Republic of the Philippines
SAINT JOSEPH COLLEGE
Maasin City Southern Leyte
Bachelor of Science in Criminology (B.S. Criminology)
VISION
Inspired by the life and teaching of Saint Joseph, our patron saint, we envision a society
united in love, justice and peace through service humility and simplicity
MISSION
We commit to build a Christian community through quality integral education and form authentic
Christians who live their faith through humble service of life.
CORE VALUES
Simplicity, Humility and Service
INSTITIONALOUTCOME
Open, article, well-grounded and Christian for social transformation
MODULE IN CA1 (INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTION)
Course : CA1
Course Title : INSTITUTIONAL CORRCETIONS
Course Credits : 3 units
Contact Hours/week : 2 hours
Prerequisite : CRIMINOLOGY
Course Description :
LESSON #1
INTRODUCTION TO CORRECTIONS
Correction is one of the components of our Criminal Justice System. It is responsible for the supervision
and control of both persons deprived with liberty and prisoners.
Corrections as a component of Criminal Justice System
The term corrections, corrections and correctional, are words describing variety of functions
typically carried out by government agencies, and involving the punishment, treatment, and
supervision of persons who have been convicted of crimes. A correctional system, also known as
a penal system, thus refers to a network of agencies that functions related to rehabilitating
convicted persons through either institutional- based or community- based corrections.
Correction is also the name of a field of academic study concerned with the theories, policies,
and programs pertaining to the practice of corrections. It’s objective of study includes personnel
training and management as well as the experiences of those on the other side of the fence- the
unwilling subjects of the correctional process.
The terminology change un US academia from penology to corrections occurred in the 1950’s
and 1960’s
CORRECTION
Is a branch of administration of criminal justice responsible for correction and rehabilitation of
those persons, who after observance of due process, was found to have violated penal law by
component judicial authority.
Charged with the responsibility for the custody, supervision and rehabilitation of those who
judicially found violated criminal law.
TWO (2) APPROACHES OF CORRECTION
1. Institutional Correction (Institution-based Correction)- Rehabilitation or correctional programs
take place inside correctional facilities or institutions such as national penitentiaries and jails.
2. Non- Institutional Correction (Community-based Correction) – Rehabilitation or correctional
programs take place within the community, this is otherwise referred to as community- based
correction. This approach, the convict will not be placed or be released from correctional facility
or jails.
AGENCIES OF THE GOVERNMENT CHARGED WITH CORRECTIONAL RESPONSIBILITY
1. Bureau of Corrections (BuCor)
2. Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP)
3. Board of Pardon and Parole (BPP)
4. Parole and Probation Administration ( PPA)
5. Provincial and Sub-provincial Jails
IMPRISONMENT
Is the confinement to an institution, commitment to prison, confinement, custody, detainment
custody, held in captive, held in restraint, in captive, in custody, in jail, incarceration,
intemment, keep behind bars, kept as captive, kept in custody, kept in detention, keep under
arrest, lock up, put behind bars, put in cell, put under restraint, send in jail, sent in prison.
It is defined as the act of confinement of a person in prison; restrain of one’s personal liberty;
forcible detention of man’s persons or his movements.
CONSTITUTIONAL LIMITATION OF THE GOVERNMENT TO PUNISH CRIMINALS:
Legal Rights against Unlawful Imprisonment or Detention.
One of the most protected rights of an individual is his right to liberty. This is expressly provided
for under the 1987 Constitution, which states, “ No person may be deprived of lives, liberty and
property without due process of law. Considering that the constitution is not self- executing law,
the Revised Penal Code provide punishments not only to public officers violating this
constitutional right of an individual, but also private persons as well.
CONSIDERED LEGAL GROUND FOR DETENTION OF ANY PERSON
1. Community of the crime.
2. Violent insanity or any other ailment requiring compulsory confinement in a hospital.
Note: under the government exercise of police power, those persons who are infected of contagious
disease may likewise be separated to the rest of the population
SUGGESTED ALTERNATIVES FOR DETENTION AND IMPRISONMENTS
1. Wider use of bail and other approved methods of release from custody.
2. Elimination from the jail and prison of those who should be elsewhere like those mentally –ill
and juveniles.
3. Payment of fines instead of imprisonment if penal law permits.
FAQs:
1, Why is it important to study Corrections Administration?
Correctional Administration is one of the most challenging unpredictable and diverse professions of any
public or private management operation. Corrections is the most rapidly growing sector function and
perhaps, other than information technology, the most rapidly growing business. Corrections is growing
in the number of offenders in handles, it is growing in the number of staff required to carry out its
functions. Consequently, the administration of correctional agencies is also becoming more complex,
and there is a need to rethink how corrections operate and even its historically accepted goals and
objectives. With the fear of crime continuing, even with the actual reduction in the likelihood of
victimization, elected officials respond by increased spending on law enforcement expended definitions
of criminal activities and enhanced penalties for criminal offenses. This growth creates a need for
talented educated and well-trained individuals to enter the field of corrections and work their way up
the ladder to administrative position. Correctional administrators must therefore educate the public,
elected officials and even their staff. It is important for you to study correctional administration because
proficient and professional correctional administrators are needed today and tomorrow to guide
corrections through this rapid growth and uncertain future.
LESSON #2
PUNISHMENT
DEFINITION OF PUNISHMENT
It is means of social control
It is a device to cause people to become cohesive and to induce conformity.
It is the infliction of same sort of pain on the offender for violating the law.
Penalty imposed, as the transgression of law any pain , penalty, forfeiture, or confinement
imposed by the court for a wrong doing.
HISTORY OF PUNISHMENT
1. Ancient Greece
Greek poets described stoning the condemned to death, throwing the from high cliffs, binding
them to stakes (similar to crucifixion), and cursing them ritually. In many cases, the bodies of
executed criminals were regarded as dishonored and were prevented from being buried. Their
bodies were left to scavengers and the elements, serving as a warning to anyone contemplating
similar crimes.
Other punishments in ancient Athens included “confiscation of property, fines and the
destruction of the condemned offenders house”. Public denunciation, shaming , imprisonment
and public display of the offender were also used. Criminal punishments in ancient Greece
sometimes included civil penalties, such as loss of ability to transfer property, to vote, and to
marry.
2. Ancient Israel
Punishment used by the Hebrews mentioned in the Old Testament included banishment,
beating, beheading, blinding, branding and burning, casting down from a high place, crushing,
confiscation of property, crucifixion cursing, cutting, asunder, drowning, exile, exposure to wild
breast, fining, flaying, hanging, imprisonment, mutilation, plucking of the hair, sawing asunder,
scourging with thoms , slavery, slaying by spear of sword, use of the stocks, stoning,
strangulation, stripes and suffocation.
3. Early Rome
The twelve tables, the first written laws of Rome, were issued in 451 BC Conviction of some
offenses required payment of compensation, but the most frequent penalty was death. Among
the forms of capital punishments were burning (for arson), throwing from a cliff (for perjury),
clubbing to death ( for writing insulting songs about the citizen), hanging (for stealing other’s
crops), and decapitation, For killing a close relative, the offender is subjected to the culleus,
which consists of confining the offender in a sack with an ape , a dog, and a serpent and
throwing the sack into the sea. Vestal virgins who had violated their vows of chastity were
buried alive. Offenders who went into exile lost their citizenship, freedom, and immovable
property.
Over time, the death penalty has become even more controversial throughout the world. This form of
execution is most closely associated with the reign of the Roman Emperor Caligula. The criminal was
attached to an arch and then the sawn vertically from the groin down through the skull.
4. Garotte
Was used in Spain for hundreds of years. It is an efficient means of execution by asphyxiation. In
an earlier version the victim was tied to a stake and a loop of rope was placed around his/her
neck. A rod in the loop was replaced with a chair in which the victim was bound, and the rope
was replaced with a metal collar.
5. Guillotine
Conceived in the late 1700’s this was one of the first methods of execution created under the
assumption that capital punishment was intended to the end life rather than inflict pain.
Although it was specially invented as a human form of execution it has been outlawed in France
and last one was in 1977.
6. Premature Burial
This technique has been used by government throughout history to execute condemned
prisoners. One of the latest documented cases was during Nanking Massacre in 1937 when
Japanese troops buried Chinese civilians alive.
7. Hanged, Drawn, and Quartered
Used mainly in England, it is widely considered to be one of the most brutal forms of execution
ever devised. First, the victim is tied in a wooden frame and dragged to the location of their
execution (drawn). They were the hung until nearly dead (hanged). Immediately after being
taken down their abdomen was opened and their entrails were removed. As the victim they
were the burned before his or her eyes. He was then also emasculated and eventually
beheaded. After all this, his body was divided into four parts (quartered) and placed in various
locations around England as a public crime determent . The punishment was only used on men
for any convicted woman would generally be burnt at the stake as a matter of decency.
8. Electric Chair
It is an execution method originating in the United States in which the condemned person is
strapped to a specially built wooden chair and electrocuted through electrodes placed on the
head and leg. This execution method has been used in the United States and, for a period of
several decades, in the Philippines.
9. Firing Squad
It is something called fusillading (from the French fusil, rifle). This method is particularly
common in the military and in times of war. Execution by shooting is a fairly old practice. Some
reasons for its use are that firearms are usually readily available and a gunshot to a vital organ
usually kills relatively quickly. A firing squad is normally composed of several military personnel
or law enforcement officers. Usually, all members of the group are instructed to fire
simultaneously.
CORPORAL PUNISHMENT
1. Flogging
It has been the most common physical punishment through the ages. The construction of
flogging whips varied greatly, from simple leather straps or willow branches to heavy,
complicated instruments designed to inflict a maximum pain. A traditional form of whip was a
cat-o’-nine-tails, consisting of nine knotted cords fastened to a wooden handle. The “cat” got it’s
name from the marks if left on the body, which were like the scratches of a cat. One especially
cruel form of the whip, the Russian knout, was made of leather strips fitted with fishhooks.
When a prisoner is whipped, the hooks would dig into the body, ripping away a proverbial
“pound flesh” with each stroke. A throughout whipping with the knout could result in death
from blood loss.
2. The Brazen Bull
It was a hallow brass statue crafted to resemble a real bull. Victims were placed inside, usually
with their tongues xut out first. The door was shut, sealing them in. Fires would then be lit
around the bull. As the victim succumbed to the searing heat inside, he would thrash about and
scream in agony. The movements and sounds, muted by the bull’s mass, made the apparatus
appear alive, the sounds inside like those of a real bull. This effect created additional
amusement for the audience, and served the added benefit of distancing them from the
brutality of the torture, since they couldn’t directly see the victim
3. Wheels
Where adopted to many torturous uses. The victim would be tied to the wheel and then swung
across some undesirable thing below. – fire was always a good choice, but dragging the victims
flesh across metals spikes also worked well. The wheel itself could also have spikes mounted on
it, so the pain came from all directions, Instead of swinging the wheel might turn on an axie.
The difference was likely immaterial to the victims.
4. Branding
A type of mutilation that was practiced in Romans society. Criminals were branded with a mark
or letter signifying their crimes. Brands, which were often placed on the forehead or another
part of the face, served to warn others of an offender’s criminal history. French branded
criminals on the shoulder with the royal emblem. They later switch to burning onto the shoulder
a letter signifying the crime of which the offender had been convicted.
5. Mutilation
Another type of corporal punishment used in Acient and medieval societies. In ancient Rome
offenders were mutilated according to the law of retaliation, or lex talionis. Medieval justice
frequently required the punishment fit the crime. Hence, thieves and counterfeiters had their
hands cut off, liars and perjurers had thei tongue torn out, spies had their eyes gouged out, sex
criminals had their genitals removed, and so forth.
6. Public Humiliation
My neighbour punishments were carried out in public primarily to deter other potential
lawbreakers. Some other forms of punishment depended in public ridicule for their effect. These
included the stocks and the pillory. Stocks held a prisoner in a sitting position, with head and
hands looked in place. Both devices exposed the prisoner to public scorn. While confined in
place, prisoners were frequently pelted with eggs and rotten fruit. Sometimes they are whipped
or branded.
7. Banishment, Exile or Transportation
In early societies, this method sometimes to the place of corporal and capital punishment. The
ancient Greeks permitted offenders to leave the Greek stun sanitary, exel to Rome, where they
might gain citizenship. Exile was regarded as akin to a death sentence, since the banished
person could no longer depend on his or her former community for support and protection.
After the American Revolution, convicted felons began piling up in English jails with no place to
go. Legislation was soon passed authorizing prisoners to be housed aboard floating prison ships
called hulks. Many of these vessels were abandoned merchant ships or broken-down warships.
Hulks were unsanitary, rat infested, and unventilated, and the keepers flogged the inmates to
force them to work.
LESSON #3
OVERVIEW OF PUNISHMENT (CONTINUATION)
CONTEMPORARY FORMS OF PUNISHMENT
1. Imprisonment
The most common form of punishment Putting offenders in prison for the purpose of
protecting the public and at the same time rehabilitate by requiring the latter to undergo
institutional treatment programs.
2. Payment of Fine
This is common to violators of minor offenses. However there are crimes where fines are
imposed with imprisonment.
3. Parole
Is defined as a procedure by which the prisoners are selected for release on the basis of
individual response to the progress within the correctional institution and service by which they
are provided the necessary controls and guidance as they serve the remainder of their sentence
within the free community.
4. Conditional pardon
It is an executive clemency to be exercised by the president It is a mercy given but with
conditions upon the release of the grantee.
5. Probation
It is a procedure under which an accused is found guilty of a crime is released by the court with
conditions and subject to the supervision of the probation officer.
6.Death penalty
Sentencing a convicted person to death especially to those who convicted of heinous crime.
7.Corporal Punishment
Some countries are still imposing physical torture as punishment. But in our country, we are no
longer using physical torture as a form of punishment because of the constitutional prohibition
for such imposition. Corporal punishment in our country is given thru life imprisonment.
8.Banishment
Otherwise known as transportation, this is carried out by sending or putting away an officer
either by a prohibition against coming into a specified territory, or a prohibition against going
outside a specified territory, such as island to where the offender has been removed.
9. Community Service
Like payment of fines, this is commonly imposed to those simple infractions of laws
JUSTIFICATION OF PUNISHMENT
1.Retribution
Involves the payment of a debt to both the victim and the society and, thus, atonement for a
person’s offense. It literally means “paying back” the offender for what he or she has done Punishment
involves a “setting of scores” for both society and the victim. Victims are entitled to “get even” or is
short personal vengeance.
2. Expiation or Atonement
Group vengeance
3. Deterrence or Exemplarity
Is the discouragement or prevention of crimes similar to the one for which an offender is being
sentenced. It is future oriented in that is seeks to prevent crimes from occurring. Two forms of
deterrence can be identified: specific and general.
a) Specific Deterrence is the deterrence of the individuel being punished from committing
additional crimes Long ago, it is achieved corporal punishments that maimed offenders in ways that
precluded their ability to commit similar crimes in the future. Example of this is imposing punishment to
offenders in order that they may not repeat the same offense/crime again.
b) General Deterrence occurs when the punishment of an individual serves as an example to
others who might be thinking of committing a crime – thereby diseuading them from their planned
course of action. For example giving harsh punishment for offenders so that would be criminals will not
do it anymore
4 .Protection/Social Defense
Shown by its inflexible severity to recidivist and habitual delinquents.
5. Reformation
The goal of this is to change criminal lifestyle into law-abiding ones. It is accomplished when an
offender’s criminal pattems of thought and behavior have been replaced by allegiance to society’s
values. It focuses on medical and psychological treatments and on social skills training, all designed to
“correct” the problems that led the individual to crime.
THEORIES JUSTIFYING IMPOSITION OF PENALTY (PUNISHMENT)
1. Prevention Theory
The state must punish the criminal to prevent or suppress the danger to the state arising from the
criminal acts of the offender.
2. Self- Defense Theory
The state has the right to punish the criminal as a measure of self-defense so as to protect society from
the threat and wrong inflicted by the criminal.
3. Reformation Theory
The object of punishment is to correct and reform the offenders.
4. Exemplary Theory
The criminal is punished to serve as an example to deter others from committing crimes
5.Justice Theory
The crime must be punished by the state as an act of retributive justice, a vindication of absolute right
and moral law violated by the criminal.
Constitutional provisions for the imposition of Punishment.
Section 1, Article III of the 1987 Constitution is the main provision in prescribing limitations for
punishment.
No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor shall be denied
the equal protection of the laws
Considering that by imposition of punishment, a person may be deprived of life, liberty or property, the
Constitution requires the observance of two Constitutional guarantees: 1) Due process of Law, and 2)
Equal Protection of the laws
JUDICIAL CONDITIONS OF PENALTY
1. Must be productivity of suffering
Without however affecting the integrity of the human personality
2. Must be commensurate with the offense
Different crimes must be punished with different penalties
3. Must be personal
No one should be punished for the crime of another.
4.Must be legal
It is the consequence of a judgment according to law
5. Must be certain
No one escape its effect
6. Must be equal to all
7. Must be correctional
CHAPTER I: HISTORY OF PUNISHMENT
PUNISHMENT
Punishment is defined as an instrument of the public justice. This involves pain or suffering
produced by design any justified by some values that the suffering is assumed to have. It is also
the imposition of something unpleasant on a person in response to behaviour deemed wrong by
an individual. It is the imposition of an undesirable or unpleasant outcome upon a group or
individual, meted out by an authority, in contexts ranging from child discipline to criminal law,
as a response and deterrent to behaviour that is deemed undesirable or unacceptable.
The reasoning may be to condition a child to avoid self-endangerment, to impose social
conformity, in particular, in the contexts of compulsory education or military discipline, to
defend noon's, to protect against future harms, in particular, those from violent crime, and to
maintain the law, and respect for rule of law, under which the social group is governed.
Punishment may be self-inflicted as with self-flagellation and mortification of the flesh in the
religious setting, but is most often a form of social coercion.
In addition, the word “punishment” is used as a metaphor, as when a boxer experiences
‘punishment” during a fight In other situations, breaking a rule may be rewarded, and so
receiving such a reward naturally does not constitute punishment Finally, the condition of
breaking, or breaching the rules must be satisfied for consequences to be considered
punishment. This differ in their degree of severity, and may include sanctions such as
deprivations of privileges or liberty, fines, incarcerations, the infliction of pain, amputation, and
death penalty
EARLY ORIGINS OF PUNISHMENT
Early tribal societies did not recognize the idea of punishment beyond what was required to
satisfy offended gods or families. Virtually, all social control relied on, religious leaders or
families. In these cultures, families were usually large, clan-like groups that exerted strict control
over their members. The welfare of the groups, not the quality of justice received by an
individual, was their main concern.
Perhaps the most well-known pre-modem historical period of punishment is in the Middle Ages
of Western Europe. This Middle Ages was a time chaos in Europe during which plaque
pestilence, fear, ignorance, and superstition prevailed. Throughout these dark ages, the
common citizenry, which consisted largely of peasants who could neither read nor write,
showed their faith with religious leaders, who were educated.
The use of social isolation to punish criminals began in Roman Empire during the fourth century
C.E. Confinement in monasteries became alternative to death.
