BIBLIOASIA

APR – JUN 2017 Vol. 13 / Issue 01 / Feature

Lim Tin Seng is a Librarian with the National (Facing page) Aerial photograph of ongoing reclamation work in Tuas. Photo by Richard W. J. Koh. All rights
Library, Singapore. He is the co-editor of reserved, Koh, T. (2015). Over Singapore (pp. 108–109). Singapore: Editions Didier Millet.

LAND
Roots: Tracing Family Histories – A Resource (Below) This lithograph (c. 1850) by Lieutenant Edwin Augustus Porcher from the British Royal Navy
Guide (2013), Harmony and Development: shows the view as seen from South Boat Quay, where Singapore’s first reclamation took place in 1822.
Courtesy of the National Museum of Singapore, National Heritage Board.

o
ASEAN-China Relations (2009) and
(Bottom) Named after George Chancellor Collyer, then Chief Engineer of the Straits Settlements, Collyer
China’s New Social Policy: Initiatives for
Quay was built on reclaimed land by convict labour and completed in 1864. Courtesy of National Archives
a Harmonious Society (2010). He is also a of Singapore.
regular contributor to BiblioAsia.

FROM
SAND Singapore’s Reclamation Story
Over the past two centuries, Singapore’s
land area has expanded by a whopping 25
percent – from 58,150 to 71,910 hectares (or
578 to 719 sq km).1 This gradual increase
in land surface is not because of tectonic
movements or divine intervention, but
rather the miracle of a man-made engi-
neering feat known as land reclamation.
The quest for land is as old as time
immemorial; one of the reasons nations
go to war is to gain new territory to sup-
port a growing population. Land-scarce
Singapore, however, has elected to create
new land by reclaiming it from the rivers
and the seas.

Boat Quay: The First Reclamation Project

Many people think of land reclamation in
Singapore as a fairly recent phenomenon,
but in actual fact the earliest reclamation
project took place in colonial times. When
Stamford Raffles landed at the mouth of
the Singapore River in January 1819, the
lay of the land was vastly different from
what we see today. The river was flanked by
mangrove swamps and mosquito-infested
jungle, and what is now Telok Ayer Street
and Beach Road were coastal areas that
hugged the sea.
It did not take long for the British to get was built along the river’s edge to prevent conceived by the Municipal Engineer,
down to business. Singapore was officially the water from overflowing into the land. George Chancellor Collyer.
claimed by Raffles as a colony, and just four The process took about four months and Collyer wanted to build a seawall to
years later, the island witnessed the first gave rise to a crescent-shaped area known serve as a landing site and a road behind it
of its many topographic transformations. today as Boat Quay. This, together with what so that merchants could have their estab-
The first land reclamation project in was left of the hillock, became Commercial lishments facing the waterfront. This would
Singapore took place in 1822 at the south Square – and eventually, Raffles Place – the not only improve the “aspect of Singapore’s
bank of the Singapore River. Initially, Raf- heart of the commercial district as mapped waterfront”, but also allow the merchants
fles had eyed the Esplanade-Rochor River out in Raffles’ 1822 town plan of Singapore.3 to keep an eye on the movement of ships
beach front, north of Singapore River, as carrying their goods. Indeed, some of the
the commercial district. But as the area first buildings constructed along Collyer
Collyer Quay: Creating the Waterfront
Thanks to land reclamation, the tiny red dot has broadened was unsuitable for shipping activities due
to shallow waters and the surf, Raffles Boat Quay and Commercial Square grew
Quay were linked at the second storey by a
verandah that faced the sea. Peons armed
its shores substantially. Lim Tin Seng discovers just how altered his town plan accordingly.2 rapidly. By the late 1860s, the mercantile with telescopes would be stationed along
As the south bank occupied a low- community had outgrown the site, spilling the verandah to announce the arrival of
much Singapore has grown since colonial times. lying marsh that was prone to flooding, a over to another reclaimed strip of land to their company ships.5
hillock near where Battery Road is located the south. Known as Collyer Quay, this As work on the foundation of the
today was levelled to provide earth to fill stretch – from Johnston’s Pier to the old seawall could be carried out only when the
the wetlands. About 300 coolies were hired Telok Ayer Market – was reclaimed between tide was at its lowest ebb, an occurrence
to carry out the work and an embankment 1859 and 1864.4 This was part of a scheme that took place once every fortnight, the

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BIBLIOASIA APR – JUN 2017 Vol. 13 / Issue 01 / Feature

reclamation proceeded at a glacial pace. June 1937 by Governor Shenton Thomas, government agencies appointed to carry out Phases III and IV began simultaneously in
It took three years for the seawall to be who declared it the “finest airport in the land reclamation in Singapore. But first, 1971 at both ends of the newly reclaimed
completed and another year to lay the world”. PWD Director Major R. L. Nunn before any work began, a pilot project was East Coast strip. When work was completed
road behind it.6 said that it was an “audacious engineering carried out by the HDB in 1963 to reclaim in 1975, Phase III had added 67 hectares of
achievement”.20 48 acres in the Bedok area. land to the foreshore fronting Tanjong Rhu
Even as Kallang Basin was being Work on the East Coast Reclamation and Queen Elizabeth Walk, while Phase IV
First Reclamation at Telok Ayer: reclaimed, the authorities had embarked site began officially in 1966 and would con- added 486 hectares from Bedok to Tanah
Redrawing the Coastline on another project in June 1932. This tinue for a remarkable 30 years over seven Merah Besar.
In the late 1800s, Collyer Quay was further would add 47 acres to the Beach Road phases.25 Phases I and II from Bedok to the Phase V involved the reclamation
expanded when the Telok Ayer Reclamation Reclamation site to create a foreshore tip of Tanjong Rhu took place between 1966 of Telok Ayer Basin. Starting in 1974, it
Scheme was commissioned. Carried out that would stretch from Stamford Road and 1971, resulting in 458 hectares of land extended the already reclaimed foreshore
between 1879 and 1897, it altered the shore- to Rochor River. The site, also known as as well as a 9-km stretch of sandy beach. by 34 hectares and expanded the basin.
line of Telok Ayer by extending it seaward Raffles Reclamation Ground, was created
with a 42-acre tract.7 The aim was to create by two earlier reclamations that took place
new land so that thoroughfares, including in the 1840s and 1890s. The reclaimed land reclamation: how does it work? By the mid-1980s, however, these
Cecil Street, Robinson Road and Raffles land was used to build Alhambra and resources began to run out and Sin-
Quay, could be built to link the commercial Marlborough cinemas, Beach Road police The proposed site for reclamation is gapore had to import sand from neigh-
district and the new port at Tanjong Pagar station, and the Singapore Volunteer Corps first investigated to determine seabed bouring countries. This soon became a
via Telok Ayer.8 Previously, these two areas Headquarters and Drill Hall (the former conditions, availability of fill materials problem when the cost of foreign sand
were cut off by the hills of Mount Wallich, Beach Road Camp). The open land also as well as the shape and alignment of skyrocketed from less than $20 per
Mount Palmer and Mount Erskine, making regularly hosted football matches and the reclaimed area. Environmental sq m in the 1970s to $200 per sq m in
the movement of goods between the port circus shows.21 studies are then carried out to assess the 90s. The situation hit crisis levels
and town cumbersome.9 This latest reclamation plan would the impact on water quality, water when Malaysia and Indonesia banned
This reclamation project was a com- turn the Beach Road shoreline into a level, tidal flow, sedimentation and the export of sand to Singapore in 1997
plex one as the Public Works Department “new waterfront”, with a bridge built over marine life. and 2007 respectively.
(PWD) had to blast out parts of Mount Stamford Canal to provide a “waterfront Work proper begins with the A lthough Singap or e had to
Wallich and Mount Palmer in order to drive” from Anderson Bridge to Kallang. To erection of containment dykes made turn to other countries for sand, it
create an opening into Tanjong Pagar. The An aerial view of the Central Business District in the 1950s with the octagonal-shaped Telok Ayer Market complement this vision, a 6-acre reclama- of sand and rock around the perimeter recently developed a more sustain-
earth from the excavations was then used (Lau Pa Sat) on the left and Clifford Pier jutting out into the sea on the right. In the foreground is Telok tion project was commissioned in 1939 to of the area to be reclaimed. Materials able method that has reduced the
Ayer Basin where small vessels once anchored. The tidal basin was eventually reclaimed in the 1970s. such as cut-hill soil, sand and clay amount of sand needed for reclama-
as landfill to create Telok Ayer Bay. The enlarge the Esplanade along Connaught
© Urban Redevelopment Authority. All rights reserved.
work was tedious as the hills were rocky Drive to create a 600-yard tract linking are then transported from other sites tion works. Called empoldering, it
and the sides had to be cut and graded. In Anderson Bridge to Stamford Canal. to fill the enclosed area. The newly has since been successfully deployed
addition, the shoreline had to be drained The plan for the new harbour, the project had ballooned from 2.5 to 15 The Beach Road and Esplanade recla- reclaimed land must be allowed to by the HDB for the on-going reclama-
while keeping a section of it accessible unveiled in 1902 and revised in 1904, was million Straits dollars.17 mations were completed at a cost of about settle naturally over time before any tion of Pulau Tekong. 27
so that fishermen could continue their drafted by the engineering firm Coode, 1.2 million Straits dollars. However, the structures can be built. In most cases,
trade. By 1886, the stretch extending into Son & Matthews, and entailed reclaiming waterfront vision did not materialise until however, the process is speeded up
Cecil Street was completed, allowing the an 88-acre tract with a 5,000-ft long sea-
Kallang Basin and Beach Road after World War II when Merdeka Bridge with soil improvement methods.26 Reclamation work taking place at Pasir
colonial government to start leasing the wall that stretched from Johnston's Pier The hefty cost of the Telok Ayer Tidal Basin (now Nicoll Highway) was built and the Since the first reclamation pro- Panjang. With rising costs and restrictions
reclaimed land to merchants.10 to Tanjong Malang where Palmer Road project did not stop the colonial government Esplanade reclamation site was turned ject carried out in 1822, fill materials on sand exports placed by neighbouring
countries, Singapore has turned to technology
stands today. The initial plans were more from commissioning more reclamations. into a park known as Queen Elizabeth Walk have traditionally comprised soil to try reduce the amount of sand needed for
ambitious but, in the end, the authorities In August 1931, it unveiled a massive rec- (now Esplanade Park).22 excavated from inland hills and sand reclamation work. Photo by Ria Tan. Courtesy
Second Reclamation at Telok Ayer: decided to scale back their plans due to lamation project at Kallang Basin for the The Kallang Basin and Beach Road dredged from surrounding seabeds. of WildSingapore.
An Unexpected Tidal Basin budgetary constraints.13 construction of Kallang Airport. Costing reclamations would be the last major land
As merchants moved into the reclaimed Work began smoothly at first but in 9 million Straits dollars, it involved the rec- reclamation projects in colonial Singapore.
lands of Telok Ayer, commercial activities 1910, problems began to surface when lamation of 339 acres of mangrove swamp It would take another 30 years before any
began to expand westward. This led to the dredging operations commenced. When dubbed “the worst mosquito-infested land more new land would be reclaimed from the
development of Tanjong Pagar and the engineers discovered that the seawall was on the island”. Due to the complexity and sea. In total, about 300 hectares (3 sq km)
growing importance of New Harbour (re- sinking, work was suspended. At the time, cost, the PWD was asked to lead the project. were added during the colonial period. While
named Keppel Harbour in 1900) as the main 65 out of the 88 acres of land had been And perhaps to prevent the repetition of this is not a figure to be sniffed at given the
port-of-call in Singapore.11 However, many reclaimed and 4,120 feet of the seawall the Telok Ayer Basin fiasco, the PWD first technology available at the time, it would be
traders, especially those using smaller ves- erected. However, as the construction of carried out extensive soil surveys. It also dwarfed by the island’s post-Independence
sels such as prows and junks, still preferred the seawall had been carried out simul- allowed large areas of the basin to dry out reclamation activities. Between 1965 and
to anchor near the Singapore River as it was taneously on both ends, the engineers completely first before filling it.18 2015, Singapore would reclaim an astound-
closer to Commercial Square. were left with an incomplete seawall The filling operation started in May ing 13,800 hectares (138 sq km) of land.23
Between 1893 and 1903, the arrival and a gaping 880-ft space in between.14 1932 using a workforce of over 400 coolies.
of such vessels mushroomed from 7,062 To salvage the project, engineers When completed in October 1936, the
to 10,974, causing the Singapore River to reinforced the foundations of the seawall construction of the airport had already
East Coast: The Great Reclamation
become congested and polluted. In Octo- and allowed it to settle for the next 10 started.19 Comprising a terminal build- The first major post-Independence recla-
ber 1898, a Commission was appointed to years. Thereafter, the unclaimed area ing, two hangars, a circular landing field mation project was the East Coast Recla-
address this problem. The report, issued would be converted into a tidal basin for and a slipway for seaplanes, it occupied mation. Dubbed the “Great Reclamation”,
in June 1899, recommended that a new anchoring small vessels with the gap almost three quarters of the 339 acres of it added a 1,525-hectare tract along the
harbour be built along Raffles Quay, pre- in the seawall serving as an entrance.15 reclaimed land. The remaining land was southeastern coast of the island.24 The
cipitating the second reclamation project Construction resumed in 1930 and was set aside for the airport’s future expansion. project was undertaken by the Housing
at Telok Ayer.12 completed in 1932.16 By then, the cost of Kallang Airport was declared opened in and Development Board (HDB), one of three

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BIBLIOASIA APR – JUN 2017 Vol. 13 / Issue 01 / Feature

(Right) The East Coast district of Singapore with Katong in the foreground. Marine Parade stretches from
the flyover to the lagoon near Bedok Jetty. The strip parallel to Marine Parade Road with the highrises is
land that has been reclaimed from the sea. Photo by Richard W. J. Koh. All rights reserved, Koh, T. (2015).
Over Singapore (pp. 140–141). Singapore: Editions Didier Millet.
(Below) The East Coast Reclamation, which began in 1966, was carried out over seven phases spanning-
some 30 years. The project culminated in the creation of Marina Bay in the mid-2000s. In the background
of this photograph taken in 1976 are the beginnings of the Marina Bay reclamation site taking shape, with
the east coast in the far distance. © Urban Redevelopment Authority. All rights reserved.

On completion of this phase in 1977, the coast. Parallel to the expressway, a linear
reclamation formed a new site known as park was built to provide recreational
Marina Centre and a massive lagoon. This space for residents. Today, East Coast Park
was followed by another two phases in 1979 comprises 185 hectares of parkland and a
– Phases VI and VII – which extended the scenic 15-km beach.32
newly reclaimed foreshores of Tanjong Rhu The other end of the reclaimed land
and Telok Ayer Basin to create Marina East around Marina Bay was to provide space
and Marina South respectively. Together in time to come for the expansion of the
with Marina Centre, these plots formed a city centre. Amazingly, the idea of this new from Toa Payoh. Completed in 1971, the of the new land was reserved for public place in 1963 to reclaim 46 hectares of Pesek Kecil – into a single entity called
660-hectare reclaimed site called Marina downtown core was conceived several site was used for public housing and in- housing and recreational purposes. land for the Jurong Industrial Site. This was Jurong Island. The massive project was
City and later Marina Bay.28 decades before the first soaring skyscrap- dustrial development.35 Additionally, the HDB embarked on followed by a string of reclamations in the carried out in four stages at a cost of $6
The total cost of the East Coast pro- ers arose here in the 21st century. Today, Next, the HDB reclaimed a stretch reclamation projects for other government 1970s that added over 2,000 hectares in billion. When completed in 2003, Jurong
ject was $613 million. Fill materials were the Marina Bay area has become the new along Singapore’s west coast between agencies. For instance, between 1990 and Jurong and Tuas. These lands were used Island gave Singapore a substantial 3,000
obtained from multiple sources, including downtown with a stunning waterfront set- 1976 and 1978 to create 89 hectares of 1995, it reclaimed about 30 hectares of for the expansion of the industrial estate hectares of new industrial space. Today,
Siglap Plain and the hills in Bedok and ting and a mix of office and commercial land for the development of Clementi land in the north and northwest for the as well as for the construction of shipyards Jurong Island is home to more than 100
Tampines,29 where the earth was cut by developments, a mega hotel and casino New Town. Along with it, the West Coast Ministry of Home Affairs to expand the to support the marine sector. In the late petroleum, petrochemical and speciality
bucket wheel excavators before being resort, high-rise luxury apartments, and Highway was constructed to link Jurong Woodlands Checkpoint and construct the 80s, the Tuas site was further extended chemical companies.43
transported by a conveyor belt to a jetty off gardens and parkland.33 with the eastern part of the island. The fill new Tuas Checkpoint respectively. The HDB by 650 hectares, and a golf course and a
Bedok. There, the earth was loaded onto To make this a reality, further rec- materials for this project were excavated also carried out reclamation works for the park subsequently added to inject some New Lands for Infrastructure and
barges and transported to fill the area to lamation was carried out around the bay from Clementi.36 Singapore Tourism Board and Ministry of greenery to an otherwise industrial area.41 Recreation: MPA
be reclaimed. The entire operation was between 1990 and 1992 to create an urban This was followed by several other National Development on Pulau Ubin and JTC’s reclamation works al so
carried out around the clock, with head- waterfront promenade. This 38-hectare reclamation projects: the addition of 44 the Southern Islands.39 extended to the islands off the southwestern The Maritime and Port Authority of Singa-
lands constructed at regular intervals off project involved filling up Telok Ayer hectares of land along the coast of Pasir Between 1965 and 2015, the HDB coast. From the late 1980s, Pulau Bukom pore (MPA) – formerly Port of Singapore
the reclaimed coast to protect the newly Basin as well as extending Collyer Quay Ris between 1979 and 1980, 277 hectares reclaimed 3,869 hectares of land – roughly and Pulau Busing were enlarged, while Authority or PSA – reclaimed land primarily
formed shoreline.30 and the shoreline of Marina South facing of swampland off Punggol between 1983 one third of the total reclaimed land on the Pulau Ayer Merbau, Pulau Seraya and to develop the Port of Singapore and Changi
The reclaimed lands were used largely Marina Bay.34 and 1986 as well as the reclamation of island. The rest were overseen by two other Pulau Sakra were merged with the sur- Airport. Its earliest project took place in
for commercial and residential purposes. 685 hectares of foreshore and swampland government agencies, the Jurong Town rounding islets to provide new land. Most 1967 when 23 hectares of land were re-
In the east coast, housing estates such along the northeast coast from Pasir Ris to Corporation (JTC) and the Maritime and of these reclaimed islands were used for claimed to build Singapore’s first container
as Marine Parade and Katong sprang up,
Other Reclamation Projects by HDB Seletar between 1985 and 2001.37 Port Authority of Singapore.40 the petrochemical industry.42 terminal at Keppel Harbour. The Tanjong
providing accommodation for an estimated While the east coast was being reclaimed, The latter included the reclamation of As the industry grew, JTC embarked Pagar Container Terminal opened in 1971
100,000 residents.31 To link the housing the HDB simultaneously carried out 155 hectares from the foreshore of Coney on a reclamation scheme of mega propor- with three container berths.44
estates as well as the commercial centres reclamation projects elsewhere on the Island and Punggol. Fill materials for these
New Lands for Industries: JTC tions in 1993, merging seven southwestern Between 1972 and 1979, some 61
in Siglap, Joo Chiat and Bedok to the city, a island. In 1963, the reclamation of Kallang projects were either imported or obtained The reclamation projects undertaken by islands – Pulau Merlimau, Pulau Ayer acres of foreshore along Pasir Panjang
major arterial road, the East Coast Parkway, Basin began, with some 400 hectares of from sites in Woodlands, Tampines, Pasir JTC in the west of the island were mainly Chawan, Pulau Ayer Merbau, Pulau Seraya, were reclaimed by the PSA. This was
was constructed along the newly reclaimed its swampland filled using earth taken Ris, Yishun, Seletar and Zhenghua.38 Much for industries. The earliest project took Pulau Sakra, Pulau Pesek and Pulau part of a larger effort to move lighter

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BIBLIOASIA APR – JUN 2017 Vol. 13 / Issue 01 / Feature

cargo operations from Telok Ayer Basin, respectively.49 The reclamation was carried the smaller Pulau Tekong Kechil island
Rochor River and Kallang River to a new over five phases from 1992 to 2004. with Pulau Tekong.53
wharf with warehousing and berthing Like HDB, the MPA has been helping
facilities for lighters and coastal vessels.45 other government agencies to reclaim
A decade later, PSA announced additional islands around Singapore. Using dredged
The Future
reclamation works at Pasir Panjang to materials from ongoing reclamation pro- It is certain that land-scarce Singapore will
construct a new container terminal. The jects, which would otherwise be dumped press ahead with reclamation to meet the
first two phases were carried out from into the sea, public beaches and recreational demands of its growing population in the
1993 to 1999.46 In June 2015, reclamation waterfronts were created at the foreshore foreseeable future. In the 2013 Land Use
works under the final two phases were of the Southern Islands. On St John’s Plan, the Ministry of National Develop­
launched and are slated for completion Island, Lazarus Island, Sisters’ Island and ment has noted that there is a need to
by the end of 2017.47 Kusu Island, facilities such as landing jet- provide an additional 5,600 hectares of
PSA’s reclamation works for Changi ties, chalets, beach shelters and sanitary land by 2030. This is to accommodate the
Airport began in 1975 when it super- facilities were built on the reclaimed land.50 expected increase in population, rising
vised the reclamation of 745 hectares Over in Sentosa, reclaimed land has been from the present 5.7 million to between
of land along Changi coast for the con- used to build hotels and a golf course, and 6.5 and 6.9 million.
struction of the airport. 48 The adjoining to create new beaches. But there are limits to land reclama-
seabed provided the fill material. In MPA also undertook the first recla- tion – the rising cost of imported sand, the
1990, another massive reclamation was mation of Pulau Tekong (formerly known deleterious impact on the ecosystem and
carried out for the expansion of Changi as Pulau Tekong Besar). Carried out the encroachment of shipping lanes and
Airport as well as for mixed-use devel- between 1981 and 1985, it reclaimed 540 territorial limits, among others. As an
Since the first reclamation works began in 1822, opments in the area. hectares of foreshore using fill materi- aggressive land reclamation programme
Singapore’s land area has expanded by almost 25 The plans were updated in 1998 – by als from Changi and imported from is not tenable in the long term, Singapore
percent from 58,150 to 71,910 hectares. The areas which time PSA had been renamed MPA neighbouring countries.51 The enlarged is looking at other ways of maximising its
shaded in pink indicate how much land has been
reclaimed thus far. The areas in red show possible – to reclaim over 2,000 hectares of land island was subsequently used by the land space; this includes the development
plans for future reclamation and indicate how much at Changi East. About 820 hectares were Ministry of Defence as a training site for of reserve land, intensifying land usage in
of the island’s original coastline may change by 2030 allocated for the development of a fourth the military.52 In 2000, another reclama- new developments, and reusing and rezon-
if these plans come to fruition. Map source: https:// terminal and a third runway, while 125 tion effort to enlarge Pulau Tekong by a ing old industrial areas and golf courses for
blogs.ntu.edu.sg/hp331-2014-10/?page_id=7
hectares and 639 hectares were reserved further 3,310 hectares was approved. more productive purposes.54 
for the Changi Naval Base and industries Overseen by the HDB, it involved merging

Harbour improvement scheme. (1904, October 22). The p. 1; The colonial secretary’s review of the year 28 Housing and Development Board, 1972, p. 45; Housing Reclamation project approved. (1984, October 20). The completed. (1972, May 2). New Nation, p. 3. Retrieved
Notes Straits Times, p. 5. Retrieved from NewspaperSG; Dale, improving soil on estates. (1936, October 26). Malaya and Development Board, 1977/78, p. 38; Housing and Straits Times, p. 15. Retrieved from NewspaperSG; Chia, from NewspaperSG.
1 Singapore Land Authority. (2016, May 19). Total land area 1999, pp. 18–19. Tribune, p. 21. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. Development Board, 1980/81, p. 41; Goh, H. C., & Heng, L. S., et. al. (1988). The coastal environmental profile of 46 Tender for Pasir Panjang terminal. (1992, October
of Singapore. Retrieved from Data.gov.sg website; Tan, H. 12 Dobbs, 2003, pp. 10–11; Legislative Council. (1898, October 20 The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser C. K. (2016). Shaping Singapore’s cityscape through Singapore (p. 43). Manila: International Centre for Living 30). The Business Times, p. 3. Retrieved from
T. W., et al. (2010). The natural heritage of Singapore (p. 78). 17). The Straits Times, p. 3; The Singapore River. (1899, June (1884–1942), 1 Nov 1934, p. 1; The Straits Times, 12 urban design. In Heng, C. K. (Ed.), 50 years of urban Aquatic Resources. (Call no.: RSING 333.917095957 CHI) NewspaperSG; Singapore. Parliament. Parliamentary
Singapore: Prentice Hall. (Call no.: RSING 508.5957 NAT) 14). The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser Jun 1937, p. 10.The Straits Times, 14 Jun 1937, p. 18; planning in Singapore (p. 228). Singapore; New Jersey: 38 Tan, Y. H. (2009, December 20). Punggol renewal. The debates: Official report. (1992, May 29). Reclamation
2 Buckley, C. B. (1984). An anecdotal history of old times (1884–1942), p. 3. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. Governor opens airport. (1937, June 13). The Straits World Scientific. (Call no.: RSING 307.1216095957 FIF); Straits Times, p. 51. Retrieved from NewspaperSG; (Pasir Panjang) (Vol. 60, col. 36). Singapore: Govt. Print.
in Singapore 1819–1867 (pp. 68, 75). Singapore: Oxford 13 Singapore Harbour. (1902, January 23). The Straits Times, Times, p. 1. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. Loo, D. (2005, July 22). Marina Bay the new brand name. Singapore. Parliament. Parliamentary debates: Official Off. (Call no.: RSING 328.5957 SIN)
University Press. (Call no.: RSING 959.57 BUC-[HIS]) p. 3; The harbour scheme. (1904, June 7). The Singapore 21 New waterfront scheme may be postponed. (1940, July The Straits Times, p. 6. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. report. (1997, July 28). Estimates of expenditure for 47 Lim, A. (2015, June 24). Pasir Panjang Terminal’s $3.5b
3 Buckley, 1984, pp. 75, 82–83, 88–89; Urban Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser (1884–1942), p. 3; 22). The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser 29 Housing and Development Board, 1980/81, p. 41; Campbell, the financial year 1st April, 1997 to 31st March, 1998 expansion kicks off. The Straits Times. Retrieved from
Redevelopment Authority. (2016, July 28). Boat Quay. Singapore River improvements. (1906, December 13). The (1884–1942), p. 5. Retrieved from NewspaperSG; Dorai, W. (1970, June 30). On the waterfront things are moving. The (Vol. 67, col 1123). Singapore: [s.n.]. (Call no.: RSING ProQuest via NLB’s eResources website.
Retrieved from Urban Redevelopment Authority website. Straits Times, p. 8. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. F. (2016). South Beach: From Sea to Sky: The Evolution Straits Times, p. 10. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. 328.5957 SIN) 48 Biggest land reclamation contract in S-E Asia. (1976,
4 Collyer of Quay fame. (1933, June 29). The Singapore 14 Important Singapore port improvement. (1932, of Beach Road (p. 26). Singapore: South Beach. (Call no.: 30 Housing and Development Board, 1966, pp. 10–11; 39 Housing and Development Board, 1990/91, p. 48; March 4). The Straits Times, p. 15. Retrieved from
Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser (1884–1942), p. 88. September 27). The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile RSING 959.57 DOR-[HIS]); Savage, P., & Yeoh, B. S. A. Housing and Development Board, 1967, p. 48; Housing Housing and Development Board, 1994/95, p. 53; NewspaperSG.
Retrieved from NewspaperSG; Buckley, 1984, p. 689. Advertiser (1884–1942), p. 4; Untitled. (1910, August 17). (2013). Singapore street names: A study of toponymics and Development Board, 1972, p. 45; Housing and Housing and Development Board, 1999/2000, p. 59. 49 'Yes' to reclamation at Sentosa and Changi East. (1990,
5 The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser (p. 32). Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Editions. (Call no.: Development Board, 1977/78, p. 38. 40 Government of Singapore. (2017, February 4). November 10). The Straits Times, p. 26. Retrieved from
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