Human Trafficking in Illinois

Fact Sheet
Charles Hounmenou, Ph.D.
2015

Jane Addams Center for Social Policy and Research 1040 West Harrison Street
Jane Addams College of Social Work Chicago, Illinois 60607
University of Illinois at Chicago Phone: 312-413-2302 Fax: 312-996-1802

"It ought to concern every person, because it is a debasement of our common humanity. It ought to concern every community, because it tears at
our social fabric. It ought to concern every business, because it distorts markets. It ought to concern every nation, because it endangers public
health and fuels violence and organized crime. I’m talking about the injustice, the outrage, of human trafficking, which must be called by its true
name -- modern slavery.” Remarks by President Obama to the Clinton Global Initiative, September 25, 2012.

OVERVIEW OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING

Definitions
Human trafficking (or trafficking in persons) is the act of recruiting, harboring, ♦ Forced child labor. Although children may legally engage in certain forms of
moving or obtaining a person, by force, fraud or coercion, for the purposes of work, children can also be found in slavery or slavery-like situations.
involuntary servitude, debt bondage or sexual exploitation (TVPA 2000).
♦ Unlawful recruitment and use of child soldiers. This form of human trafficking
Persons do not have to be transported internationally to be considered victims involves the unlawful recruitment or use of children—through force, fraud, or
of human trafficking. For instance, it is human trafficking when a person is moved coercion—by armed forces as combatants or for other forms of labor. Some child
by force or lured from one neighborhood to another or from one city to another for soldiers are also sexually exploited by armed groups.
prostitution purposes.
While it is commonly believed that trafficking takes place only for commercial sexual
Major forms of trafficking in persons are: sex trafficking; child sex exploitation or forced labor, trafficking also occurs under some other forms such as
trafficking; forced labor; forced child labor; bonded labor or debt trafficking in human organs.
bondage; domestic servitude; and unlawful recruitment and use of child
soldiers.1 Trafficking in human organs, including trafficking in persons for organ removal, has
developed into a global problem. It involves the harvesting and sale of organs from
Sex trafficking. When an adult engages in a commercial sex act, such as unwilling donors or donors who sell their organs in ethically questionable circumstances.
prostitution, as the result of force, threats, fraud, coercion or any combination It is happening in many places throughout the world, but especially in China. An
of such means, that person is a victim of sex trafficking. estimated $50 billion is collected annually by organ traffickers around the world. The
trafficking in human organs has been recognized as a significant health policy issue in
Commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC), also referred to as the international community. A World Health Assembly resolution adopted in 2004
(WHA57.18) urges Member States to “take measures to protect the poorest and
child sex trafficking. When a person under 18 years of age is recruited,
vulnerable groups from ‘transplant tourism’ and the sale of tissues and organs”. In May
enticed, harbored, transported, provided, obtained, or maintained to perform a
2014, NBC 5 INVESTIGATES found hundreds of people in Illinois who were willing to
commercial sex act, that person is a victim of CSEC. Proof of force, fraud, or sell kidneys for thousands of dollars.2
coercion is not necessary for the offense to be characterized as trafficking.
CSEC includes child prostitution, child sex tourism, trafficking of children for Global estimates
sexual purposes, child pornography, and forced marriage.
Human trafficking affects every country in the world, as country of origin, transit or
Forced labor, also referred to as labor trafficking. When a person uses force destination. Victims from at least 127 countries have been found to be exploited
or physical threats, psychological coercion, abuse of the legal process, in 137 countries.3
deception, or other coercive means to compel someone to work.
The clandestine nature of human trafficking makes it very difficult to arrive at authentic
♦ Bonded labor or debt bondage. One form of coercion is the use of a bond numbers. The numbers provided for all groups of victims of trafficking tend to remain
or debt. Some workers inherit debt; for example, in South Asia it is estimated the same, and are based on guesstimates rather than empirical research. These
that there are millions of trafficking victims working to pay off their ancestors’ numbers enter official records and become facts which may be confidently quoted
debts. Others fall victim to traffickers or recruiters who unlawfully exploit an initial by anyone because they are the only figures available.4
debt assumed, wittingly or unwittingly, as a term of employment.
The United Nations estimates the total market value of illicit human trafficking at 32
♦ Domestic servitude. A form of human trafficking found in distinct billion US dollars, which ranks it as the world’s third most profitable crime after illicit
circumstances—work in a private residence—that creates unique vulnerabilities drug and arms trafficking.5
for victims. It is a crime in which a domestic worker is not free to leave her job.

Human Trafficking in Illinois – Fact Sheet – Updated November 2015

The International Labour Organization estimates that 20.9 million people are ▪ Data from the more than 40 federally funded human trafficking task forces
victims of forced labor, of whom 14.3 million are victimized in economic operating across the United States reveal that only 11 % of the investigations
activities such as agriculture, domestic servitude, construction, and opened by these task forces between 2008 and 2010 were for labor trafficking
manufacturing.6 violations.14

Of approximately 215 million children laboring full-time, about 50% are A Glimpse of Profits from Sex Trafficking
subjected to “the worst forms of child labor,” including slavery, forced labor,
commercial sexual exploitation, drug trafficking, and armed conflict as child Pimps may earn hundreds of thousands of dollars, probably $150,000-$250,000
soldiers.7 every year from child prostitution.15

Victims of human trafficking are very often not identified as victims of a crime, but A 2014 study by the Urban Institute about the sex trade in eight U.S. cities
rather considered as persons who have violated migration, labor or prostitution showed that this business generated between $39.9 million and $290 million in
laws. Sometimes, people do not consider themselves victims of trafficking. revenue.
Identifying trafficking victims requires special knowledge such as the ability to
distinguish trafficking from migrant smuggling, and knowledge of trafficking In 2002, Oakland police identified 218 minors actively being prostituted by 155
indicators. pimps. The girls were 11-15 years old. Each girl had a quota of approximately $500
a day, which was turned over to the pimps. The amount of money made by the
SCOPE OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN THE U.S.A. pimps through sexual exploitation of these 218 girls was estimated to be
approximately $32,700,000 a year.16
Statistics
Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children (CSEC)
The United States is considered the world’s major destination for human
trafficking. There are no reliable statistics about victims of CSEC in the United States or any
state. The situation on the quantification of CSEC is characterized not only by widely
Due to a lack of reliable statistics, the estimate of 14,500-17,500 has been differing figures and lack of comprehensive research, but also by very different
widely used without any variations for over 12 years, in most trafficking-related definitions. Data on children are frequently hidden within and confused with data on
research and reports, as the official number of people who are trafficked into adults.17
the United States from over 50 countries each year.
In 2014, an estimated 1 out of 6 endangered runaway children reported to
From December 7, 2007 to June 30, 2015, 21,434 human trafficking cases the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children were likely sex trafficking
nationwide consisting of 42,401 identified victims were reported to the National victims. Of those, 68% were in the care of social services or foster care when they
Human Trafficking Resource Center (NHTRC). These statistics are based ran.18
exclusively on 103,026 signals, consisting of 91,045 calls, 5,307 web forms, and
6,674 e-mails about human trafficking received by the NHTRC in that period.8 It is estimated that 75% of children in prostitution are under the control of a pimp.19

From January 1, 2015 to June 30, 2015, out of 11,001 calls received nationwide, Pimps target vulnerable victims, particularly runaways or children from
2,794 human trafficking cases consisting of 5,506 identified victims were dysfunctional families. Victims do not often realize the deceiving nature of pimps’
reported nationwide to the NHTRC. interest in them, viewing them as a caretaker and/or boyfriend. A pimp’s use of
psychological manipulation coupled with physical control (i.e., threats, violence, or
From January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2014, 5,043 human trafficking cases drug addiction) can make a victim feel trapped and defenseless.20
nationwide consisting of 9,106 identified victims were reported to the NHTRC.
Most studies about CSEC focus on girls, despite literature reviews indicating that a
Over 50% of all victims in human trafficking incidents reported to the NHTRC substantial number of victims of this form of human trafficking are boys.21 Boys and
are U.S. citizens and lawful permanent residents (LPR). young men are rarely rescued as victims of sex trafficking or identified as people
arrested for prostitution.22
U.S. citizens and LPR accounted for 63% of sex trafficking victims reported to
the NHTRC in 2009. Likewise, 66% of suspected traffickers in reported A 2008 study, The Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children in New York City,
trafficking cases are U.S. citizens and LPR.9 estimated that approximately 50% of victims of CSEC in the U.S. are boys.23

Of the foreign victims trafficked into the U.S., approximately 50 % are under ECPAT-USA’s (2013) study, And Boys Too, discovered that boys make up almost
the age of 18 years, and 80% are female.10 half of the CSEC victims in the United States. 24

According to a 2014 report by the Urban Institute, 71 % of all international Dr. Tom Philpott was the first researcher to openly describe and decry the pervasive
human trafficking victims arrive in the U.S. on a lawful visa, most commonly yet hardly discussed issue of boy prostitution in the United States. He exposed many
for domestic work or for work in the agricultural, hospitality, construction, and atrocities associated with this phenomenon in the early 1980s on the Alternative
restaurant industries.11 Views TV program. In 1991, it was alleged that Tom had committed suicide. Yet,
back in 1982 in an article published in Texas Monthly, Tom revealed that he had
Local and federal law enforcement officials deem labor trafficking (or been shot at and had received several death threats concerning his active role in
forced labor) a low priority, as the following statistics show: exposing boy prostitution in the United States.25

▪ A survey of law enforcement, prosecutors, and service providers in 60 counties The article “The Case of the Campus Crusader” in Texas Monthly of May 1982
across the United States found that in states with anti-trafficking laws, 44% of revealed the threats and hatred Tom faced for being strongly outspoken about high
law enforcement investigators and 50 % of prosecutors reported that their states profile businessmen and political leaders preying on prostituted boys, mostly white
either did not have legislation about labor trafficking or they were not aware of children, in big U.S. cities including Houston, Chicago, and New York. The
it.12 documentary about Tom’s research, Boys for Sale, is available at
http://www.archive.org/details/AV_126_127-BOYS_FOR_SALE
▪ A nationally representative survey of law enforcement agencies in the United
States found that no units or positions exist within local law enforcement to
2
specifically investigate labor trafficking cases.13
Human Trafficking of Persons with Disabilities From January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2014, 140 human trafficking cases in
Illinois consisting of 291 identified victims were reported to the NHTRC.
There is little research on the impact of trafficking on individuals with disabilities
in the United States. Yet, people with physical or intellectual disabilities are very From December 7, 2007 to March 31, 2015, 682 human trafficking cases
likely to be forced into sex or labor trafficking. This vulnerable population remains statewide consisting of 1,312 identified victims were reported to the NHTRC) out
one of the groups most at risk of being trafficked.26 of 2,818 calls received.

A few cases of labor trafficking of people with disabilities across the United In metropolitan Chicago, 16,000 to 25,000 women and girls are involved in the
States are highlighted below. commercial sex trade annually, with one third of them first getting involved in
prostitution by the age of 15 years, and 62% by the age of 18 years.33
● According to a CBS news report of December 20, 2011, titled Philadelphia
“Basement of Horrors” 5 charged in hate crime, murder of mentally disabled According to The National Center for Missing & Exploited Children, 84 children
victims, a group of individuals abducted mentally disabled adults and confined below age 18, including 60 girls and 24 boys, have been missing from January
them in a basement, forcing some into prostitution, causing the death of two 2010 to October 2015 in Illinois. It is very likely that most of these children have
victims, in a scheme to steal their social security checks. One of the mentally become victims of domestic human trafficking.34
disabled men found locked the basement testified that he had spent the last 10
years locked in rooms and closets across the country. It is estimated that 175,000 different johns in Chicago buy sex from
women and girls in prostitution every year. In addition, it is estimated that
● According to an article in Tampa Tribune of April 13, 2010, titled “Feds: Man there are 4,400 street prostitutes active in Chicago in an average week.35
forced disabled girl into prostitution,” Mario Laguna-Guerreroa, a 25 year-old
undocumented immigrant, was charged with sex trafficking of a minor for forcing In Cook County, places such as massage parlors and strip clubs often serve as
a developmentally disabled girl into prostitution. The girl was taken to migrant a front for trafficking and involve victims of the sex trade.36
labor camps in eastern Hillsborough County where she had sex with men for $25
each. The 17- year- old trafficked girl has an IQ of 58. Online forums highly utilized by individuals seeking sexual services include:
EroticMP.com, USASexGuide.com, eros.chicago.com, Backpage.com,
● A senior home in Columbus, Georgia, was shut down in December 2013 after Craiglist.com, and Rubmaps.com. Rubmaps.com appears to be the most thorough
an FBI investigation found the residents (elders and people with disabilities) were and frequently used website for prostitution disguised as massage therapy.37 Users
victims of human trafficking and sexual exploitation at the hands of the owner on the Illinois forum of the USA Sex Guide.com use this website to inform one another
and staff (WSAV news, December 12, 2013). about a variety of perceived threats to their buying sex online, particularly from law
enforcement and prostitution prevention efforts.38
● In Iowa, 32 mentally disabled turkey processing plant workers were subjected
to abuse at home and work by their supervisors. They were forced to work In Rockford, on February 7, 2005, federal authorities uncovered seven
through illness and injuries. The men were paid $65 per month regardless of how underground brothels operating under the guise of “spas”, where traffickers
many hours they worked. The company also kept the men’s wages and Social locked Chinese and Korean women and used them as sex slaves.39
Security disability benefits, alleging it was to pay for the cost of their care and
lodging. The abused disabled plant workers were awarded $240 million in Forced labor in Illinois
damages (Columbus Dispatch, May 1, 2013).
Forced labor networks thrive in highly populated states with large immigrant
SCOPE OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN ILLINOIS communities, like Illinois.40 Such networks in Illinois manifest themselves in forced
begging, domestic servitude, and forced labor in restaurants. While tens of
Among the Midwest ports of entry, Chicago experiences the highest volume of thousands of people work as forced laborers in the U.S., it is unknown exactly
arriving immigrants and as such is more likely to be a point of entry for trafficking how many of these victims are in Illinois.
victims.27
On November 18, 2013, Roy Esteviz Jr., 26, a South Side landlord, was charged of
Due to its strategic location and importance, Chicago’s O’Hare International aggravated involuntary servitude and criminal sexual assault. He used torture along
Airport is considered a highly used transit location by traffickers to transport with beatings and threats to keep two tenants working for him even as he took every
victims and disperse them as needed to other cities and states. cent the two men made. It was the first time Cook County prosecutors had charged
anyone under the state's labor trafficking laws.41
Traffickers seize opportunities for increased profits by trafficking greater
numbers of women for sexual exploitation into Chicago during m a j o r events Both of Esteviz's victims, in their early 20s, were mentally handicapped. According
where the city is filled with large numbers of tourists. 28 to State's Attorney Anita Alvarez, labor trafficking cases are difficult to uncover and
prosecute. "In the United States, forced labor is much more prevalent than any of us
Hundreds of girls and young women are trafficked and held captive as sex realize. Victims are often isolated and often as a result of language and cultural
slaves in Chicago, while teenage girls are “pimped” and exploited on Chicago barriers do not want to go forward," Alvarez said, after Esteviz was ordered held on
streets. It is easy for a Cook County resident to become a victim of s e x $500,000.
trafficking without ever leaving the county.29
It is unknown how many people are trafficked into forced begging in the United
In 2005, the FBI designated Chicago as one of thirteen locations of “High States in general, and specifically in Illinois. The only known forced begging case in
Intensity Child Prostitution.”30 Illinois was the Paoletti case. In the 1990s, the Paoletti family trafficked over 1,000
deaf and mute Mexican men and women from Mexico to Chicago and other
In a 2003 article, the New York Times labeled Chicago as a national hub for U.S. cities, and forced the victims to peddle trinkets and beg on subways and
human trafficking.31 buses.42

Statistics Another type of labor trafficking occurring in Illinois is domestic servitude.

Women and children often agree to come to the United States to be maids, but
From January 1, 2015 to June 30, 2015, 61 human trafficking cases in Illinois are then physically abused, exploited, and enslaved upon arrival. They are held
consisting of 215 identified victims were reported to the NHTRC out of 283 in domestic servitude as nannies often by lawful permanent residents and naturalized
calls about trafficking.32 citizens in homes in Illinois suburbs.
3
RESPONSES to HUMAN TRAFFICKING at the FEDERAL LEVEL meets the criteria for 9 of the 10 categories of anti-trafficking laws defined by the
Polaris Project’s NHTRC.48
Police Response
In May 2015, Cook County established the Chicago Prostitution and Trafficking
Justice for Victims of Trafficking Act of 2015, signed by President Obama on Intervention Court, a specialized deferred prosecution program that aims to divert
May 29, 2015, is the first federal law that specifically addresses domestic human individuals arrested for prostitution from traditional prosecution and incarceration,
trafficking (i.e. trafficking in U.S. citizens and legal permanent residents) and prioritizes and instead offer them access to trauma-informed services.
the need to fight CSEC.
On August 21, 2014, Governor Quinn signed a law, Senate Bill 3558, that
In 2013, all 50 states had sex trafficking statutes, according to the Polaris Project, establishes a fund to provide services for victims of human trafficking. The law
which ranks the states based on 10 categories of anti-trafficking laws. reallocates collected criminal fines and fees to establish a specialized fund for
The United States passed the Trafficking Victim Protection Act (TVPA) in survivors of the sex trade. The fund is managed by the Department of Human
2000, making human trafficking a federal crime. It was followed by the Services and provides targeted key services such as community based drop-in
Trafficking Victim Protection Reauthorization Act of 2003 (TVPRA 2003), centers, emergency housing, and long-term safe housing.
the TVPRA of 2005 and the Wilberforce TVPRA of 2008.
In 2012, Illinois enacted the Justice for Victims of Sex Trafficking Crimes Act
In 2003, the Prosecutorial Remedies and Other Tools to End the (Public Act 097-0267 [725 ILCS 5/116-2.1]). This law enables victims of sex
Exploitation of Children Today (PROTECT) Act was passed to further trafficking to clear their criminal records of prostitution convictions. If the conviction
combat the sexual exploitation of children. The Act requires courts to impose occurred while the individual was a victim of trafficking, as defined by the Illinois
mandatory sentences for sex offenders and makes it a crime to travel abroad trafficking law, he or she can seek to have the conviction removed. There is no time
to engage in sexual conduct with minors. limit for a victim of trafficking to clear their record of these convictions, even if the
prostitution conviction occurred many years ago. The legislation was signed by
Prosecution Efforts Governor Quinn on August 8, 2011.

In June 2003, the FBI, in conjunction with the Department of Justice Child In 2011, Illinois enacted the Illinois Safe Children Act. The law makes Illinois the
Exploitation and Obscenity Section and the National Center for Missing & first state to make any children under the age of 18 immune from prosecution for
Exploited Children, launched the Innocence Lost National Initiative.43 This prostitution. If a child in prostitution is encountered by law enforcement, she/he may
combined effort was aimed at addressing the growing problem of domestic sex be taken into temporary protective custody, and law enforcement must notify DCFS,
trafficking of children in the United States. In the 12 years following its inception, which in turn must initiate an investigation into child abuse as soon as possible. The
the initiative has resulted in the development of 73 dedicated task forces and law provides the possibility of additional funding for services to survivors of human
working groups throughout the U.S. involving federal, state, and local law trafficking and prostitution. It gives law enforcement additional tools to fight the
enforcement agencies working in tandem with U.S. Attorney’s Offices. human-trafficking groups that exploit children.

To date, the 73 task forces and working groups worked successfully to rescue A 2010 Amendment of the Juvenile Court Act stipulates that all minors forced
more than 4,800 children from CSEC. Investigations have successfully led to to engage in commercial sex or prostitution by a parent, legal guardian, family
the conviction of more than 2,000 pimps, madams, and their associates who member, or other household member are recognized as abused minors under this
exploit children through prostitution. These convictions have resulted in lengthy provision.
sentences, including multiple life sentences and the seizure of real property,
vehicles, and monetary assets.44 The Illinois Predator Accountability Act was enacted on July, 3 2006. It allows
victims of the sex trade to sue their abusers for damages.
Service Response
Illinois Trafficking of Persons and Involuntary Servitude Act, the state’s
A 2013 study, National survey of residential programs for victims of sex first human trafficking law went into effect on January 1, 2006.
trafficking by Reichert & Sylwestrzak, showed the following: 45
Prosecution Efforts
♦ A total of 33 residential programs nationwide were found to be currently
operational and exclusive to trafficking victims with a total of 682 beds. In June 2014, Illinois state prosecutors charged 10 people with human trafficking
under the first ever state-based wiretap investigation called "Operation Little Girl
♦ The 33 residential programs were open in 16 states and the District of Lost". 36 victims were rescued and provided social services, including some girls
Columbia; California had the most with nine residential programs offering 371 as young as 13 years old.49
beds for victims.
From fall 2010 to spring 2015, The Cook County Human Trafficking Task Force has
♦ The Western region of the country had the most residential programs for collaboratively prosecuted and tried 107 human trafficking cases, achieved 72
victims with 59% of the total beds available there. In California, there were ten convictions, trained 9,100 potential first responders (police, social service providers,
residential programs with about 54 % of all beds for trafficking victims. health providers, etc.), and helped 179 victims receive assistance services. 50

According to ECPAT-USA’s (2013) study, And Boys Too, there are almost no From 2008 to 2012, the Cook County Sheriff’s Office Human Trafficking Response
known shelters for male victims of CSEC. Worse, few providers of services to Team (HTRT) increased prostitution customer arrests from a yearly low of 15 in 2008
girls are equipped to serve boys rescued from prostitution.46 to a high of 269 in 2011, an 18-fold increase. At the same time, arrests of
prostituted women and girls decreased from a high of 330 (2008) to a low of 269 in
Of the surveyed programs, there were fewer than 28 beds for male victims of 2011.51
sex trafficking, and only two facilities of the 37 operational programs -
Children of the Night in California and Grounds of Grace in Illinois - indicated On February 7, 2012, the Cook County Sheriff announced the results of the second
they would accept male victims.47 “National Day of John Arrests” that covered a 10 day period and involved 20 U.S.
law enforcement agencies in 8 states. A total of 314 sex buyers also known as
RESPONSES to HUMAN TRAFFICKING in ILLINOIS “Johns” were arrested and charged including 46 in Chicago and 6 in Aurora,
Illinois.52 The Cook County Sheriff’s Office spearheaded the coordination of these
Policy Response nationwide sweeps while providing support for prostituted individuals through its
Illinois is one of 32 states with the highest ranking for adoption of broad HTRT.
4
legislation about human trafficking. With its various anti-trafficking laws, the state
From 2011 to 2012, under the Cook County State’s Attorney’s Human Assistance service organizations for victims of sex trafficking in Illinois
Trafficking Unit, 55 defendants w ere charged with human trafficking and
related crimes.53 ♦ There are two residential programs in Illinois out of the 33 residential
programs exclusively serving victims of sex trafficking nationwide:
On November 26, 2012, Alex Campbell, 45, of Glenview, Illinois, a former
northwest suburban massage parlor owner, was sentenced to life in federal ◊ Anne’s House (in Chicago) – a residential program for young women and girls
prison for various crimes including sex-trafficking and forced labor involving who were victims of domestic minor sex trafficking, ages 12-21. 58 Number of beds:
undocumented immigrants. The Cook County State's Attorney's Office 8. Phone: (312) 291-7916. Website: www.sapromise.org/anne.htm
assisted in the investigation, which was coordinated by the County Human
Trafficking Task Force.54 ◊ Grounds of Grace (In Springfield) -- a residential program for victims of
international and domestic trafficking, ages 18+. Number of beds: 4.
On February 9, 2011, Tyrelle and Myrelle Lockett, 18, twin brothers, charged Phone: (314) 472-5942. Website: www.groundsofgrace.com
with operating a sex trafficking ring in the south suburbs of Chicago, pled
guilty and were sentenced to 4 years in prison. These are the first human ♦ Dreamcatcher Foundation-- an agency run by survivors of the sex trade,
trafficking convictions under the State’s Attorney’s Human Trafficking Unit providing services to young women between the ages of 12-25 who have survived
established in 2010.55 the sex trade. Phone: (773) 936-9898. Website:
In March 2011, Troy Bonaparte was convicted of sex trafficking. On July http://dianetye.com/dreamcatcherfoundation/index1.html
12, 2011, Bonaparte was sentenced to 18 years in prison.56
♦ Heartland Alliance’s National Immigrant Justice Center - Counter
According to NBC Chicago, on February 23, 2009 FBI agents and police Trafficking Project—provides comprehensive legal services and case
arrested 44 Chicago- area adults as part of a nationwide crackdown on child management for children and adult survivors of human trafficking.
prostitution. 57 Website: www.immigrantjustice.org

In 2002, Russian-born Alex Mishulovich was sentenced to 9 years in prison ♦ Illinois Coalition against Sexual Assault (ICASA) –Throughout the state of
for bringing several Latvian women into the country and forcing them to Illinois, ICASA operates 33 community based sexual assault crisis centers that
work in Chicago-area strip clubs. This was the first prosecution of a human provide 24-hour crisis intervention services. Website: www.icasa.org
trafficking case in Illinois.
♦ Salvation Army’s STOP-IT-- offers services referrals and ongoing support to
Anti-trafficking Collaborative Initiatives in Illinois people who are victims of trafficking. 24-hour hotline: 1-877-606-3158. Phone:
(773) 275-6233, ext. 3029. Website: www.sa-stopit.org
Illinois is among the states with multiple anti-trafficking coalitions and task forces,
including the following: ♦ Young Women’s Empowerment Project—offers girls involved in the sex trade
and who are ages 12-24 a place for support, harm-reduction information and
● The Cook County Human Trafficking Task Force--a multi-disciplinary task resources. Website: www.youarepriceless.org
force that brings law enforcement and social and legal service agencies together
to work on human trafficking cases. Advocacy organizations working on issues of commercial sexual
exploitation in Chicago include:
● Chicago Regional Human Trafficking Task Force (CTTF)--This task force
is a FBI Innocence Lost Task Force/Working Group, which includes federal, state ♦ Chicago Alliance against Sexual Exploitation (CAASE)—seeks to refocus law
and local law enforcement agencies working with the U.S. Attorney's Office. enforcement’s attention on pimps, johns and traffickers, while developing a
network of support and services for survivors of the sex trade. Phone: (773) 244-
● Partnership to Rescue Our Minors from Sexual Exploitation (PROMISE) 2230. Website: www.caase.org.
of the Salvation Army--The task force is comprised of over 24 governmental
and non-governmental organizations that work together to eliminate the ♦ Chicago Coalition for the Homeless
commercial sexual exploitation of children in Illinois by focusing on prevention, Website: www.chicagohomeless.org
intervention, outreach, and service provision.
♦ International Organization for Adolescents (IOFA)
● The Illinois Task Force on Human Trafficking--A coalition of 30+ Website: www.iofa.org
organizations from across the state of Illinois that are working to combat human
trafficking. ♦ Traffick Free-- raises awareness about human trafficking by conducting
presentations for churches, schools, and groups. Website: www.traffickfree.org
● The Illinois Rescue & Restore Coalition--This partnership between the U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services and Illinois State brings together over 100 Organizations and centers for information and help about cases of
law enforcement, social services, healthcare, and advocacy organizations across human trafficking nationwide:
the state to raise awareness about human trafficking through various strategies.
■ The Rescue and Restore Victims of Human Trafficking awareness
● The Intersystem Assessment Work Group--the Group aims to address the
disparity in the city’s response to prostitution. The group ensures that the campaign. Website: www.rescueandrestore.org
response is coordinated and informed by research, and that safe options are ■ Polaris Project. Website: http://www.polarisproject.org/
available for individuals interested in leaving prostitution. The Chicago Prostitution
Alternative Roundtable (PART), the Mayor’s Office on Domestic Violence, and ■ National Human Trafficking Resource Center (NHTRC), managed by Polaris
the Chicago Coalition for the Homeless, are the key members of the Group.
Project. Hotline: 1-888-3737-888. E-mail:nhtrc@polarisproject.org . Website:
● End Demand, Illinois--launched in 2009, it is a policy and legislative www.traffickingresourcecenter.org.
campaign group directed at increasing the ability of the criminal system to focus
■ Blue Campaign. Hotline 1.866.347.2423. Website: www.dhs.gov/bluecampaign
their efforts on the demand for prostitution, while increasing services for girls
and women at risk for, suffering in, or attempting to escape from prostitution.

5
ENDNOTES

1
US Department of State (2015, July). Trafficking In Persons Report 2015. Male prostitution. New York: Harrington Park Press; Weisberg, D.K. (1985). Children of
2 Epoch Times (February 2013). Organ Trafficking, A New Crime of the 21st the night. Lexington, Massachusetts: Lexington Books.
22 Chin, op. cit.
Century; European Parliament Policy Department (2015). Trafficking in human
23 Curtis, et al. , op. cit.
organs.
24 ECPAT-USA, op .cit.
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2015/549055/EXPO_STU(20
25 Loe, V. (May 1982). Tom Philpott - The case of the campus crusader, Texas Monthly,
15)549055_EN.pdf; Yosuke Shimazono (n.d.). The state of the international organ
trade. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. pp. 162-226. Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/TexasMonthlyMay1982-
http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/85/12/06-039370/en/; Tammy Leitner & Lisa TomPhilpott-TheCaseOfTheCampusCrusader
26 U.S. Department of State (2015), op. cit.
Capitanini (May 19, 2014). Market For Black Market Organs Expands. NBC5
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28 Tanagho, J. (2007). New Illinois legislation combats modern-day slavery: a
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4 Ennew, J., Gopal, K., Heeran, J., & Montgomery, H. (1996). Children and 29 Cook County Commission on Women’s Issues (2007). The Realities of human

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5 International Labor organization (2005). A global alliance against forced labour. 31 Frederick, A. (2007).The fight against human trafficking: Global forces rally to fight

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6 International Labour Organization (n.d.). Forced labour, human trafficking and 32 NHTRC, op. cit.
33 Raphael, J., & Ashley, J. (2008). Domestic sex trafficking of Chicago women and girls.
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8 National Human Trafficking Resource Center (n.d.). NHTRC's 2014 Annual Report: 34 idem
35 Levitt, S. D., & Venkatesh, S. A. (2007). An empirical analysis of street-level
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36 See CCCWI, op. cit.; Raphael & Ashley, op. cit.
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38 Janson, L. (2013). ‘“Our great hobby”: An analysis of online networks for buyers of
persons.Retrieved from http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/23598.pdf
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39 See Tanagho, op. cit.
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12 Newton, P. J., Mulcahy, T.M., & Martin, S. E. (2008). Finding victims of human 40 Ibid.
41 Jeremy Gorner & Steve Schmadeke (2013, November 19). Prosecutors say man
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13 Farrell, A., McDevitt, J., & Fahy, S. (2008). Understanding law enforcement forced tenants to work for him. Chicago Tribune.
42 Tanagho, op. cit.
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14 Banks, D, & Kyckelhahn, T. (2011). Characteristics of Suspected Human https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/investigate/vc_majorthefts/cac/innocencelost
44 FBI, op. cit.
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45 Reichert, J. & Sylwestrzak, A. (2013). National survey of residential programs for
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15 National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (n.d.). Key facts. Retrieved victims of sex trafficking. Chicago, IL: The Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority.
46 ECPAT-USA, op. cit.
from http://www.missingkids.com/KeyFacts
16 Hughes, D. (2005). The Demand for Victims of Sex Trafficking. University of 47 Reichert, J. & Sylwestrzak, A. (2013). National survey of residential programs for

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17 See Ennew et al., supra; Finklea, K., Fernandes-Alcantara, A. L., & Siskin, A. 48 NHTRC, op. cit.
49 ABC 7 Chicago News (2014, June 30). 10 charged in Illinois human trafficking
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18 National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (n.d.). op. cit. 50 The Cook County Human Trafficking Task Force (n.d.). In the news. Retrieved from

19 Estes, R. J., & Weiner, N. A. (2001). The commercial sexual exploitation of http://www.cookcountytaskforce.org/media
51 Raphael, J., & LaPointe, L. (2012). The Cook County Sheriff’s Human Trafficking
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20 National Center for Missing and Exploited Children, idem 52 Cook County Sheriff Press (2012, Feb 7). Championship Numbers Tell Sad Story.

21 Chin, Y.S. (2014, April 14). Trafficked boys overlooked. Investigative News http://cookcountysheriff.org/press_page/press_ChampionshipNumbers_02_07_12.html
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54 Department of Justice Office of Public Affairs, Justice News, November 26, 2012.
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57 “Chicago Child Prostitution Sting.” NBC Chicago, February 23, 2009. Retrieved from
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58 Jessica Reichert (2013, February). Anne's House: A residential program for
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6