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SECTION 1 : QUESTIONS 1-10

Questions 1-3
Complete the notes below.

Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

Complaint to the airport

Example Answer

Name: Jack Dawson

Address: 1 Road, Exeter

Postcode: 2

Telephone: work: 3 home: 798662

Questions 4-6
Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.
4

What aspect of the flight does the man complain about?

 A punctuality
 B legroom
 C temperature
5

What does the man think about the food served during the flight?
 A It is not enough to eat.
 B It is expensive.
 C It has a bad taste.

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What does the man think of the service of the staff?

 A satisfied
 B long wait
 C bad attitude

Questions 7-10
Complete the sentences below.

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.

The man felt satisfied with 7 because it was quick.
During the flight,8 facilities helped him distract from other poor quality of
the service.
As a gift, a 20% discount on the 9 fees will be offered.
The flight company also offers the man a 10 worth £20.

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SECTION 2 : QUESTIONS 11-20

Questions 11-16
What is customers’ attitude towards the following services?

Write the correct letter, A, B or C, next to questions 11-16.

A They are very interested.

B They might be less interested.

C They are not interested.

11 a free gift
12 a driver for an extra fee
13 a package service
14 updated car models
15 a discount
16 a new branch company

Questions 17-20
Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.
17

What is the problem of the public transport?

 A Traffic jams
 B Pedestrian safety
 C Low efficiency
18

According to the speaker, what is true about the transportation?

 A Buses are easy to find.
 B Taxis are punctual.
 C Airplanes are unaffordable.

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19

According to the speaker, what is true about the bus?

 A Passengers occasionally spend more than half an hour waiting for it.
 B It is sometimes overcrowded.
 C It is often dirty.
20

What is the existing situation about the price of bus tickets?

 A It is fluctuating severely.
 B It is declining.
 C It needs to be increased.

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SECTION 3 : QUESTIONS 21-30

Questions 21-25
Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.
21

What was the most difficult problem when the company was founded?
 A No clear objectives
 B No formal structures
 C No perfect premises
22

What is the staff unsatisfied with?

 A The type of work
 B The work assignment
 C The feeling of appreciation
23

What was the problem of the manager?

 A He had a lot of tasks to do.
 B He employed too many people and let them go then.
 C He always made decisions by himself.
24

What does the staff think of the new manager of the company?
 A They are delighted to see that the meeting time is shorter.
 B They feel annoyed toward him.
 C They are amazed that he has done it well.
25

What achievement has the organisation made already?

 A Children were involved in painting the entrance area.
 B There was no particular achievement.
 C It built a local primary school.

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Questions 26-30
Complete the summary below.

Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.

Major Problems of a Company

Since the company opened, there have been many problems with employment, but there is
no 26 He needs to find a venue for financial training. It is very hard to run an
organisation and the 27 is of great importance to staying organised. To
enhance the organisation skills, there is a section on 28 in the library where
some valuable books can be found. In addition, the library contains some useful resources,
such as a collection of documentaries on personal organisation, the literature on 29
, and the articles on the 30

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SECTION 4 : QUESTIONS 31-40

Questions 31-40
Complete the notes below.

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.

CLIMATE AND ARCHITECTURE

• Cases and examples are from practice conducted in 31 as well as rural areas.

Acid rain

• The chemicals have devastating effects on the architecture.

• The government try to reduce the negative effects.

• Funds have been received from a 32
• 33 experience lower levels of acid in damaging pollutants.
• In recent years, Alter Project focuses on the buildings made of 34

Pollution

• One of the main sources of pollution is from the construction industry.

• 35 is used to reduce pollution in Sky Tower.
• Construction is affected by the increased 36 in winter.
• Humidity affects the 37 buildings whose grain can be condensed by moisture
from the air.

Building & Technology

• Ground conditions can be a problem when the density of the 38 is wrong.
• Architects can now monitor the 39 of buildings.
• The government should make 40 for the architects.

END OF THE TEST

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READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading
Passage 1 on the following pages.

Morse Code
Morse code is being replaced by a new satellite-based system for sending dis-tress calls
at sea. Its dots and dashes have had a good run for their money.
A "Calling all. This is our last cry before our eternal silence.” Surprisingly this message,
which flashed over the airwaves in the dots and dashes of Morse code on January 31st
1997, was not a desperate transmission by a radio operator on a sinking ship. Rather, it
was a message signal-ling the end of the use of Morse code for distress calls in French
waters. Since 1992 countries around the world have been decommissioning their Morse
equipment with similar (if less poetic) sign-offs, as the world's shipping switches over to
a new satellite-based arrangement, the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System. The
final deadline for the switch-over to GMDSS is February 1st, a date that is widely seen as
the end of art era.
B The code has, however, had a good history. Appropriately for a technology commonly
associ-ated with radio operators on sinking ships, the idea of Morse code is said to have
occurred to Samuel Morse while he was on board a ship crossing the Atlantic, At the time
Morse Was a painter and occasional inventor, but when another of the ships passengers
informed him of recent advances in electrical theory, Morse was suddenly taken with the
idea of building an electric telegraph to send messages in codes. Other inventors had

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been trying to do just that for the best part of a century. Morse succeeded and is now
remembered as "the father of the tele-graph" partly thanks to his single-mindedness—it
was 12 years, for example, before he secured money from Congress to build his first
telegraph line—but also for technical reasons.
C Compared with rival electric telegraph designs, such as the needle telegraph developed
by William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone in Britain, Morses design was very simple: it
required little more than a "key” (essentially, a spring-loaded switch) to send messages,
a clicking “sounder" to receive them, and a wire to link the two. But although Morses
hardware was simple, there was a catch: in order to use his equipment, operators had to
learn the special code of dots and dashes that still bears his name. Originally, Morse had
not intended to use combinations of dots and dashes to represent individual letters. His
first code, sketched in his notebook during that transatlantic voyage, used dots and
dashes to represent the digits 0 to 9. Morses idea was that messages would consist of
strings of numbers corresponding to words and phrases in a special numbered dictionary.
But Morse later abandoned this scheme and, with the help of an associate, Alfred Vail,
devised the Morse alphabet, which could be used to spell out messages a letter at a time
in dots and dashes.
D At first, the need to learn this complicated-looking code made Morses telegraph seem
impossibly tricky compared with other, more user-friendly designs, Cookes and
Wheatstones telegraph, for example, used five needles to pick out letters on a diamond-
shaped grid. But although this meant that anyone could use it, it also required five wires
between telegraph stations. Morses telegraph needed only one. And some people, it soon
transpired, had a natural facility for Morse code.
E As electric telegraphy took off in the early 1850s, the Morse telegraph quickly became
domi-nant. It was adopted as the European standard in 1851, allowing direct connections
between the telegraph networks of different countries. (Britain chose not to participate,
sticking with needle telegraphs for a few more years.) By this time Morse code had been
revised to allow for accents and other foreign characters, resulting in a split between
American and International Morse that continues to this day.
F On international submarine cables, left and right swings of a light-beam reflected from
a tiny rotating mirror were used to represent dots and dashes. Meanwhile a distinct
telegraphic sub-culture was emerging, with its own customs and vocabulary, and a
hierarchy based on the speed at which operators could send and receive Morse code.
First-class operators, who could send and receive at speeds of up to 45 words a minute,
handled press traffic, securing the best-paid jobs in big cities. At the bottom of the pile
were slow, inexperienced rural operators, many of whom worked the wires as part-timers.
As their Morse code improved, however, rural opera-tors found that their new-found skill
was a passport to better pay in a city job. Telegraphers soon, swelled the ranks of the
emerging middle classes. Telegraphy was also deemed suitable work for women. By
1870, a third of the operators in the Western Union office in New York, the largest
telegraph office in America, were female.

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G In a dramatic ceremony in 1871, Morse himself said goodbye to the global community
of telegraphers he had brought into being. After a lavish banquet and many adulatory
speeches, Morse sat down behind an operators table and, placing his finger on a key
connected to every telegraph wire in America, tapped out his final farewell to a standing
ovation. By the time of his death in 1872, the world was well and truly wired: more than
650,000 miles of telegraph line and 30,000 miles of submarine cable were throbbing with
Morse code; and 20,000 towns and villages were connected to the global network. Just
as the Internet is today often called an "information superhighway”, the telegraph was
described in its day as an “instantaneous highway of thought",
H But by the 1890s the Morse telegraph's heyday as a cutting-edge technology was
coming to an end, with the invention of the telephone and the rise of automatic telegraphs,
precursors of the teleprinter, neither of which required specialist skills to operate. Morse
code, however, was about to be given a new lease of life thanks to another new
technology: wireless. Following the invention of radiotelegraphy by Guglielmo Marconi in
1896, its potential for use at sea quickly became apparent. For the first time, ships could
communicate with each other, and with the shore, whatever the weather and even when
out of visual range. In 1897 Marconi successfully sent Morse code messages between a
shore station and an Italian warship 19km (12 miles) away. By 1910, Morse radio
equipment was commonplace on ships.

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SECTION 1: QUESTIONS 1-13

Questions 1-8
Reading passage 1 has eight paragraphs, A-H.
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-H from the list of headings
below. Write the correct number, i-xi, in boxes 1-8on your answer sheet.
List of Headings

i The advantage of Morse’s invention

ii A suitable job for women

iii Morse’s invention was developed

iv Sea rescue after the invention of radiotelegraphy

v The emergence of many job opportunities

vi Standard and variations

vii Application of Morse code in a new technology

viii The discovery of electricity

ix International expansion of Morse Code

x The beginning of an end

xi The move of using code to convey information

1 Paragraph A
2 Paragraph B
3 Paragraph C
4 Paragraph D
5 Paragraph E
6 Paragraph F
7 Paragraph G

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8 Paragraph H

Questions 9-13
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement is true

FALSE if the statement is false

NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

9 Morse had already been famous as an inventor before his invention of

Morse code.
10 Morse waited a long time before receiving support from the
Congress.
11 Morse code is difficult to learn compared with other designs.
12 Companies and firms prefer to employ telegraphy operators from
rural areas.
13 Morse died from overwork.

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READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading
Passage 2 below.

From A Novice to An Expert

Expertise is commitment coupled with creativity. Specifically, it is the commitment of
time, energy, and resources to a relatively narrow field of study and the creative energy
necessary to generate new knowledge in that field. It takes a considerable amount of
time and regular exposure to a large number of cases to become an expert.
An individual enters a field of study as a novice. The novice needs to learn the guiding
prin-ciples and rules of a given task in order lo perform that task. Concurrently, the
novice needs to he exposed fo specific cases, or instances, that lest the boundaries of
such principles. Gen-erally, a novice will find a mentor to guide her through the process
of acquiring new knowl-edge. A fairly simple example would he someone learning lo
play chess. The novice chess player seeks a mentor to leach her the object of the
game, the number of spaces, the names of the pieces, the function of each piece, how
each piece is moved, and the necessary condi-tions for winning, or losing the game.
In lime, and with much practice, the novice begins to recognise patterns of behavior
within cases and, thus, becomes a journeyman. With more practice and exposure to
increasingly complex cases, The journeyman finds patterns not only within cases but

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also between cases. More importantly, the journeyman learns that these patterns often
repeat themselves over time. The journeyman still maintains regular contact with a
mentor to solve specific prob-lems and learn more complex strategies. Returning to the
example of the chess player, the individual begins to learn patterns of opening moves,
offensive and defensive game-playing, strategies, and patterns of victory and defeat.
When a journeyman starts to make and test hypotheses about future behavior based on
past experiences, she begins the next transition. Once she creatively generates
knowledge, rather than simply matching, superficial patterns, she becomes an expert.
At this point, she is confi-dent in her knowledge and no longer needs a mentor as a
guide she becomes responsible for her own knowledge. In the chess example, once a
journeyman begins competing against experts, makes predictions based on patterns,
and tests those predictions against actual behavior, she is generating new knowledge
and a deeper understanding of the game. She is creating her own case, rather than
relying on the cases of others.
The Power of Expertise
An expert perceives meaningful patterns in her domain better than non-experts. Where
a novice perceives random or disconnected data points, an expert connects regular
patterns within and between cases. This ability to identify patterns is not an innate
perceptual skill; rather it reflects the organisation of knowledge after exposure to and
experience with thou-sands of cases.
Experts have a deeper understanding of their domains than novices do, and utilise
higher-order principles to solve- problems. A novice, for example, might group objects
together by color or size, whereas an expert would group the same objects according to
their function or utility. Experts comprehend the meaning of data and weigh variables
with different criteria within their domains belter than novices. Experts recognise
variables that have the largest influence on a particular problem and focus their
attention on those variables.
Experts have better domain-specific short-term and long-term memory than novices do.
Moreover, experts perform tasks in their domains faster than novices and commit
fewer errors while problem solving. Interestingly, experts go about solving problems
differently than novices. Experts spend more time thinking, about a problem to fully
understand it at the beginning of a task than do novices, who immediately seek to find a
solution, Experts use their knowledge of previous cases as context tor creating mental
models to solve given problems.
Better at self-monitoring than novices, experts are more aware of instances where they
have committed errors or failed to understand a problem. Experts check their solution
more often than novices and recognise when they are missing, information necessary
for solving a problem. Experts are aware of the limits of their domain knowledge and
apply their domain's heuristics to solve problems that fall outside of their experience
base.

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The Paradox of Expertise

The strengths of expertise can also be weaknesses. Although one would expect experts
to be good forecasters, they are not particularly good at making predictions about the
future. Since the 1930s, researchers have been testing, the ability of experts to make
forecasts. The performance of experts has been tested against actuarial tables to
determine if they are better at making predictions than simple statistical models.
Seventy years later, with more than two hundred experiments in different domains, it is
clear that the answer is no. If sup-plied with an equal amount of data about a particular
case, an actuarial table is as good, or better, than an expert at making, calls about the
future. Even if an expert is given more spe-cific case information than is available to the
statistical model, the expert does not tend to outperform the actuarial table.
Theorists and researchers differ when trying, to explain why experts are less accurate
fore-casters than statistical models. Some have argued that experts, like all humans,
are inconsis-tent when using mental models to make predictions. That is, the model an
expert uses for predicting X in one month is different from the model used for predicting
X in a following, month, although precisely the same case and same data set are used
in both instances.
A number of researchers point to human biases to explain unreliable expert predictions.
During, the last 30 years, researchers have categorised, experimented, and theorised
about the cognitive aspects of forecasting. Despite such efforts, the literature shows
little consen-sus regarding the causes or manifestations of human bias.

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SECTION 2: QUESTIONS 14-26

Questions 14-18
Complete the flow-chart below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write
your answers in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.

Novice: needs 14 and to perform a given task; exposed to specific cases; guided
by a 15 through learning

Journeyman: starts to identify 16 within and between cases; often exposed to 17

cases; contacts a mentor when facing difficult problems

Expert: creates predictions and new 18 ; performs task independently without

the help of a mentor

Questions 19-23
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?

In boxes 19-23 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement is true

FALSE if the statement is false

NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

19 Novices and experts use the same system to classify objects.

20 A novice’s training is focused on memory skills.
21 Experts have higher efficiency than novices when solving problems
in their own field.
22 When facing a problem, a novices always tries to solve it straight
away.

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23 Experts are better at recognising their own mistakes and limits.

Questions 24-26

Complete the summary below.

Though experts are quite effective at solving problems in their own domains, their strengths can
also be turned against them. Studies have shown that experts are less 24 at making
predictions than statistical models. Some researchers theorise it is because experts can also be
inconsistent like all others. Yet some believe it is due to 25 , but there isn’t a great
deal of 26 as to its cause and manifestation.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet.

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READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading
Passage 3 below.

High speed photography

A Photography gained the interest of many scientists and artists from its inception.
Scientists have used photography to record and study movements, such as Eadweard
Muybridge’s study of human and animal locomotion in 1887. Artists are equally
interested by these aspects but also try to explore avenues other than the photo-
mechanical representation of reality, such as the pictorialist movement. Military, police,
and security forces use photography for surveil-lance, recognition and data storage.
Photography is used by amateurs to preserve memories, to capture special moments,
to tell stories, to send messages, and as a source of entertainment. Various
technological improvements and techniques have even allowed for visualising
events that are too fast or too slow for the human eye.
B One of such techniques is called fast motion or professionally known as time-lapse.
Time-lapse photography is the perfect technique for capturing events and movements in
the natural world that occur over a timescale too slow for human perception to follow.
The life cycle of a mushroom, for example, is incredibly subtle to the human eye. To
present its growth in front of audiences, the principle applied is a simple one: a series of

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photographs are taken and used in sequence to make a moving-image film, but since
each frame is taken with a lapse at a time interval between each shot, when played
back at normal speed, a continuous action is produced and it appears to speed up. Put
simply: we are shrinking time. Objects and events that: would normally take several
minutes, days or even months can be viewed to completion in seconds having been
sped up by factors of tens to millions.
C Another commonly used technique is high-speed photography, the science of taking
pictures of very fast phenomena. High-speed photography can be considered to be the
opposite of time-lapse photography. One of the many applications is found in biology
studies to study birds, bats and even spider silk. Imagine a hummingbird hovering
almost completely still in the air, feeding on nectar. With every flap, its wings bend, flex
and change shape. These subtle movements precisely control the lift its wings
generate, making it an excellent hoverer. But a hummingbird flaps its wings up to 80
times every second. The only way to truly capture this motion is with cameras that will,
in effect, slow down time. To do this, a greater length of film is taken at a high sampling
frequency or frame rate, which is much faster than it will be projected on screen. When
replayed at normal speed, time appears to be slowed down proportionately. That is why
high-speed cameras have become such a mainstay of biology.
D In common usage, high-speed photography can also refer to the use of high-speed
cameras that the photograph itself may be taken in a way as to appear to freeze the
motion, especially to reduce motion blur. It requires a sensor with good sensitivity and
either a very good shut-tering system or a very fast strobe light. The recent National
Geographic footage—captured last summer during an intensive three-day shoot at the
Cincinnati Zoo—is unprecedented in its clarity and detail. “I’ve watched cheetahs run for
30 years,” said Cathryn Milker, founder of the zoo’s Cat Ambassador Program. “But I
saw things in that super slow-motion video that I’ve never seen before.” The slow-
motion video is entrancing. Every part of the sprinting cat’s anatomy—supple limbs,
rippling muscles, hyperflexible spine—works together in a sym-phony of speed,
revealing the fluid grace of the world’s fastest land animal.
E But things can’t get any more complicated in the case of filming a frog catching its
prey. Frogs can snatch up prey in a few thousandths of a second—striking out with
elastic tongues. Biologists would love to see how a frog’s tongue roll out, adhere to
prey, and roll back into the frog’s mouth. But this all happened too fast, 50 times faster
than an eye blink. So natu-rally people thought of using high-speed camera to capture
this fantastic movement in slow motion. Yet one problem still remains—viewers would
be bored if they watch the frog swim in slow motion for too long. So how to skip this?
The solution is a simple one—adjust the playback speed, which is also called by some
the film speed adjustment. The film will origi-nally be shot at a high frame (often 300
frames per second, because it can be converted to much lower frame rates without
major issues), but at later editing stage this high frame rate will only be preserved for
the prey catching part, while the swimming part will be converted to the normal speed at

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24 frames per second. Voila, the scientists can now sit back and enjoy watching without
having to go through the pain of waiting.
F Sometimes taking a good picture or shooting a good film is not all about technology,
but patience, like in the case of bat. Bats are small, dark-colored; they fly fast and are
active only at night. To capture bats on film, one must use some type of camera-tripping
device. Photog-raphers or film-makers often place camera near the bat cave, on the
path of the flying bats. The camera must be hard-wired with a tripping device so that
every time a bat breaks the tripping beam the camera fires and it will keep doing so
through the night until the camera’s battery runs out. Though highly-advanced tripping
device can now allow for unmanned shooting, it still may take several nights to get a
truly high quality film.
G Is it science? Is it art? Since the technique was first pioneered around two hundred
years ago, photography has developed to a state where it is almost unrecognisable.
Some people would even say the future of photography will be nothing like how we
imagine it. No matter what future it may hold, photography will continue to develop as it
has been repeatedly demon-strated in many aspects of our life that “a picture is worth a
thousand words.”

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SECTION 3: QUESTIONS 27-40

Questions 27-30
Look at the following organisms (Questions 27-30) and the list of features below. Match
each organism with the correct feature, A-D.

Write the correct letter, A-D, in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.
27 Mushroom
28 Hummingbird
29 Frog
30 Bat
A too fast to be perceived

B film at the place where the animal will pass

C too slow to be visible to human eyes

D adjust the filming speed to make it interesting

Questions 31-35
Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 31-35 on your answer sheet.

Fast motion (professionally known as time-lapse photography) and slow motion (or high-speed
photography) are two commonest techniques of photography. To present before audiences
something that occurs naturally slow, photographers take each picture at a 31
before another picture. When these pictures are finally shown on screen in
sequence at a normal motion picture rate, audiences see a 32 that is faster than
what it naturally is. This technique can make audiences feel as if 33 is shrunk. On
the other hand, to demonstrate how fast things move, the movement is exposed on a 34
of film, and then projected on screen at normal playback speed. This makes
viewers feel time is 35

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Questions 36-40
Reading Passage 3 has seven paragraphs, A-G.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet.
36 a description of photography’s application in various fields
37 a reference to why high-speed photography has a significant role in
biology
38 a traditional wisdom that assures readers of the prospects of
photography
39 a reference to how film is processed before final release
40 a description of filming shooting without human effort

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WRITING TASK 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The chart shows the number of mobile phones and landlines per 100 people in
selected countries.

Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information given.

You should write at least 150 words.

WRITING TASK 2
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.

A country becomes more interesting and develops more quickly when its
population includes a mixture of nationalities.

To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own
knowledge or experience.

You should write at least 250 words.

Try your best! Practice makes Perfect! Page 27