Practical Manual

of
M. Sc. (Horticulture) - Vegetable Science
on
Vegetable crops

Dr. Sanjive Kumar Singh

Assistant Professor/Nodal Officer GRM (Horti.)
Dr. H. G. Prakash
Director Research/P.I. NAHEP

Department of Vegetable Science

C. S. Azad Uni. of Ag. & Tech. Kanpur (U.P.)
Patron:
Dr. D. R. Singh
Vice Chancellor

Co Patron:
Dr. Dharma Raj Singh
Dean, College of Agriculture/Horticulture

Authors:
1. Dr. Sanjive Kumar Singh
Assistant Professor/Nodal Officer GRM (Horti.)

2. Dr. H. G. Prakash
Director Research/ P.I. NAHEP Project

Citation: Practical Manual 2021

Department of Vegetable Science
C. S. Azad Uni. of Ag. & Tech. Kanpur (U.P.)

No. of Copy: 100

CSAU Website: www.csauk.ac.in

Published by Directorate of Research

Printed by:
University Printing Press CSAU January, 2021
 CONTENTS
S. No. Exercise Pages
1 To enlist various books related to vegetable production course 1
2 Identification of vegetable seeds 2
3 Identification of vegetable crops 3
4 Identification of morphological characters of vegetable crop 4
5 Symbol used in floral formula 5
6 To introduce taxonomical description of important vegetables with 6-11
their floral formula and floral diagramme

7 Study on economics of vegetable seed production crops. How to 12-13

calculate B:C ratio
8 Introduction of different types of leaf apex, leaf margin, leaf surface, 14-21
leaf shape and leaf incision

9 Introduction of different categories of fruits with their example 22-24

10 Introduction of morphology of dicotyledonous and 25-26
monocotyledonous seeds
11 Hybrid seed production technique in vegetable crops, information 27-36
regarding breeder seed and PPVFRA
12 To introduce seed extraction techniques in different vegetable 37-40
13 Introduction of unexploited/underutilized vegetables 41-61
14 Enlist of different plant species used as vegetable 62-64
15 Enlist of national/state seeds corporations in India 65-66
16 Enlist of seed certification agencies 67-69
17 Enlist of top vegetable seed industries in India 70-72
18 Identification of popular hybrids of private sector 73
19 Introduction of some great contributors of Indian agriculture 74-76
20 Identification of varieties developed from Department of vegetable 77-84
science, C.S.A.Uni. of Ag. & Tech. Kanpur
 Exercise-1
Object- To enlist various books related to vegetable production course.

S.No. Title of Book Author Publisher

 Exercise-2
Object- Identification of vegetable seeds.

Vegetable seed presented on spotting is identified with the help of following heads.

1. Name of the crop: Okra

2. Name of the family: Malvaceae

3. Scientific/Botanical name: Abelmoschus esculentus L.

4. Number of chromosome: 2n=130

5. Type of seed: Dicotyledon

6. Colour of seed: Green

7. Shape of seed: Round

8. Size of seed: 0.2 cm diameter

9. Test weight: 4.900 gm

10. Type of root: Tap root

11. Type of propagation: Direct seed sowing

12. Use as vegetable: Direct

13. Importance: Nutritive, medicinal, industrial

 Exercise-3
Object- Identification of vegetable crops.

Any vegetable presented on spotting is identified with the help of following heads.

1. Name of the crop: Chilli/brinjal/tomato/okra

2. Name of the family: Solanaceae/Malvaceae

3. Scientific/Botanical name: Capsicum annuum L.

4. Number of chromosome: 2n=24

5. Type of pollination nature: Self/cross pollinated

6. Type of crop: Fruit/leafy/seed/salad vegetable

7. Plant characters: Tall/medium/dwarf

8. Leaf character: Palmate/pinnate

9. Type of inflorescence: Cymose/recemose

10. Type of flower: Unisexual/bisexual

11. Number of calyx: 4-5 sepals

12. Number of corolla: 4-5 petals

13. Androecium: 5-10 number of stamen

14. Type of ovary: Superior/inferior

15. Type of fruit: Siliquae/succulent

 Exercise-4
Object-Identification of morphological characters of vegetable crop.

Given vegetable crop on spot is morphological identified under following heads.

1. Name of crop: Bittergourd

2. Name of family: Cucurbitaceae

3. Number of chromosome: 2n=22

4. Botanical name: Momordica charantia

5. Type of crop: Annual

6. Type of root: Tap root

7. Type of stem: Prostate

8. Type of leaf: Pinnate

9. Type of flower: Bisexual

10. Type of inflorescence: Cymose/racemose

11. Number of calyx: 5 sepals

12. Number of corolla: 5 petals

13. Number of androecium: 3-5 stemens

14. Type of ovary: Inferior

15. Type of fruit: Pepo

16. Type of pollination: Cross pollination

17. Yield of fruits: 125-150 q.ha in rainy season

100-125 in summer season

 Exercise-5
Object- Symbol used in floral formula.

S. No. Abbreviation Full form

1. Br Bracteate flower (when bracts are present)
2. Brl Bracteolate
3. Ebr Ebracteate flower
4. Ebrl Ebracteolate flower
5. Actinomorphic flower
6 o|o Zygomorphic flower
7 Bisexual
8 ♂ Male
9 ♀ Female
10 K Calyx (group of sepals)
11 K(5) Sepals 5 and gamosepalous
12 Epik Epicalyx
13 C Corolla (group of petals)
14 C(n) Gamopetalous corolla
15 C5 Petals 5 and polypertalous
16 C1+2+(2) Two petals fused
17 Cx Corolla-cruciform
18 P Parianth (group of tepals)
19 A Androecium (group of stamens)
20 A1+9 Diadelphous anthers
21 A1+(9) Nine stamens fused and one free
22 A4+3+3 Polyandrous, unequal in length
23 A∞ Indefinite stamens & monoadelphous
24 A(∞) Stamens indefinite and fused together
25 G Gynoecium (group of carpels)
26 G Inferior ovary
27 G Superior ovary
28 G- Perigyny (half inferior ovary)
29 G1 Monocarpellary
30 G2 Bicarpellary ovary
31 G5 Pentacarpellaryand apocarpous ovary
32 G(5) Syncarpous ovary
33 P A Epiphyllous stamens
34 C A Epipetalous stamens
35 G A Gynostaminous stamens
36 ∞ Indefinite number of flower parts in a whorl
 Exercise-6
Object- To introduce taxonomical description of important vegetables with their floral formula

and floral diagramme.

1. Taxonomical description of Brinjal

(1) Botanical details

(i) English name: Brinjal, egg plant, aubergine

(ii) Hindi name: Baingan

(iii) Botanical name: Solanum melogena L.

(iv) Family: Solanaceae

(v) Chromosome No.: 2n = 24

(vi) Mode of pollination: Often cross-pollinated

(2) Habitat: Annual herb, sometimes the spines are distributed throughout the plant (stem, mid

rib of the leaves, calyx).

(3) Stem: Round, coated with fine soft hairs.

(4) Leaves: Simple, alternate, mid rib often spiny.

(5) Inflorescence: Axillary or sometimes extra-axillary in clusters.

(6) Flower: Regular, hermaphrodite, actinomorphic, hypogynous.

(7) Calyx: Sepals 5, gamosepalous, often spiny, persistent.

(8) Corolla: Petals 5, gamopetalous, usually funnel or cup shaped, aestivation valvate, pink or

white.

(9) Androecium: Stamens 5, epipetalous, alternate with corolla lobes, anthers connate and
mostly yellow in colour, dehiscence through apical pores.

(10) Gynoecium: Bicarpellary, syncarpous, ovary superior, obliquely placed, bilocular, sometimes
4-celled due to formation of false septum, ovules numerous, placentation axile, fruit berry,
variously coloured (purple, white, green, srtiped in green or white background), shape (round,
long, oblong, egg shaped).
(11) Floral diagram:

(12) Floral formula: K(5) C(5) A5 G(2)

2. Taxonomical description of Bottle gourd

(1) Botanical details

(i) English name: Bottle gourd, calabash cucumber

(ii) Hindi name: Lauki, Ghia, Kaddu

(iii) Botanical name: Lagenaria siceraria or Cucurbita csiceraria.

(iv) Family: Cucurbitaceae

(v) Chromosome No.: 2n = 22

(vi) Mode of pollination: Cross pollinated due to monoecious nature

(2)Habitat: Large climbing annual rainy/warm season mesophytic herb.

(3) Stem: Ribbed, coaed with minute soft hairs and tendril opposite the leaf and 2-4 fid.

(4) Leaves: Simple alternate, broad and palmately veined, venation multicostate reticulate.

(5) Inflorescence: Axillary, solitary, male flowers appear first and female ones later.

(6) Flower: Regular, unisexual, epigynous, monoecious.

(7) Calyx: Sepals 5, gamosepalous, connate, lobes linear or leafy, deeply lobed.

(8) Corolla: Petals 5, gamopetalous, connate, companulate, inserted on the calyx tube, colour

white.

(9) Male flowers:

Androecium: Stamens 3, united in a pair, the odd one remaining free

(10) Female flower

 Gynoecium: Carpels 3, syncarpous, ovary inferior, unilocular, placentation parietal, ovules
many, style 1, stigma 3 which are often forked, fruit large, fleshy pepo of various shape (long
cylindrical, bottle shaped, round with neck, perfectly round) and variously coloured (uniformly
green, with green stripes).

(11) Floral diagram: Male flower Female flower

(12) Floral formula: Male flower: ♂ K(5) C(5) A3 G0

Female flower: ♀K(5) C(5) A0 G(3)

3. Taxonomical description of Radish

(1) Botanical details

(i) English name: Radish

(ii) Hindi name: Mooli

(iii) Botanical name: Raphanus sativus L.

(iv) Family: Cruciferae

(v) Chromosome No.: 2n = 18

(vi) Mode of pollination: Cross pollinated due to self incompatibility

(2)Habitat: Annual herb, cultivated throughout the year for green leaves and tuberous roots for
vegetable and salad purposes. For seed production purpose, it behaves biennial during first
season production of roots and subsequent season for seed production, roots are tuberous,
napiform, variously coloured (white, deep red, pink) and of different shape (napiform, round as
in case of turnip).

(3) Stem: Round, coated with fine to rough hairs.

(4) Leaves: Simple alternate, radical, cauline, lyrate, surface covered with short spines, lamina
variously dissected.

(5) Inflorescence: Racemose, opening of flowers in acropetal succession.

(6) Flower: Regular, hermaphrodite, actinomorphic, hypogynous and cruciform, colour white to
pink, according to varietal features.

(7) Calyx: Sepals 2+2 free, imbricate, green.

(8) Corolla: Petals 4, free, cruciform, valvate with distinct claw and limb.

(9) Androecium: Stamens 6, free, 4 inner ones long and 2outer short (tetradynamous condition).

(10) Gynoecium: Bicarpellary, syncarpous, ovary superior and divided into two chambers by a
false septum, placentation parietal, style long, stigma bifid, fruit narrow pod like siliqua opening
into two valves from base upwards, seeds many, small, globose and exalbuminous attached to
the replum.

(11) Floral diagram:

(12) Floral formula: K2+2 C4 A2+4G(2)

4. Taxonomical description of Okra

(1) Botanical details

(i) English name: Okra, lady‘s finger

(ii) Hindi name: Bhindi

(iii) Botanical name: Abelmoscus esculentus L.

(iv)Family: Malvaceae

(v) Chromosome No.: 2n = 72

(vi) Mode of pollination: Often cross pollinated

(2)Habitat: Annual, summer season plant, grown for green unripe fruits used as vegetable.
Fruits with its fibrous stalks are used in paper and gur making industry.

(3) Stem: Much branched, fibrous and mucilaginous.

(4) Leaves: Simple, alternate, palmately three veined at the base, margin serrate, petiole long,
colour green and purple, stipules two, free lateral.
(5) Inflorescence: Solitary and axillary.

(6) Flower: Large, axillary and solitary, regular, hermaphrodite, actinomorphic, hypogynous,
showy and copiously mucilaginous.

(7) Calyx: Sepals 5, gamosepalous, bracteoles 5 or more found in the form of whorl, known as
epicalyx.

(8) Corolla: Petals 5, polypetalous (free), aestivation twisted clockwise, brightly yellow
coloured.

(9) Androecium: Stamens infinite, united into a bundle (monadelphous) forming a staminal
tube, epipetalous, adnate to the petal at the base, anthers free, reniform, one lobed.

(10) Gynoecium: Pentacarpelary, syncarpous, ovary superior, pentalocular with one to many
ovules in each locule, placentation axile, style passing through the staminal column, stigma 5,
bright, fruit 5-7 ribbed capsule, ribs often spiny, uniformly green or pink.

(11) Floral diagram:

(12) Floral formula: K(5) C5 A(∞)G(5)

5. Taxonomical description of Pea

(1) Botanical details

(i) English name: Field pea, garden pea, sweet pea, table pea

(ii) Hindi name: Matar

(iii) Botanical name: Pisum sativum var, arvns L./Pisum arvense L.

(iv) Family: Paplionaceae

(v) Chromosome No.: 2n = 14

(vi) Mode of pollination: Self-pollinated

(2)Habitat: Winter season, annual herb

(3) Habit: Annual climber herb, garden pea is grown for vegetable purpose, whereas the field
pea is grown for grain/pulse purpose. The garden pea is green and wrinkled seeded. On the other
hand, the field pea is round and smooth seeded, sometimes dimpled seeded. With reference to
water requirement, the field pea is hardy than the garden pea.

(4) Stem: Stem is fistular and glabrous and much branched.

(5) Leaves: Compound, unipinnate, imperipinnate, the terminal leaflets modify into tendrils,
stipules two, broad and free, leaflets oval shaped and entire.

(6) Inflorescence: Usually a raceme and axillary.

(7) Flower: Zygomorphic, polypetalous and papilionaceous.

(8) Calyx: Sepals 5 and gamosepalous.

(9) Corolla: Petals 5, polypetalous (free), the posterior one is largest called vexillum which
partly covers the two lateral ones called wings which in their turn cover the two inner most ones
united into a boat shaped keel; aestivation vexillary.

(10) Androecium: Stamens 10, diadelphous (9 united and 1 free).

(11) Gynoecium: Monocarpellary, 1 chambered with many ovules, placentation marginal, fruit
legume or pod, seeds mostly exalbuminous.

(12) Floral diagram:

(13) Floral formula: o|o K(5) C1+2+(2) A(9)+1G1

 Exercise-7
Object-Study on economics of vegetable seed production crops. How to calculate B:C ratio.

Description-The income and expenditure of chilli crop cultivation per hectare is given in tabular
form.

Economics:

Total cost of cultivation can be calculated on the basis of cost of inputs used. Gross
monetary returns are calculated by multiplying the dry fruit yield per hectare (q) with existing
market price of chilli. Net monetary returns were calculated by deducting the cost of cultivation
from gross returns for each treatment. Benefit cost ratio was calculated by using the formula.

With a view to work out the validity of each treatment, economics was calculated taking
into consideration the expenses in each operation. The following aspects of economics were
studied.

Cost of cultivation (Rs. ha-1):

Cost of cultivation was calculated in two steps. Firstly as the cost of common to all the
treatment and secondly as the variable cost under different treatments, sum of these two were
taken as the total cost of cultivation for different treatments.

Gross income (Rs. ha-1):

The treatment wise gross profit was calculated by multiplying the seed and stover yield
ha-1 with the prevailing market prices of the seed and stover.

Net returns (Rs.):

The relative figures of cost of cultivation for each treatment were deducted from gross
profit of the corresponding treatments.

It is expressed in following formula:

Net return hectare–1 (Rs.)

B:C Ratio =
Cost of cultivation hectare–1(Rs.)
Cost of cultivation of chilli for one hectare (common cost of cultivation)

Expenditure
S. No. Particular Unit Rates
(Rs. ha-1)
1. Preparation of land
Ploughing by soil turning
a. 1 @ Rs. 1800∕ha∕plough 1800
plough
b. Ploughing by cultivator 2 @ Rs. 900∕ha∕plough 1800
c. Labour charge 4 L* @Rs. 165∕L∕day 660
2. Cost of seed 1.5 kg @ Rs.350∕kg 525
3. Nursery raising 5L @ Rs. 165∕L∕day 825
4. FYM/Fertlizers 200 q. @ Rs. 40∕q 8000
Irrigation charge + water 4L @ Rs. 165∕L∕day 660
5.
rent 10 h @Rs. 50∕hour 500
6. Intercultural practices 20 L @ Rs. 165∕L∕day 3300
7. Plant protection
One spray of rogor @ 0.2
a. @Rs.480∕L 480
% ∕ha
b. Application charges 2L @ Rs. 165∕L∕day 330
Picking, packing and
8. 120 L @ 165∕L∕day 19800
transportation upto
Rental value of land (July
9. 9 month @ Rs. 10680∕year 8000
to March)
10. Other expenditure - - 5000
Total 51,680

*L = Labour

Cost of cultivation, gross and net returns (Rs. ha-1) and benefit cost ratio of chilli.

Rs. ha-1
Treatments Cost of Gross income Net income
B:C Ratio
cultivation
33098 52530 19432 0:59
T1

T2 34013 65880 30967 0:89

36067 71000 35033 0:97
T3
37204 85560 48356 1:30
T4

T5 41257 103650 62393 1:51

 42264 121148 78884 1:86
T6

T7 45344 146940 101596 2:24

T8 46447 147600 101153 2:18

T9 43917 135600 91803 2:09

 Exercise-8
Object- Introduction of different types of leaf apex, leaf margin, leaf surface, leaf shape and leaf
incision.

Leaf blade characteristics: The characteristics of the leaf blade may be described in respect of
leaf apex, leaf margin, leaf surface and leaf shape. Taking all these traits some of the leaves have
been given in figure. However, the individual trait is being illustrated below.

1. Leaf apex: The leaf apices are of various types as illustrated below.

(a) Obtuse: When it is round or has obtuse angle e.g.,banyan

(b) Acute: When the angle is less than 900 or pointed but not stiff e.g., China rose

(c) Acuminate: When it makes long slender tail e.g., peepal

(d) Cuspidate: When it ends in a long, rigid and sharp point e.g., pineapple
(e) Retuse: When it is truncate as in pistia

(f) Emarginate: When it is provided with deep notch as in Bauhania (kachnar)

(g) Mucronate: When round apex abruptly ends in a short point as in Ixora

(h) Cirrhose: When it ends in tendril as in banana

2. Leaf margin: Similar to leaf apex the leaf margin of different types found in angiospermare
given below.

(a) Entire: It may be even or smooth as in mango, jackfruit, ficus

(b) Sinuate: It may be undulated as in case of Ashok, coffee

(c) Dentate: When teeth are directed outward at right angle to the
margin as in melon, neem
(d) Crenate: With round teeth as in Bryophyllum

(e) Spinous: With pointed spine on the margin as in prickly poppy

(f) Serrate: It is cut like teething of saw as in China rose

3. Leaf surface: Various categories of leaf surface are found in fauna.

(a) Glabrous: When it is smooth and free from any hairs or growth as in case of ashok and
mango.

(b) Rough: When it is some-what harsh to touch as in case of pearl millet.

(c) Glutinous: When the surface is covered with sticky exudation as in case of tobacco.
(d) Glaucous: When the surface is green and shining as in peepal, lotus.

(e) Spiny: When it is provided with spines or prickles as in case of prickly poppy.

(f) Hairy: When it is covered with densely or sparsely hairs as in case of Napier grass.

4. Leaf shape: Leaf shapes are variable in plant spp.

(a) Acicular: When it is linear with acute and pointed apex. e.g., wheat

(b) Linear: When it is cylindrical as in case of onion

(c) Lanceolate: When the shape of the leaf is like lence as in case of lemon, banana

(d) Oval: When it is more or less of eclipse as in case of Vinca rosa

(e) Ovate: When the blade is egg shaped as in case of almond, jackfruit, Ficus

(f) Obovate: When the shape is errevrsely egg shaped as in jackfruit

(g) Oblong: When the blade is wide and oblong and the two margins running straight as in case

of banana

(h) Orbicular round: When the blade is more or less circular in outline as in lotus or garden

Nasturtium, lotus
(i) Reni-form: When the leaf is kidney shaped as in Indian penniwort, colocasia

(j) Cordate: When the leaf blade is heart shaped as in betel, giloy

(k) Obcordate: As in wood sorrel

(l) Oblique: When two halves of the leaves are unequal as in begonia, Neem

(m) Spathulate: When the shape is like that of spatula as in sundrew

(n) Sagitate: When the blade is like arrow head as in arrow root

(o) Hastate: When the two lobes of the sagitate are directed outward as in Ipomea pulcherima,

pothas
(p) Cuneate: When the lamina is under shaped as in pistia

(q) Lyrate: When the upper most (terminal) lobe is large as in case of radish

(r) Pendate: When the leaf blade dissected several times and the sets are directed outward as in

Vitis pendata

5. Leaf incision: According to the depth of incision(less than half of leaf margin-partide, mid
rib, upto mid rib-fid and beyond half mid rib-sect) (Fig.).

(1) Pinnate type of leaves

(a) Pinnatifid: When the incision of the margin is half or nearly half way down towards the
margin as in poppy.

Pinnatifidleaf incision in poppy

(b) Pinnati-partite:When the incision is more than half way down as in case of crucifers.

Pinnati-partite leaf incision in mustard

(c) Pinnatisect: When the incision is carried down to near the mid rib as in case of fern, gram,
peas.

Pinnatisect leaf incision in chickpea

(d) Pinnati-compound: When incision of the margin reaches the mid rib, then dividing the leaf
into number of segments or leaflets as in pea, gram, soybean, kidneybean, moongbean, urd etc.

(2) Palmate type of leaf

(a) Palmatifid as in case of cotton, cucurbit.

(b) Palmati-partite as in case of carrot, papaya.

(c) Palmatisect: As in case of tapioca, hemp, ganja.

(d) Palmati-compound: As in silk cotton tree, chitwan.

 Exersice-9
Object- Introduction of different categories of fruits with their example.

Categories of fruits with examples and diagrammatically illustration

Major category sub-category Kind Example Diagrammatic illustration

Simple fruit 1.Capsular fruit 1.Legume Pea

2.Follicle Calotropis
(madar)

3.Siliqua Mustard

4.Capsule Datura

1.Indehiscent fruit 2.Achenal fruit 1.Achene Mirabilis

2.Caryopsis Maize

3.Cypsela Sunflower
 4.Nut Cashewnut

2.Dehiscent fruit 3.Schezocarpic 1.Lomntum Groundnut

Fruit

2.Cremocarp Coriander

3.Samara Hiptage

4.Regma Castor

3.Fleshy fruit 1.Drupe Mango

2.Berry Tomato

3.Pepo Bottle gourd

4.Pome Apple

5.Hesperidium Citrus
4.Aggregate fruit 1.Etaerio of Madar
ollicles

2.Etaerio of Rose
achenes

3.Etaerio of Raspberry
drupes

4.Etaerio of Annona
berries

5.Multiple fruit Composite fruit 1.Sorosis Pine apple

 Exercise-10
Object- Introduction of morphology of dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous seeds.

The seed is the fertilized ovule, on the other hand, the ovule containing ovary after fertilization
develops into fruit. The fruit may contain one seed as in case of cereals and millets or many
seeds in case of dicots. The parts of the seed have been described as follows for dicot and
monocot separately.

Dicot seeds: There are several species or families which are dicots. For describing the dicot
seeds kidney bean has been taken as in dicot seed.

Parts of kidney bean seed (whole seed, cotyledon, embryo after removal of seed coat)

1. Seed coat: The seed is covered by the seed coat which is variously coloured in this legume
(brownish, cream, yellow, pink, black, green, mosaic, etc). It is made up of two layers or
integuments; the outer one is called testa and the inner one tegmen. As mentioned above, the
testa is of variously coloured and comparatively thick, whereas the tegmen is membranous and
fused with testa. The seed coat provides necessary protection to the embryo which lies within
one side of the seed, a small oval depression is seen which is known as hilum. The hilum
represents the point of attachment of the seed to the stalk. Just below the hilum, there is minute
slit (opening) which is known as micropyle. Above the hilum the stalk is continuous with the
seed coat, forming a sort of ridge, called the raphie.

2. Embryo: The seed without seed coat is embryo or baby plant. The embryo is composed of
two white fleshy bodies called cotyledons or seed leaves and a short axis to which the cotyledons
are attached. The part of the axis lying towards pointed end of the seed is radical (a little root),
while the other end lying between the two cotyledons is called plumule. The plumule is
surrounded at the apex by a number of minute leaves. As the seed germinates the radical gives
rise to the root and the plumule to the shoot. The cotyledons store up the food material.

Barring few exceptions the structure of pea, rajma, castor, mustard, soybean is similar to that of
chickpea.
Monocot seeds: The monocotyledons have seeds with single cotyledon. Most of the cereals
millets, Liliaceae family come under this category. The ovary of such plants after fertilization
produces grains i.e., small one seeded fruit. Such fruit (grain) remains enclosed in a husk of
variable colour which is comprised of two layers, one partially enveloping the other, the outer
layer is called flowering glumes (lemma), while the inner and smaller one is called palea. The
grain along with husk is called fruit, popularly known as cariopsis or kernel. Here the structure of
rice grain has been discussed (Fig.).

Structure of caryyopsis (monocot)

1. Seed coat: Just below the husk, there is membranous layer which remains adherent to the
grain. This layer is made up of seed coat and wall of the fruit fused together.

2. Endosperm: This forms bulk of the grain and food storage tissue laden with starch. In the
longitudinal section of the grain (Fig.). It is distinctly separated from embryo by a definite layer
known as epithelium.

3. Embryo: It is very small structure lying in a groove at the end of the endosperm. It comprises
of any one shield shaped cotyledon which is known as scutellum and a short axis which has an
upper portion, plumule and the lower portion, radical. The plumule is surrounded by minute
leaves and the radical is protected by cap known as root cap. The plumule is surrounded by
sheath called coleoptiles and similarly, radical is surrounded by coleorhizae. The surface layer of
the scutellum lying alongwith in contact with endosperm is the epithelium whose function is to
digest and absorb food material stored in the endosperm.

Similar to rice the structure of other monocot grains (maize, sorghum, pearl millet) is the same
excepting minor variations.

Difference between dicotyledon and moncotyedon plants

S.No. Particulars Dicotyledons Monocotyledons

1. Embryo With two cotyledons With one cotyledon
2. Root Tap root Fibrous root
3. Venation Reticulate with free Parallel with no free ending
ending of veinlets of veinlets
4. Flower Mostly pentamerous Trimerous
5. Vascular bundles In stem collateral and In stem collateral and closed,
open, arranged in a scattered; in roots radial,
ring; in roots radial, xylem bundles usually many,
xylem bundles usually rarely few (3-5).
2 to 6.
6 Secondary growth Present both in stem Absent but with few
and root exceptions
 Exercise-11
Object- Hybrid seed production technique in vegetable crops, information regarding breeder
seed and PPVFRA.

Historical back ground

With the exploitation of hybrid vigour it will not be an exaggeration that future of
agriculture would depend on hybrids. It is expected that hybrids will replace homozygous
progenies in self-pollinated crops and heterozygous ones in cross-pollinated ones in next 25-
30 years. It is surprising that maximum vegetable crops have come in the field of hybrid
development. The private seed companies have played greater role in this direction.

Fig. Photograph of hybrid pumpkin with heavy fruiting

In India, C.T. Patel of Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand developed first
cotton hybrid H4. Today, in India more than 3 million ha area is planted with hybrid cotton,
also India has become largest producer of cotton fibre in the world. Because of this, the
country switched over from cotton importer to exporter.

Similarly, T.S. Venkataraman in 1938 developed several hybrids of sugarcane by

crossing Saccharamum officenarum with ready relative Saccharum spontaneum.These new
hybrids spreaded rapidly in the country. Since sugarcane is vegetatively propagated, hybrid
seed production is not a problem.

Like wise, China has taken lead in the development of hybrid rice-a self-pollinated
plant. Now out of 34 m ha area under rice about 18 m ha is under hybrid rice. Particularly,
hybrids are most superior (66 q/ha yield) to varieties (44 q/ha yield). Taking lesion from
China, India has also launched network project on hybrid rice and more than a dozen hybrids
have been bred by private and public Organizations.

Hybrid seed production in vegetable crops

Tremendous progress has been made by public and private sectors in the
development of hybrids in several vegetable crops, including tomato, brinjal, chilli,
 capsicum, cabbage, cucumber, musk-melon, etc and about 90 hybrids have been
recommended for cultivation in various parts of the country. However, only about 10% area
is covered under tomato and cabbage hybrids.

In India, seeds of vegetable hybrids are produced by private companies. Commercial

hybrid seed production in public sector is comparatively less organized. Generally, hybrids
are produced in open fields except that of capsicum of which seeds are produced in glass
houses. Hybrid seed production of temperate vegetables like cauliflower, cabbage, carrot
and radish is restricted to the high land of Jammu and Kashmir.

Technology for hybrid development and hybrid seed production

There are several methods which can be employed for quality seed production of
hybrids. These methods are:

(i) Hand emasculation and pollination method

(ii) Use of genetic and genic-cytoplasmic male sterility

(iii) Use of self-incompatibility

(iv) Use of gynoecious lines

(v) Use of growth substances (Ethrel,GA and silver nitrate)

(a) Use of hand emasculation and pollination

This method is globally used in tomato, brinjal, pepper and okra. By this method,
Punjab Agricultural University has developed two hybrids each of tomato and brinjal.

Fig. Brinjal flower showing process of hand emasculation

Hybrids of tomato and brinjal developed by emasculation pollination method.

Vegetable Hybrid Female parent Male parent

1.Tomato TH 802 Acc 2 Acc3
TH 2312 Punjab Chhuhara VNF 8
 2.Brinjal BH 1 Punjab Barsati Jamuni Gola
BH 2 Punjab Barsati Punjab Neelam

a b

Fig. Hybrid plant of tomato (a) and brinjal (b) with luxuriant growth and heavy fruiting

The hybrid seed production by this method is costly as individual flower has to be
emasculated and pollinated. However, in south India, like Karnataka, Maharashtra and Tamil
Nadu the hybrid seed production in tomato and other vegetables is very successful and
economical because of long pollination period and cheap labor.

(b) Use of self-incompatibility

Sporophytic system (SI) is being used in cabbage and Chinese cabbage. SI is

maintained either by bud pollination, CO2 treatment, and weak electric current or with spray of
2-3% Nacl. However, it does not have much scope for the development of hybrids in India by
using SI lines.

(c) Use of male sterility

The gene-cytoplasmic male sterility system in onion and sugar beet has first of all
been discovered in1912 for hybrid seed production. The genetic male sterility is used in tomato,
chilli and musk melon.

Vegetable hybrids based on genetic male sterility

Vegetable Hybrid Parentage

Chilli CH 1 ms 12 x LLS
CH 3 ms 12 x S2430
Musk melon Punjab Hybrid ms 1 x Hara-madhu
Fig. Hybrid Chilli plant showing heavy fruiting

The seed production of these hybrids is very easy and quite cheap. Due to this reason, many
progressive farmers along with public and private institutions have taken up seed production of
hybrids. The seeds of both male and female lines of both these hybrids are supplied by PAU,
Ludhiana to the farmers and F1 seeds are produced by the farmers on large scale. This university
also organizes training of the farmers on the utilization of male sterility for the production of F1
hybrids in these vegetables. Thus plenty of hybrid seed is available at nominal cost to the
growers, therefore, making it viable commercial production.

(d) Use of gynoecious lines

The gynoecious lines have been developed in cucumber, musk melon and Cucurbita
pepo, etc. These lines are pistillate having no stamens or very rudimentary or non-functional
stamens. Such lines are being used for the development of hybrids.The PAU has developed a
hybrid in musk melon: MH 10 with the use of gynoecious line (WL 998). The line Pb. Sunhari
was male parent. In cucumber, Pusa Synyog (Japanese gynoecious x Green Long Naples) hybrid
was identified for general cultivation.

The gynoecous lines are maintained by spraying silver nitrate (Ag No3) in 500-100 ppm
or silver thiosulphate in 25-50 ppm concentration at 2-3 true leaf stage. This produces lot of
staminate flowers which can be used for selfing.

(e) Through chemical sex expression

With the advent of growth regulators very significant results were obtained with
regard to sex modification in cucurbits. It has now been possible to prove that the two leaf stage
is most responsive for the application of chemicals for sex modification. Specific chemicals are
known to induce femaleness or maleness as desired. In cucurbits like bottle gourd, pumpkin,
summer squash F1 seeds can be produced by the application of ethrel (2-dichlorothyl phosphoric
acid) at the rate of 200-300 ppm at two true leaf stage. Another application is useful at
flowering time: Ethrel helps in suppressing the staminate flowers and initiating the pistillate
flowers successfully in the first few flowering nodes on the female parent. The row of male
parent is grown by the side of the male parent and is allowed natural cross pollination. In the
absence of pollinators, hand pollination is possible when the two sexes are separate. Four to five
fruit set at initial nodes containing hybrid seeds would get sufficient seed yield. The complete
suppression of male flowers can be achieved at higher dose of 400-500 ppm of ethrel applied
twice and has made hybrid seed production easier in summer squash.

Details of anthesis, pollen dehiscence and fertility and stigma receptivity in gourds

Name of Antheis Dehiscence Pollen fertility Stigma

gourd receptivity
1.Ash ourd 9-12.30 7-8 hr 7-12hr One day before
hr and one day after
anthesis
2.Bitter gourd 9-13.30 7-8 hr 5-12 hr One day before
hr and one day after
anthesis
3.Bottle gourd 17-20 hr 13-14.30 hr On the daty of 36 hr before and
anthesis till next 60 hr after
morning anthesis
4.Ridge gourd 17-20 hr 17-20 hr On the day of 6 hrs before and
anthesis to 2 to 3 84 hrs after
days in cool period anthess
and11.5 day in
rainy season
5.Snake gourd 12-21 hr Shortly 10 hr before to 49 7 hr before to 51
before hr before hr after anthesis
anthesis dehiscence
6.Sponge 4-8 hr 4-8 hr On the day of 10 hr before to
gourd anthesis 120 hr after
anthesis

Import and sale of hybrid seeds of vegetables in India

S.No. Vegetable crop All India sale Value Million US %Imported

(t) $ seed
1. Okra 500 8.16 0
2. Brinjal 15 1.84 0
3. Tomato 28 8.57 2
4. Chilli 15 5.50 50
5. Capsicum 1.0 1.02 40
6. Cabbage 40 6.12 100
7. Cauliflower 10 3.27 70
8. Cucumber 3 9.42 15
9. Melons 5.5 0.84 20
10. Watermelon 40 3.27 15
11. Gourds (total) 30 1.44 30
12. Total 637.5 40.45 --
Source: Extracted from—Training program ―Quality seed production in vegetable crops- An
entrepreneurial perspective at Zonal Technology Management and Business Planning and
Development unit‖, IARI, New Delhi-110012

Number of grains (seeds)/10 g sample

0-500 700-2400 2500-4500 5000-15000 20000-and

above
Broad-bean-8 Salsify-700 Fenel-2500 Turnip-5000 Celery-25000
Lima bean-8 Gardenbeet-750 Onion-2700 Parsley-5400 Watercess-
38000
Pumpkin-30 Radish-1100 Cabbage-2800 Chicory- -----------
6000
Common bean- Pepper-1400 Knolkhol-3100 Lettuce-8600 ----------
35
Sweet corn-50 Brinjal-2200 Tomato-3200 ------------- ----------
Squash-70 Sprouting Cauliflower- ------------- -----------
broccoli-2300 3500
Watermelon-225 ------------------- Onion-4500 -------------- -----------
-
Okra-170 ------------------- ------------------ -------------- -----------
--
Cucumber-3500 ------------------- ------------------ --------------- -----------
--
Melon-3500 ------------------- ----------------- --------------- -----------
--
Artichoke-250 ------------------- ----------------- --------------- -----------
--
Asparagus-500 ------------------- ---------------- --------------- -----------
--

Isolation requirement for quality seed production in vegetable crops

S.No. Vegetable Isolation distance(m) Remarks

crop F.S C.S.
1. Asparagus bean 50 10 Isolate from other
varieties of cowpea
by the same
distance
2. Yard long bean 50 10
3. Cowpea 50 10
4. Ash gourd 1000 500
5. Bitter gourd 1000 500
 6. Cluster bean 50 10
7. Cowpea(Vigna 50 10
snensis
8. Dolichos bean 50 10
9. French bean 50 10
10. Lima bean 150 50
11 Garden pea 50 10
12. Cauliflower 1600 1000 Isolate from other cole
crop varieties by the
same distance
13. Cabbage 1600 1000 ― ―
14. Knol khol 1600 1000 ― ―
15. Brussel‘s sprout 1600 1000 ― ―
16. Sprouting broccoli 1600 1000 ― ―
17. Kale 1600 1000 ― ―
18. Chinese cabbage 1600 1000 Isolate from turnip by
(heading type) the same distance
19. Chinese cabbage 1600 1000 ― ―
(non-heading
type)
20. Amaranths 400 200 Isolate from wild
amaranth
21. Lettuce 50 25
22. Feenu-greek 50 10
(maithi)
23. Beet leaf 400 200 Isolate from garden
beet, sugar beet, swiss
chard
24. Carrot Stage I 5 5
24 Carrot Stage II 10900 800
25. Onion Stage I 5 5
26. Onion Stage II 1000 500
27. Radish 1000 800
28. Turnip 1000 800 Isolate from Chinese
cabbage by same
distance
29. Tomato 50 20
30. Hot pepper (chilli) 400 200 Isolate from sweet
pepper by same
distance
31. Sweet pepper 400 200 Isolate from chilli by
same distance
32. Brinjal 200 100
33. Okra (bhindi) 400 200 Isolate from wild
species
34. Musk melon 800 400 Isolate from long melon
by the same distance
35. Pumpkin 800 400 Isolate from squashes
by the same distance
36. Potato (tuber) 5 5
37. Potato (TPS) 50 10
38. Potato(TPShybrid) 50 5
39. Spinach 800 500
49, Beet leaf 2000 1000
50. Asparagus 1500 1000
51. Garden beet 2000 1000
52. Sugar beet 2000 1000
53. Broad bean 50 10
54. Cauliflower 1600 1000
55. Chicory 1600 1000
56. Colocasia 10 5
57. Coriander 3 3
58. Garden pea 50 10
59. Garlic 10 5
60. Ginger 10 5
61. Turmeric 10 5
62. Leek 1000 400
63. Parsley 1000 800
64. Prsnip 1000 800
65. Sweet potato 25 10

Plant varieties and farmer’ Right Act 2001 (PPVFRA-2001)

The Act, 2001 was passed on August 9, 2001 by the Lok Sabha. The main
features of the Act are:

1. Registration of farmer‘s varieties, extant varieties and new varieties, of such genera and
species as notified in the Official Gazette by the central Govt. A Farmer‘s variety is a
variety thathas been traditionally cultivated and evolved by farmers, or is a wild relative
or land race in common knowledge of farmers. An extant variety is a notified variety or
farmer‘s that is in the public domain. The registration of the extant varieties will be done
within a specified period and subject to their meeting the criteria of distinctiveness,
uniformity and stability.
2. A new variety shall be registered if it meets the criteria of vovelty, distinctiveness,
uniformity and stabiklity. The criterion of novelty requires a variety to be in a
commercial use for less than one year in India, or 4 years (6 years in case of trees and
vines) out side India.
3. The variety must be distingable for at least one essential characteristic from any other
variety whose existence is a common knowledge in any country (distinctiveness).
Essential characteristic is a heritable trait that contributes to the principal feature,
performance or value o the plant variety. Further, a variety in common knowledge, means
any variety for which an application for grant of PBR r for entering the variety in the
official register of varieties has been filed in any convention country.
4. Any variety that involves any technology including‘ gene use restriction‘ and termination
technologies which is injurious to life or health of human beings, animals or plants shall
bbot be registered.
5. A variety that has been essentially derived from an initial variety, can be registered as
new variety. The breeder of such variety must obtain authorization from the breeder of
the initial variety, since the essentially derived variety is subject to the PBr of the initial
variety. The definition of an essentially derived variety is that such a variety must be
distinguishable from the initial variety and otherwise conform to the latter in the
expression of heritable essential characteristics.
6. The duration of protection o the varieties will be 15 years for the extant varieties, 18
years for varieties of trees and vines and 15 years for varieties of other crops
7. The registration of a variety confers on the breeder of that variety or the successor or his
agent orlicensee an exclusive right to produce, sell, market, distribute, import or export
the variety.
8. The provision of researcher‘s rights allows any person to use any registered variety for
research and for creation of new varieties, except essentially derived varieties, without
paying any royalty to the PbR holder.
9. The Act recognizes the farmer‘s rights in the followingaspects
(a) Recognition of farmer‘s varieties
(b) Reward from the national gene bank for those farmers whoare engaged in the
conservation of genetic resources of land races and wid relatives of economic plants
and their improvement through selectionand preservation, provided that the material
so selected and preserved have used as donors ofgenes o varieties registered under
this Act.
(c) Freedom of farmers, to save, use, sow, resow, exchange, share or sell their
farproduce, including seed of a variety protected under the Act in some manner, as
theywere entitled before the coming into force of this Act
(d) Requirement for he breeder to disclose to the farmersthe expected performance of the
varietyunder given conditions, the farmers can claim the compensation if this
expectation is not fulfilled.
10. The procedure for making a claim attributable to the contribution in the evolution of any
variety and seeking reward from the gene fund has been specified
11. The Central Govt. shall establish a plant varieties Registry for the registration ofplant
varieties.
 12. The breeder shall be required to deposite the specified quantities of the seeds/propagules
of the registered variety as well as its parental lines in the National Gene Bank as
specified by the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmer‘s Rights Authority.
13. The cizens of convention countries will have the same rights as citizens of India under
the Act.
14. Applications for registration of a variety may be made to India within12 months from the
date of application for registration of the same plant variety made in a convention
country..
15. The rights of PNRholder shall not be deemed infringed by a farmer who at the timeof
suchinfringment was not aware of the existence of such right.

Details of breeder seed production of vegetable crops during last 9 years

Year Indent (kg.) Production (kg.) % excess production

2005-06 15831 22815 55.88
2006-07 21062 22684 8.33
2007-08 37541 34191 -8.12
2008-09 35574 37482 5.16
2009-10 7822.78 13348.5 58.60
2010-11 36786.640 37886.640 3.00
2011-12 2302.070 3022.070 30.3
2012-13 13579.980 13805.040 1.63
2013-14 6967.900 Not available --
With the increase in the breeder seed production and collaborative efforts of public seed
producing organizations and private seed companies which are involved in R&D of vegetable
crops, there has been commendable increase in the production of certified seed, the last unit of
the seed production chain, the India is well of in the vegetable seed required by growers. This
can be seen in Table given below.

Table-: Vegetable seed (BS, FS & CS) requirement in India

Vegetable Area Seed Requirement (kg) Total BS
crops (kg/ha) Breeder Foundation Certified Production (kg)
Tomato 879630 11.00 2199.08 439815 173.200
Brinjal 722070 5.78 1444.14 361035 258.410
Chilli 794120 15.88 3176.48 635296 81.320
Okra 530790 1769.30 106158.00 6369480 2976.000
Onion 1051530 262.88 52576.50 10515300 1975.700
Garlic 247520 3094000.00 24752000.00 198016000 5933.000
Cauliflower 402200 0.64 321.76 160880 0.100
Cabbage 372360 0.17 139.64 111708 2.300
Vegetable Pea 420900 657656.25 5261250.00 42090000 52413.000
Beans 123510 21957.33 329360.00 4940400 7371.700
Cowpea 102500 960.94 38437.50 1537500 911.000
Bottle gourd 113920 56.96 5696.00 569600 319.450
Bitter gourd 83220 41.61 4161.00 416100 292.500
Pumpkin 16170 8.09 808.50 80850 161.200
Cucumber 40900 1.36 409.00 122700 99.500
Watermelon 80590 32.24 3223.60 322360 80.000
Muskmelon 41820 44.61 3345.60 250920 5.500
Radish 170300 42.58 8515.00 1703000 705.500
Carrot 64270 28.56 4284.67 642700 80.250
 Exercise-12
Object- To introduce seed extraction techniques in different vegetable.

Brinjal: The mature yellow colored fruits are allowed to sun dry.

Fig. Mature yellow coloured fruits of brinjal ready for seed extraction

After 3-4 days sun drying, the fruits are longitudinally cut open for easy drying of
seeds. Once they dry properly the seeds can be scooped out in the vessel containing water

Fig. Longitudinally cut fruit of round brinjal ready for scooping out the seeds.

Tomato: Fruit picking should be done at red ripe stage and seeds are extracted from red ripe
fruits after keeping them in wooden boxes or cement tank for fermentation.

Fig. Ripe tomato fruits being macerated for fermentation

 Fig. Tomato fruits are being fermented in the wooden tank

The rate of fermentation depends on the ambient room temperature. After one to two day
time, seeds are separated from the fruit pulp by washing with water and sieves. When the
quantity of fruits is large the seeds are extracted by machine without fermentation

(a) (b)

Fig. Tomato seeds are being extracted by machine without fermentation (a) and dry seeds
after extraction (b)

The seeds are dried in shade up-to seed moisture of 8% and stored in dry place in glass
containers, cotton bags and aluminium foil packets.

Chilli: The red ripe fruits of chilli are plucked and then they are allowed to sundry in open
threshing floor. The mature fruits of capsicum are cut open longitudinally for easy drying of seeds.
Once they dry properly, the seeds can be scooped out in case of capsicum and chilli capsules need
to break open to expose the seeds.
 (a) (b)

Fig.Ripe hot pepper fruits ready for plucking for seed extraction (a) extracted seeds after drying
(b)

. Cucumber: The fruits of cucumber are cut longitudinally and the seed along with the placental
material and fine pulp are separated through screening. Fermentation is usually avoided as it
discolors the seeds and reduces the germination also. The seeds are spread on tarpaulin sheet under
partial shade. The seeds are dried till the moisture reaches to 10% and then can be stored under
ordinary room temperature. When seeds are to be stored in vapor proof containers, moisture
content should be 6%.

(a) (b)
Fig. Ripe fruits (a) and longitudinally cut fruits (b) of cucumber showing scooping of seeds

Muskmelon: The extraction of the muskmelon seed is done by removing the seed from cavity
and washing them thoroughly with plain water after fermentation. The seeds should be dried till
the moisture content reaches 10% and can be stored under ordinary room temperature. When
seeds are to be stored in vapour proof containers, the moisture content should be 6%.
 (a) (b) (c)

Fig. Seed ball (b) removed from the cavity (a) cavity (a) and seed being fermented (c)

Pumpkin: The seed in pumpkin is extracted by cutting the ripe fruit and the seed ball from the
cavity is extracted. Latter the seed is removed from the seed ball by maceration and the seed. The
seed yield ranges from 75 to 125 kg/ha and in case of squash, it is 50-80 kg/ha.

a b

Fig. Mature fruit (a) and dry seeds (b) of pumpkin

Okra: The maturity of fruits in okra occurs in a sequential order on the plant, therefore, the
repeated harvesting of the fruits is recommended. The angular fruited varieties of okra have a
tendency of shattering and hence delayed harvesting leads to loss of the seed yield. At maturity
the fruits turn grey to brown and that is the real stage of the harvesting of the fruits, otherwise the
fruits may split. Mature fruits are harvested manually and it should be done preferably in the
forenoon before 11 A.M. The seeds are extracted from hand harvested fruits when they are dry
and brittle. The most efficient method of seed extraction by hand twists the fruits open or the
fruits are threshed by hand or thresher.
 (a) (b)

Fig. Okra fruits showing initiation of dehiscence (a) and completely dehisced fruits and seeds
removed (b)

Coriander: To avoid shattering it is better to harvest the crop in morning hours when there is
dew. It is recommended that the crop should be harvested when seeds are in light green stage so
that unpleasant odor of the unripe fruits has disappeared. After harvesting, dry it in shade for 72
hours then put it for sun drying. The quality of the spice is highly dependent upon the stage of
fruit maturity at harvest and on the methods used for its subsequent drying and handling. Sulphur
dusting against powdery mildew also maintains the green color of the seeds. After drying,
threshing is done by beating the crop residue with stick or by light thresher. He seeds are sieved,
winnowed and dried in sun the before final packing.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Fig. (a) Fully fruited plant (b), dry crop ready for harvesting (c), harvested bungles (c) and (d)
threshed coriander seeds

Potato: Macerate the berries by hand or using reverse screw juice extractor into pulp. Treat the
pulp with 10 % HCl and stir for 20 minutes to separate the seeds from the debris. Wash the seeds
with plain water 3 to 4 times to remove the acid. Dry the clean seeds in shade on a stretched
muslin cloth for 72 hrs. followed by half an hour drying under sun to reduce the moisture content
to 5-6 %. Pack the seeds in double polythene bags and store over CaCl2 as desiccant in the
refrigerator at the temperature of 6-10oC.

Potato plant with berries (fruits) in clusters

 Exercise-13
Object- Introduction of unexploited/underutilized vegetables.

Vegetables form an important ingredient of human diet and Indian food; in particular, as
they are the cheap sources of minerals, vitamins, dietary fibers and health related phyto-
chemicals like antioxidants. There are a large number of vegetables grown in India which have
been classified into 10 major categories. Most of them are not acceptable to all categories of
consumers on account of their seasonability, high price and non acceptability, particularly to
those who are living in vegetable resource constraints ecologies.

1. Reasons of non availability of cultivated vegetables-

Even there cultivated vegetables are not available to general mass during lockdown
period due to epidemic of Corona virus disease because of the following reasons.
(a) Whole sale and retailer mandies of vegetables have been closed during lockdown
period, so that gathering of purchasers and consumers could be checked in order to
prevent further spread of the virus.
(b) The consumer families, mostly, do not procure/purchase vegetables from vendors due
to fear of contamination.
(c) Long distance transportation of vegetables through trains/trucks has been banned
during epidemics of Corona disease.
(d) Mandies and retail shops have been opened only during this unlock period/region
suspected.
(e) Risk in purchasing vegetables from vendors roaming from door to door due to
contaminations of virus as each item touched by the customers several times.
(f) Also, due to shortage of vegetables, the rates are high.
(g) The transported vegetables are already old hence cannot be stored for long period.
2. Relief from unexploited and underutilized vegetables-
In order to relieving the crises of short supply of traditional cultivated vegetables the
locally available unexploited vegetables should be used which has served benefits such
as:
(a) The local habitants are acquaint to taste and preparation.
(b) These vegetables are least costly as only searching, picking removal are required.
(c) The vegetables are rich in vitamins like vitamin ‗C‘ (Curry leaf, Karonda, Kareel,
Tamarind) which imparts immunity).
(d) They are full of dietary fibers (Bread fruit, Drumstick, Opuntia and Pulcherima)
which are laxative.
(e) They are very rich in calcium (water chestnut, wild spinach).
These vegetables should be consumed during lockdown period of epidemics of Corona virus
which not only tied down the crisis of vegetables, but will also impart immunity against
notorious disease (Covid-19).
I. Introduction
India has witnessed appreciable progress in vegetable production during post green
revolution era. India Being second largest producer of vegetables in the world, next to China,
India accounts for 15 per cent of the global production. Vegetable form an important ingredient
of human diet and Indian food, in particular, as they are the cheap sources of minerals, vitamins,
dietary fibers and health related phyto-chemicals like antioxidants.

II. Importance

Having shorter life cycle, vegetables help in increasing cropping intensity. There are
large numbers of vegetables grown in India which have been classified into 10 major categories.
Most of them are not acceptable to all categories of consumers on account of their seasonability,
high price and non accessibility, particularly to those who are living in vegetable resource
constraint ecology.

Alternatively, there are some vegetables/plant parts which are of special taste, local
importance and affordable to all sections of consumers. Some vegetables and/or plant parts
which are used as vegetable are excluded from major categories which have not been attended
for generation of production technology on account of several grounds. Such vegetables or plant
parts are mostly non descript, least attended by researchers and extension workers. In this article,
the efforts have been made to describe plant species where some parts are used as vegetables.
This list is not exclusive or complete. There may be many more plant species about which the
authors could not collect information. The collected species were described in respect of
Hindi/local name, English name, botanical name, family and plant parts which are used as
vegetable, other uses/special qualities, growing season/habit and areas where grown/used in the
following 6 tables (1 to 6).

Category wise importance of unexploited vegetables is being given below:

 1. Bamboo 2. Spathe of banana 3. Kachnar 4. Drumstick 5. Opuntia 6. Goolar 7. Karonda 8.
Lotus 9. Lasoda 10. Asparagus 11. Cactus 12. Ficus
1. Importance of tree/bush vegetables: The details of 12 trees/bushes where either fruits
and/or some other parts are used as vegetable and have some other special qualities have
been given in Table-1.

Table-1: Details of 12 trees/bushes where some parts and/or fruits are used as vegetable

S. Hindi/Local English Botanical Family Plant Other uses/special Growing

No name name name parts quality season/ha
. used as it
vegetabl
e
1 Badhal, Bread Artocarpus Moraceae Fruits 1.Wood is used as February-
Dahya, fruit altilis timber June
Monkey jack 2.Bark is source of
and Lahooch tannin
bean 3.Seed are purgative
 4.Bark produces bark
cloth
2 Kathal, Jack Artocarpus Moraceae Fruits 1.Heart wood is February t
Kanthal, fruit, hetrophyllus and valuable June-July
Panas Jack tree A.integrifolia seeds timber
2. Wood yields
yellow
dye
3.Leaves are used as
cattle fodder
4.Bark is used for
tanning
3 Imli and Tamarin Taramindus Caesalpiniace 1.Fruit 1.It is rich in vit ‗C‘, Throughou
Tamarind d indica ae pulp is tartaric acid, citric the year
used acid
for 2.Grown as avenue
tree
souring 3.Fruit pulp has
curries medicinal
2.Tender values
leaves
4 Sahjan and Drum Moringa Moringaceae Green 1.Oil from seeds has 1.Some
Soanjna stick oleifera fruits medicinal value varieties in
tree and 2.Wood is used for South
horse shutters and picking throughou
radish sticks the year
tree 3.Wood pulp is used 2.In North
in India
news print January
to April
5 Goolar/Dom Cluster Ficus Moraceae Fruit 1.Grown along road Throughou
oor fig glumerata side the year
2.Leaves are used as
fodder
3.Bark is used as
tannin
4.Host for lac insect
6 Mahua, Mahua Madhuca Sapotaceae Flowers 1.Flowers are source Summer
Moha tree and indica of months
Illipe alcohol
butter 2.Seed oil is used for
cooking and soap
making
3. Oilcakes make
good
manure
 4. Flowers are useful
in
coughing and
bronchitis
5.Tolerates alkanity
7 Chokargond, Sebesten Cordia Euphorbiacea Fruits 1.Fruits are eaten raw Summer
Lasoora and , dichofoma e or months
Labherah clammy pickle
cherry 2.They have
and medicinal
Indian value
cherry 3.Bark is rich source
of
tannin
4.Trees are hardy
8 Ker, Karar, - Capparis Capparidacea Flower 1.Top shoots and Summer
Karira and aphylla, e buds, young months
Kareel C. decidua green leaves are used as
and fodder
mature 2.Bark is useful in
fruits Coughing and
asthma
3.Wood is hard and
heavy
4.It is termite
resistant
5.Suitable for wind
break and shelter belt
9 Khejri, - Prosopis Mimosaceae Young 1.Grown as hedge Summer
Chhokar, cineraria pods plant months
Jand, Sami P. spicigera 2.Plant yields gum
Sangari 3.Drought tolerant
4.Fruits are rich in
protein and calcium
10 Lal Kachnar, Camel‘s Bauhinia Caesalpiniace Flower 1.Leaves are used as Summer
Kaliar foot purpurea ae buds and fodder months
tree, fruits 2.Tannin is extracted
Pink from
Bahauni bark
a 3.Wood is useful for
agricultural
implements
11 Kurkurji wah - Leea indica Leeaceae Fresh Roots have medicinal -
shoots quality in diarrhoea
12 Meethi neem Curry Murraya Rutaceae Leaves 1.Rich in vitamin ‗C‘, Perennial
leaf koenigii, for calcium and shrub
 M.paniculata flavouri phosphorus
ng the 2.High in medicinal
curries values
3.Oil is used in
perfumery

Besides providing vegetables some trees/bushes are beneficial in respect of following

traits and qualities.

1. All trees/bushes are perennial and thus their sowing/planting is required only once in several
years (Until they decay/degenerate). Thus the seed

rate is negligible over the years as against the annual species where sowing is done every
year/season.

2. They are very hardy and thus least care is required.

3. They provide timber wood which is used for various purposes.

4. They also provide fuel wood.

5. They are grown as avenue trees (Imli, Kachnar, Kathal).

6. The bark of trees provide tannin (Badhal, Goolar, Lasoda), dye (Kathal) and gum (Chhonkar).

7. Cluster fig acts as host for lac insect.

8. The leaves and twigs of these tree species provide valuable fodder for cattle.

9. The soft wood of trees viz., Sahjan is used in the production of news print.

10. They serve the purpose of wind breaks in the gardens and crop fields.

11. Besides the use as vegetable, the fruits are also used in pickling (Kathal, Sahjan and Karil).

12. Dried fruits are used as off-season vegetables (Karil and Sengri).

13. The fruits of Imli are very rich in vitamin ‗C‘, tartaric acid and citric acid.

14. Mahua flowers are resource of alcohol.

15. Oil extracted from Mahua seeds is used in cooking and soap making and oil cake is useful as
manure.

16. In Jack fruit, unripe fruits are used for vegetable and pickle. In ripe fruits the seeds are used
as vegetable and the pulp makes delicious dish.
17. The fruit pulp of Imli is used for souring the curries and also have served medicinal qualities.

18. In Sahjan, the immature fruits are used for vegetable and pickeling and ripe ones are used in
the preparation of special dish (Sabhar).

19. The mature seeds of Sahjan on germination produce radish like roots which are used in the
preparation of pickle.

20. Kareel and Mahua can be grown in acute alkaline soils.

21. The Kareel wood is very heavy and hard which is commonly used in fabrication of
agricultural implements.

2. Importance of unexploited leafy vegetables: Besides major leafy vegetables like spinach,
fenugreek, sarson and kulfa, there are 22 more species which provide leaves, petioles and twigs
as green vegetable, the details of which have been given in Table-2.

Table-2: Details of 22 plant species which are used as source of vegetable

S. Hindi/Local English Botanical Family Leaves and Other uses/qualities

No. name name name twigs as
vegetable
1 Basna Bak Agati Sesbania Papilionaceae Flowers, fruits 1.Plant is used as suppor
and Agastoya Sesbania grandiflora L. and tender and betel vine
leaves 2.Used as shade and win
3.Leaves are used as fod
2 Makhana, Gorgan Euyale ferix Euyalaceae Young leaves, 1.Seeds are roasted and
Kakwagi and nut petioles, fruits eaten
Thargigiojdi and seeds 2.Used in religious cerem

3 Patsan and Bimlipat Hibiscus Malvaceae Tender leaves, 1.Source of fiber

Ambari an jute, cannabinus L. shoots and fruits 2.Used as paper pulp
Kenaf 3.Seed oil is used for bu
and 4.Seed cake
Mesta is used as cattle feed a
making
4 Dudhia kalmi Moon Ipomea alba Convolvulace Leaves and Fragrant night blooming
flower ae fleshy calyces
5 Ghiabato - Ipomea Convolvulace Leaves and stem -
Boota criocarpa L. ae

6 Nari - Ipomea Convolvulace Young terminal -

 aquatica ae shoots and
leaves
7 Kalmi sag, Swamp Ipomea Convolvulace Young leaves Vines are used as cattle
Sarmali, cabbage, replance L. ae and shoots
Gandhian water
spinach
8 Ban kalmi - Ipomea Convolvulace Whole plant -
sepiaria L. ae

9 Michai - Ipomea Convolvulace Flower, pedicel -

turbinate L. ae
10 Khesari Grass- Lathyrus Paplionaceae Foliage twigs 1.Foliage is used as cattl
pea, sativus L. 2.Grains are used as puls
chickling
pea,
Jarosse

11 Kasari Grass Lathyrus Compositae Leaves are used 1.Plant is used for fodde
pea nudicandis in curries 2.It is used for making s

12 Poi Indian Basela alba Basellaceae Leaves It is rich in calcium, pho

spinach oxalate
13 Khersa culfa Purslane Porchulaca Porchulacace Leaves and 1.Rich in protein, vitami
eleracea a twigs 2.Used for treatment of s
liver diseases
3.Blood purifier

14 Bathua Chenopo Chinopodium Chinopodiace Leaves and 1.Used as fodder

d, pig album ae tender twigs 2.Rich in iron and protei
weed,
limbs
quarters
15 Sabji jute pat Vegetabl Corchorus Tiliaceae Leaves 1.Rich in protein (18-22
and tilapat e jute, capsularis L. carotene
nercha white 2.It is rich source of fibe
jute
16 Har farauri Star Phyllanthus Euphorbiacea Leaves and 1.Bark is used as tan
gooseber acidua L. e fruits 2.Used as fodder
ry 3.It has medicinal value
17 Kusum Safflowe Carthamus Compositae Tender leaves 1.Flowers are used as dy
r tinctorious L. and twigs 2.Seeds yield edible oil
3.Oil is used in soap, pai
4.Oil cake is used as cat
18 Kuttu Buch Fagopyrum Polygonaceae Tender leaves 1.Grains are mixed with
wheat esculentum and shoots millets. The product is u
fasting
2.The husks are used for
pillows
19 Jangali - Rumex dentatus Polygonaceae Tender leaves 1.Roots are source of red
palak, Lal 2.Rich in calcium, carote
bibi, Khatti vitamin C
palak, amrule
and ambarch
20 Amloo, Mountai Oxyriya dygina Polygonaceae Leaves It is good source of calci
lemon hoo n sorrel vitamin C

21 Chakwat Orach Atriplex Chinopodiace Leaves and 1.Leaves are rich in prot
hortensis ae branches minerals
2.It has medicinal qualit

22 Makoy Black Solanum Solanaceae Tender twigs 1.It cures dropsy disease
night nigrum L. and leaves 2.Ripe fruits are edible
shade

In this category the major source of vegetables belong to families Convolvulaceae and
Paplionaceae. The importance of this source of vegetable is given below:

1. In general, paplionaceous source is comprised of floral buds, flowers, leaves, tender twigs,
fruits and green seeds.

2. The Leguminaceous source enriches the soil with nitrogen through atmospheric fixation.

3. The Agethi sesbania, besides providing grains for vegetable, is also used as support for pepper
and betel vine, shade and wind break for orchards,

etc.

4. Makhana is a typical source of vegetable where young leaves, petioles, fruits and seeds are
used as greens. The seeds are popped and are used in religious ceremonies.

5. Patsan and jute are useful source of fiber, besides leaves and fruits being used as vegetable.

6. Buck wheat which is a source of vegetable also provides grains, the substitute for cereal flour.

7. Jungli palak and mountain sorrel are rich in vitamin C.

8. Bathua is rich in iron, mineral and protein provides nutritious fodder also for cattle.
9. Safflower provides dye and also has medicinal quality for curing diabetes.

10. Most of the leafy vegetables are rich source of vitamins and minerals.

3. Importance of legume vegetables: There are 6 legume vegetables which belong to

Paplionaceaefamily, the details of them have been given in Table-3.

Table-3: Details of legumes which are used as vegetable

S. Hindi/Local English Botanical name Plants as Other uses/qualities

No. name name vegetable

1 Chaudhari Goa bean Psopocarpus Tender pods Grown as green manure, cover
phalli, tetragonolubus and tuberous and fodder crops
Charkori sem L. roots,
flowers,
sprouts
2 Sanai, Sunnhem Crotalaria Flowers 1.Stem fiber is used for various
Jhunjhuna, p juncea purpose
Sum 2.Stem fiber is used for cigarette
and tissue paper
3.Green stem and leaves make
green manure
4.Seed contain about 15% gum
5.It fixes nitrogen in the soil
3 Bakla Broad Vicia fava L. Fruits and 1.Grown for fodder and hey
bean, seeds 2.It fixes nitrogen in the soil
Windsor
bean

4 Kiwach Welvet Mucuna prusiana Fruits 1.Pods, seeds and roots have
Alkusi bean and L. medicinal value
Horse 2.Rich in vitamin A and protein
eye bean 3.It contains aldopa which is used
in curring Perkinson disease
4. It fixes nitrogen in the soil

5 Bara sem, Sword Canavalia Pods (fruits), 1.Used as green manure and cover
Makkhan bean fadiata L. green seeds, crop
sem flower, 2.Fixes nitrogen in the soil
leaves
6 Bara sem Horse Canavalia Pods and 1.Used as forage purpose
 bean, ensifermes L. immature 2.Acts as cover crop
Jack seeds 3.Flowers and young leaves are
bean, used as condiment
gotani 4.Used as green manure crop
bean and 5.Roasted seeds are used as
over look substitute of coffee
bean

1. All the legume vegetables belong to legume family which is characterized by fixing the
atmospheric nitrogen in the soil.

2. Most of legume vegetables serve as green manure crops.

3. They also provide nutritious feed and fodder for cattle.

4. Some of them serve as cover crop, thus check soil erosion.

5. Sunhemp, besides being used as source of vegetable, provides stem fiber.

6. Kiwach is very rich source of minerals, vitamins and protein. It also contains aldopa which
cures Perkinson disease.

7. In jack bean, the seeds are used as substitute of coffee.

4. Importance of cucurbitaceous vegetables: This is a very big source of vegetables (11) which
belongs to the family Cucurbitaceae. All these

vegetables grow in dry part of the country during rainy season, the details of which have been
given in Table-4.

Table-4: Details of cucurbitaceous vegetable source

S. Hindi/Local English Botanical Plant part used Other uses/qualities G

No. name name name as vegetable se
1 Ban karela, Spine Momordica Fruit Cures diabetes Ra
kakrol, gourd cochinachinesi (S
kakora s (Roxb.) O
di
pl
2 Kundru, Kovai Coccinia Fruit, tender 1.Juice from leaves and roots is used A
kanduri fruit and indica,C.grandi leaves and twigs in sp
Ivy sh, C.cordifolia diabetes sh
gourd 2.Rich in iron, phosphorus, minerals co
and carotene
3 Amantmul, Melothri Melothria Leaves, twigs 1.Itis rich in calcium and other Pr
kundri,Bam a hetrophylla, and minerals cl
 kurteen Solena tuberous 2.Cures diabetes
hetrophylla roots 3.Juice is used in injuries and
wounds

4 Launku Chayote, Sachium edule Fruits, tender 1.Leaves are rich in vit A,B,C, Tr
chocho leaves, twigs calcium, cl
and and iron pe
christoph tuberous 2.Leaves are used as fodder m
ine roots 3.Stem fiber is used in basket vi
making
5 Thumba Colocynt Citrullus Bitter fruits are 1.Dry seeds are made in to floor Pe
h colocynthis used as salad 2.Seed contains 16% oil m
and pickle pl
6 Phoot and Snap Cucumis melo Immature fruit 1.Ripe fruits as dessert A
kachra melon var. 2.Seeds are useful in confectionary Ra
momordica tra

7 Kacharia, Kachra Cucumis Fruits 1.Used in chatni, salad, pickle A

petha, sendha cellosus 2.Fruits are cut in pieces and dried Ra
which m
are used during off season pl
8 Meetha Achocch Cyclathera Fruits, tender Used as salad and ripe fruits are A
karela a pedata L. twigs and leaves useful in pudding cl
cu
9 Lupha jugali Balsom Momordica Fruits, leaves, 1.Fruits are used for petha A
karela apple balsami and tuberous 2.Leaves are good source of vit.C he
roots vi
10 Kumra, Pumpkin Cucubita pepo Fruits, flowers, - A
villaiti kaddu and growing tender
marron twigs
11 Ghia torai Vegetabl Luffa Immature fruits 1.Dried fruits yield fibrous structure A
e sponge aegyptiaea and unopened which tra
flower buds is widely used in fabrication of
articles
2.Fibrous sponge is used in
scrubbing the
utensils

1. All the minor vegetables belong to the family Cucurbitaceae.

2. Most of the plant species are monoecious (male and female flowers appear on the same plant).

3. One of these cucurbits (kakora) is dioiceous (where male and female plants are separate).

4. In both of the plant species the cross pollination is effected by the insects.
5. Mostly green and unripe fruits are used as vegetable.

6. In sponge gourd the flower buds are used as vegetable.

7. In pumpkin group of cucurbits the tender growing twigs and flowers are used as vegetable.

8. The sponge of fruits of sponge gourd is used in making mat, hand fan and sponge for cleaning
the utensils.

9. In snap melon the mature fruits are used as vegetable and ripe ones form delicious dish.

10. Kakora and kundru are useful for curing diabetes.

11. The seed of snap melon are used in confectionary.

12. The unripe fruits of kachri are cut in to pices and dried and stored for off-season use.

13. Most of these cucurbits are rich some of vitamin C.

5. Importance of tuber and corm/rhizome vegetables: This group includes kamal rhizomes
and arvi (Ghuinya). Both are starchy

vegetables. The details of which have been given in Table-5.

Table-5: Details of rhizome and corm vegetables

S. Hindi/Local English Botanical Family Plant part used Other uses/qualities

No. name name name as vegetable

1 Kamal, East Nelumbo Nelumbonace Rhizomes, seed Fragrant flowers are mu

Kanwal Indian nucifera, ae and young garlands and used in e
lotus, Nymphoea leaves
Sacred nelumbo
lotus
2 Arvi Arum Zantedeschia Araeceae Young leaves Poultice of leaves is use
lily aethiopica and petioles wounds and sores
common
balla

1. In Kamal (lotus) rhizomes, seeds and young leaves are used as vegetable.

2. In lotus the flowers are scented and thus are used for decoration and worship.

3. The juice of lotus leaves are used for curing desyntry and diarrhoea.

4. In arvi, young leaves, petioles and corms are used as vegetable.

5. Poultice of arvi leaves is used in burns, sores and wounds.

6. Miscellaneous vegetables: This group of vegetables belong 15 different families and is grown
in different ecologies, the details of which have

been given in Table-6.

Table-6: Details of different plant species used as vegetables

S. Hindi/Local English Botanical Family Plant part Other uses/qualities

No. name name name used as
vegetable
1 Singhara Water Trapa Trapaceae Immature 1.Mature and dried kerne
chest nut bispinosa kernels are used as cereal meals
T. used as 2.Kernels are rich in calci
quadrispinosa vegetable. starch

2 Bans Thorny Bambusa Bambusaceae Young buds, 1.Culms are used for mak
bamboo, arundinacea tender paper, thatching.
Spiny (Retz.) suckers/stem 2.Young stems are used f
bamboo B.spinosa(Rox pickling.
b.) 3.Grains are consumed as
4.Kernels are rich in calci

3 Vrakshiya Tree Cyphonandra Solanaceae Fruits Jam and jelly is prepared

tamatar tomato betacea juice
4 Teet baingan Tit Solanum Solanaceae Fruits 1.It cures cough
baigan torvum 2.It dissolves the blood cl
snake bits

1. Water chestnut is aquatic herb which grows in ponds, lakes, tanks and other water bodies
through ripe fruits or vines. These immature fruits are used as vegetable. The dried kernels of
mature fruits are ground and the resulting flour is used as substitute of cereal flour. It is very rich
in calcium and starch.

2. Thorny bamboo is perennial tall woody grass. The young buds, tender suckers are used as
vegetable. The tender stem is also pickled. The stems are used for making paper, grains are
consumed as cereal. The culms are also used as thatching material.

3. Tree tomato is a perennial tree of Solanaceae family. The fruits are used as vegetable and
juice is used in the preparation of jelly and jam.

4. Tit baigan is a spiny shrub/herb, the fruits of which are used as vegetable. It has immense
medium uses. It cures cough. The juice dissolves blood clots in snake bite.
 Exercise-14
Object- Inlist of different plant species used as vegetable.

Details of plant species used as vegetable

S.No English Hindi/ver Botanical name Family Plant part used as

. name nacular vegetable/other
name uses
1 Okra, Bhindi Abelmoschus Malvaceae 1.Tender fruits as
Lady‘s esculentus L. vegetable
finger 2.Seeds contain
20% edible oil
3.Mucilage from
stem is used for
cleaning of juggery
2 Leek Vilayti Allium porrum L. Alliaceae Stout stem is used
lahsun as vegetable
3 Onion Pyaj Allium cepa L. Alliaceae Immature and
mature bulbs are
used as vegetable
4 Giant Taro Munkanda Alocasia cucullafa Araceae Stem rhizomes are
used as vegetable
5 Large Taro Banda Alocasia indica Araceae Stem rhizomes are
used as vegetable
6 Taro Banda Alocasia Araceae Corms are edible
macrorrhiza
7 Amaranth Chaulai Amaranthus blitum Amaranthaceae Leaves are used as
vegetable
8 African Ramdana Amaranthus Amaranthaceae Whole plant is
Spinach cruentus used as vegetable
9 Prickly Kateli Amaranthus Amaranthaceae Used as vegetable
amaranth chaulai spinosus
10 Elephant Suran, Amorphophallus Dioscoriaceae Corms are used as
foot yam Zimikand companulatus Roxb. vegetable
11 White yam, Khamalu Dioscoria alata L. Dioscoriaceae Tubers are used as
Greater yam vegetable
12 Potato yam Ratalu, Dioscoria bulbifera Dioscoriaceae Aerial bulbs are
gainthi eaten as vegetable
13 Lesser yam Suthni Dioscoria esculenta Dioscoriaceae Tubers are used as
Roxb. vegetable
14 White Safed rai Brassica alba Cruciferae Tender shoots and
mustard leaves are used as
vegetable
15 Kale Karam Brassica oleraceae Cruciferae Young shoots and
saag var. acephala leaves are used as
 vegetable
16 Cauliflower Phool Brassica oleraceae Cruciferae Immature
gobhi var. botrytis inflorescence is
used as vegetable
17 Cabbage Band/patta Brassica oleraceae Cruciferae Head is eaten as
gobhi var. capitata vegetable
18 Yellow Sarson Brassica campestris Cruciferae Tender shoots and
sarson var. sarson leaves are used as
vegetable
19 Rape Kali Brassica nigra Cruciferae Leaves are used as
sarson vegetable
20 Brussels‘ Buttan Brassica oleraceae Cruciferae Young shoots,
sprouts gobhi var. gemmifera buds and leaves
are used as
vegetable
21 Knol khol Ganth Brassica oleraceae Cruciferae Swollen stem is
gobhi var. caulirapa used as vegetable
22 Turnip Shaljam Brassica rapa L. Cruciferae Swollen roots are
eaten as vegetable
23 Taro Arvi Colocasia esculenta Araceae Tubrous rhizomes
L. and young leaves
are used as
vegetable
24 Red Sitaphal Cucubita maxima Cucurbitaceae Fruits are used as
pumpkin vegetable
25 Squash Meetha Cucurbita moschata Cucurbitaceae Fruits are used as
kaddu vegetable
26 Pumpkin Vilayti Cucurbita pepo L. Cucurbitaceae Fruits are used as
kaddu vegetable
27 Cluster bean Guar Cyamopsis Paplionaceae Green pods are
tetragonoloba L. eaten as vegetable
28 Sweet gourd Meetha Cyclanthera pedata Cucurbitaceae Fruits are used as
karela vegetable
29 Carrot Gajar Daucus carota Umbelliferae Roots are used as
vegetable and
fodder
30 Lettuce Salad Lectuca sativa L. Compositae Tender leaves are
used as salad
31 Bottle gourd Lauki Lagenaria siceraria Cucurbitaceae Tender fruits are
L. used as vegetable
32 Ridge gourd Kali torai Luffa acutangula Cucurbitaceae Tender fruits are
Roxb. used as vegetable
33 Sponge Ghia torai Luffa aegyptiaca L. Cucurbitaceae Tender fruits are
gourd used as vegetable
34 Tomato Tamatar Lycopersicon Solanaceae Ripe fruits are
esculentum used as vegetable
 and several
preparation
35 Bitter gourd Karela Momordica Cucurbitaceae Fruits are eaten as
charantia L. vegetable
36 Spine gourd Ban karela Momordica dioca Cucurbitaceae Fruits are eaten as
vegetable
37 Small bitter Jangli Momordica dioca Cucurbitaceae Fruits are eaten as
gourd karela vegetable
38 Velvet bean Kiwanch Mucuna Paplionaceae Fruits are eaten as
cochinchinensis vegetable
39 Parsley Parsley Petroselinum Umbelliferae Leaves are used as
sativum L. vegetable/salad
40 Goa bean Chardhari Psophocarpus Paplionaceae Pods are eaten as
phalli, tetragonolobus vegetable
pankhiya
sem
41 Red tail Sengari Raphanus candatus Cruciferae Fruits are used as
radish L. vegetable
42 Radish Mooli Raphanus sativus L. Cruciferae Entire green plant
is used as
vegetable
 Exercise-15
Object-Inlist of national/state seeds corporations in India.

S.No. Name of S.S.C. Address Mob./Tel. no.

1 National Seeds Corporation Beej Bhawan, Pusa Complex, New 011-25842672
Ltd. Delhi-110012
2 West Bengal State Seeds Gangadhar Babu Lane, Bow Bajar 033-223275591
Corporation Ltd. Calcutta-700012
3 Rajasthan State Seeds Pant Krishi Bhawan, Janpath, Jaipur- 0141-2227514
Corporation Ltd. 302005
4 Orissa State Seeds Sawantarapura, Old Town, 086-37299872
Corporation Bhubaneshwar-751002
5 Karnataka State Seed Beej Bhawan, Bellary Road, Hebbal, 080-23415652
Corporation Ltd. Bangaluru-560024
6 Punjab State Seed SUO-835-36, Udyog Path, 17G-228, 0172-2701582
Corporation Ltd, Sector-22, Chandigarh-160022
7 National Seeds Corporation 1711, Tuka Ram Gate, Lalaguda, 040-27731152
Secundrabad-500017
8 Gujarat State Seeds 140/107, Raj Viraj Complex, 281-2222688
Corporation Ltd. Besides, Gujarat Furniture, Dharbar
Road, Bhakti Nagar, Rajkot-360002
9 Maharashtra State Seeds 55, Trusrobkeshur Road, MIDC 0253-2350749
Corporation Ltd. Area, Cotpur Colony, Nasik-422007

10 Uttaranchal Seed and Tarai Haldi, Udham Singh Nagar

Vikas Nigam
11 Haryana Beej Vikas Nigam Chandigarh
12 A.P. State Seeds Corporation Hyderabad
Ltd.
13 Bihar State Seeds Corporation Patna
Ltd.
14 Assam state Seeds Guwahati
 Corporation Ltd.
15 M.P. State Seeds Corporation Bhopal
Ltd.
16 U.P. State Seeds Corporation Lucknow
17 State Farms Corp. of India 14-15, Nehru place, New Delhi
18 National Horticulture Nasik, Maharashtra
Research and Development
Foundation.
 Exercise-16
Object-Inlist of seed certification agencies.

S.No. Name of S.S.C.A. State Address Mob./Tel.no.

1 A.P. State Seed A.P. House no.5-10-193, Ist 040-
Certification Agency Floor, HACA Bhawan, 23237016/23235939
Opp. Public Garden,
Hyderabad-500004
2 Assam State Seed Assam Dr.B.K. Koskoti Road,
Certification Agency Ulubari, Guwahati-
81007
3 Bihar State Seed Bihar Tranquality riding
Certification Agency Road, Sheikhupura,
Patna-800014
4 Chhattisgarh State Seed Chhattisgarh Indira Gandhi
Certification Agency Agricultural University
Campus, Krishi Nagar,
Raipur-492006
5 Seed Certification unit, Delhi Room No. 526, Old
Delhi Administration Civil Supply Building,
New Courts, Tis
Stazuri, Delhi-110004
6 Gujarat Seed Certification Gujarat Outside Shalipur Gate,
Agency Opposite Krishi
Chambers, Narian
Kings, Ahmedabad-
380001
7 Haryana Seed Haryana SCO1038-39,
Certification AGency Seed.22B, Chandigarh-
160020
8 H.P. State Seed H.P. Nalagarh House,
Certification AGency Shimla-171005
9 Seed Certification Wing, Jammu Talab tilloo, Jammu
Deptt. of Agriculture,
Jammu Division
10 Seed Certification Wing, Kashmir Lal Mandi Post Office,
Deptt. of Agri., Kashmir Jawahar Nagar, Srinagar
Divison
11 Karnataka State Seed Karnataka K A I C Premises, 08023419481
Certification Agency Opposite Baptist House, 2345505
Bellary Road, Hebbal,
Banglore-560024
12 Deptt. of Seed Kerala Directorate of
Certification, D. of Agriculture, Vikas
Agriculture. Bhawan, Trivantpuram
647041
13 M.P. State Sed M.P. HIG/A-7, BDA Colony,
Certification Agency Near 1250 Hospital,
Tulsi Nagar, Bhopal -
462003
14 Maharashtra State Seed Maharashtra Import of Nilkanth
Certification Agency Cotton Mill NH6,
Muzaffarpur Road,
Shivani, Akbla-444005
15 Brissa State Sed Orissa Cold Storage Campus,
Certification Agency Samomtrapur
Bhubaneshwar-751002
16 Punduchery State Seed Punducherry New Light House Road,
Certification Agency Vamba Keqrapur,
Punduchary-605001
17 Punjab State Seed Punjab SCO-837, Sector -224
Certification Authority. Chandigarh-160022
18 Rajasthan Stte Seed Rajasthan 3rd Floor, Pant Krishi
 Certification Agency Bhawan, Janpath Jaipur-
302004
19 Seed Certification Wing Sikkim Deptt. of Agircultgure,
Govt. of Sikkim,
Gangtok-237101
20 Deptt. of Seed Tamilnadu 1424-A, Thadagam
Certification road, GCT Post Office,
Coimbatore 641013
21 U.,P. STate Seed U.P. A-284, Sect.5, Indira
Certification Agency Nagar, Lucknow.
22 SW.B. State Seed W.B. 238, Netaji
Certification Agency. Subhashchandra Road,
Kolkatta
 Exercise-17
Object- Inlist of top vegetable seed industries in India.

S.No. Name of company Address

1. Adventa India Ltd. 309 3rdFloor, Rheja
Chambers, Mauseum Road.
Banglore 560001
Tel.: (080) 5594524
Fax: (080) 5594525

2. Ankur Seeds Pvt. Ltd. 27, New Cotton Market

Layout, Opp. Bus Station,
Nagpur- 440018
Tel.: (0712) 726148
Fax: 723455

3. Bejo Sheetal Seeds Pvt. Ltd. A-3, Old MIDC Jalna,

Maharashtra – 431203

4 Century Seeds Pvt. Ltd. B-A 22-24, Phase II

Mangolpuri, Industrial Area,
Delhi-110034
Tel.: (011) 7019890,
7017061
Fax: 7017568

5. Ganga Kaveri Seeds Pvt. Ltd. Suit- 1406-1407, Babu

Khan Estate, Bashir Bagh,
Hyderabad- 500001
Te.: (040) 242450, 242451
FAX: 233418

6. Heritage Seeds Pvt. Ltd. 201, Luse Towe,r Azadpur,

Delhi- 110033
Tel.: 7433355, 7228935

7. Indo- Americon Hybrid Seeds (India) Pvt. Ltd. Po. Box No. 7099, 17th
Cross 2nd A Main, K.R.
Road, B SK 2Nd Stage,
Bangalore- 560070
Te.: (080) 6650111
Fax: 6650479

8. Kaveri Seed company 206/6 Nagama gowda Bldg.

old Hospital Road,
Davengere, Bangalore
9. Krishidhan Seeds Pvt. Ltd. Royal House, 11/3 Usha
Ganj, Indore India- 452001,
MP

10. Namdhari Seeds (P) Ltd. 119, Arasappa Complex 9th

Main Road, Ideal House,
Raj Rajeshwari Nagar ,
Bangalore- 560039
Tel.: (080) 2210987
Fax: 8602168

11. Nath Seeds Nath House, Nath Road PB

No. 318,
Aurangabad – 431005
Tel.: (0240) 333313/14
Fax: 33118

12. Nuziveedu Seed Pvt. Ltd. NSL ICON, 4th Floor ,Road
No 12, Banjara Hills
Hyderabad – 500037

13. Rassi Seeds Door No. 8-3-105/5,

Bawanpally, Hyderabad-
500011
Tel.: 40158, 40458
Fax: 41558

14. Shri Ram Bio Seeds Genetics (1) Ltd. 510, 5th Floor Raghav B
Block, Raghav Ratan,,
Hyderabad- 560001
Te.: (040) 5717442
Fax: (040) 5781182

15. Pro- Agro Seed Complex Ltd. A-311, Ansal Chamber No.
1,3 Bhikaji Cama Place,
New Delhi- 110066
Tel.: (011) 6191163 Fax:
6192084

16. Sungu Seeds Pvt. Ltd. 207, Aradhana Bhawan,

Azadpur, Delhi- 110033
Tel.: (011) 7133045

17. J.K. Agri-Genetics 20, Paigah Colony, behind

Anand Theater , S.P. Road
 RVP (HS), Secundrabad,
Hyderabad -3
Tel.: (040) 843329
Fax: 840995

18. Golden Seeds Pvt. Ltd. B-22A, Block-B, Brigade

NM, Building , KR Cross
Yediyur, Bangalore- 560082
Tel.: (080) 6646764
Fax: (080) 6656742

19. VNR Seeds Block No. 1, Auto Nagar,

Hyderabad- 500070

20. Syngenta India Ltd. 1st Block 9th Floor, Suzvey

No. 64/P & 79P, My Home
Hub, Modhapur,
Hyderabad- 500081

21. Vibha Agro-Tech Ltd. Plot No. 22, Huda Techno

Enclove, Hitech city road,
Madhapur, Hyderabad-
500081

22. Uniccorn Agro Tech Ltd. 1-7-139/3/ Paradise

Secundrabad, Hyderabad

23. Mahyco Seeds (Maharashtra Hybrid Seeds Co. Dowalwadi PB-76 Jalna-
Pvt. Ltd.) 431203, Maharashtra
Tel.: (02482) 236830

24. Nunhems India Ltd. No. 16, Sri Raman Janeya

Complex, 1st A Main
Canara Bank Road, New
Town Yelanka Bangalore –
560064
Tel.: (080) 50797979
25. Novartis India Seeds Division Seed Division-Seed Hose,
1170/27 Revenue Colony,
Shivaji Nagar, Pune-335803
Tel. (020) 5539311-13
FaxL5537571
 Exersice-18
Object- Identification of popular hybrids of private sector.

S.N. Crop Hybrids

1. Tomato Lyco, US-304, Lakshmi, Dilver, 9802, Pusa Hybrid 1 & 2,

Karnataka Hybrid, Lerica, Vaishali, JKTH-3055,NUN-7730,
Madhuri, Naveen

2. Brinjal Nav Kiran, Jambo, Suphal, HOE-404, ARBH-786

3. Chilli CH-1, Sholdeir, Blaze, VNR-305, Agni, NS-1101, HOE-808

4. Capsicum Lario, Indira, Bombay, Picadore, Bharat, Early Bonty, Hira

5. Cabbage Shatabdi, Golden, Green Globe, BC-64, 73, Small Wonder,

Saurabh, Gaurav, Ascent, Cabbage NO.-8, Hari Rani Gol,
Ganga, Yamuna, Kaveri, Meenakshi, Geetanjali, Keertiman,
Bahar, Sumit, Bharti, Bajrang, BSS-32, Nath-401, 501,
Kalyani, Sri Ganesh Gol

6. Cauliflower Snow Crown, BSS-18, NS-60& 90, Summer King, SYCFH-

202

7. Okra Avantika, Syngenta-152, Namdhari-180, M-64, Slender,

Varsha, Snehal, Vijay, Vishal

8. Bottle gourd Reena, Nutra, Varadh, Sarita, Kaveri, Savita, Sarda.

9. Pumpkin Sumo, Thunder Ball MPH-1, 2 & 4.

10. Sponge gourd Namdhari-4414,442, Nutan

11. Bittergourd NBGH-167

12. Cucumber Malini, Raisy & Harmoney, Hybrid No.-1

 Exercise-19
Object- Introduction of some great contributors of Indian agriculture.

Dr. B.P. Pal, the Director on Imperial Agricultural Research Institute, now Indian Agricultural
Research Institute (IARI) and the first Director General of Indian Council of Agricultural
Research (ICAR), was pioneer in rose breeding and the father of development of N.P. (New
Pusa) series of wheat made significant contribution in the development of rust resistant, tall
wheat varieties.

B.P. Pal (1906 – 1989)

Rose and wheat breeder

Dr. M.S. Swaminathan, who succeeded Dr. Pal as second Director General of ICAR, served
several Internationl Agricultural Research Organizations, including International Rice Research
Institute, Philippines. He strengthened ICAR by establishing several crop based research
institutes and All India Coordinated Crop Improvement Projects. Dr. Swaminathan is the father
of wheat revolution in India by introducing and developing dwarf varieties of wheat. He
established Swaminathan Research Fondation in Chennai. At the age of 96 years he is still active
in agricultural activities.

M.S. Swaminathan
Father of wheat revolution in India &
Chairman of Swaminathan Foundation

Padamsri Dr. Har Bhajan Singh was pioneer in introducing germplam of crops, more so of
vegetables. For his interest in introduction, a separate division ―Plant Introduction‖ was created
at IARI, New Delhi which was later on upgraded to National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources
(NBPGR). Dr. Singh is credited with large number of vegetable varieties like okra ―Pusa
Sawani‖, brinjal ―Pusa Purple Long‖ and ―Pusa Purple Round‖.

Dr. Har Bhajan Singh (1914 – 1974)

Father of Plant introduction

Indian Agricultural Research Institute: The chronology of development of Indian Agricultural

Research Institute was that it was established as Agricultural Research Institute (ARI) at Pusa,
Bihar in 1905 with five sections (Agriculture and cattle breeding, chemistry, economic botany,
entomology and mycology). The institute was renamed as the Imperial Agricultural Research
Institute in 1919. The main building at Pusa was damaged by a major earth quake erupted in
1934. Then the institute was shifted to New Delhi and formerly opened on November 1935.
Later (1947) the institute was renamed as Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) which
covers an area of 500 hectares. This institute was conferred with the status of a ―Deemed to be
University‖ by the University Grant Commission in 1958. The institute has inherited a great
tradition of agricultural research which goes back to the work of Leather in agricultural
chemistry, of Butler on fungi, of Maxwell-Lather and Fletcher in cataloguing the insect pests and
Howards in the breeding new and improved strains of crop plants, including the early Pusa
wheats. The Institute has bigger library in India with 150000 books and receiving more than1000
scientific journals and periodicals.

An old building (Pusa) and new building (New Delhi) of IARI

Dr. T.S. Venkataraman: Imperial Sugarcane Institute, Coimbatore, established in 1912, now
Sugarcane Breeding Institute, conducts research on the botanical, cytological, physiological,
chemical, mycological and entomological aspects of sugarcane cultivation. Dr. T.S.
Venkataraman was pioneer in developing thick sugarcane varieties, Paunda or ganna (noble
cane) by using Saccharum spontaneum (Kans grass). He is an authority in developing sugar
industry in the country. He is famous for noblization of sugarcane.

T.S. Venkataraman (1884 – 1963)

Father of noble cane
 Exersice-20
Object- Identification of varieties developed from Department of vegetable science, C.S.A.Uni.
of Ag. & Tech. Kanpur.

Kalyanpur Type-3
Plants are semi spreading, tall, green, leaf small, calyx green tight,
fruits are light in weight, purple, round, less seedy and better self
life. The yield potential is 250-300 q/ha.

Azad B-1
Round fruited, plant dwarf, upright, compact, vigorous, 60-70 cm
in height suitable for north region of Uttar Pradesh, tolerance to
phomopsis blight and fruit rot. The yield potential is 300-350 q/ha.

Azad B-2
Plants of round fruited brinjal are erect and long term bearing.
Fruits are bright purple, light in weight, 15-20 fruits/plant and fruit
weight 125-130 gm, resistant against phomopsis and fruit rot, yield
350-400 q/ha.

Azad B-3
Plants are erect, early bearing, dark green foliage. Fruits are long
cylindrical, shining purple, bottom end splash to white, fruit
weight medium 60-70 gm, yield potential 400-450 q/ha.

Azad B-4
Medium tall plant, erect and compact, first picking after 55-60
DAT, fruits round, light purple with green calyx, resistant to
phomopsis blight, flesh firm, long self life, yield potential 300-400
q/ha.

Azad Kranti
Fruits long, smooth, dark purple, calyx green,and fruiting prolific,
fruiting after 55-60 DAT, yield potential 300-350 q/ha.
Azad Hybrid
Plants medium, tall having purple bright colour, calyx green, and
long terms fruit bearing, fruits round, bright deep purple, soft flesh,
resistant against shoot borer and average fruit weight 190-200 gm,
more number of fruits per plant, yield potential 500-600 q/ha.

Angoorlata
Indeterminate plants, height after staking 240-260 cm and 140-150
cm without staking, 4-8 bunches of fruits per plant, good keeping
quality due to less juicy and tight epicarp. Fruit medium in size,
oblong, red at maturity, moderately heat tolerant and resistant to
root knot nematodes and leaf curl mosaic, cropping period 100-105
days, suitable for late sowing and kitchen garden, average
yield450-550 q/ha.
Kalyanpur Type-1
Plants are highly develop, branched, high fruiting, fruit round, red,
beaked at the stigmatic end, medium, smooth, average fruit weght
50-60 gm and yield 250-300 q/ha.

Azad T-2
Plants determinate, fruits red, round, small, more number of
fruits/plant, average yield 300-350 q/ha.

Azad T-3
Plants determinate, early fruiting, fruit compact, red round, bold,
smooth, average fruit weight 90-100 gm and yield potential 400-
500 q/ha.

Azad T-5
Indeterminate plants, medium bearing, fruits red, round, bold, less
seed, TSS 6-6.5, good shelf life, suitable for processing, average
fruit weight 50-60 gm, fruit ripe after 55-60 DAT, yield potential
400-450 q/ha.

Azad T-6
Early, long term fruiting on determinate, bushy plants profuse
branching, fruits round, red, smooth, medium in size, suitable for
rabi crop, average fruit weight 50-60 gm and yield 450-500 q/ha.
Azad T-8
Detreminate, plant compact, leaf curved in wards, 50-60
fruits/plant, 5-9 fruits /cluster, medium oval, red at maturity,
maturity in 80-90 DAT, 500-600 q/ha.

Kalyanpur Tomato Hybrid-1

Plant determinate, fruits oval in shape, red at maturity, 50-60
number of fruits per plant, yield potential 500-550 q/ha.

Kalyanpur Tomato Hybrid-2

Plant indeterminate, having high production quality, fruits round in
shape, red colour, average yield potential 500-550 q/ha.

Azad Mirch-1
Plant dwarf, fruit erect, borne in cluster, 12-14 cluster per plant, 8-
12 fruits per cluster, fruit length 5-6.5 cm, foliage dark green, fruits
ripe after 75-80 DAT, average yield of red ripe fruits 50-70 q/ha.

Azad Mirch-2
Attractive fruits, long,and smoothPlant dwarf, fruit erect, borne in
cluster, 12-14 cluster per plant, 8-12 fruits per cluster, fruit length
5-6.5 cm, foliage dark green, fruits ripe after 75-80 DAT, average
yield of red ripe fruits 50-70 q/ha.

KCH-3
Plant height medium, bushy, branched, leaves light green, suitable
for pickle, fruit length 7-9 cm, straight, distal end pointed, slightly
pungent, more number of fruits per plant, average red ripe yield
100-125 q/ha.

Kalyanpur Hari Chikni

Early, fruit long, smooth, dark green, distal end pointed, suitable
for rainy season, yield 175-200 q/ha.
Azad Torai Chikni-1
It is early group variety, plants long trailing climber and spreading
in nature, flowering early (36-40 days), early growth vigorous,
fruits long uniform, less thickness, green and smooth, resistant to
powdery and downy mildew, suitable for rainy season, yield
potential 150-200 q/ha.
Azad Torai-2
Early group variety, plants long climber and spreading in nature,
fruits medium in size, light green and smooth, profuse fruiting,
suitable for rainy as well as summer season, yield potential 140-
160 q/ha.
Kalyanpur Long Green
Spreading type vines, fruit long, smooth, green, tender, blossom
end semi round, homogenous fruit size, suitable for rainy season,
yield 250-300 q/ha.

Azad Harit
Spreading type vines, fruits long, light green, cylindrical, smooth,
15-20 fruits per plant, yield 300-350 q/ha.

Azad Nutan
Early maturing variety, less spreading plants, fruits green, medium
in size (35-40 cm), smooth, cylindrical, average fruit weight 800-
900 gm, marketable fruits ready at 55-60 DAS, moderately
resistant to powdery mildew, suitable for rainy season, yield
potential 350-450 q/ha.
Azad Sankar-1
Fruit early, long, average one feet long, cylindrical green, plant
vines 3-3.5 m long, tasty and sweet after cooking, more number of
fruits, yield 500-600 q/ha.

Kalyanpur Baramasi
It is high creeper with dark green stem, fruits long (20-25 cm),
green, thin tapering and whitish at distal end, tolerant to mosaic
and fruit fly, yield potential 100-125 q/ha.
Kalyan Sona
Fruit plump, dark green, suitable for stuffing, preferred for summer
season, yield 125-150 q/ha.

Azad Pumpkin
Plants are climbers and spreading, leaves green and hairy, fruits in
cluster, yellowish orange, less seed, spherical and medium in size,
fruits are depressed at the both poles, moderately resistant to
CMV, suitable for both season, yield 500-550 q/ha.

Kalyanpur Green
Plant nature is spreading type, early fruiting, fruit long, medium,
thick, green, while brown at maturity. Most popular variety due to
its shape size, colour and taste, suitable for rainy season yield 80-
100 q/ha.

KAG-1
Fruits white cylindrical, more fleshy and spongy, fruit length 25-30
cm, maturity in 125-130 DAS, suitable for rainy season,
moderately resistant to wilt, yield 300-350 q/ha.

Azad P-1
It is medium maturity variety, plants medium tall, branched,
vigorous dark green foliage. Pods are medium in size (7.5-9 cm
long), slightly curved at distal end, dark green and well filled.
Seeds are medium in size, wrinkled with green and brown colour,
first picking after 80 DAS, 7-8 seeds per pod, yield 90-100 q/ha
green pods.
Azad P-2
It is medium duration variety, plants tall in plant height, Pods are
medium in length, light green, thick, smooth, 7-8 grains per pod
with less sweetness, yield 80-90 q/ha green pods.

Azad P-3
It is early duration variety, plants dwarf and straight, pods long,
curved, green and well filled, seeds wrinkled with green colour,
sweet, first picking after 60-65 DAS, 8-9 seeds per pod, most
popular variety due to sweetness and earliness, yield 75-80 q/ha.
Azad P-4
Plants medium in height and bearing, pods straight, small, light
green, suitable for late sowing, resistant to powdery mildew, 5-6
grains per pod, suitable for cultivation in northern plains, yield 80-
90 q/ha.

Azad P-5
Plants medium in height, pods medium long, thick, well filled, late
maturing variety and provide green pod up to March, suitable for
cultivation in northern plains, yield 80-90 q/ha.

Kalyanpur Type-2
It is pole type, stem light green, angular leaves, flowers clustered,
pod white, broad, fleshy, flat, succulent, seed colour black, smooth
and bold, popular for pickle purpose, moderately susceptible to
mosaic and aphid, pod yield potential 200-250 q/ha.

Azad Sem-1
Flowers white, 10-14 pods per bunch, resistant to YVMV, pod
yield 125-130 q/ha.

Rajni
Stem colour purple in early stage, flower purple, pod dark green,
thin, crescent shape, yield 150-175 q/ha.

5269
Green pod, long, smooth, yield 60-70 q/ha.

Azad Rajmah-1
Plant bushy, dwarf and upright with green foliage, pods green
attractive, smooth, light green, straight, thick, less fiber and
average length, suitable for green pod, yield 75-80 q/ha.
Azad Bhindi-1 (Azad Ganga)
Early, high yielding variety, recommended for plains in both
seasons, plant height 100-125 cm and flowering occurs in 40-42
DAS, yield 100-125 q/ha.

Azad Bhindi-2
It is early, tall, fruit green, medium in size, thin with short tapering
length, resistant to YVMV, recommended for both seasons, plant
height 100-125 cm and flowering occurs in summer 38-40 and in
rainy season 40-42 DAS, yield 110-140 q/ha.

Azad Bhindi-3 (Azad Krishna)

Crop early, plant tall 100-125 cm, fruit red, medium, thin with
medium tapering length, moderately resistant to YVMV, flowering
occurs in summer 38-40 and in rainy season 40-42 DAS, yield
125-150 q/ha.

Azad Bhindi-4 (Azad Mohini)

Early high yielding and YVMV resistant variety suitable for both
season, plant tall, height 100-125 cm, fruits green, medium in size,
thin with medium tapering length, leaf petiole pigmented,
flowering 38-40 in rainy season and 36-38 DAS in summer
season, yield 125-150 q/ha.
Kalyanpur Red Round
Rabi onion, plant height 65-70 cm, erect, leaves medium in length,
bulb red in colour, round, medium in size, narrow neck
pronounced better keeping quality, equatorial bulb size 4-6 cm,
TSS 13-14%, average bulb weight 60-70 gm, mild pungent, yield
250-300 q/ha.
Kalyanpur No.-1
White cylindrical, thick, tapering, shoulder green, yield 300-350
q/ha roots

Azad Haldi-1
Plant height 73 cm, leaf length 37.5 cm, width 14 cm, number of
tillers per plant, number of rhizomes per plant 18.5, crop mature in
255 DAP, average yield 350-400 q/ha.
Azad Arvi-1
Early, plant height medium, broad leaves, number of leaves less,
more corms per plant, corms round to oval, big in size, average
yield 300-350 q/ha.

Azad Suran-1
Tall type plant 95 cm, leaf length 45 cm, leaf width 35 cm, polar
diameter of corm 20 cm, equatorial diameter of corm 18 cm,
weight of corm 1.0-1.25 kg, acridity free, average yield 400-450
q/ha.

Azad Dhania-1
Vigorous plant, foliage dark green, seed green at maturity, mature
in 105-115 DAS, more number of umbels, number of primary
branches per plant 12-15, seed yield potential 16-18 q/ha.

Azad Dhania-2
Growth erect, foliage dark green, parrot green colour seed at
maturity stage, fruit pericarp grove and brittle, plant height 125-
130 cm, maturity 105-115 DAS, number of umbels/plant 90-100,
average seed yie;ld 15-17 q/ha.

Azad Saunf-1
Plant erect, high, dark green, maturity in 160-170 DAS, seed
yellowish brown big in size, ridges on seed, sweetness with aroma
in seed, seed yield potential 16-18 q/ha.

Azad Methi-1
Plant vigorous with distinct red colour at the base of stem, plant
height 90-100 cm, flowering in 45-55 DAS, crop maturity in 140-
150 DAS, seed yield potential 15 q/ha.

Azad Methi-2 (Azad Arunima)

Plant vigorous with distinct red colour of leaf at the base of the
stem, for dual purpose, plant height 80-90 cm, maturity in 120-130
DAS, number of pods/plant 65-90, average yield 28-29 q/ha leaf
and 13-14 q/ha seed after two cuttings.
Azad Ajwain-1
Plant growth erect, leaves dark green, medium spreading, suitable
for sowing in rabi and zaid seasons, internodes short, seed yield
10-12 q/ha.

Azad Kalaunji-1
Plant height medium, white and blue small flowers, flowering in
60-70 DAS, profusely branched, seedy, less affected by disease
and pest, seed black and angular, seed yield 8-10 q/ha.