1.

BUILDING ENVELOPE SYSTEMS AND ASSEMBLIES

The building envelope is the physical barrier between the external and internal setting that encloses a structure.
In general, the building envelope consists of several components and systems that protect the internal area from
environmental influences like precipitation, wind, temperature, humidity, and ultraviolet radiation. Thus, to achieve the
best ways to get better energy efficiency, the internal environment which consists of the residents, furniture, building
materials, lighting, machinery, appliances, and the HVAC system (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) improves
the building envelope of houses.

A. FUNDAMENTALS OF PERFORMANCE IN BUILDINGS

Performance Based Building (PBB) is a construction market environment wherein all involved in all
stages of the construction process acknowledge the necessity to assure the long-term performance of the building
within the given goals. Performance-based methods are clearly visible throughout the construction’s development.
The Conceptual framework in figure 1 is a summary on how to implement a PBB market. First, we have
the building facility which is a multi-
component system that has a long cycle.
Next is the building process which
includes the supply side along with
different stakeholders which is in-charge
in supplying the ultimate outcomes and
likewise establishing the achieved levels
of performance utilized. Third is the
stakeholders which belongs to the four
markets such as Building Markets, Product
Market, Property Market, and Capital &
Insurance Market. Outside the box we
have the regulatory framework. The
regulatory framework focuses on ensuring
that the fundamental needs of the top users
even the public, although they are not part
of the building process, is satisfied. Being
said, they focus in addressing the true need
of the individuals mentioned in term of
economic process likewise, the long-term
protection of the environment against the
Figure 1. Conceptual framework for implementing performance-based destruction brought by the direct and
building (Becker and Foliente 2005) indirect impact of the entire life cycle of
buildings erected. Lastly, the Knowledge domain is tasked to provide the tools for a smooth correspondence
against the power requirement and the supply side.

B. BUILDING AESTHETICS
In philosophy, Aesthetic is a branch of philosophy that deals with nature of art, beauty, and taste, with the
creation and appreciation of beauty. Aesthetic is also defined as the link necessary to connect the development of
technology, design, and even architecture. Other than a connector, aesthetic can also be a separator among the
philosophy of technology and the philosophy of engineering and design. Moreover, it is connected to feeling and
emotions.
a. Key Elements of Aesthetic
i. Mass and Space- A state in which various structure are satisfactory and completely friendly
and nothing is left out of reach or underlined excessively to the detriment of the rest.

ii. Proportion- Proportion is the term used to describe the

relationship between two things of different sizes.

iii. Symmetry- It is the reflection

of common shapes, forms, or angles by a centerline
or a point called the axis. Basically, the components that
mirror each other through an axis are symmetrical. ...
Imagine a vertical line
right down the middle of this central tower
from top to bottom.
iv. Balance- Balance is the even
distribution of the
visual weight in a design.
Visual equilibrium occurs
about a vertical axis; our eyes
demand that the visual weight
be the same on either side of
axis. We are bilateral beings,
and our sense of balance is
innate. When elements are not
balanced about a vertical axis,
the effect is bothersome and
uncomfortable.

v. Contrast- Contrast is a principle of

art; By definition,
art experts are referring to the
arrangement of opposing elements
(light vs. dark colors, rough vs. soft
textures, large vs. small shapes
, etc.) in a piece to create visual
interest, emotion, and drama.

vi. Pattern-The pattern is an underlying

structure that organizes
surfaces or textures in a consistent and regular
manner. The pattern can be described as the repeating unit of
shape or form, but it can also be thought of as the "skeleton" that organizes the parts of a composition.

vii. Decoration
It is something
that is added to
Building
 or any other structure to enhance its aesthetic value and appearance. for example, lighting
effects, some
ornaments, colors, etc.

viii. Massing- Mass is a term that relates to the

perception of the general shape and form and size
of an element.

ix. Unity- Unity is the relationship between the

elements of an image that helps all elements work
together. Unity gives a
sense of unity to a visual image. In other words,
words, and images
work together to create meaning.

x. Rhythm- Regular or cyclical repetition of art elements to

create interest, movement and / or harmony and unity.
Rhythms can be random, regular, alternating, flowing and
progressive. Types of patterns include mosaics, grids, spirals,
meanders,
waves, Symmetry and fractals, among others. When
motifs or elements are repeated, alternated, or arranged
differently, the spaces between them or how they overlap can
create rhythm and a sense of movement. the motifs become
beats. Rhythms can be roughly divided into random, regular, alternating, flowing, and progressive.

C. MOISTURE TRANSFER IN BUILDINGS

Excessive moisture occasionally leads to severe structural damage. Despite the importance and prevalence of
moisture problems, our current understanding of the principles of moisture transfer is in No Reliable and Practical Methods
for Predicting Condensation and Moisture Damage in Buildings Available.

Severe moisture damage to buildings is often the result of a combination of unfortunate circumstances and
construction errors. Often it is a failure of the building as a system, not a single building material. Ingress of water in the
building envelope, other moisture damage to walls, ceilings, or foundations are complex and difficult to determine in one of
these cases I participated in several site visits and in the formulation of recommendations of repair and preventive
measures, although this is an unusual one was the severe case of moisture damage, this illustrates the premise that
moisture damage is often the result of aggravating factors. The deterioration of the walls was due to winter condensation,
which in turn was caused by the unfortunate combination of design details and high room humidity. The poorly built
indoor vapor barrier with numerous penetrations could not prevent the problem, and a heavy, asphalt-coated construction
paper between the liner and liner could have exacerbated the problem further by causing the siding to dry out in the spring.
High humidity was the main cause and therefore we recommend increased ventilation of the living spaces combined with
renovation of structural damage.

D. DURABILITY OF BUILDINGS

Durability according to learner’s dictionary is the ability of a material to stay strong and be in good condition
over a long period of time. Durability is important since it provides a long-lived building that offers a longer period to
amortize the ecological and economic costs involved in building it. The same argument applies to the products and
materials used in buildings. Durable products and materials do not need to be replaced or repaired as often, so the raw
materials, energy and environmental impacts spent in them can be distributed longer.

From a life cycle perspective, the higher economic and environmental costs of a more durable building can
generally be justified by its longevity. However, investing in a longer service life should not go too far. Integrity, so good
durability planning involves choosing an appropriate lifetime target for the building and its components.

Longevity is often associated with low maintenance. Usually, but not always, a durable material is also an easy-
care material. Durability and low maintenance are considered together as criteria for product selection. or vinyl composite
tiles (VCT), which need to be removed and rewaxed on a regular basis, will not last long if not properly cared for and
maintenance becomes part of the environmental and economic pressures of the material's life cycle. very durable, partly
because it holds up well without maintenance.

ELEMENTS OF DURABILITY
i. Moisture-
 Moisture is widely recognized as the greatest threat to the durability and long-term performance of buildings.
Excessive moisture exposure is not only a common cause of significant damage to many types of building materials
and components, but it can also lead to unsanitary interiors. The more serious effects of moisture problems in living
spaces include:
• Wood decay and metal corrosion
• Infestation by termites, carpenter ants and other insects
• Negative effects on indoor air quality
• Mold growth, mold, and other biological contaminants
• Decreased strength of Building materials
• Expansion / shrinkage damage to materials
• Reduced heat resistance of wet insulation
• Premature failure of paints and coatings
• Damage to building fabric
• Negative effects on building aesthetics
ii. Heat

Thermal stress can reduce durability by causing

materials to expand and contract. For example, this can affect the performance of the window in the long term; Certain
frame materials, including vinyl and aluminum, expand and contract faster than glass, causing windows to leak over
time. The much-noticed premature dismantling of flame retardant treated plywood roof cladding a few years ago. On
metal roofs, the fasteners can loosen over time due to thermal expansion and contraction.

iii. Sunlight

Ultraviolet (UV) light breaks down many materials, including most plastics, wood, fabrics, and paints. Along
with heat, this is a major cause of roofing material degradation and the reason why green roofs can extend the life of a
roof. Plastics used outdoors, including vinyl siding, are generally treated with UV stabilizers, but in some cases these
stabilizers themselves carry environmental pollution. In the past, the toxic metals lead and cadmium were often added
to PVC to ensure UV stability, but less toxic stabilizers are used today, although the disposal of older vinyl products is
still an important source of lead and cadmium in municipal waste incineration plants.

iv. Insects
The known
insect that damage
house and buildings in
the Philippines are the
termite. Termites (also
known as "Anay") are
useful to ecology as
they help break down
nutrients from dead
 trees and plants. However, termites become a formidable threat when they
enter our habitat.
In the Philippines, termite damage is much more common compared to
fire and flood because our tropical environment and high humidity encourage
the growth of termite population. As they can feed on wood for 24 hours-a-day
without sleeping, a termite infestation can quickly lead to costly repairs and
structural failure.

v. Material Failure
Some building materials
and components just wear out. It
is reasonable to expect that some
materials will have a shorter shelf
life than others. The challenge is
to understand this and plan
accordingly. In some cases, it
makes sense to spend more
money to buy more durable
materials and products than
standard products, in other
situations it makes more sense to accept a relatively short lifespan of a certain material and to design the structure in
such a way that short-lived material can easily change. Building function
vi. Building function

The function of a building also changes over time, and the inability to adapt to these changes can shorten its
useful life, even if it is structurally sound.

vii. Style
Attractive and aesthetically pleasing buildings are more likely to be serviced and repaired when components
fail than unsightly and unsightly buildings. In How Buildings Learn, author Stewart Brand describes two types of
buildings that are typically durable: "main street" buildings with that timeless quality, and "side streets" buildings that
can be easily adapted and modified to meet changing needs.

E. ENERGY AND MATERIAL RESOURCES

In the development and daily work of structures, a lot of materials and equipment are consumed, and a large
amount of waste is generated. The choice of materials and their disposal influence the climate. They must follow
conventions that aid in determining items and materials appropriate to be supplied and shipped. You must also be careful
about
reducing waste, reusing things, and reusing materials towards the end of their useful life, it is an important part of the
ecological, social, and social obligation of a building.

a. Wood

The wood used in a task is said to empower leaders with natural skills and limit the negative impact of an
enterprise
in remote forests. There are many ways to select the task considering group requirements, budget, asset availability, and
various items. There are conventional types of wood, rapidly recovering materials (such as bamboo), and types that were
not generally used to develop

b. Steel

The metal frame elements, if necessary, with a corresponding surface treatment,

are weather-resistant, earthquake-proof, erosion-resistant and resistant to the harmful effects of ultraviolet rays, which
ensures an extremely long service life without spoilage.
2. BUILDING MATERIALS AND ASSEMBLIES
A. APPROPRIATE SELECTION OF INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
A good design can only be achieved with high quality materials and therefore materials are the solution for a good
function of the building. The quality of the construction mainly depends on the materials used. The building materials you
choose determine the overall durability, strength, and character of the building. Therefore, one must be careful and special
when choosing building materials. The cheapest means of choosing the materials that suit your needs is to analyze the
stability, maintenance, aesthetics, and cost of each material. There is a wide variety of building materials to choose from
and it can be difficult to find the best options for our different needs as there are several factors to consider when choosing
building materials.

a. Aluminum- a strong, lightweight, and malleable metal, used for window frames, siding, and exterior wall panels. The
salts corrode the aluminum, which
has poor chemical resistance, so
avoid using aluminum pipes.

b. Brick - Bricks are rectangular

blocks that relate to mortar.
Although bricks are traditionally
made from dry clay, they can be
made from a variety of materials.
Bricks have extremely high
pressure and heat resistance but
can easily break if dropped. The
bricks encompass walls,
chimneys, and pavement. Starting in the 20th century, the construction of new brick
walls has declined due to their tendency to crumble in earthquakes. However, if you
enjoy the aesthetics of bricks, it is still safe to use them in buildings if you reinforce them with steel bars.

c. Ceramics- Made from a mixture of minerals and fired at extremely high

temperatures, ceramics are durable, fire and water-resistant building materials.
Common uses for ceramics are countertops, bathtubs, sinks, tiles, ceilings,
fireplaces, and fireplaces.
d. Concrete
 Concrete mix is a common building material that includes crushed stone, gravel, and sand, usually
associated with Portland cement. Although this composite material has a high compressive
strength and a high thermal mass, it often requires additional reinforcement due to its low tensile
strength. Load-bearing walls, concrete blocks reinforced with reinforcing bars, vertical steel bars
that give tensile strength. Concrete is
useful for grouting tiles, floors, walls,
columns, foundations, sidewalks,
paths, and bulk structures such as
dams. Greenhouse gas emissions due
to the calcination process required to
make cement.
e. Copper- This
low-
maintenance metal material is corrosion-resistant, strong, and lightweight,
and has high electrical conductivity. Copper's unique reddish brown and
complex shape make it a popular material.

f. Glass- Glass can be used as a building product because of its

transparency. Use glass for windows, walls, skylights, and
exterior walls. There are many types of glass, including
hollow glass, laminated glass, and colored glass.
g. Plastic- Plastics are plastics made of different polymers.
Commonly used plastics in construction include acrylic,
polycarbonate, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and
composite plastics. This kind of plastic is light, non-corrosive, corrosion-resistant, cheap and easy to be molded into
various shapes. ...The disadvantage of plastics is that they are non-flammable, unsuitable for pollution, and will have a
negative impact on the environment if they are not recycled. Generally, plastics are used in lighting fixtures, windows,
carpets, plumbing systems, wire insulation, sinks, ceilings, floors, and wall panels.
h. Steel- Steel is a metal alloy mainly composed of iron and a
small amount of carbon. Due to its high strength-to-weight
ratio, structural steel is ideal for framing skyscrapers and
other large structures such as stadiums and bridges.
Construction products such as nails, screws, bolts, and other
fasteners.

i. Stone- a strong and heavy natural building material with

high compressive strength. It is usually made by masons
when used as the main building material of the structure.
Marble and granite are popular choices for kitchen
countertops. And supporting structure.
 j. Wood- Wood is a strong natural material and one of the oldest building materials. Although its properties vary from
wood type, wood is generally lightweight, inexpensive, easy to modify, and provides insulation in cold climates. The
total beam (like the classic two by four); large pieces of wood are called beams, and any type of joinery products (such
as lines, siding, doors, etc.) are called joinery products. Wood materials are composed of different types of wood,
which are artificially bonded to form composite wood. Popular wood materials are plywood, particle board and veneer.
Generally, wood is used for indoor and outdoor structural frames, walls, floors, shelves, terraces, roofs, decorative
elements, and fences.

B. FINISHES PRODUCTS COMPONENTS

Finishing material are products used to achieve the aesthetic structure of the building. There are four type
of finishing these are floor finishes, wall finishes, ceiling finishes, and roof finishes.
a. Floor Finishes
The floor under construction is a flat surface that can support objects, passengers, etc. The different soil types are based on
different factors have several types of flooring used in the construction of the building, and their choice will depend on the
user's choice, aesthetics, and from an economic or cost perspective. power.

TYPES OF FLOOR FINISHES

I. HARD FLOORING (DURABLE, NOISY, MORE EXPENSIVE)
i. Cement or lime concrete

ii. Stone (slate, marble, flagstone, terrazzo, granite)

iii. Brick

iv. Ceramic tile

v. Wood

vi. Glass

II. Resilient Flooring

 i. Sheet Vinyl(plastic)

ii. Cork

iii. Rubber

iv. Linoleum

v. Mud

III. Soft Flooring

i. Carpet
b. Wall finish
I. Wallpaper

II. Stencils

III. Lime plaster

IV. Concrete veneer

c. Roof finish
I. Solar tiles

II. Asphalt shingles

III. Metal roofing

IV. Stone coated steel

V. Slate

VI. Rubber slate

VII. Clay and concrete tiles

VIII. Green roofs

IX. Built-up roofing

C. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND REUSE OF MATERIALS

Worldwide, the consumption of raw materials by the construction industry is increasing day by day, which leads to
the depletion of natural resources, and increases environmental pollution and CO2 emissions to the environment. Today
units of steel and concrete are widely used and is the basic building material for the construction industry. These two
building materials are different products and have different manufacturing processes, which have a significant impact on
the environment. The amount of gray energy and operational energy used for manufacturing, recycling and reuse is
becoming increasingly important in the construction industry due to possible shortages of natural resources and inflation in
the energy sector in the near future.

3. BUILDING SERVICE SYSTEMS

A. LIGHTING MECHANICAL SYSTEMS IN BUILDINGS INCLUDING VERTICAL
TRANSPORTATION
Lighting is used for safety and positioning, but also provides important visibility for commercial properties, and
can be used to create special effects and feelings in the nighttime landscape. Like other aspects of website, design is the
specialty of many designers. However, the lighting design of the facility is usually done by a company that sells lighting
equipment as an auxiliary service. Distribution can be a challenge.

The purpose of enlightenment is a critical test; for example, security or surveillance lighting requires a different
strategy than creating a more private space. According to the type of light, the distance from the light source to the object,
the light from the surrounding environment and the natural environment, the lighting of the activity is selected (Table 4.7).
Many companies have specific lighting standards or preferences that influence the design. The lighting industry continues
to introduce new products and features, as well as many other aspects of site planning.

Lighting requirements are usually determined by local regulations. Light distribution and brightness are the basic
elements of lighting design. Light distribution describes the amount of light projected on the surface. In order to highlight
the key point or create an atmosphere or feeling, the lighting needs a lighter and more elegant touch. In this case, the angle
and position of the light source are determined by visual or aesthetic effects, not for orientation or safety by illuminating
moonlight or backlit objects, designers can create a feel that is completely different from daylight landscapes. Or a fence or
garden that is only visible from one side. The light source is low, aim at the subject and away from the viewer. This
direction illuminates the subject for the viewer without glare and produces an unusual effect because the eyes are not used
to seeing things illuminated from below in nature. This method is very effective for creating dramatic textures and contrasts
in night scenes.
 Backlighting is sometimes used to represent trees, shrubs, or other objects with unusual or visually appealing
outlines. Care must be taken to minimize the risk of glare to the viewer, so the height and angle of the lighting are very
important. Lighting can be achieved by illuminating the wall or area behind the object. Indirect or indirect lighting is
achieved by directing light to a surface that reflects light into or into a desired area. Shows the possibility of drama and
beauty in the night scene.

VERTICAL TRANSPORTATION

An elevator or a lift, is a vehicle that moves along a vertical axis to transport people or goods between floors
of a multi-story building. Most modern elevators are powered by balanced motors through a cable and pulley system
(elevators open the way to higher buildings and help create urban geography that is expected to shape many modern
cities, especially in the United States. The role of the role in the future development of the city.
 An escalator is a mechanical device that can move people between several degree structures.
Typically, these are escalator spans, consisting of one-piece aluminum "chains" or machined steel steps that
circulate continuously along the track.

B. ELECTRICAL, COMMUNICATION, AND SECURITY IN BUILDINGS

Communication, security, and protection systems are part of many electrical auxiliary systems that use
electricity to generate, process, store or transmit information, which is why electrical auxiliary systems are also called
information systems.

The number of electrical auxiliary systems in buildings has grown very rapidly. What was considered a luxury
or advanced technology a few years ago can easily become the minimum requirement for a new building. Operations in
the 21st century must include data transmission, communications, security, television, cable television, video
surveillance (CCTV) and/or satellite communications (SATV) systems, as well as traditional telephone, voice, signal,
automation, and fire protection systems) equipped with security systems... …alarm. If some of these systems are not
initially installed, wiring and/or cables must be provided.

C. FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS

A FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM IS A SYSTEM THAT includes devices, wiring, piping, equipment, and controls
to detect fire or smoke, activate a signal, and suppress fire or smoke. The two main goals of Fire Protection are to save lives
and protect property. A secondary goal is to minimize business interruptions caused by fire.
a. Classification of fire and construction hazards

Fire is the rapid combustion of materials in the presence of oxygen. A fire cannot sustain itself without oxygen.
Fire products are made up of two components: thermocouples, which generate flame and heat; and non-thermal elements
that produce smoke and toxic gases. Smoke is always associated with a fire. In fact, statistics show that smoke is the leading
cause of fire death. Hence, a fire protection system is not used alone to extinguish a fire. To simplify this discussion, the
term "fire" is intended to mean "fire and smoke" as appropriate in the text.

b. Fire Safety Design

Fire protection begins with the planning and construction of a fire-safe building. Most building codes relate to
certain basic fire safety design requirements. The basic criteria are as follows:
I. Fire-resistance Construction

Wall, partition, ceiling, and floor constructions must meet or exceed the fire resistance classes specified in the
applicable regulations. The required classifications vary depending on the building occupancy, size and height. high-
resistance design, for example 4 in. Thick reinforced concrete slabs without additional roofing material underneath have a
fire resistance duration of only 1 hour.

II. Smoke controls

In addition to fire-resistant construction, a building of any size must have proper smoke control by removal,
dilution, and/or confinement. Such control could be as simple as opening windows or as complicated as pressurizing
the building.
III. Length of travel
All exits are arranged in such a way that the maximum approach length for access to the exit, measured from the
furthest point to an approved exit along the natural and unobstructed route does not exceed the distances specified in Table
9-1.

IV. Means of Egress

There shall be two separate means of egress from any space, except where a space is so small and arranged in
such a way that a second exit would not provide an appreciable increase in safety.
V. Exit enclosures
Exit enclosures such as Stairs are for exit purposes only, and entry of lines, conduits, boxes, and pipes must be
limited and protected.

VI. Adequate lighting

Exit passages should be lit with at least 1 foot candle (fc) and preferably 3 fc with clearly marked and illuminated
signs. (Note: Signs are typically placed at a height of 2.70 m or higher. Additional signs 2 m above the ground are
effective ways to get inmates to safety in a crowded corridor.

VII. Vertical openings (except for elevator shafts).

The vertical openings must be sealed to limit fires to one story.

VIII. Vertical transportation

Elevator shafts must be ventilated or pressurized depending on the HVAC system. Elevators are not recognized as
exits. The floor openings of the escalator must be protected with fire dampers, if not protected by water curtains in the
sprinkler system

IX. Coordination with mechanical and electrical systems

Mechanical and electrical systems must be designed to comply with applicable regulations, such as: B. the National
Electrical Code (NFPA 70), the BOCA National Mechanical Code (BNMC) and the BOCA National Fire Protection Code
(BNFPC).

X. Comply with code requirements for specific use group

The classification is generally consistent with that of other building codes. Table 9-1 lists
building objectives and requirements for the fire protection system.

XI. Coordination with fire department

The Fire Brigade Marshal should be consulted regarding required access to Building and the location of fire
hoses, hydrants, power panels and ala`rm systems.
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