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1. Investigation- is the act or process of investigating or the condition of being investigated . It also
refers to a search or inquiry for ascertaining facts; detailed or careful examination.
2. Criminal investigation- is defined as the collection and analysis of facts/truths about person,
things,places,that are subjects of a crime to identify the guilty party, locate the whereabouts of
the guilty party and provide admissible pieces of evidence to establish in the guilt of parties
involvded.
3. Police detective – refers to PNP uniformed personnel who was previously certified as a police
investigator but was able to complete 18 units of Masters Degree and completed the Police
Detective Course (PDC) and acquired the requisite experience relating to investigation cases and
appearance in court duties to support the successful filingand ,prosecution of offense
(NAPOLCOM Circular No. 2013- 002).
4. Interview – it is a simple questioning of a person who cooperate with the investigator.
5. Interrogation – It is questioning somebody closely,often in an aggressive manner. It involves
skillfull questioning of hostile witness and suspects. It the vigorous and confrontational
questioning of a reluctant susoect about his/her participation in the commission of crime.
6. Instrumentation – is the process of applying instruments or tools of the police sciences in
criminal investigation and detection.
7. Witness – is a person other than the suspect , who is requested to give information concerning
an incident.
8. Rapport- it refers to the good relation between the interviewer and the interviewee, which is
conducive to a fruitful result .
9. Extra Judicial Confession – It is a confession that is made by the suspect during custodial
investigation or those confessions that are made outside of the court.
10. Voluntary Extra Judicial confession – the confession is voluntary when the accused speaks of
free will and accord without inducement of any kind, with a full and completeknowledge of the
nature and the consequence of the confession.
11. Involuntary Extra judicial confession- This confession obtained through
force,threat ,intimidation,duress or anything influencing the voluntary act of the confessor.
12. Judicial Confession- this confession is made by the accused in open court.
13. Warrant of arrest – is an order in writing issued in the name of the people of the Philippines
signed by a judge directed to a peace officer,commanding him/her to arrest the person
designated and take him into custody of the law in order that he/she may be bound to answer
for the commission of an offense.
14. Probable cause – refers to the evidence that warrants a person of reasonable caution in the
belief that a crime was committed.
15. John Doe Warrant – is a warrant comtaining no specific person to be arrested but only
descriptions based on the testimonies of the victim/s or the witness. It conatains the physical
description of the accused as well as other factors to be considered for the identification of the
accused as well as other factors to be considered for the identification of the accused.
16. Warrant officer – is any authorized member from the law enforcement agency usually from the
Philippine National Police or National Bureau of Investigation who holds a warrant for execution
within 10 days from receipt subject to renewal in case of failure to execute the same.
17. Hot pursuit – shall mean an immediate, recent chase or follow up without material interval for
the purpose of taking into custody any person wanted by virtue of a warrant or one suspected
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to have committed a recent offense while fleeing from one police jurisdiction to another,
necessitating the pursuing.
18. Search – It is the act of examining persons,documentsmpapers and effects.
19. Search warrant – is an order in wrting issued in the name of the people of the Philippines,signed
by the judge and directed to a peace officer commanding him/her to search for personal
property and bring it before the court (sec. 1 mrule 1126,rules of court).
20. The Exclusionary Rule – derivedfrom the case of week vs. United States in 1914. It established a
rule that federal courts may not accept evidence obtained by unreasonable search and
seizure ,regardless of the relevance of these to the case.
21. The inevitable – discovery doctrine – inevitable discovery rule states that evidence obtained
illegally may be admissible in a criminal that if the prosecutor proves by a preponderance of the
evidence that the challenged evidence ultimately or inevitably would have been discoveted by
lawful means.
22. The good faith Doctrine – In general ,evidence obtained by a police officer a reasonable
reliance on a search warrant that is subsequently found invalid may be admissible united states
vs. Leon, 468 U.S. 897 ( 1984).
23. Wall search – the initial purpose of this search is to put the suspect in an “ off –balanced
position” . This is the safest type of search, it does not necessarily require a wall.
24. Standing search – this is done by instructing the subject to raise his hand or behind his/her head
with feet spread apart as far as possible.
25. Kneeling search – This requires the suspect to kneel on the ground with hands raised over or
behind his/her head.
26. Prone search- the suspect in this search lies on his stomachwith arms and legs outstretched.
27. Handcuffs – are the best method of restraint if it is applied prpoperly. It is good preventive
measure nut if improperly applied it could be dangerous.
28. Raid – is a surprise invasion of a building or area . It is a small scale attack of a limited territory.
29. Evidence- is the means, sanctioned by these rules of ascertaining in a judicial proceeding the
truth respecting a matterof fact ( sec.1, rule 128,rules of court).
30. Physical evidence – these are physical objects used as evidence which are obtained through
searches at the scene of the crime.
31. Tracing evidence – These refers to evidence that may assist the investigator in locating the
suspect.
32. Testimonial evidence – This is the product of interview and interrogation friom which witness
smell, hear, taste and touch are being described through oral and written testimony.
33. Ordinary witness – any person who perceived commission of a crime and testified before the
court is considered as an ordinary witness.
34. Expert witness – a person is deemed as an expert witness if his/her testimony concerning the
investigation of crime is based on his/her training and experience.
35. Documentary evidence – Refers to writings, including official records, or contents ‘could speak
for themselves’ when read by the investigators and the court.
36. Direct evidence – this proves the fact in dispute without the aid of any inference or
presumption. The evidence presented corresponds to the precise or actual point at issue.
37. Prima Facie Evidence – This evidence suffices for the proof of a particular fact untl contradicted
by other evidence.
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38. Cumulative evidence – this evidence is of the same kind and character as that already given and
tends to prove the same proposition.
39. Primary or best evidence – This evidence affords the greatest certainty of the fact in question.
40. Secondary or substitutionary evidence – this evidence is inferior to primary evidence and
admissible only in the absence of the latter.
41. Object evidence – this evidence is addressed to the senses of the court and is capable of being
exhibited to be examined or viewed by the court.
42. Positive evidence – this evidence exists if the witness affirms that a fact did or did not occur.
43. Negative evidence – this evidence exist if the witness states that he/she did not see or know of
the occurrence of a fact and there is total disclaimer of personal knowledge.
44. Relevant evidence – evidence is relevant if it has relation to the fact in issue as to induce belief
in its existence or non existence.
45. Material evidence- this evidence tends to prove the fact in issue, and is determined by the rules
of substantive law or the rules of court.
46. Credible evidence – evidence is credible if it is not only ad,issible evidence but also believable
and used by the court in deciding cases.
47. Crime scene – is said to be a ‘ treasure island” in ctiminal investigation.
48. Crime scene investigation- it refers to a comprehensive inquiry of a crime scene by conducting
systematic procedure of various investigative methodologies which involve recovery of physical
evidence and testimonial evidence for the purpose of identifying the witnesses, and arrest of
perpetrators for prosecution.
49. Day time crime scene- this type of crime scene refers to a crime committed from sunrise to
sunset.
50. Nighttime crime scene – this type of crime scene refers to a crime committed from sunset to
sunrise.
51. Team leader(officer in charge) – the one who directs the processing of the crime scene.
52. Photographer- the one who takes photographs of all pieces of evidence that are relevant to the
crime committed.
53. Sketcher – the one who makes sketches of the immediate,background and inside the scene of
the crime.
54. Master note taker – the one who writes down in short hand all observations at the crime scene.
55. Evidence man – the one in charge in the collection,preservation, tagging of the articles of
evidence found at the crime scene.
56. Measurer – the one who makes all relevant measurements of the scene such as the distance of
the body of the victim to the firearm used.
57. First responder/s – the first police officer to arrive at the crime scene.
58. Spiral/ circle method – the searches follow each other the path of a spiral beginning from the
outside and spiralling in towards the center.
59. Strip search – the searchers proceed slowly at the crime scene pace along the path parallel to
one side of the rectangle.
60. Line search – this is a variation of the strip search , where multiple searchers follow a single strip
in one direction, while on –line with each other.
61. Double strip/grid search – this is another variation on the strip search.
62. Wheel method- also known as pie or spoke methos.
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63. Rough sketch – this is a sketch made by the investigator at thecrime scene,which is full of
important details but without the scale proportion.
64. Finished sketch – this is a sketch with a scale of proportion drawn by a draftsman,it can be used
for court presentation.
65. Cross projection /exploded view- it also describes the immediate scene only, specifically inside a
room as the scene of the crime.
66. Sketch of details- this includes the positions and exact locations of the physical evidence in the
crime scene.
67. Sketch of grounds – this is the kind of sketch which illustrates the scene of the crime with the
nearest physical surroundings.
68. Sketch of locality – this deals with the vicinity of the crime scene in relation to the environs,to
include neighboring buildings, structures or means of access leading to the scene.
69. Covert surveillance – this is a type of surveillance conducted to a subject who is unaware that
he/she is under surveillance.
70. Overt surveillance – this occurs if the subject is aware that he/she is under surveillance.
71. Fiexed surveillance – this is usually performed when surveillamce is directed to a particular
building or premise.
72. Moving surveillamce- it is performed by foot or by the use of any transportation vehicle in order
to observe the subject.