-- written by Max Ehrmann in the 1920s --

Not "Found in Old St. Paul's Church"!

Go placidly amid the noise and the haste,

and remember what peace there may be in silence.

As far as possible, without surrender,

be on good terms with all persons.
Speak your truth quietly and clearly;
and listen to others,
even to the dull and the ignorant;
they too have their story.
Avoid loud and aggressive persons;
they are vexatious to the spirit.

If you compare yourself with others,

you may become vain or bitter,
for always there will be greater and lesser persons than yourself.
Enjoy your achievements as well as your plans.
Keep interested in your own career, however humble;
it is a real possession in the changing fortunes of time.

Exercise caution in your business affairs,

for the world is full of trickery.
But let this not blind you to what virtue there is;
many persons strive for high ideals,
and everywhere life is full of heroism.
Be yourself. Especially do not feign affection.
Neither be cynical about love,
for in the face of all aridity and disenchantment,
it is as perennial as the grass.

Take kindly the counsel of the years,

gracefully surrendering the things of youth.
Nurture strength of spirit to shield you in sudden misfortune.
But do not distress yourself with dark imaginings.
Many fears are born of fatigue and loneliness.
 Beyond a wholesome discipline,
be gentle with yourself.
You are a child of the universe
no less than the trees and the stars;
you have a right to be here.
And whether or not it is clear to you,
no doubt the universe is unfolding as it should.

Therefore be at peace with God,

whatever you conceive Him to be.
And whatever your labors and aspirations,
in the noisy confusion of life,
keep peace in your soul.

With all its sham, drudgery, and broken dreams,

it is still a beautiful world.
Be cheerful. Strive to be happy.
 The Confused History of "Desiderata"
The author is Max Ehrmann, a poet and lawyer from Terre Haute, Indiana, who lived from 1872
to 1945. It has been reported that Desiderata was inspired by an urge that Ehrmann wrote about
in his diary:

"I should like, if I could, to leave a humble gift -- a bit of chaste prose that had caught up some
noble moods."

Around 1959, the Rev. Frederick Kates, the rector of St. Paul's Church in Baltimore, Maryland,
used the poem in a collection of devotional materials he compiled for his congregation. (Some
years earlier he had come across a copy of Desiderata.) At the top of the handout was the
notation, "Old St. Paul's Church, Baltimore A.C. 1692." The church was founded in 1692. [1]

As the material was handed from one friend to another, the authorship became clouded. Copies
with the "Old St. Paul's Church" notation were printed and distributed liberally in the years that
followed. It is perhaps understandable that a later publisher would interpret this notation as
meaning that the poem itself was found in Old St. Paul's Church, dated 1692. This notation no
doubt added to the charm and historic appeal of the poem, despite the fact that the actual
language in the poem suggests a more modern origin. The poem was popular prose for the "make
peace, not war" movement of the 1960s.

When Adlai Stevenson died in 1965, a guest in his home found a copy of Desiderata near his
bedside and discovered that Stevenson had planned to use it in his Christmas cards. The publicity
that followed gave widespread fame to the poem as well as the mistaken relationship to St. Paul's
Church. [1]

As of 1977, the rector of St. Paul's Church was not amused by the confusion. Having dealt with
the confusion "40 times a week for 15 years," he was sick of it. [1]

This misinterpretation has only added to the confusion concerning whether or not the poem is in
the public domain.

By the way, Desiderata is Latin for "Things to be Desired."

 Is Desiderata in the Public Domain or Copyrighted?

Max Ehrmann obtained a federal copyright for Desiderata in 1927 (No. 962402). [2] It was also
printed in a collection of his poems published in 1948. The copyright was bequeathed to his
widow, Bertha, who renewed the copyright in 1954. At her death in 1962, she bequeathed the
copyright to her nephew, Richmond Wight. Wight assigned the copyright (for an undisclosed
fee) to Crescendo Publishing Co. in 1971.

The poem was published in the August, 1971 issue of Success Unlimited magazine, and Robert L.
Bell, the owner of Crescendo Publishing Co., filed a copyright infringement suit against the
publisher, Combined Registry Co. [3]

The defense argued that the copyright had been forfeited and abandoned. Three instances of
distribution were alleged to support forfeiture:

(1) In December 1933, Ehrmann used Desiderata as part of a Christmas greeting to his friends.

(2) In 1942, Ehrmann corresponded with Merrill Moore, a U.S. Army psychiatrist serving during
World War II. Moore told Ehrmann that he had distributed an estimated 1,000 copies of
Desiderata over the years while he was in civilian practice in Boston . Letters attest to the fact
that Ehrmann gave permission for Moore to distribute copies of the poem to soldiers as part of
their treatment. As late as 1944, Moore confirmed to Ehrmann that he continued to use the poem
in his work in the South Pacific. [3]

After Ehrmann's death in 1945, reports of his correspondence with Moore appeared in several
publications, each of which included the text of Desiderata without a copyright notice.

(3) As noted above, about 200 copies of Desiderata were distributed by Rev. Kates to his
congregation around 1959. (The court stated that this occurred in 1957, but most other accounts
report that it happened in 1959.)

The Copyright Act requires copyright notice on materials that one seeks to have protected. [17
U.S.C. Section 10] Forfeiture occurs when the copyright holder authorizes general publication
without the correct notice.

The 1933 Christmas cards were not a "general publication" that would divest the copyright
holder of his rights. Nor did the distribution by Rev. Kates or the later copies, since there was no
evidence of authorization by the copyright holder.

However, the court concluded that the correspondence between Moore and Ehrmann was
credible evidence of a general publication authorized by the copyright holder. "Permission to use
the work was given gratuitously," and nowhere was a copyright or copyright notice mentioned.
Ehrmann had therefore forfeited his right to have the copyright protected. [2]
 The federal district court found in favor of the defendants, the 7th Circuit Court of Appeals
affirmed that decision, and the U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear the case. [See citations
below]

However, Mr. Bell has been successful in pursuing his copyright claim in other jurisdictions of
the United States. One can argue that Mr. Ehrmann tried to protect his copyright, as evidenced
by a copy of the poem published by the Indiana Publishing Co. that clearly bears the 1927
copyright notice.

It seems that the courts cannot agree on this issue. Thus, whether or not this poem is in the public
domain depends upon your point of view and your place of residence.

"Be Cheerful" or "Be Careful"?

There is some dispute regarding this phrase near the end of Desiderata. One of the publishers
claims that Ehrmann himself changed the wording. Another story is that an errant publisher
accidently changed it from "cheerful" to "careful."

We have chosen to use "cheerful" because it seems more in tune with the rest of the poem, and it
appears in a version published by the Indiana Publishing Co. during Mr. Ehrmann's lifetime.
We'll update this section if we discover more evidence of the truth.

Sources:

[1] Katz, Barbara J., "Popular Prose-Poem Is No Work of the Ages: 'Desiderata': A Product of an
Obscure Lawyer," The Washington Post (November 27, 1977).

[2] Bell v. Combined Registry Co., 397 F. Supp. 1241 (N.D. Ill. 1975).

[3] Bell v. Combined Registry Co., 536 F.2d 164 (7th Cir. 5/14/1976), cert. denied 429 U.S. 1001,
97 S.Ct. 530, 50 L.Ed.2d. 612 (December 6, 1976).