Joseph Michael Cabaya

General Biology

Lesson 5: Evolution and Origin of Biodiversity: Patterns of Descent with Modification

What I Know

1. Species
- A species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well
as a unit of biodiversity.
2. Classification
- Classification, in biology, the establishment of a hierarchical system of categories on the
basis of presumed natural relationships among organisms. The science of biological
classification is commonly called taxonomy
3. Interbreeding
- Also interbreed with one another, and so can cats with other cats, but people cannot
interbreed with dogs or cats, nor can these with each other.
4. Isolating mechanism
- Isolating mechanisms are the ways in which groups of organisms become separated for
long enough to develop into different species.
5. Zygote
- Zygote, fertilized egg cell that results from the union of a female gamete (egg, or ovum)
with a male gamete (sperm).
6. Allopatric
- Is a mode of speciation that occurs when biological populations become geographically
isolated from each other to an extent that prevents or interferes with gene flow.
7. Sympatric
- Sympatric speciation is the evolution of a new species from a surviving ancestral species
while both continue to inhabit the same geographic region.
8. Parapatric
- In parapatric speciation, two subpopulations of a species evolve reproductive isolation
from one another while continuing to exchange genes.

What’s New

1. Specie: Snake
Variants: Python, Rattlesnake
2. Specie: Bird
Variants: Owl, Pigeon, Penguin
3. Specie: Dog
Variants: Beagle, German Shepherd
4. Specie: Lizard
Variants: gecko, monitor lizard, chameleon
5. Specie: worm
Variants: tapeworms, roundworms

What’s More
 Bird One Can fly
One can’t fly
Alligator One live in salt water
One live in non salted water
Ant One can fly
One can’t fly

What I have learned

Mechanism Example
Geographic Isolation The Kaibab squirrel is a subspecies of the Abert’s squirrel that
formed when a small population became isolated on the
north rim of the Grand Canyon.
Temporal or Seasonal American toad and the Fowler's toad
Isolation
Behavioral Isolation Male fireflies of a variety of species signal to their female
counterparts by flashing their lights in specific patterns.
Mechanical Isolation plants is the isolation that exists between white sage and
black sage
Gametic Isolation The giant red urchin and the purple urchin both live off the
west coast of the United States and even though their eggs
and sperm come into contact through broadcast spawning,
no fertilization occurs.

Lesson 6: Development of Evolutionary Thought

1. Taxonomy
- Is the scientific study of naming, defining and classifying groups of biological organisms
based on shared characteristics.
2. Kingdom
- Is the second highest taxonomic rank, just below domain. Kingdoms are divided into
smaller groups called phyla.
3. Phylum
- Is a level of classification or taxonomic rank below kingdom and above class.
4. Class
- Is a taxonomic rank, as well as a taxonomic unit, a taxon, in that rank.
5. Order
- is a taxonomic rank used in the classification of organisms and recognized by the
nomenclature codes.
6. Family
- Is a taxonomic rank, or a taxon at that rank.
7. Genus
- Is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as
well as viruses.
8. Species
 - Is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit
of biodiversity.
9. Natural Selection
- Is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in
phenotype.
10. Artificial Selection
- Is the process by which humans use animal breeding and plant breeding to selectively
develop particular phenotypic traits by choosing which typically animal or plant males
and females will sexually reproduce and have offspring together.

What’s New

1. Charles Darwin
- Completed the Copernican Revolution by drawing out for biology the notion of nature
as a system of matter in motion governed by natural laws.
2. Alfred Russel Wallace
- His research on the geographic distribution of animals provided critical support for his
evolutionary theories and led him to draw a boundary line through Southeast Asia that
divides Asian and Australian animal groups.
 3. Anaximander
- Held an evolutionary view of living things. The first creatures originated from the moist
element by evaporation. Man originated from some other kind of animal, such as fish,
since man needs a long period of nurture and could not have survived if he had always
been what he is now.

What I have learned

1. False
2. False
3. True
4. False
5. True
6. False
7. True
8. False
9. False
10. False
11. True
12. True
13. True
14. True
15. True

LESSON 7: Evidences of Evolution

What I know

1. Homologous
- Is inherited from the organism’s mother; the other is inherited from the organism’s
father.
2. Analogous
- Is defined as having the same or corresponding roles (function) but do not share a
common evolutionary origin.
3. Molecular Biology
- Is the branch of biology that seeks to understand the molecular basis of biological
activity in and between cells, including molecular synthesis, modification, mechanisms,
and interactions.
4. Transcription
- Is the process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA. The segments of DNA transcribed
into RNA molecules that can encode proteins are said to produce messenger RNA.
5. Translation
- Is the process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or endoplasmic reticulum synthesize
proteins after the process of transcription of DNA to RNA in the cell’s nucleus.
 6. Genetic code
- Is a set of three-letter combinations of nucleotides called codons, each of which
corresponds to a specific amino acid or stop signal.
7. Biogeography
- The study of the geographic distribution of plants, animals, and other forms of life.
8. Fossils
- Is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past
geological age.
9. Evolution
- Is the change in the characteristics of a species over several generations and relies on
the process of natural selection.
10. Modification
- A change in a living organism acquired from its own activity or environment and not
transmitted to its descendants.

What’s New

1. Fossils
2. Anatomy and Embryology
3. Biogeography
4. Molecular Biology
5. Direct Observation