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Network Protocol

➢ A network protocol is an established set of rules that determine how data is ➢ List of Network Protocols :
transmitted between different devices in the same network. It allows connected
devices to communicate with each other, regardless of any differences in their
• Communication
internal processes, structure or design.
• Network management
➢ A protocol suite is a collection of protocols that are designed to work together.
• Security

  ⚫   ⚫

Luccy
Alix Hi.. Hi..
Alix
Hello.. Hello..
Luccy

010101
Send 010101 Send

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Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI Model)

➢ OSI model is a conceptual model which provides standards and enables 7. Application
divers communication systems to communicate with each other.
Protocols

6. Presentation
➢ OSI model created by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Protocols

5. Session
➢ OSI model was published in 1984. Protocols

4. Transport
➢ OSI model partitions a communication system into 7 abstraction layers. Protocols

3. Network
Protocols
➢ A layer serves the layer above it and is served by the layer below it.
2. Data Link
Protocols
➢ Each layer has a set of protocols.
1. Physical
Protocols

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TCP/IP Model

➢ TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol.

➢ TCP/IP Model was designed in 1970s.

4. Application
Protocols

➢ TCP/IP Model is a set of communications protocols

used for communicating computers over the Internet.
3. Transport
Protocols
➢ TCP/IP Model is named from two of the most important
protocols in it : the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
and the Internet Protocol (IP). 2. Internet
Protocols
➢ The original TCP/IP Model consists of four layers.

1. Network Interface
➢ TCP/IP Model known as Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP).
Protocols

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Comparison of TCP/IP and OSI Layering

OSI Model

7. Application
Original TCP/IP Model Updated TCP/IP Model
Protocols

6. Presentation 4. Application 5. Application

Protocols Protocols Protocols

5. Session
Protocols

4. Transport 3. Transport 4. Transport

Protocols Protocols Protocols

3. Network 2. Internet 3. Network

Protocols Protocols Protocols

2. Data Link 2. Data Link

Protocols 1. Network Interface Protocols

Protocols
1. Physical 1. Physical
Protocols Protocols
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Layer 7 (Application Layer)

➢ The Application Layer contains a variety of protocols that are commonly needed by applications.

➢ Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).

➢ Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS)

Chrome FileZilla Telnet Outlook Internet µTorrent

➢ File Transfer Protocol (FTP).

Data

➢ Teletype Network (Telnet).

➢ Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP).

➢ Domain Name System (DNS).

Protocols
➢ BitTorrent (BT)

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Layer 6 (Presentation Layer)

➢ The Presentation layer is responsible for the formatting and delivery of information to the application layer
for further processing or display.

ABCD

Character Encoding
Chrome FileZilla Telnet Outlook Internet µTorrent
ASCII, UTF-8, UTF-16 01100
11010

Data Compression

JPEG, MPEG, MP3 01100 Protocols

11010 Data

Encryption/Decryption

SSL 01100
11010
Protocols

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Layer 5 (Session Layer)

➢ The Session Layer provides the mechanism for opening, closing and managing a session between end-user
application processes.

❖ Services :

Authentication Authorization

user  read Protocols

********  write
Data Flows

❖ Protocols : Data

• Remote procedure call protocol (RPC)

• Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP)

• Session Control Protocol (SCP) Protocols : RPC, PPTP, SCP, SDP

• Session Description Protocol (SDP).

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Layer 4 (Transport Layer)

➢ The Transport Layer provides the communication services directly to the application processes running on
different hosts.

Data Flows
❖ Protocols :

• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) .

• User Datagram Protocol (UDP) . Protocols

❖ Services : Data Segmentation

Segment
• Connection-oriented network (TCP) .

• Connectionless network (UDP) .

• Segmentation and reassembly .

-------------------------------------------------------------
• Errer Recovery .

Protocols ( TCP, UDP )

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Layer 3 (Network Layer)

➢ The Network layer is responsible for packet forwarding between different networks through intermediate
routers.

❖ Services : ❖ Protocols :

• Host addressing. Network B • IPv4/IPv6.

• Packet forwarding. SwitchB • ICMP

• IPsec
PC2

Network A Network C

SwitchA SwitchC

Packet
PC1
PC3
Protocols: IPv4, IPv6
3. Network Layer

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Layer 2 (Data Link Layer)

➢ The Data Link Layer transfers data between adjacent network nodes in WAN, MAN and LAN.

❖ Services :

• Encapsulation of packets into frames. Frames

• Frame synchronization. Ethernet Switch
• Flow control.
• Physical addressing.
• Frame Switching.
• Error detection and correction. Protocols: Ethernet, ATM, CDP, LLDP, PPP, MPLS, HDLC

❖ Protocols :

• Ethernet. • Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP).

• Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM). • Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS).
• Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) . • High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC).
• Link Layer Discovery Protocol (LLDP).

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Layer 2 (Data Link Layer) - Sublayers

➢ The Data Link Layer is an interface between the network and physical layer. It is further subdivided into two
protocol sublayers medium access control (MAC) and logical link control (LLC).

Frames
(LLC) sublayer
2. Data Link Layer Protocols

Protocols
(MAC) sublayer

Protocols

➢ The medium access control (MAC) sublayer. ➢ The logical link control (LLC) sublayer.

• Prepend/remove preamble. • Synchronization.

• Append/remove/check FCS. • Flow control.
• Discard malformed frames. • Error management.
• Moving data frames from one NIC to another.
• Control for accessing the transmission medium.

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Layer 2 (Data Link Layer) - MAN

➢ Data Link Layer transfers data between adjacent network switches in a MAN network.

Bank

➢ Multiservice Switch

Internet
Bank

Bank

Frames

2. Data Link Layer

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Layer 2 (Data Link Layer) - WAN

➢ Data Link Layer transfers data between adjacent network routers in a WAN network.

Internet
C

Bank A
Bank B
B E
WAN F
A

LAN2
LAN1
D
2. Data Link Layer
Frames

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Layer 1 (Physical Layer)

➢ The Physical Layer converts data link layer frames into bits and puts them on the network medium.

Frame Frame

• Electrical signals ( Analog or Digital).

Frames Protocols

0011001101 0011001101
• Wi-Fi signals.
bits Protocols : Media, Signal, Binary Transmission.

• LED Light or Laser pulses.

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Data Encapsulation (OSI model)

➢ Data Encapsulation is the process of putting headers or trailers to the data supplied by the higher layer.

➢ The header and data at each layer are called Protocol Data Unit (PDU).

7. Application Data L7 Header L7 PDU

Protocols

6. Presentation Data L6Header

L6 Header L6 PDU
Protocols

5. Session Data L5
L5Header
Header L5 PDU
Protocols

4. Transport Data L4Header

Header L4 PDU
L4
Protocols

3. Network Data L3 Header

L3 Header L3 PDU
Protocols

2. Data Link L2 Trailer Data L2 Header L2 PDU

Protocols

1. Physical 010110101000101110100101101110001010101100010101101100100
Protocols
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Data De-encapsulation (OSI model)

➢ Data De-encapsulation is the process of removing the header and the trailer from the PDU before
passing it up to the higher layer.

7. Application Data L7 Header L7 PDU

Protocols

6. Presentation Data L6 Header L6 PDU

Protocols

5. Session Data L5 Header L5 PDU

Protocols

4. Transport Data L4 Header L4 PDU

Protocols

3. Network Data L3 Header L3 PDU

Protocols

2. Data Link L2 Trailer Data L2 Header L2 PDU

Protocols

1. Physical 010110101000101110100101101110001010101100010101101100100
Protocols
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Data Encapsulation and De-encapsulation (TCP/IP model)

PC1 PC2

Data Encapsulation Data De-encapsulation

5. Application Data Data 5. Application

Protocols Protocols

4. Transport Header Data Header Data 4. Transport

Protocols Protocols

3. Network Header Segment Header Segment 3. Network

Protocols Protocols

2. Data Link Header Packet Trailer Header Packet Trailer 2. Data Link
Protocols Frame Frame Protocols

1. Physical 1. Physical
Protocols
010110101000101110100101101 010110101000101110100101101 Protocols

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Data Encapsulation and De-encapsulation (TCP/IP model)

PC1 Switch Router Switch PC2

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Data Encapsulation and De-encapsulation (TCP/IP model)

PC1 Switch

Data Encapsulation Data De-encapsulation

5. Application Data
Protocols

4. Transport Header Data

Protocols

3. Network Header Segment

Protocols

2. Data Link Header Packet Trailer Header Packet Trailer 2. Data Link
Protocols Frame Frame Protocols

1. Physical 1. Physical
Protocols
010110101000101110100101101 010110101000101110100101101 Protocols

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Data Encapsulation and De-encapsulation (TCP/IP model)

Switch Router

Data Encapsulation Data De-encapsulation

Header Segment 3. Network

Protocols

2. Data Link Header Packet Trailer Header Packet Trailer 2. Data Link
Protocols Frame Frame Protocols

1. Physical 1. Physical
Protocols
010110101000101110100101101 010110101000101110100101101 Protocols

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Data Encapsulation and De-encapsulation (TCP/IP model)

Switch
Router

Data Encapsulation Data De-encapsulation

3. Network Header Segment

Protocols

2. Data Link Header Packet Trailer Header Packet Trailer 2. Data Link
Protocols Frame Frame Protocols

1. Physical 1. Physical
Protocols
010110101000101110100101101 010110101000101110100101101 Protocols

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Data Encapsulation and De-encapsulation (TCP/IP model)

Switch PC2

Data Encapsulation Data De-encapsulation

Data 5. Application
Protocols

Header Data 4. Transport

Protocols

Header Segment 3. Network

Protocols

2. Data Link Header Packet Trailer Header Packet Trailer 2. Data Link
Protocols Frame Frame Protocols

1. Physical 1. Physical
Protocols
010110101000101110100101101 010110101000101110100101101 Protocols

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