PROJECT WORK OF CHEMISTRY

TO: SUNDAR HAMAL

Department of Chemistry
Trinity International School and College,
Dilli-bazar Height, Kathmandu

FROM: BIPUL YADAV

CLASS: 11 (MJ1)
ID NO : 22959
Technique Used for Purification of
Water:
• Water purification is the process of removing
undesirable chemicals, biological contaminants,
suspended solids, and gases from water. The goal is to
produce water fit for specific purposes. Most water is
purified and disinfected for human consumption
(drinking water), but water purification may also be
carried out for a variety of other purposes, including
medical, pharmacological, chemical, and industrial
applications. The methods used include physical
processes such as filtration, sedimentation, and
distillation; biological processes such as slow sand filters
or biologically active carbon; chemical processes such as
flocculation and chlorination; and the use of
electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet light.
• Water purification may reduce the concentration of
particulate matter including suspended particles,
parasites, bacteria, algae, viruses, and fungi as well as
reduce the concentration of a range of dissolved and
particulate matter.
• The standards for drinking water quality are typically
set by governments or by international standards. These
standards usually include minimum and maximum
concentrations of contaminants, depending on the
intended use of the water.
• Visual inspection cannot determine if water is of
appropriate quality. Simple procedures such as boiling or
the use of a household activated carbon filter are not
sufficient for treating all possible contaminants that may
be present in water from an unknown source. Even
natural spring water – considered safe for all practical
purposes in the 19th century – must now be tested
before determining what kind of treatment, if any, is
needed. Chemical and microbiological analysis, while
expensive, are the only way to obtain the information
necessary for deciding on the appropriate method of
purification.
1. Introduction According to a 2007 World Health
Organization (WHO) report, 1.1 billion people lack access
to an improved drinking water supply; 88% of the 4
billion annual cases of diarrheal disease are attributed to
unsafe water and inadequate sanitation and hygiene,
while 1.8 million people die from diarrheal disease each
year. The WHO estimates that 94% of these diarrheal
disease cases are preventable through modifications to
the environment, including access to safe water. Simple
techniques for treating water at home, such as
chlorination, filters, and solar disinfection, and for storing
it in safe containers could save a huge number of lives
each year.[2] Reducing deaths from waterborne diseases
is a major public health goal in developing countries.
SOURCES OF WATER:
GROUND WATER:
The water emerging from some deep ground water may have
fallen as rain many tens, hundreds, or thousands of years ago.
Soil and rock layers naturally filter the ground water to a high
degree of clarity and often, it does not require additional
treatment besides adding chlorine or chloramines as secondary
disinfectants. Such water may emerge as springs, artesian
springs, or may be extracted from boreholes or wells. Deep
ground water is generally of very high bacteriological quality
(i.e., pathogenic bacteria or the pathogenic protozoa are
typically absent), but the water may be rich in dissolved solids,
especially carbonates and sulfates of calcium and magnesium.
Depending on the strata through which the water has flowed,
other ions may also be present including chloride, and
bicarbonate. There may be a requirement to reduce the iron or
manganese content of this water to make it acceptable for
drinking, cooking, and laundry use. Primary disinfection may
also be required. Where groundwater recharge is practiced (a
process in which river water is injected into an aquifer to store
the water in times of plenty so that it is available in times of
drought), the groundwater may require additional treatment
depending on applicable state and federal regulations.
1.Upland lakes and reservoirs: Typically located in the
headwaters of river systems, upland reservoirs are usually sited
above any human habitation and may be surrounded by a
protective zone to restrict the opportunities for contamination.
Bacteria and pathogen levels are usually low, but some
bacteria, protozoa or algae will be present. Where uplands are
forested or peaty, humic acids can colour the water. Many
upland sources have low pH which require adjustment.
2.Rivers, canals and low land reservoirs: Low land surface
waters will have a significant bacterial load and may also
contain algae, suspended solids and a variety of dissolved
constituents.
3.Atmospheric water generation is a new technology that can
provide high quality drinking water by extracting water from
the air by cooling the air and thus condensing water vapour.
4.Rainwater harvesting or fog collection which collect water
from the atmosphere can be used especially in areas with
significant dry seasons and in areas which experience fog even
when there is little rain.
2.METHODS &MATERIALS
Methods to Purify Water
•1 – Boiling.
•2 – Filtration.
•3 – Distillation.
•4 – Chlorination.
i)Boiling
• Boiling is the surest method to kill disease-causing
organisms, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites. You
can improve the flat taste of boiled water by pouring it
from one container to another and then allowing it to
stand for a few hours; OR by adding a pinch of salt for
each quart or liter of boiled water.
 Fig : boiling
ii)Filtration.
• Filtration is a physical or chemical separation process that
separates solid matter and fluid from a mixture using a filter
medium that has a complex structure through which only the
fluid can pass. Solid particles that cannot pass through the filter
medium are described as oversize and the fluid that passes
through is called the filtrate. Oversize particles may form a filter
cake on top of the filter and may also block the filter lattice,
preventing the fluid phase from crossing the filter, known as
blinding. The size of the largest particles that can successfully
pass through a filter is called the effective pore size of that
filter. The separation of solid and fluid is imperfect; solids will
be contaminated with some fluid and filtrate will contain fine
particles (depending on the pore size, filter thickness and
biological activity). Filtration occurs both in nature and in
engineered systems; there are biological, geological
iii)Distillation
• Distillation is a widely used method for separating
mixtures based on differences in the conditions required
to change the phase of components of the mixture. To
separate a mixture of liquids, the liquid can be heated to
force components, which have different boiling points,
into the gas phase. The gas is then condensed back into
liquid form and collected. Repeating the process on the
collected liquid to improve the purity of the product is
called double distillation. Although the term is most
commonly applied to liquids, the reverse process can be
used to separate gases by liquefying components using
changes in temperature and/or pressure.
iv)Chlorination
• Chlorination is the process of adding chlorine to
drinking water to kill parasites, bacteria, and viruses.
Different processes can be used to achieve safe levels of
chlorine in drinking water. Besides killing dangerous
germs like bacteria, viruses and parasites, chlorine helps
reduce disagreeable tastes and odors in water. Chlorine
also helps eliminate slime bacteria, molds and algae that
commonly grow in water supply reservoirs, on the walls
of water mains and in storage tanks.
3.RESULT AND USES
• One major purpose of water purification is to provide
clean drinking water. ... The purification procedure
reduces the concentration of contaminants such as
suspended particles, parasites, bacteria, algae, viruses,
and fungi. Provides More Energy throughout the Day.
• Allows for Better Exercises for a Great Life.
• Ensures Your Skin Remains Healthier and Glowing.
• Helps you to Lose Weight. Installing a water
purification system can give you easy and direct access to
freshwater that is free of bacteria. This can be used for
many purposes, including washing vegetables and fruits,
making tea, coffee, and watering plants.
 Use it for washing your hair. You will see the impact
within a couple of washes. Harsh chemicals, salts and
metals in water can make your hair and skin dull over
time. You can also use the purified water to wipe the
floor in your kid’s room. There are many options
available once you have a water purifier in place. You
need to drink water to survive. But if water is not
treated, or purified, properly, it can make you very sick.
There are no disadvantages to water purification -- it's
essential for healthy drinking water

4.Conclusion
• In conclusion,Freshwater is a finite and limited resource
on Earth and, increasingly, much of it is polluted, by both
pathogenic microbes and chemical contaminants. Human
demand for freshwater is increasing; in particular, water is
required to irrigate crops to feed the rapidly expanding
human population. One major purpose of water purification
is to provide clean drinking water. Water purification also
meets the needs of medical, pharmacological, chemical, and
industrial applications for clean and potable water. drinking
water is a very important thing to our bodies' health. Not
only human, but also all of the organisms need water to
survive.
 The importance of drinking water for our bodies is
paramount to our health, because it makes up to 70
percent of our bodies' weight. Filtration is not only done
to remove solid particles but also it contributes to the
overall efficiency of water treatment process because it
prevent clogging due to solid particles. Without filtration,
solid particles could clog the other treatment process
therefore stopping the operation.

5.Acknowledgement
• I would like to request government of Nepal to provide
better facilities to purify water. As we know water is very
important in our life. AS everyone know that our 80%
body is made of water.so, most importantly water is very
useful materials.
• If we drink impurify water than many more diseases
can cause this lets us suffer and our economy system will
decreases. Because many more people will suffer.
6.References
• All above information I have taken from goggle,
Wikipedia, newspaper of Nepal, books. I would also like
to thank my friend who help me doing this project work.

7.Annex

pie chart of fresh water

THANK YOU