EST200: DESIGN AND ENGINEERING

PART A

Q. No Question

1. Write about the basic design process

2. State the role of divergent-convergent questioning in design

thinking

PART B (Answer any two each carry 10 marks)

3. Show the designing of a wrist watch going through the various

stages of the design process. Use hand sketches to illustrate the
processes.
4. Construct a number of possible designs and then refine them to
narrow down to the best design for a drug trolley used in hospitals.
Show how the divergent-convergent thinking helps in the process.
Provide your rationale for each step by using hand sketches only.
5. Graphically show the design of a stair climbing wheel chair. Draw
the details is 2D/3D drawings for the design with material selection,
scale drawings, dimensions, weigh tolerance, etc. Use only hand
sketches
Course Outcome (CO)

CO 1 Explain the different concepts and principals involved in design engineering.

CO 2 Apply design thinking while learning and practicing engineering.
CO 3 Develop innovative, reliable, sustainable and economically viable designs incorporating
knowledge in engineering.

BL-BLOOM’S TAXONOMY LEVELS

L1- Remembering
L2- Understanding
L3- Applying
L4- Analysing
L5- Evaluating
L6- Creating
 A – SCHEME
PART A
1. Write about the basic design
process Ans.
Write a brief about basic design process which includes the below
stages
• Analyze the situation
• Write a brief problem statement
• Research the problem through brain storming
• Write a specification – Problem Description.
• Work out possible solutions
• Select a preferred solution
• Prepare working drawings and plan ahead.
• Construct a prototype
• Test and evaluate the design
• Write a report
Carries 5 Marks

2. State the role of divergent-convergent questioning in design

thinking Ans
Convergent thinking involves starting with pieces of information, converging around a
solution.

 Divergent thinking
o It is a thought process or method used to generate creative ideas by
exploring many possible solutions.
 o It typically occurs in a spontaneous, free-flowing, "non-linear" manner,
such that many ideas are generated in an emergent cognitive fashion.
o Divergent thinking uses the imagination to open the mind to new
possibilities and solutions, and ultimately become more innovative.
 Convergent thinking
o It is the opposite of divergent thinking.
o It generally means the ability to give the "correct" answer to standard
questions that do not require significant creativity, for instance in most
tasks in school and on standardized multiple-choice tests for intelligence.
o Convergent thinking moves from broad thoughts to concrete understanding,
where the thoughts from divergent thinking can be narrowed down to the
most promising ideas and solutions.
Examples of convergent & divergent thinking

Convergent question example Divergent question example

What are the components of [animal]’s What might happen to [region]’s ecosystem if
diet? [animal]s were [carn/herb/omn]ivores instead of
[carn/herb/omn]ivores?

There’s extensive debate in the Suppose that [phenomenon] never occurred. How
scientific community about would life within [community/region/country]
[phenomenon]. What are the primary function differently today?
reasons for [phenomenon]?

What are the short-term causes of Suppose that [causes of historical event] were
[historical event], which originated actually addressed by [world leader]. What might
outside of the country where it have happened differently in [historical event]?
occurred?

Reflecting on [book/play] in its Reflecting on [book/play] in its entirety, what might

entirety, what are the main reasons have happened if [character] decided to [verb]
why [character] decided to [verb] [context] earlier in the story?
[context]?

PART B
3. Show the designing of a wrist watch going through the various stages of the design
process. Use hand sketches to illustrate the processes.
STAGE-1- Problem definition:
During problem definition we frame the problem by clarifying objectives, identifying
constraints, establishing functions, and gathering the other information needed to develop an
unambiguous statement of a client’s wishes, needs, and limits, that is, the customer
requirements.
Original problem statement
Designing of a wrist watch………(write a general sentence).
Outputs
1. Customer requirements:
Just write down the possible requirements when somebody (customer) approaches
you in designing a wrist watch (according to your imagination, context you prefer)
2. Revised problem statement
According to requirements, re-write the problem statement specifically
3. Initial list of final objectives
Write down Objectives of designing a wrist watch
4. Initial list of constraints
Write down possible constraints when designing a watch
5. initial list of principal functions
Write down Actual functions of your watch
STAGE-2- Conceptual design:
In the conceptual design stage of the design process we translate the customer requirements
into engineering specifications to generate concepts or schemes of design alternatives or
feasible (i.e., acceptable) designs.
Make some designs of watches (draw at least 3 free hand sketches, not detailed ones) here
according to the objectives, functions and constraints:
Output: Choose one design (most suitable) also make an analysis about its features
STAGE -3 Preliminary design or embodiment of schemes:
In this stage, we identify and preliminarily size/estimate the principal attributes of the chosen
design concept or scheme
Write down about the technical details of the chosen watch (features in technical terms); also
explain about size of various parts of the watch.
Also, list how it is efficient
STAGE -4- Detailed design
We now articulate our final design in much greater detail, refining the choices we made in
preliminary design down to specific part types and dimensions
Draw specific parts of the chosen watch with its dimension (focus on parts of watches) draw
a detailed a design
STAGE -5: Design communication
Finally, during the design communication phase we document the fabrication specifications
and their justification.
We make FINAL REPORTS (WRITTEN, ORAL) TO CLIENT:
(1) Description of Design Process
(2) Drawings and Design Details
(3) Fabrication Specifications

4. Construct a number of possible designs and then refine them to narrow down to the best
design for a drug trolley used in hospitals. Show how the divergent-convergent thinking helps
in the process. Provide your rationale for each step by using hand sketches only.
Ans
Possible Designs using Divergent thinking process
Model 1:

Pros:
Simple and Light weight
Easier to kee p medicines and boundaries are provided in all 3 sides
which prevents from medicines falling down while moving.
Cons:
Difficult to so rt out medicines for each
room. No doors for racks and no o pen
table.
Wheels have no locks

Model 2:
Pros:
Simple and Light weight
Easier to keep
medicines Cons:
Difficult to so rt out medicines for each room.
No doa rs fo r racks and no o pen table.
Wheels have no locks
As there are no boundaries, there is a high chance of falling down the medicines while moving.
Model 3:

Pros:
Simple and Light weight
Easier to keep medicines as boundaries and lids are there for each
rack.
Cons:
Difficult to so rt o ut medicines for each
room. Wheels have no locks

Model 4:

Pros:
Simple and Light weight
Easier to keep medicines as drawers are used.
An open table is there on the top to keep case diary/charts of
patients. Wheels have locks
Cons:
Difficult to so rt out medicines for each room.
No option for disposing clinical wastes.
5. Graphically show the design of a stair climbing wheel chair. Draw the details is 2D/3D
drawings for the design with material selection, scale drawings, dimensions, weigh tolerance,
etc. Use only hand sketches
Ans.
Follow the basic steps of Design process with below steps, use hand sketch only
1. Wheelchair Dimensions

2. Seat Design
The seating space is one of the most important component to be considered while designing a
wheelchair. The seating space is generally referred as a tubular structure capable of carrying
the chair as well as pivoting wheels. I
3. Frame Design
The frame of a wheelchair is responsible for its stability. It is very important to ensure that
the design is compact and stable. The two motors used for locomotive purpose must be
appropriately fixed onto the frame. The space for battery pack, accessories, water bottle as
well as wheels should be clearly defined. The frame is ideally two tubular structures which
are connected by means of connecting bars. This gives the wheelchair a rigid structure. An
appropriate ground clearance must be provided to overcome barriers due to uneven terrain.
The seat is fixed on the frame and during the stair climbing feature, the seat is moved relative
to the frame using linkage mechanisms.

4. Wheels
The wheels are the components that enable the mobility functionality of a wheelchair. The
wheels may vary in their sizes. The stair climbing feature is attained using the clustered
structure of wheels. The wheels in a cluster were spaced in such a way that the centers of
three smaller wheels form the three vertices of an equilateral triangle. The equal spacing is
one of the most crucial parameter to be considered while designing as it is responsible for the
stability and effective operation of stair climbing feature. It is also assumed that these steps
are even in shape. It is mandatory that the radius (r) of each wheel must be less than the step
height (h).
5. Linkage Mechanism
The linkage mechanism between the frame and the seat is responsible for maintaining the
horizontal stable position of the wheelchair during stair ascending and descending operations.

6. Materials
The selection of materials for the design of a wheelchair is a crucial step as well. The type of
materials used directly affects the weight of the overall system. The lighter the wheelchair,
the more energy efficient it will be. It must be noted that the materials used should have high
tensile strength to withstand the weight of the user during mobility operations.
7. Assembly & construction

Another design