larger WARSHIP 2006
armoured cruisers built for Japan after 1892. The poor
quality of Japanese coal was to prove a major problem for
the locomotive-type boilers fitted by the ship-builders,
and these would later be replaced by boilers of the
Belleville watertube type. Kathrin Milanovie’s article,
which is based on Japanese-language sources, also looks at
the service history of the Chiyoda, and in particular the
damage sustained when the ship struck a Russian mine in
July 1904 during the Japanese blockade of Pore Arthur.
Drawing up grandiose plans to enhance national pres-
tige seems to go hand in hand with dictatorships, and
Mussolini Italy was no exception. In this year's Warship
Vincent O'Hara andl Enrico Cernuschi outline the litte-
known proposals dating from the early 1930s for a Flota
Aevasine, or ‘Breakout Fleer’, intended to force the
Strats at either end of the Mediterranean and to operate
in the Atlantic, the Indian Ocean and the Persian Gulf
The brainchild’ of Admiral Cavagnati, the fleet would
have comprised no fewer than nine battleships, three air
craft carriers, 36 cruisers andl oceanic scouts, 142 destroy-
cers and torpedo boats, and 84 submarines, to be complet-
ced by 1942. One of the more interesting features of the
programme was the ‘pocket battleship’ design, an Italian
version of the German Panzersciff, powered by FLAT.
diesels and armed with six 254mm (10in) guns in triple
turrets fore and aft: Predictably, the plan was to prove
beyond Italy's financial and industrial eapabilities, but it
provides a fascinaring insight into the Regia Marina’
thinking both from a strategic and technological view-
point
David K Broven's contribution to this year’s annual is an
article with a personal touch, When David was with the
Royal Comps of Naval Constructors, one of the projects he
‘worked on was the design of the Offshore Patrol Vessels of
the ‘Castle’ clas. In the article he traces the development
of these successful ships, now at the end of their active
service lives, from conception to completion. Davids per-
sonal insights into the design process wil he weleomed by
those interested in knowing how a set of staf require-
‘ments evolves into a living, breathing ship.
Finally, the Exlitor completes his study of the French
interwar Treaty’ cruisers with a detailed look at the erus-
ers Sujfren, Colbert, Fock and Duplex. These ships have
generally been treated as a class by standard reference
books, but the truth is more complex. Using oficial plans
fiom the French archives at Chatellerault, the author
aims to show that the frst two ships, despite major differ-
ences in their external appearance and layout, were infact
virtually identical between decks, whereas the last two
ships, although similar to Colbert in external appearance,
difered from their predecessors by chet radically different
protection system, and! from one another by the scale of
their protection. The article corrects some serious errors
which are still in evidence in both French- and English-
language secondary sources, and clarifies the confusions
surrounding the propulsion system installed in each of the
four ships.
Last year we re-introduced the ‘drawing’ feature which
graced many of the earlier Warship quarterlis. For this
year’s feature lan Sturton has provided drawings of the
Chilean battleship Amirante Latorre, as_ originally
designed by Armstrong, together with drawings of a pro
posed AA moxlernisation by Vickers immediately after the
Second World War. We welcome similar short features
from other naval artists who would like to see their work
‘showease! in this way.
This year’s ‘Navies in Review” section has been again
compiled by Conrad Waters, and is complemented by our
castomary ‘Warship Notes’, book reviews and photo
gallery. ‘Warship Notes’ has traditionally been our forum
for reader contributions, and this year is no exception,
with A’ & A¥ and further responses to Antony Preston's
Word's Worst Warships firmly on the agenda. However, we
hhave also used the space available this year to publish a
number of shore articles on items of naval technology or
naval history to complement the longer feature articles in
the main seetion of the annual
‘We have had an encouraging respanse to last year’s
request for a greater involvement of the readership with
the annual, Quite apart from the questionnaires, we have
had numerous e-mails and letters from readers comment-
ing on material we have published and offering eontribu-
tions. Several feature articles have now been commie
sioned from people who have never before contributed to
Warship, and we hope that this process of ‘renewal’ will
continue in the coming years. If you are reading this edi-
torial as a ‘casual’ or first-time purchaser of Waeship, we
encourage you to become a regular subscriber; this’ not
only gives you the advantage of a substantial discount in
price with the annual delivered to your door, br it makes
it much easier for us to bring you into the consultation
process by which we hope to move the annual forward
into the future
John Jordan
New contact details
At Warship we invite contributions and comments
from our readers. If you are interested in writing for
us or simply wane co express your views about current
or future issues, please contact us at Warship’s new
postalfemail address:-
JOHN JORDAN
Editor Warship
Conway Matitime Press
151 Freston Road
LONDON Wi10 6TH FRENCH TREATY
CRUISERS:
THE MIDDLE PERIOD
Even before the orders for Duquesne and Tourville had been placed, the French Naval
General Staff was already concerning itself with the characteristics of a new 10,000-ton
cr
t to be laid down the following year. This ship, Suffren, was in her turn followed by
the cruisers Colbert, Foch and Dupleix. Approved at the rate of one per year between 1925
and 1929 (the 1928-29 programmes were effectively combined), each ship incorporated
incremental improvements, so that Dupleix emerged as a significantly different ship to
Suffien. Following his article on Duquesne and Touruille in last year’s Warship, John Jordan
analyses the discussions that attended the development of their successors, and looks at
how the key considerations are reflected in each of the four designs.
©) nce the design for France’ first pair of Treaty cruis-
cers had been finalised the Naval General Staff
immediately began to consider how the programme would
proceed, andl it was decided that a single ship of a modi-
fied design would figure in the 1925 tranche. On the one
hhand there were concerns regarding the low level of pro
tection it had been possible to provide for Duquesne and
Tonle, particularly once it became known that the
Iealians had managed to incorporate a TOmm belt with a
5mm armoured deck in their own first Treaty cruisers,
the Trenco and Trieste; on the other the General Staff was
anxious that the high speed of the Duquemes should not
be seriously compromised in the new design. The first
rnote tothe STCN addressing the proposed characteristics
of the new cruiser was dated [1 February 1924, some three
‘months before the order for the first two ships was place.
Like their counterparts in the Royal Navy and US Navy,
the French constructors were condemned to an endless
game of ‘catch-up’, the latest thinking having to be
cmmbodied in new designs not only long before their pred
ecessors could be completed, but often before they had
even been laid down,
The characteristics requested by the Naval General
Staff forthe new eruiser were as follows:
~ a standard (Washington) displacement of 10,160 tonnes
0,000 long tons);
= a main armament of eight 203mm in twin turrets as
Duquesne, but with only 120 rounds per gun (the mag-
azines woukd, however, have a capacity equivalent to
150epm, which would be embarked only in time of
war)?
fan anti-aircraft armament comprising eight single
75mm (500rpg), eight 40mm (1000rpg), and twelve
8mm MG;
= @ torpedo armament of at least two triple 550mm
mountings with six reloads;
an endurance of 5000nm at 15 knots.
‘Aside from the reduction in the number of rounds pro-
vided for the main guns, these characteristics were identi
cal to those adopted for Duquesne and Tourville atthe time
the onders were placed with the Naval Dockyard of Brest
and Lorient. While the first two ships were under con-
struction the 40mm AA would be replaced by the 37mm.
Model 1925, and the number of torpedo reloads would be
reduced to three, and these modifications would be incor-
porated in the third ship.
However, the other characteristics demanded by the
General Staff reflected a new emphasis on survivability at
the expense of speed. They were:
~ a hull with sufficient buoyancy and stability to survive
the effects of a direct hit from a 550mm torpedo or a
near miss by a 100kg bomb, enabling the ship to pro-
‘ceed under its own power at reduced speed;
= protection over the ship’ vitals sufficient 1 resist a
direct hit by a 14cm shell or a 100kg bomb;
= the maximum propulsive power compatible with the
above requirements, ideally for 33 knots
‘The initial studies by the STCN suggested that this level
of protection was attainable only at the cast of two knots
in speed, and that the simplest and most cost-effective
way of achieving it was to reduce propulsive power by a
quartet. Two boilers and one set of curbines would have to WARSHIP 2006
be sccrficed, leaving a chree-shafe installation producing
90,000shp for 31.6 knots at fll load 4
In onder to minimize changes to the overall layout of
the ship the engineers adopted ‘simmed-down’ machin-
xy spaces af, with single boilers in separate boiler rooms
(coch of the after boiler rooms in the Duguesnes housed
two boilers side by side), and a single ser of turbines to