SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 1

Sociology Notes

jktLFkku yksd lsok vk;ksx] vtesj jktLFkku

jkT; ,o a v/khuLFk lsok,a la;qDr Áfr;ksxh ¼eq[;½ ijh{kk] 2021
iz'u i=& A lkekU; Kku ,oa lkekU; v/;;u
lekt’kkL=
Hkkjr esa lekt’kkL=h; fopkjksa dk fodkl &
• Hkkjrh; lekt esa tkfr vkSj oxZ % izÑfr] mn~Hko] izdk;Z vkSj
pqukSfr;ka
• ifjorZu dh izfØ;k,a % laLd`frdj.k] if’pehdj.k]
ykSfddhdj.k] Hkwe.Myhdj.k
• Hkkjrh; lekt ds le{k pqukSfr;ka % ngst+] rykd ,oa cky
fookg ds eqn~n]s Hkz"Vkpkj] lkEiznkf;drk] fu/kZurk] csjkst+xkjh]
eknd inkFkZ O;lu] det+ksj rcds fo’ks"kdj nfyr] o`) vkSj
f}O;kaxA
• jktLFkku esa tutkrh; leqnk; % Hkhy] eh.kk] xjkfl;k&
leL;k,a o dY;k.kA

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 2
Sociology Notes

lkekftd leL;k,¡

detksj oxZ efgyk oxZ vkfFkZd leL;k,¡ jk"Vªh; vkfnoklh

leL;k,¡
nfyr fnO;kax ngst rykd xjhch csjkstxkjh Hkz"Vkpkj
o`) cky fookg lkaiznkf;drk
eknd inkFkksZ
dk lsou
ngst
ijEijkxr lekt esa L=h/ku ijaijk FkhA ysfdu ckn esa ;g ngst izFkk esa :ikarfjr gks xbZA ngst
og /ku] lkeku ;k laifÙk gS tks nqYgu dk ifjokj 'kknh ds le; nwYgs ds ifjokj dks nsrk gSA ;g
çFkk mu laL—fr;ksa esa vke gS tks –<+rk ls fir`oa'kh;] fir`LFkkuh; gSa vkSj iq#"k&i{kikrh fojklr
dkuwu gSaA
orZeku fLFkfr
Hkkjr esa ngst 60 o"kksZa ls voS/k gS] ysfdu fjokts viuh tM+as tek pqdh gSaA Hkkjr esa gj lky 8]000
ls vf/kd ^^ngst ekSras^^ ntZ gksrh gSaA ngst dh ekax ls lacfa /kr vkRegR;k ;k gR;k ls gj fnu 20
efgykvksa dh ekSr gks tkrh gSA
jk"Vªh; vijk/k fjd‚MZ C;wjks ¼,ulhvkjch½
ngst çFkk u dsoy voS/k gS cfYd vuSfrd Hkh gS
ngst voS/k gS
ljdkj ngst çFkk dks lekIr djus ds fy, ngst fu"ks/k vf/kfu;e 1961 vkSj dbZ ;kstukvksa dks
ykdj ckfydkvksa dh fLFkfr ds mRFkku ds fy, Hkh dk;Z dj jgh gSaA
ngst vuSfrd vkSj ;g ,d lkekftd cqjkbZ vkSj lkekftd dyad gS ] ftlus efgykvksa ds çfr
vdYiuh; ;kruk,a vkSj vijk/k fd, gSa vkSj Hkkjrh; oSokfgd O;oLFkk dks çnwf"kr fd;k gSA
ngst ds dkj.k
• ;g Hkkjr dh lcls xgjh ijaijk, esa ls ,d gSA
• Hkkjrh; lekt esa fookg cgqr egRoiw.kZ gS vkSj blls Hkh vf/kd efgykvksa ds fy,]
ekrk&firk ges'kk viuh csfV;ksa ds fy, ,d ^^vPNk nwYgk^^ [kkstus esa rYyhu jgrs gSa vkSj
mä ^^vPNs nwYgs^^ dks lqjf{kr djus ds fy, cM+s ngst nsus dks Hkh rS;kj jgrs gSaA
• 'kknh ds QSlys cM+s iSekus ij nqYgu ds ifjokj }kjk fy, tkrs gSaA ifjokj ,d gh /keZ] ,d
gh tkfr vkSj ,d gh vkfFkZd fLFkfr ls ,d nwYgs dh ryk'k djrs gSaA tkfr vkSj /keZ ds
ckgj fookg cgqr nqyZHk vkSj vyksdfç; gSA
A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,
Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 3
Sociology Notes

• ngst fir`lÙkkRed ekufldrk dk çdVhdj.k gSA iq#"k&,d vdsyk [kjhnkj tks ngst ds
:i esa dhersa fu/kkZfjr djrk gS vkSj 'kknh ds cktkj dks fu;af=r djrk gSA
• O;fäokn vkSj miHkksäkokn ewY;ksa dk mn;] gj dksbZ iSlk pkgrk gSA gj dksbZ 'k‚VZdV ysrk
gSA yksx ykyph gSaA^^
• geus yksxksa dh psruk dks rksM+us ds fy, dHkh Hkh ,d ÅtkZoku] –<+ ç;kl ugha fd;k gSA
gekjs ikl ngst ls fuiVus okyh ,d Hkh Vhoh J`a[kyk ugha gS ftls turk ns[krh gksA

ngst dk çHkko

^^ngst ,d xaHkhj lkekftd leL;k gSA**

• ngst izFkk ySafxd fgalk] ySafxd vijk/k vkSj ySafxd vR;kpkj dks tUe nsrh gS A ngst dh
ekax iwjh ugha djus ij e/;eoxhZ; vkSj xjhc ifjokjksa dh efgykvksa dks çrkfM+r] viekfur]
vkSj ekj Mkyk tkrk gSA
• ngst izFkk ySafxd HksnHkko dh [kkbZ dks xgjh djrh gSA ngst çFkk ds dkj.k dbZ ckj ;g
ns[kk x;k gS fd efgykvksa dks ,d nkf;Ro ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gS vkSj vDlj mUgsa
v/khurk ds v/khu fd;k tkrk gS vkSj f'k{kk] LokLF;] {kerk] volj lqfo/kkvksa esa muds lkFk
iqjkuk O;ogkj fd;k tkrk gSA
• ngst izFkk us ySafxd l'kfDrdj.k dks izHkkfor fd;k gSA ;g izFkk efgykvksas dh {kerk dks
izHkkfor djrh gSA ifjokj csVh dh f'k{kk esa fuos'k de djrk gSA
• ngst izFkk xjhch dks tUe nsrh gSA xjhch 'kks"k.k dks tUe nsrh gS vkSj 'kks"k.k dqiks"k.k dks
tUe nsrk gSA
• ngst izFkk efgyk ds oLrqdj.k dks c<+kok nsrh gSA ledkyhu ngst nqYgu ds ifjokj }kjk
'kfä'kkyh laca/kksa vkSj iSlk cukus ds voljksa esa Iyx bu djus ds fy, ,d fuos'k dh rjg
gSA ;g efgykvksa dks dsoy okf.kT; dh oLrq ds :i esa çLrqr djrk gS
• ngst izFkk vU; lkekftd leL;k dks tUe nsrh gSA tSls %& Hkzw.k gR;k& ftlls fyaxkuqikr
izHkkfor gksrk gSA
• dbZ efgyk,a vfookfgr gks tkrh gSa% ns'k esa vla[; yM+fd;ka f'kf{kr vkSj is'ksoj :i ls
l{ke gksus ds ckotwn vfookfgr jgrh gSa D;ksfa d muds ekrk&firk fookg iwoZ ngst dh ekax
dks iwjk ugha dj ldrs gSaA
vkxs dk jkLrk
vkt gkykafd] bl leL;k dh lkekftd Ád`fr ds dkj.k] dkuwu gekjs lekt esa okafNr ifj.kke
nsus esa foQy jgk gSA yksxksa ds iwjs fny ls lg;ksx ds fcuk dksbZ Hkh dkuwu ykxw ugha fd;k tk

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 4
Sociology Notes

ldrk gSA blfy, ngst çFkk ds nq"ifj.kkeksa ds ckjs esa lkekftd psruk txkus dh t:jr gSA bl
leL;k ls NqVdkjk ikus ds fy, yksxksa dh lkekftd vkSj uSfrd psruk dks vkdf"kZr djus]
efgykvksa dks f'k{kk vkSj vkfFkZd Lora=rk çnku djus vkSj ngst çFkk ds f[kykQ dkuwu dks çHkkoh
<ax ls ykxw djus ls enn fey ldrh gSA
• lkekftd leL;k ds jktuhfrd lek/kku dh lhekvksa dks igpkuuk%
fu%lansg ,d dkuwu cukuk O;ogkj dk ,d çfreku LFkkfir djrk gS] lkekftd var%dj.k dks
lfØ; djrk gS vkSj bls lekIr djus esa lekt lq/kkjdksa ds ç;klksa esa dqN lgk;rk çnku djrk
gSA
gkykafd] ngst tSlh lkekftd cqjkbZ Lo;a dks rc rd ugha feVk ldrh tc rd yksx dkuwu ds
ihNs ds n'kZu dks cgqr vkxs rd ugha ys tkrsA
• yM+fd;ksa dks f'kf{kr djuk% f'k{kk vkSj Lora=rk ,d 'kfä'kkyh vkSj ewY;oku migkj gS tks
ekrk&firk viuh csVh dks ns ldrs gSaA
blfy, csfV;ksa dks ,d Bksl f'k{kk çnku djuk] vkSj mUgsa viuh ilan ds dfj;j dks vkxs
c<+kus ds fy, çksRlkfgr djuk lcls vPNk ngst gS tks dksbZ Hkh ekrk&firk viuh csVh dks ns
ldrs gSaA
• ngst dks Lohdkj djuk ,d lkekftd dyad cuk nsuk pkfg, vkSj lHkh ihf<+;ksa dks
lacksf/kr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A blds fy, ngst çFkk ds nq"ifj.kkeksa ds çfr lkekftd psruk
txkus dh t:jr gSA
• dsaæ vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa dks yksd vnkyrks]a jsfM;ks çlkj.kks]a Vsyhfotu vkSj lekpkj i=ksa ds
ek/;e ls yksxksa ds chp ^ngst&fojks/kh lk{kjrk^ dks ^fujarj^ vk/kkj ij c<+kus ds fy, çHkkoh
dne mBkus pkfg,A
• ngst çFkk ds [krjs ls çHkkoh <ax ls fuiVus ds fy, ;qok gh vk'kk dh ,dek= fdj.k gSaA
muds fnekx dks O;kid cukus vkSj muds –f"Vdks.k O;kid cukus ds fy, mUgsa uSfrd ewY;
vk/kkfjr f'k{kk nh tkuh pkfg,A
• lekt dks ySafxd lekurk ykus ds fy, gj dne mBkuk pkfg,A bl lanHkZ es]a fyax
vlekurk dks nwj djus ds fy, jkT;ksa dks thou pØ ds fofHkUu igyqvksa ¼tUe] çkjafHkd
cpiu] f'k{kk] iks"k.k] vkthfodk] LokLF; ns[kHkky rd igqap½ ij dk;Z djuk gksxkA
• pkbYMdsvj vkSj lqjf{kr lkoZtfud ifjogu dk foLrkj djus] HksnHkko dks de djus vkSj
dk;ZLFky ds vuqdwy okrkoj.k cukus dh vko';drk gSA ?kj ij] iq#"kksa dks ?kjsyw dke vkSj
ns[kHkky dh ftEesnkfj;ksa dks lk>k djuk pkfg,
ngst çFkk dh cqjkb;ksa ds çfr lekt dh varjkRek dks iwjh rjg ls txkus dh t:jr gS rkfd
ngst dh ekax gh lekt esa bldh ekax djus okyksa ds fy, ^psgjs dk uqdlku^ gks tk,A

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 5
Sociology Notes

cky fookg
cky fookg voS/k ds lkFk&lkFk vuSfrd Hkh gSA

cky fookg ,d lkekftd dqizFkk vkSj dkuwuh :i ls vijk/k gSA cky fookg cPpksa ds vf/kdkjksa dk
mYya?ku djrk gS vkSj mUgsa fgalk] 'kks"k.k vkSj nqoZ~;ogkj ds mPp tksf[ke esa Mkyrk gSA
cky fookg mUewyu dks SDG y{; 5 es 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSaA
¼SDG y{; 5 ^^ySafxd lekurk çkIr djuk vkSj lHkh efgykvksa vkSj yM+fd;ksa dks l'kä cukuk^^
y{; 5-3 ds rgr ^^lHkh gkfudkjd çFkkvksa dks lekIr djuk] tSls fd cPpk] tYnh vkSj tcju
fookg vkSj efgyk tuukax fod`fr^^A½

cky fookg dh cqjkbZ dks feVkus ds fy,] 1929 esa cky fookg fujks/kd vf/kfu;e ¼'kkjnk vf/kfu;e½
ikfjr fd;k x;k FkkA cky fookg fu"ks/k vf/kfu;e 2006 }kjk cky fookg dks dkuwuh :i ls
vijk/k cuk fn;k x;k gSA
bl dkuwu ds rgr vijk/k D;k gS\
• ,d o;Ld iq#"k }kjk ,d cky iRuh ls 'kknh djukA
• fdlh Hkh rjg ls cky fookg esa enn djukA
• cky fookg ¼ekrk&firk ;k vfHkHkkod ds :i es½a dks vuqefr nsuk] çks Rlkfgr djuk ;k
jksdus esa foQy gksukA
• cky fookg esa Hkkx ysukA
• ^xkSuk^^ dh lekfIr fookg lekjksg dk fgLlk ugha gSA fookg lekfIr ls igys iwjk gksus ij]
bl vf/kfu;e ds rgr ,d O;fä dks nks"kh Bgjk;k tk ldrk gS]
cky fookg ds dkj.k
Hkkjr esa cky fookg leL;k dh izd`fr tfVy gS vkSj bl çFkk dks vk/kkj nsus okys
lkekftd&lkaLd`frd vkSj lajpukRed dkjd gSA

• fir`lÙkkRed O;oLFkk ds dkj.k fookg esa cPpksa dh lgefr ugha yh tkrh gSa
• fookg ds fu;e ¼ltkrh; fookg½ Hkkjr esa cky fookg dks c<+kok nsrk gaSA
• fyax vlekurk] yM+fd;ksa dh dfFkr fuEu fLFkfr
• lkekftd ekunaM ¼jhfr&fjokt vkSj ijaijk,a½] yM+dksa dh rqyuk esa yM+fd;ksa dks de egRo
nsus okys ekunaM] yM+fd;ksa dks 'kknh djus ds vykok dksbZ oSdfYid Hkwfedk ugha ekuk tkrk
gSA
• xjhch]
A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,
Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 6
Sociology Notes

• f'k{kk dh deh]
• ckfydkvksa dh lqj{kk laca/kh fpark,a
• cky fookg vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd 'kfä;ksa ds ijLij fØ;k dk ifj.kke gSA ftu leqnk;ksa esa
;g çFkk çpfyr gS] ogka ckfydk ds :i esa 'kknh djuk lkekftd ekunaMksa vkSj –f"Vdks.k
ds ,d lewg dk fgLlk gS tks yM+fd;ksa ds ekuokf/kdkjksa dks fn, x, fuEu ewY; dks n'kkZrk
gSA
cky fookg dh orZeku fLFkfr ¼;wfulsQ }kjk fjiksVZ½
• vuqeku crkrs gSa fd Hkkjr esa gj lky de ls de 18 lky ls de mez dh 15 yk[k
yM+fd;ksa dh 'kknh gks tkrh gS] tks bls nqfu;k esa lcls vf/kd cky o/kwvksa dk ?kj cukrh gS
& tks oSf'od dqy dk ,d frgkbZ gSA orZeku esa 15&19 vk;q oxZ dh yxHkx 16 çfr'kr
fd'kksfj;ksa dh 'kknh gks pqdh gSA
• tcfd 2005&2006 vkSj 2015&2016 ds chp 18 o"kZ ls igys yM+fd;ksa dh 'kknh djus dk
çpyu 47 çfr'kr ls ?kVdj 27 çfr'kr gks x;k gS] ;g vHkh Hkh cgqr vf/kd gSA
cky fookg D;ksa ?kV jgk gS
fxjkoV dbZ dkjdksa dk ifj.kke gS tSls yM+fd;ksa dh f'k{kk dh c<+h gqbZ njs]a fd'kksj yM+fd;ksa esa
lfØ; ljdkjh fuos'k ]cky fookg dh voS/krk ]blls gksus okys uqdlku ds ckjs esa etcwr
lkoZtfud lans'k] etcwr dkuwu vkSj xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ls 'kgjh dsaæksa esa çoklA
cky fookg dk çHkko
cky fookg yM+fd;ksa vkSj yM+dksa nksuksa dks çHkkfor djrk gS] ysfdu ;g yM+fd;ksa dks vleku :i
ls T;knk çHkkfor djrk gSA
• cky fookg ls cpiu lekIr gks tkrk gSA ,d cPpk tks ,d cPps ds :i esa fookfgr gS]
mlds Ldwy ls ckgj gksus vkSj iSls dekus vkSj leqnk; esa ;ksxnku u djus dh vf/kd
laHkkouk gSA mls ?kjsyw fgalk dk vuqHko gksus vkSj ,pvkbZoh,M~l ls laØfer gksus dh vf/kd
laHkkouk gSA tc og vHkh Hkh ,d cPph gS rks mlds cPps gksus dh vf/kd laHkkouk gSA
xHkkZoLFkk vkSj çlo ds nkSjku tfVyrkvksa ds dkj.k mlds ejus dh laHkkouk vf/kd gksrh
gSA
• de mez esa 'kknh ls yM+fd;ksa dks igys cPps iSnk gksrs gSa vkSj muds thoudky esa vf/kd
cPps gksrs gSa] ftlls ?kj ij vkfFkZd cks> c<+rk gSA
• cky fookg] ,d xgjs lkekftd ekunaM] O;kid ySafxd vlekurk vkSj HksnHkko dk Li"V
çek.k çnku djrk gSA
• cky fookg efgykvksa dks çkjafHkd xHkkZoLFkk] dqiks"k.k vkSj fgalk ¼ekufld] HkkoukRed vkSj
'kkjhfjd½ ds fy, mtkxj djrk gSA

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 7
Sociology Notes

• ;g cPpksa ds f'k{kk] LokLF; vkSj lqj{kk ds vf/kdkjksa dks udkjkRed :i ls çHkkfor djrk
gSA ;s ifj.kke u dsoy lh/ks cPps dks cfYd mlds ifjokj vkSj leqnk; dks Hkh çHkkfor
djrs gSaA
• cky fookg Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dks udkjkRed :i ls çHkkfor djrk gS vkSj xjhch ds ,d
varj&ih<+h pØ dks tUe ns ldrk gSA cPpksa ds :i esa fookfgr yM+fd;ksa vkSj yM+dksa ds
ikl vius ifjokjksa dks xjhch ls ckgj fudkyus vkSj vius ns'k ds lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd
fodkl esa ;ksxnku djus ds fy, vko';d dkS'ky] Kku vkSj ukSdjh dh laHkkoukvksa dh deh
gksus dh vf/kd laHkkouk gSA
cky fookg mUewyu ds fy, ljdkj vkSj xSj ljdkjh laxBuksa ds ç;kl
• cky fookg ds f[kykQ dkuwu cukuk
• ckfydk f'k{kk rd igqap c<+kuk
• gkfudkjd lkaL—frd ekunaMksa dks cnyuk
• lkeqnkf;d dk;ZØeksa dk leFkZu djuk
• ;qok efgykvksa dks vkfFkZd volj çnku djuk
lk{; ls irk pyrk gS fd dkuwuh mez ls ijs 'kknh dks LFkfxr djuk] muds LokLF; vkSj iks"k.k
dh fLFkfr esa lq/kkj] yM+fd;ksa dks ek/;fed fo|ky; esa laØe.k ds fy, leFkZu djuk vkSj mUgsa
foi.ku ;ksX; dkS'ky fodflr djus esa enn djuk fd'kksj yM+fd;ksa ds l'kfädj.k ds fy,
egRoiw.kZ xse psatj lkfcr gqvk gSaA og LoLFk] mRiknd vkSj l'kä o;Ldksa esa 'kkfey gq, gSaA
• cky fookg dks lekIr djus dh dkjZokbZ esa rsth ykus ds fy, LokLF;] f'k{kk] cky laj{k.k]
iks"k.k vkSj ikuh vkSj LoPNrk tSls {ks=ksa esa j.kuhfr;ksa dks ,d lkFk yk;k x;k gSA
• ljdkjsa] ukxfjd lekt laxBuksa vkSj ;qokvksa ds lkFk lk>snkjh vkSj jk"Vªh; Lrj ls ysdj
ftyk Lrj rd lacaf/kr fgr/kkjdksa ds lkFk dke djds cky fookg dks jksdus vkSj fd'kksj
l'kfädj.k dks c<+kus ds fy, Ldsy&vi j.kuhfr ij dk;Z dj jgh gSaA
efgykvksa dh 'kknh dh mez c<+kdj 21 lky djuk ySafxd l'kfädj.k dh vksj dne
tuçfrfuf/kRo vf/kfu;e ds rgr iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa ds fy, ernku dh mez leku gSA
gesa oS/k fookg esa ços'k djus ds fy, mez dh vko';drkvksa esa lekurk iSnk djus ls fdlus
jksdk gS\ ekinaM esa ;g varj tSfod ls vf/kd lkekftd FkkA
• cky fookg fu"ks/k vf/kfu;e] 2006 vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 2 ¼,½ 18 o"kZ ls de mez dh
efgykvksa dks cPps gksus dh ?kks"k.kk djrh gS tcfd iq#"kksa ds fy, ;g mez 21 gSA ,slk
yxrk gS fd bl varj dk dksbZ mfpr rdZ ugha gS tks iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa ds chp mez esa
vlekurk dks lgh Bgjk ldsA

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 8
Sociology Notes

• Hkkjr us lrr fodkl y{;ksa ¼,lMhth½ ds y{; 5 dks lkdkj djus ds fy, ,d çxfr'khy
dne mBk;k gSA
• Hkkjr us 1993 esa efgykvksa ds f[kykQ lHkh çdkj ds HksnHkko ds mUewyu ij dUosa'ku dh
iqf"V dh FkhA dUosa'ku dk vuqPNsn 16 cky fookg dks l[rh ls euk djrk gS vkSj ljdkjksa
ls efgykvksa ds fy, U;wure 'kknh dh mez dh igpku djus vkSj ykxw djus ds fy, dgrk
gSA
• vkt] efgyk,a thou ds lHkh laHkkfor {ks=ksa esa iq#"kksa ds cjkcj [kM+h gSaA dkuwu esa cnyko Hkh
çxfr'khy lektksa esa lkekftd /kkj.kkvksa dks ekSfyd :i ls cny nsrk gSA
• de mez vkSj cky fookg ds f[kykQ efgykvksa dh lqj{kk muds ewy vf/kdkjksa dh lqj{kk gS
vkSj bl egRoiw.kZ dne ls lacaf/kr vkcknh ds fy, ,d O;kid vf/kdkj&vk/kkfjr <kapk
çnku djus ds fy, lacaf/kr fo/kk;h <kaps esa cnyko vk,xkA

rykd% vFkZ] fLFkfr] vk/kkj] dkj.k vkSj çHkko

rykd D;k gS\
• rykd ,d vkSipkfjd ¼dkuwuh½] lkekftd :i ls ekU;rk çkIr vkSj LFkk;h :i ls
okLrfod fookg dh lekfIr dk :i gSA fookg esa ukxfjd] dkuwuh ;k /kkfeZd lac/a k 'kkfey
gSa] rykd ifr vkSj iRuh ds chp oSokfgd lek;kstu dh foQyrk dk ifj.kke gSA
• rykd dk nwljk :i gS ifjR;kx & ifjR;kx& ifr ;k iRuh ;k nksuksa dh vksj ls
vukSipkfjd :i ls ,d nwljs dks NksM+us vkSj viuh Hkwfedk nkf;Roksa dk fuoZgu djus dk
fu.kZ; gSaA T;knkrj ;s ifr gh gksrs gSa tks viuh ifRu;ksa dks ifjR;kx djrs gSaA ifjR;kx
vLFkk;h ;k LFkk;h gks ldrk gSA
rykd dh orZeku fLFkfr
• dbZ 'krkfCn;ksa rd Hkkjr lfgr dbZ lektksa esa fookg dks oLrqr% ^laLdkjkRed^ ¼/kkfeZd½
ekuk tkrk FkkA vlk/kkj.k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa dsoy lhfer ekeyksa esa gh rykd fn;k x;k FkkA
• ;g vuqeku yxk;k x;k gS fd fczVsu esa ,d frgkbZ ls vf/kd fookg rykd esa lekIr gksrs
gSa vkSj la;qä jkT; vesfjdk esa] rykd ds fy, fookg dk vuqikr yxHkx nks ls ,d gS ]
if'peh ns'kksa es]a vf/kdka'k rykd'kqnk vU; O;fä;ksa ds lkFk iqufoZokg djrs gSaA ysfdu Hkkjr
esa rykd'kqnk ds iqufoZokg dh dsoy ,d ux.; la[;k gSaA
Hkkjr esa rykd ds fy, vk/kkj
• fganw fookg vf/kfu;e] 1955 ds rgr Hkkjr esa rykd ds vk/kkj fuEufyf[kr gSa & O;fHkpkj]
Øwjrk] ifjR;kx] /kekaZrj.k] ekufld fodkj] dq"B] ;kSu jksx] voS/k laca/k vkfnA
• eqfLye fookg fo?kVu vf/kfu;e] 1939 bLyke ds fy, rykd dk vk/kkj gSaA
A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,
Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 9
Sociology Notes

rykd D;ksa gksrs gSa\

• rykd dh o`f) esa lcls egRoiw.kZ dkjd Lo;a rykd dh lekt esa vf/kd Loh—fr gSA
rykd ds çfr utfj;k rsth ls cny jgk gSA bls vc ,d v{kE; iki ds :i esa ugha ekuk
tkrk gSA
• fookg dks vDlj ,d ifo= vk/;kfRed feyu ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gS] ysfdu vc fookg
dks ,d O;fäxr vkSj O;kogkfjd çfrc)rk ds :i esa vf/kd ns[kk tkrk gS] iqjkus
vkSipkfjd /kkfeZd fo'okl esa c<+rk {kj.k fd fookg ,d LFkk;h vkSj ck/;dkjh çfrc)rk gS
vkSj ;g ,d bZ'oj }kjk fu/kkZfjr laca/k gS ftls rksM+k ugha tk ldrk gSA
• rykd ds egRoiw.kZ dkj.kksa esa ?kjsyw oSeuL;] O;fHkpkj] uiqaldrk] cka>iu] ifr ;k iRuh dk
vuSfrd vkpj.k] voS/k laca/k] 'kjkc ]ifr ;k blds foijhr ;k muds fj'rsnkjksa }kjk iRuh ds
lkFk nqoZ~;ogkj] Øwjrk ¼'kkjhfjd ;k ekufld½] vkfn 'kkfey gSaA
• foÙkh; leL;k,a] HkkoukRed vifjiDork] u, okrkoj.k vkSj fj'rksa ds lkFk lek;kstu esa
dfBukb;k¡] Hkwfedk vis{kkvksa esa folaxfr;k¡ vkfn rykd dk dkj.k cu ldrs gSAa
• foLrkfjr ¼la;qä½ ifjokj dh rqyuk esa ukfHkdh; ifjokj esa rykd vf/kd gksrk gS
• vk/kqfud lekt O;fäRo vkSj O;fäxr vkRe&iwfrZ dks vR;f/kd egRo nsrk gSA cnyrh
vkdka{kkvksa vkSj iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa ds chp vf/kd Lora=rk vkSj O;fäxr vfHkO;fä dh
rhoz bPNk ijLij fojks/kh vis{kkvksa dk dkj.k curh gS
• fir`lÙkkRed ekufldrk% ?kj ds ckgj dk;Z esa efgykvksa dh c<+rh Hkkxhnkjh ds
ifj.kkeLo:i nks Hkwfedkvksa ¼x`fg.kh vkSj dkedkth efgyk½ dh fojks/kkHkklh ekaxsa iSnk gks xbZ
gSa tks ifr vkSj iRuh ds chp ruko iSnk dj ldrh gSa vkSj varr% iRuh dks rykd ysus ds
fy, çsfjr djrh gSaA
• [kjkc ikjLifjd lapkj
• {k.kHkaxqj jksekafVd çse ¼ftlesa dksbZ okLrfod HkkoukRed yxko u gks½ ftl ij vk/kqfud
lektksa esa oSokfgd laca/k ik, tkrs gSaA
• dkuwuksa dk mnkjhdj.k
rykd dk çHkko
• rykd dks fdlh Hkh lekt esa O;fäxr nqHkkZX; ds :i esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ;g oSokfgd
Hkkxhnkjks]a muds cPpksa vkSj lexz :i ls lekt ds thou ij xgjk çHkko Mkyrk gSA rykd
ls cky Je] fd'kksj vijk/k] vO;ofLFkr O;fäRo] fof{kIr fodkj] volkn vkfn tSlh dbZ
vU; lacaf/kr leL;k,a gks ldrh gSaA
• fookg VwVus ls 'kkfey lHkh i{kksa vFkkZr ifr] iRuh] cPpksa vkSj ifjokj ds vU; lnL;ksa ds
fy, yxHkx HkkoukRed :i ls rukoiw.kZ gksrk gSA HkkoukRed v'kkafr ls O;fäRo esa xM+cM+h
gks ldrh gSA ¼dHkh&dHkh yksx ikxy ;k ekufld :i ls iVjh ls mrj tkrs gSaA½
• iqjkus ewY;] iqjkuh ifjHkk"kk,¡] thou laxBu dh iqjkuh ;kstuk,¡ lHkh fc[kj tkrh gSa vkSj
viuh oS/krk [kks nsrh gSaA

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 10
Sociology Notes

• rykd ds ckn rykd'kqnk efgyk dks lEeku ds utfj;s ls ugha ns[kk tkrk gS ogha nwljh
vksj rykd'kqnk iq:"k vklkuh ls iqufoZokg dj ysrs gSA ;g ySafxd HksnHkko dks fn[kkrk gSA
• vxj Hkkjr esa rykd ysus dh izfØ;k dks lekt esa ljy cuk fn;k x;k rks Hkkjr esa Hkh
ikfjokfjd fo?kVu dk nkSj rst gks tk,xkA ¼if'pe dh rjg½
• rykd fookg tSls ifo= laLdkj ij iz'ufpUg yxkrh gSA
• rykd ,d ;k nksuksa i{kksa ds fy, foÙkh; dfBukbZ;ka Hkh iSnk dj ldrk gSA tc dksbZ iq#"k
viuh xSj&dekbZ okyh iRuh dks rykd nsrk gS] rks ;g cPpksa ds lkFk&lkFk mlds thou
dks xaHkhj :i ls [krjs esa Mky nsrk gSA ;g mls ;k rks vius fy, dke [kkstus ds fy,
etcwj djrk gS ;k de mez esa cPpksa dks dekbZ ds fy, Hkstus ds fy, etcwj djrk gSA
vkfFkZd raxh ds dkj.k dqN rykd'kqnk efgyk,a vuSfrd thou ¼os';ko`fÙk½ esa yx tkrh gSaA
• rykd ls ,dy&ekrk&firk ifjokj dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS] vkerkSj ij ,dy&ekrk&firk
ifjokj esa thou cPpksa ds fy, csgn dfBu] rukoiw.kZ] vlqjf{kr vkSj nq[kh gksrk gSA
• euksfpfdRlh; v/;;u tksj nsrs gSa tks cpiu esa ^VwVs gq, ?kjksa ;k ^vjktd ifjokjksa^ esa jgrs
gS os cPps vDlj HkkoukRed fpark dk f'kdkj gksrs gSaA ,d ekrk&firk ds lkFk jgus dk vFkZ
gS nwljs ekrk&firk dk I;kj vkSj Lusg [kksukA larqfyr O;fäRo fodkl ds fy, ekrk&firk
nksuksa dk i;Zo{s k.k vko';d gSA
• rykd'kqnk tksM+s ds cPpksa dks vDlj lkekftd vkykspuk dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS] tc
muds lkFk [ksyus okyksa }kjk mudh fuank dh tkrh gS] mUgsa fp<+k;k tkrk gS ;k rkuk ekjk
tkrk gSA
fu"d"kZ
lekt esa rykd dh la[;k c<+us ij rykd lkekftd eqík cu tkrk gSA rykd dk QSlyk cqjk
ugha gS ysfdu ;g vkf[kjh fodYi gksuk pkfg,A rykd gks rks efgyk vkSj mlds cPps ds lkFk dksbZ
HksnHkko ugha gksuk pkfg,A
• rykd lek/kku dsaæ LFkkfir djukA
• lgdkjh ewY;ksa dks c<+kok nsuk
• ySafxd HksnHkko vkSj ySafxd fgalk ij fu;a=.k gksuk pkfg,A
• ySafxd lekurk vkSj ySafxd l'kfädj.k dks c<+kok nsuk pkfg,A
Hkkjr esa fookg ,d ifo= laLdkj gS vkSj ;g xkaB vklkuh ls ugha VwVuh pkfg, D;ksafd ;g lekt
dh cqfu;knh bdkbZ ;kuh ifjokj ds fo?kVu dks c<+kok nsrk gS tks lekt dks vLoLFk cukrk gSaA
eknd inkFkksaZ dh yr
eknd inkFkZ os inkFkZ gS ftlesa u'khys rRo feys gksrs gSA ;g izkd`frd rFkk d`f=e nksuksa izdkj dk
gksrk gSA

• izkd`frd eknd inkFkZ & rEckdw] Hkkax] xkatk] vQhe] MksMk iksLrk
• d`f=e eknd inkFkZ & ,YdksgkWy] dkWdhu] gsjksbu] LeSd] czkmu lqxj

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 11
Sociology Notes

eknd inkFkZ O;lu fo'ks"k :i ls eknd nokvksa ds vknh gksus dh fLFkfr dks lanfHkZr djrk gSA ;s
vke rkSj ij voS/k nok,a gSa tks fdlh O;fä ds laKku] laosx vkSj O;ogkj dks çHkkfor djrh gSaA
eknd æO;ksa dk lsou efLr"d ij lq[kn çHkko iSnk djus ds mís'; ls dqN jlk;uksa ds mi;ksx dks
lanfHkZr djrk gSA
orZeku fLFkfr
• nqfu;k Hkj esa 190 fefy;u ls vf/kd Mªx mi;ksxdrkZ gSa vkSj ;g leL;k [krjukd nj ls
c<+ jgh gS] fo'ks"k :i ls 30 o"kZ ls de vk;q ds ;qok o;Ldksa esaA
• Xykscy cMZu v‚Q fMtht LVMh ds vuqlkj] vdsys 2019 esa voS/k nokvksa ls nqfu;k Hkj esa
yxHkx 7-5 yk[k yksxksa dh ekSr gksus dk vuqeku gS vkSj Hkkjr esa ekjs x, yksxksa dh
vuqekfur la[;k 22]000 FkhA
• dqN vuqekuksa ds vuqlkj] oSf'od u'khys inkFkksZa dh rLdjh dk O;kikj 650 vjc M‚yj dk
gSA
• bugsysaV cPpksa esa çpfyr ,dek= nok Js.kh gSA 0-58 çfr'kr o;Ldksa dh rqyuk esa 1-17
çfr'kr cPps bugsysaV dk lsou djrs gSaA
• ,El dh fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj] Hkkjr esa yxHkx 3-1 djksM+ yksxksa ds Hkkax ds mi;ksxdrkZ gksus dk
vuqeku gSA
• Hkkax] dksdhu vkSj gsjksbu tSlh ikjaifjd ikS/kksa ij vk/kkfjr nokvksa ls ysdj flaFksfVd nokvksa
tSls VªkekMksy rd]
Hkkjr esa u'khyh nokvksa dh yr] u'khyh nokvksa ds nq#i;ksx] u'khyh nokvksa ds [krjs ds dkj.k%
gky ds o"kksZa esa Hkkjr esa eknd inkFkksZa dh [kir dbZ xquk c<+ xbZ gSA Hkkjr ds ;qokvksa esa eknd
inkFkksZa dh yr dk [krjk rsth ls QSy x;k gSA
• Hkkjr nqfu;k ds nks lcls cM+s vQhe vkSj dksdhu mRiknd {ks=ksa ds chp fLFkr gS tks ,d
rjQ Lo.kZ f=Hkqt vkSj nwljh rjQ Lo.kZ v/kZpaæ gS

• HkkSfrdoknh thouA
• Lkekftd HksnHkkoA

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 12
Sociology Notes

• lkfFk;ksa }kjk Lohdkj fd;k tkukA

• c<+rk vkfFkZd rukoA
• lkaL—frd ewY;ksa dks cnyukA
• vçHkkoh iqfyflaxA
u'khyh nokvksa ds [krjs ij vadq'k yxkus dh pqukSfr;k¡%
• dkuwuh :i ls miyC/k nok,a% tSls rackdw ,Ydksgy ,d cgqr cM+h leL;k gS ftls vkerkSj
ij ,d xsVos Mªx ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gS ftls cPps Hkh ç;ksx djus ds fy, ysrs gSaA
• iquokZl dsUæksa dh miyC/krk dk vHkko% iquokZl dsUæksa dk vHkko gSA lkFk gh] ns'k esa
u'kkeqfä dsaæksa dk lapkyu djus okys xSj ljdkjh laxBu vko';d çdkj ds mipkj vkSj
fpfdRlk çnku djus esa foQy jgs gSaA
• MªXl dh rLdjh% iatkc] vle vkSj mÙkj çns'k tSls jkT;ksa ds ek/;e ls MªXl dh rLdjh]
tks iM+kslh ns'kksa ds lkFk lhek lk>k djrs gSaA
u'khyh nokvksa dh yr dk çHkko%
u'khyh nokvksa dh yr gekjs LokLF;] jk"Vªh; lqj{kk] 'kkafr vkSj fodkl dks xaHkhj :i ls çHkkfor
djrh gS & MªXl lekt esa fgalk dh nj dks c<+krk gS lekt esa vijk/k dh nj c<+krk gS] nq?kZVuk
dh nj dks c<+krk gSA vutkus esa pksV yxus] ?kjsyw fgalk dh ?kVukvks]a fpfdRlk leL;kvksa vkSj
e`R;q dk mPp tksf[ke c<+krk gSaA
• MªXl O;fä dh 'kkjhfjd o ekufld {kerk dks izHkkfor djrk gS vkSj blls O;fä ds
O;ogkj izHkkfor gksrs gSA tSls & fopyu] vkRegR;k] Øks/kA u'khyh nokvksa ij fuHkZjrk ls
de vkRelEeku] fujk'kk ds dkj.k vkijkf/kd dkjZokbZ vkSj ;gka rd fd vkRegR;k dh
ço`fÙk Hkh gks ldrh gSA
• HkkoukRed vkSj lkekftd leL;k,a ifjokj] nksLrksa ds lkFk laca/kksa dks çHkkfor djrk gS
• gsisVkbfVl ch vkSj lh] {k; jksx - tSlh chekfj;ksa esa o`f) gksrh gSaA
• MªXl efgyk vkSj cPpksa ds lkFk 'kks"k.k dks c<+krk gSA
• MªXl lsou detksj ;qok vkSj detksj jk"Vª dk fuekZ.k djrs gSA jk"Vª dh vkfFkZd {kerk
cckZn gks tkrh gS vkSj foÙkh; cks> c<+krk gSA
• MªXl voS/k vkijkf/kd xfrfof/k c<+rk gS tks mxzokn] uDlyokn ds foÙk ds L=ksr gSA blls
jk"Vª dh v[kaMrk detksj gksrh gSA
• vkradoknh laxBu ds foÙk ds L=ksr cu tkrs gSA tSl%s &rkfycku] vydk;nk] blls lai.w kZ
ekuork dks [krjk igq¡prk gSaA
'khyh nokvksa dh yr ls fuiVus ds fy, ljdkj dh igy%
• ukjdksfVd MªXl ,aM lkbdksVªksfid lClVsl a ,DV] ¼,uMhih,l½ 1985% ;g fdlh O;fä dks
fdlh Hkh eknd nok ;k lkbdksVªksfid inkFkZ ds mRiknu] j[kus] cspus] [kjhnus] ifjogu]
HkaMkj.k vkSj / ;k miHkksx djus ls jksdrk gSA
• ljdkj us lkeqnkf;d vkmVjhp dk;ZØeksa ij dsfa ær u'kk eqä Hkkjr vfHk;ku 'kq: djus dh
Hkh ?kks"k.kk dh gSA
A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,
Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 13
Sociology Notes

• 2016 esa ukdksZ&leUo; dsaæ ¼,ulhvksvkjMh½ dk xBu fd;k vkSj ^^ukjdksfVDl fu;a=.k ds
fy, jkT;ksa dks foÙkh; lgk;rk^^ dh ;kstuk dks iquthZfor fd;kA
• ukjdksfVDl daVªksy C;wjks dks ,d u;k l‚¶Vos;j ;kuh tCrh lwpuk çca/ku ç.kkyh
¼,lvkbZ,e,l½ fodflr djus ds fy, /ku miyC/k djk;k x;k gS tks u'khyh nokvksa ds
vijk/kksa vkSj vijkf/k;ksa dk ,d iwjk v‚uykbu MsVkcsl rS;kj djsxkA
• ljdkj us ukjdksfVd MªXl esa voS/k ;krk;kr ls fuiVus ds laca/k esa fd, x, [kpZ dks iwjk
djus ds fy, ^^u'khyh nokvksa ds nq#i;ksx ds fu;a=.k ds fy, jk"Vªh; dks"k^^ uked ,d
dks"k dk xBu fd;k gS O;lfu;ksa dk iquokZl] vkSj u'khyh nokvksa ds nq#i;ksx ds f[kykQ
turk dks f'kf{kr djuk] vkfnA
• ljdkj ,El ds us'kuy Mªx fMisaMsal VªhVesaV lsaVj dh enn ls Hkkjr esa u'khyh nokvksa ds
nq#i;ksx ds #>kuksa dks ekius ds fy, jk"Vªh; u'khyh nokvksa ds nq#i;ksx losZ{k.k Hkh dj
jgh gSA
• ^çkstsDV lujkbt^ 2016 Hkkjr esa mÙkj&iwohZ jkT;ksa esa c<+rs ,pvkbZoh çlkj ls fuiVus ds
fy, 'kq: fd;k x;k Fkk] fo'ks"k :i ls nokvksa dk batsD'ku yxkus okys yksxksa ds chpA
u'khyh nokvksa ds [krjs ls fuiVus ds fy, varjkZ"Vªh; laf/k;k¡ vkSj dUosa'ku%
Hkkjr u'khyh nokvksa ds nq#i;ksx ds [krjs ls fuiVus ds fy, fuEufyf[kr varjkZ"Vªh; laf/k;ksa vkSj
lEesyuksa dk gLrk{kjdrkZ gS%
• la;qä jk"Vª ¼;w,u½ ukjdksfVd MªXl ij lEesyu ¼1961½
• euksnSfgd inkFkksZa ij la;qä jk"Vª lEesyu ¼1971½A
• Lokid nokvksa vkSj eu%çHkkoh inkFkksZa ds voS/k O;kikj ds f[kykQ la;qä jk"Vª lEesyu
¼1988½
• varjjk"Vªh; laxfBr vijk/k ds f[kykQ la;qä jk"Vª dUosa'ku ¼;w,uVhvkslh½ 2000
vkxs dk jkLrk
• O;lu dks ,d pfj= nks"k ds :i esa ugha ns[kk tkuk pkfg,] cfYd ,d ,slh chekjh ds :i
esa ns[kk tkuk pkfg, ftlls dksbZ vU; O;fä tw> jgk gksA blfy,] nok ysus ls tqM+s dyad
dks de djus dh vko';drk gSA lekt dks ;g le>us dh t:jr gS fd u'kk djus okys
vijk/kh ugha cfYd ihfM+r gksrs gSaA
• ns'k esa u'khyh nokvksa dh leL;k ij vadq'k yxkus ds fy, iqfyl vf/kdkfj;ksa vkSj vkcdkjh
vkSj u'khys inkFkksZa ds foHkkx ls l[r dkjZokbZ dh vko';drk gSA
• ,uMhih,l vf/kfu;e dks l[rh ls ykxw djus dh vko';drk gSA
• fcgkj esa 'kjkccanh tSls jktuhfrd QSlys nwljk lek/kku gks ldrs gSa - tc yksx
vkRe&fu;a=.k dk ç;ksx ugha djrs gSa] rks jkT; dks uhfr funsZ'kd fl)karksa ¼vuqPNsn 47½ ds
fgLls ds :i esa dne mBkuk iM+rk gSA
• f'k{kk ikBîØe esa eknd inkFkksZa dh yr] blds çHkko vkSj u'kkeqfä ij Hkh v/;k; 'kkfey
gksus pkfg,A mfpr ijke'kZ ,d vU; fodYi gSA
• vUrZjk"Vªh; f}i{kh; laca/k csgÙkj fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 14
Sociology Notes

detksj oxZ % cqtqxZ] nfyr vkSj fnO;kax

• detksj oxZ os oxZ gSa tks xjhc] fiNM+s vkSj lekt ls cfg"—r gSa tSls%& efgyk] cPps] r`rh;
fyax] vYila[;d] fnO;kax] o`)] lhekUr d`"kd] vukSipkfjd Jfed vukFk
vxj gesa U;k;iw.kZ o lekoks'kh lekt cukuk gS rks gesa detksj oxksZa dks lekt dh eq[; /kkjk esa
ykuk gh gksxkA
cqtqxZ
• jk"Vªh; cqtqxZ uhfr 60+ vk;q oxZ ds O;fä dks cqtqxZ ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr djrh gS
• cq<+kik ,d lrr] vifjorZuh;] lkoZHkkSfed çfØ;k gS]
• ftl mez esa fdlh ds mRiknd ;ksxnku esa fxjkoV vkrh gS vkSj og vkfFkZd :i ls fuHkZj
gks tkrk gS] mls thou ds o`) pj.k dh 'kq#vkr ds :i esa ekuk tk ldrk gSA
o`)koLFkk ds vkadM+s
Hkkjrh; tula[;k dk vk;q foHkktu ¼0&14½ 30-8 % gS] ¼15&59½ 60-3 % gS] ¼60 +½ 8-6 % gSa
• tula[;k tux.kuk 2011 ds vuqlkj] Hkkjr esa yxHkx 104 fefy;u cqtqxZ O;fä gSaA 1951
esa ;g 5-5% ls c<+dj 2011 esa 8-6% gks xbZ gSA
• 2050 esa 19% rd c<+us dk vuqeku gSA
• tgka rd xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh {ks=ksa dk laca/k gS] 71 çfr'kr o`) tula[;k xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa
fuokl djrh gS tcfd 29 çfr'kr o`) tula[;k 'kgjh {ks= esa jgrh gSA
mez c<+us dk ukjhdj.k
• ;w,uih,Q dh fjiksVZ esa dgk x;k gS fd o`)koLFkk dk ukjhdj.k ,d çeq[k eqík gSA
• cqtqxksZa dk fyaxkuqikr 1971 esa 938 ls 2011 esa 1]033 gks x;k vkSj 2026 rd c<+dj 1]060
gks tkus dk vuqeku gSA
• fjiksVZ esa ;g Hkh dgk x;k gS fd 2000 vkSj 2050 ds chp] 80o"kZ ls vf/kd yksxksa dh vkcknh
700% c<+ tk;sxhA ^^fo/kok vkSj vR;f/kd vkfJr cgqr cw<+h efgykvksa dh ç/kkurk ls uhfr
vkSj dk;ZØe ij fo'ks"k t:jrksa ij egRoiw.kZ /;ku nsus dh vko';drk gksxhA
c<+rh mez ls tqM+h leL;k,a
lkekftd eqís
vkS|ksxhdj.k] 'kgjhdj.k] rduhdh vkSj rduhdh ifjorZu] f'k{kk vkSj oS'ohdj.k ds çHkko esa
Hkkjrh; lekt rsth ls ifjorZu ds nkSj ls xqtj jgk gSA lekt ikjaifjd ewY; vkSj
laLFkkxr {kj.k vkSj vuqdwyu dh çfØ;k esa gSa] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i ih<+hxr laca/k detksj
gks jgs gSa tks ikjaifjd ifjokj dh igpku FksA
• cPpksa }kjk vius o`) ekrk&firk ds çfr ykijokgh ns[kh tk jgh gSaA
• lsokfuo`fÙk ds dkj.k vdsykiu dh leL;kA
• cqtqxksZa esa 'kfäghurk] vdsykiu] csdkj vkSj vyxko dh HkkoukA
• ih<+hxr varjkyA
foÙkh;@vkfFkZd eqís
A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,
Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 15
Sociology Notes

• xzkeh.k {ks= ls dkedkth mez ds ;qok ds çoklu dk cqtqxksZa ij udkjkRed çHkko iM+rk gS]
vkerkSj ij xjhch vkSj ladVA
• lsokfuo`fÙk vkSj ewyHkwr vko';drk ds fy, cqtqxksZa dh vius cPps ij fuHkZjrk gSA
• LokLF; ij tsc ls [kpZ esa vpkud o`f) gqbZ gSaA
• vi;kZIr vkokl lqfo/kkA
LokLF; ds eqísa
• o`)koLFkk esa o`)ksa esa cgq&fodykaxrk dh fLFkfrA
• LokLF; laca/kh leL;k,a tSls va/kkiu] pyus esa v{kerk vkSj cgjkiu lcls vf/kd çpfyr
gSaA
• cq<k+ ik vkSj U;wjksfll ls mRiUu gksus okyh ekufld chekjhA
• xzkeh.k {ks= ds vLirkyksa esa o`)koLFkk ns[kHkky lqfo/kkvksa dk vHkkoA
ljdkj }kjk gky dh igy
• o`) O;fä;ksa ds fy, ,dh—r dk;ZØe (IPOP)&;kstuk dk eq[; mís'; vkJ;] Hkkstu]
fpfdRlk ns[kHkky vkSj euksjatu ds volj vkfn tSlh cqfu;knh lqfo/kk,a çnku djds o`)
O;fä;ksa ds thou dh xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj djuk gSA
• jk"Vªh; o;ksJh ;kstuk (RVY) chih,y Js.kh ls lacaf/kr ofj"B ukxfjdksa dks lgk;rk vkSj
lgk;d thfor midj.k çnku fd, tkrs gSa] tks de –f"V] Jo.k gkfu] nkarksa dh gkfu vkSj
pyu v{kerk tSlh vk;q ls lacfa /kr v{kerkvksa ls ihfM+r gSaA ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks lgk;d
midj.k] tSls pyus dh NM+sa] cSlk[kh] o‚dj] Vªkbi‚M] Jo.k ;a=] Oghyps;j] —f=e MsUpj
vkSj p'ek çnku fd, tkrs gSaA
• bafnjk xka/kh jk"Vªh; o`)koLFkk isa'ku ;kstuk 60 o"kZ vkSj mlls vf/kd ds O;fä vkSj xjhch
js[kk ls uhps jgus okys ifjokj dkss foÙkh; lgk;rk çnku dh tkrh gSA 60&79 o"kZ vk;q oxZ
ds O;fä dks 200 #i;s çfr ekg vkSj 80 o"kZ vkSj mlls vf/kd vk;q ds O;fä;ksa dks 500
#i;s çfr ekg dh dsaæh; lgk;rk çnku dh tkrh gSA
• ofj"B isa'ku chek ;kstuk ¼ohihchokbZ½ ofj"B ukxfjdksa ds fy, lkekftd lqj{kk ;kstuk,a gSa]
ftudk mís'; lnL;rk jkf'k ij xkjaVh'kqnk U;wure fjVuZ ij ,d lqfuf'pr U;wure is'a ku
nsuk gSA
• ç/kkuea=h o; oanuk ;kstuk ;kstuk ds rgr] çfr ekg U;wure isa'ku ds fy, 1]50]000
#i;s ls ysdj 1]5000 #i;s rd dh ,deq'r jkf'k ds Hkqxrku ij] vf/kdre 5]000 #i;s
çfr ekg dh vf/kdre is'a ku ds fy, vf/kdre 7]50]000 #i;s dk Hkqxrku fd;k tk,xkA
• o;ksJs"B lEeku 1 vDVwcj dks o`) O;fä;ksa ds varjkZ"Vªh; fnol ij muds ;ksxnku ds fy,
fofHkUu Jsf.k;ksa ds rgr çfrf"Br ofj"B ukxfjdksa vkSj laLFkkuksa dks jk"Vªh; iqjLdkj ds :i
esa lEekfur fd;k x;kA

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 16
Sociology Notes

dkuwuh leFkZu
• DPSP esa vuqPNsn 41 vkSj vuqPNsn 46 cqtqxZ O;fä;ksa ds fy, laoS/kkfud çko/kku gSaA ;|fi
dkuwu ds rgr funsZ'kd fl)kar ykxw djus ;ksX; ugha gSa] ysfdu ;g dksbZ Hkh dkuwu cukrs
le; jkT; ds çfr ldkjkRed nkf;Ro iSnk djrk gSA
• fganw fookg vkSj nÙkd vf/kfu;e] 1956 dh /kkjk 20 ,d o`) ekrk&firk dh ns[kHkky ds
fy, vfuok;Z çko/kku djrh gSA
• vkijkf/kd çfØ;k lafgrk dh /kkjk 125 ds rgr] ekrk&firk vius cPpksa ls Hkj.k&iks"k.k dk
nkok dj ldrs gSaA
• ekrk&firk vkSj ofj"B ukxfjdksa dk j[kj[kko vkSj dY;k.k vf/kfu;e] 2007]
• o`) O;fä;ksa ds vf/kdkjksa ij dUosa'ku la;qä jk"Vª esa çLrkfor gSA
• 1982 es]a mez c<+us ij fo'o lHkk dh fjiksVZ ¼ftls ^^mez c<+us ij varjkZ"Vªh; ;kstuk^^ Hkh
dgk tkrk gS½ çdkf'kr dh xbZ] ftlus o`) O;fä;ksa ds vf/kdkjksa ij igyh varjkZ"Vªh; cgl
dk çfrfuf/kRo fd;k vkSj muds dk;kZUo;u ds fy, ,d ;kstuk çLrqr dhA
UNPF dks f}rh; fo'o lHkk dh ;kstuk dks ykxw djus dk dke lkSaik x;k Fkk ftlus 2002
esa mez c<+us ij ^^eSfMªM baVjus'kuy Iyku^^ dks viuk;k FkkA
lekt ds fy, ;ksxnku
ofj"Bksa ds ;ksxnku dks Lohdkj djus ls ,d vf/kd vk;q&lekos'kh lekt cukus esa enn feysxh tks
,d ih<+h dks nwljh ih<+h ds f[kykQ [kM+k ugha djrk gSA
• cqtqxZ yksxksa ds ikl vius O;fäxr vkSj O;kolkf;d thou dk vikj vuqHko gksrk gS] lekt
dks cM+s iSekus ij mu vuqHkoksa dks csgrj dy ds fy, pSuykbt djus dh vko';drk gSA
• os vkus okyh ihf<+;ksa ds fy, ,d egRoiw.kZ ih<+hxr fyad çnku dj ldrs gSaA ;g o`gn
iSekus ij ifjokjksa vkSj lekt dks leFkZu vkSj fLFkjrk çnku djrk gSA
• la;qä ifjokjksa esa nknk&nknh vius 'kq#vkrh o"kksZa esa ;qok ih<+h dks ewY;ksa vkSj uSfrdrkvksa dks
LFkkukarfjr djus ds fy, ,d egRoiw.kZ dM+h çnku djrs gSa] ftlls csgrj balku vkSj
ftEesnkj ukxfjdksa ds fuEkk.kZ esa ;ksxnku feyrk gSA
• muds xgjs lkaL—frd çHkko vkSj lkekftd vuqHko vlfg".kqrk] fgalk vkSj ?k`.kk vijk/kksa ds
f[kykQ vko';d cQj çnku djrs gSa tks lekt esa fo'ks"k :i ls ?k`.kk vkSj vijk/k ds ;qx
esa fLFkjrk çnku djrs gSaA
• os viuh var–Zf"V vkSj le> ds ek/;e ls ifjokjksa ds Hkhrj vkSj ckgj nksuksa gh rjg ds
lkekftd rukoksa dks de djus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrs gSaA
D;k mik; fd, tk ldrs gSa\
• cqtqxZ vkcknh ds fy, fo'ks"k ctV dk vkoaVuA
• xzke Lrj ij cqtqxksZa ds ;ksxnku ds fy, ljkgukA
• fo'ks"k :i ls xzkeh.k {ks= esa o`)koLFkk ns[kHkky LokLF; cqfu;knh <kaps dks c<+kukA

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 17
Sociology Notes

• xjhc cqtqxksZa ds fy, jgus dh lqfo/kk] ç/kkuea=h vkokl ;kstuk ds rgr o`)ksa] fo'ks"kdj o`)
xjhcksa ds fy, vkokl çkFkfedrk gksuh pkfg,A mez ls lacfa /kr uhfr ij /;ku nsus dh
vko';drk gSA
• iapk;r Lrj ij iqLrdky; vkSj Dyc tSlh euksjatu lqfo/kk,a miyC/k djkukA
• cqtqxksZa dh ekfld isa'ku dks c<+kdj U;wure 2]000 #i;s çfr ekg djukA
• ofj"Bksa ds fy, tek C;kt ij dj gVkuk vkSj vf/kd dj ykHk fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
fu"d"kZ
• lkekftd lqj{kk dsaæ vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa dh lk>h ftEesnkjh gS] o`) O;fä;ksa ds dY;k.k
vkSj ns[kHkky ds fy,] gesa igys ls ekStwn lkekftd leFkZu ç.kkfy;ksa ikjaifjd lkekftd
laLFkkuksa tSls ifjokj vkSj fj'rsnkjh] iM+ksl ds ca/ku] lkeqnkf;d ca/ku vkSj lkeqnkf;d
Hkkxhnkjh dks iquthZfor djus ij /;ku nsuk pkfg, vkSj fj'rsnkjksa dks cqtqxksZa ds çfr
laosnu'khyrk fn[kkuh pkfg,A
vuqlwfpr tkfr ds eqís
ijaijkxr :i ls nfyr dbZ leL;kvksa ls ihfM+r FksA gfjtuksa dh n'kk crkrs gq , ds-,e- ifUudj us
fVIi.kh dh gS] mudh fLFkfr] tc O;oLFkk viuh çkphu efgek esa dke djrh Fkh] dbZ ek;uksa esa
xqykeh ls Hkh cnrj FkhA
vuqlwfpr tkfr ds mRFkku ds fy, laoS/kkfud vkSj dkuwuh çko/kku
• lafo/kku dk vuqPNsn 21 ^thou ds vf/kdkj^ dh xkjaVh nsrk gS vkSj og Hkh lEeku ds
lkFkA ;g vf/kdkj ukxfjdksa vkSj xSj&ukxfjdksa nksuksa ds fy, miyC/k gS
• vuqPNsn 15¼4½ mudh mUufr ds fy, fo'ks"k çko/kkuksa dk mYys[k djrk gSA
• vuqPNsn 16¼4,½ ^^,llh/,lVh ds i{k esa jkT; ds rgr lsokvksa esa vkj{k.k dh ckr
djrk gS] tks jkT; ds rgr lsokvksa esa i;kZIr :i ls çfrfuf/kRo ugha djrs gSa^^
• vuqPNsn 17 vLi`';rk dks lekIr djrk gSA
• vuqPNsn 46 esa jkT; dks detksj oxksZa vkSj fo'ks"k :i ls vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa vkSj
vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds 'kSf{kd vkSj vkfFkZd fgrksa dks fo'ks"k lko/kkuh ls c<+kok nsus
vkSj lHkh çdkj ds lkekftd vU;k; ls cpkus ds fy, funsZ'k nsrk gS
• vuqPNsn 335 la?k ;k fdlh jkT; ds ekeyksa ds laca/k esa lsokvksa vkSj inksa ij
fu;qfä;ka djus esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds lnL;ksa ds nkoksa
dks ç'kklu dh n{krk cuk, j[kus ds vuq:i /;ku esa j[kk tk,xkA
• lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 330 vkSj vuqPNsn 332 esa Øe'k% yksd lHkk vkSj jkT;ksa dh
fo/kkulHkkvksa esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds i{k esa lhVksa ds
vkj{k.k dk çko/kku gSA
A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,
Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 18
Sociology Notes

• iapk;rksa ls lacfa /kr Hkkx IX vkSj uxj ikfydkvksa ls lacfa /kr lafo/kku ds Hkkx IXA
ds rgr] LFkkuh; fudk;ksa esa vuqlwfpr tkfr vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds fy, vkj{k.k
dh ifjdYiuk dh xbZ gS vkSj çnku Hkh fd;k x;k gSA
• vuqlwfpr tkfr vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr ¼vR;kpkj fuokj.k½ la'kks/ku vf/kfu;e]
2018A
• vuqPNsn 338% jk"Vªh; vuqlwfpr tkfr vk;ksx Hkkjrh; lekt dh vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa
dks 'kks"k.k ls lqj{kk çnku djus vkSj muds lkekftd] vkfFkZd] 'kSf{kd vkSj lkaL —frd
fodkl dks c<+kok nsus ds fy,] Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ FkhA
vuqlwfpr tkfr dh leL;k
• lkekftd leL;k% ;s leL;k,a 'kq)rk vkSj çnw"k.k dh vo/kkj.kk ls lacaf/kr FkhaA
vNwrksa dks lekt esa cgqr fuEu LFkku fn;k tkrk FkkA mPp tkfr us muls lkekftd
nwjh cuk, j[khA mUgsa thou dh dbZ cqfu;knh lqfo/kkvksa ls oafpr j[kk x;k FkkA mPp
tkfr ds fdlh Hkh O;fä dks vNwr ds lkFk dksbZ O;fäxr laca/k ugha gksrk FkkA
• /kkfeZd leL;k,a% vNwrksa dks u rks eafnjksa esa ços'k djus dh vuqefr Fkh vkSj u gh
czkã.kksa }kjk mudh lsok dh tkrh FkhA mUgsa eafnj esa nsoh&nsorkvksa dh iwtk djus
dk dksbZ vf/kdkj ugha FkkA
• vkfFkZd leL;k,a% mUgsa dbZ vkfFkZd dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+k vkSj mUgsa mudh
lsok ds fy, mfpr buke ugha fn;k x;kA ijaijkxr :i ls] vNwr viuh [kqn dh
Hkwfe laifÙk ls oafpr FksA vNwr viuh {kerk ds vuqlkj fdlh Hkh O;olk; dks pquus
ds fy, Lora= ugha Fks] mUgsa lM+dksa dks lkQ djuk] e`r eosf'k;ksa dks gVkuk vkSj Hkkjh
—f"k dk;Z djuk FkkA vf/kdrj os Hkwfeghu etnwj FksA
• eSuqvy LdSofsa tax% eSuqvy LdSosaftax dks ^^lkoZtfud lM+dksa vkSj lw[ks 'kkSpky;ksa ls
ekuo ey dks gVkus] lsfIVd VSad] xVj vkSj lhoj dh lQkbZ ^^ ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr
fd;k x;k gSA
• lkoZtfud fodykaxrk,a% gfjtuksa dks dbZ lkoZtfud viekuksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+k
D;ksfa d mUgsa lkoZtfud mi;ksfxrkvksa tSls dqvks]a lkoZtfud ifjogu ds lkFk&lkFk
'kS{kf.kd laLFkkuksa dh lsokvksa dk mi;ksx djus ds vf/kdkj ls oafpr dj fn;k x;k
FkkA
• 'kSf{kd leL;k,a% ijaijkxr :i ls vNwr f'k{kk çkIr djus ls oafpr FksA mUgsa
lkoZtfud f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa dk mi;ksx djus dh vuqefr ugha FkhA vkt Hkh vf/kdka'k
fuj{kj gSaA

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 19
Sociology Notes

vkt nfyrksa esa dbZ u;s eqn~ns mHkjs gS&

1- vkj{k.k tSls ykHkksa ds dkj.k nfyr lekt dh lajpuk vkt cnyh gSA
vfHktu nfyr

cfg"d`r nfyr

vkj{k.k dk ykHk vfHktu nfyr gh ckj&ckj ys jgk gS D;ksafd buds lkFk Øhfeys;j dk
izko/kku ugha gSA
2- cgql[a ;d nfyr %&
(i) lhekar d`"kd gSA
(ii) Hkwfeghu Jfed gSA
(iii) vukSipkfjd {ks= esa dk;Zjr gSA
blls muesa lkekftd vkfFkZd fiNM+kiu c<+rk gSA vkSj ;s cfg"d`r dh Js.kh esa vk tkrs
gSA
3- lkekftd vkfFkZd fiNM+kiu nfyrksa esa xjhch dks tUe nsrk gSA xjhch iznw"k.k dks tUe nsrh gSA
;g u;s izdkj ds v'i`';rk dks fn[kkrh gSA
4- buds cPps dqiksf"kr] fuj{kj] vf'kf{kr gS ftlls mudk ekuo fodkl de gks ikrk gSA
5- vU; tkfr;ksa ls budk laca/k dkuwuh vkSj ljdkjh gSA ysfdu lkekftd vkSj lkaLd`frd ugha
gSA
6- vkt Hkh xk¡oksa esa nfyr eq[; xk¡o ls vyx fuokl djrs gSa vkSj 'kgjksa esa ;s xanh cfLR;ksa esa
fuokl djrs gSaA ;g v'i`';rk dk u;k :i gSA
7- nfyr psruk dk mHkkj gqvk gS ftlls tkrh; ruko c<+k gSA
D;k djus dh t:jr gS
• vkfFkZd l'kfädj.k vkSj m|ferk dks lqxe cukuk% fo'ofo|ky;ksa dks m|ferk ij
vYidkfyd ikBîØe rS;kj djus ds fy, çksRlkfgr djukA lqfuf'pr djsa fd bl
fn'kk esa ljdkj }kjk fd, x, mik; muds ykHkkfFkZ;ksa rd igqapsa & mnkgj.k ds fy,
LVSaM vi bafM;k ;kstukA
• leqnk; ds lnL;ksa }kjk çLrkfor fopkjksa ls tqM+dj vkfFkZd l'kfädj.k dks c<+kok
nsus ds fy, ,d lgHkkxh –f"Vdks.k dks çksRlkfgr djukA
• lsok vFkZO;oLFkk esa dkS'ky vkSj y?kq O;olk; fodkl dks c<+kok nsukA
• vuqlwfpr tkfr ds lnL; vkerkSj ij tehankj ;k —"kd ugha gksrs gSaA blfy, mUgsa
LFkkuh; vkSj vU; cktkjksa ds lkFk ,dhdj.k vkSj çfrLi/kkZ djus esa enn dh t:jr
gS tks lykg vkSj vU; xSj&foÙkh; lgk;rk ds ek/;e ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA
A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,
Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 20
Sociology Notes

• vuqlwfpr tkfr vkSj tutkfr ¼vR;kpkj fuokj.k½ vf/kfu;e ds rgr nfyrksa ds

dkuwuh vkSj U;kf;d laj{k.k dks etcwr djuk
• laLFkkuksa dk {kerk fuekZ.k vkSj laosnhdj.kA
• ekStwnk ljdkjh uhfr;ksa dk çHkkoh dk;kZUo;u lqfuf'pr djuk% çR;sd ea=ky; dks
vius [kpZ dk 15% vuqlwfpr tkfr mi ;kstuk esa vyx j[kuk pkfg,A nfyrksa ds
l‚¶V fLdYl lfgr jkstxkj l`tu vkSj Lojkstxkj] {kerk fuekZ .k ds fy, bu QaMksa
dk ç;ksx lqfuf'pr gksA
• vPNs lkekftd dk;Z dks çksRlkfgr djs%a fdlh foHkkx ;k fudk; }kjk fd, x, dk;Z
ds uokpkj] çHkko'khyrk vkSj ldkjkRed çHkko dks iqjL—r fd;k tk ldrk gS
• ukxfjd lekt ds lkFk csgrj tqM+ko% nfyr eqíksa ij dke dj jgs ukxfjd lekt
lewgksa ds lkFk lajfpr tqM+ko lqfuf'pr gksA
• lkekftd çFkkvksa dh igpku djsa tks HksnHkko dks c<+kok nsrh gSa vkSj ukxfjd lekt
vkSj ljdkj dks muds vklikl cgl] fopkj&foe'kZ] tkx:drk vfHk;ku vk;ksftr
djus esa enn dj ldrh gSaA
• varj&vuq'kklukRed vuqla/kku dh lqfo/kk }kjk Hkfo"; dh pqukSfr;ksa dh rS;kjh%
dsaæh; fo'ofo|ky;ksa vkSj ukxfjd lekt dks lcls igys mu ikap lcls cM+h
pqukSfr;ksa dh igpku djuh pkfg,] ftudk nfyrksa dks vxys ikap o"kksZa esa lkeuk
djuk iM+ ldrk gS vkSj mUgsa de djus ds rjhds lq>kus gksx a sA
fu"d"kZ lkekftd igpku gekjs lekt esa bruh xgjh gS fd os vDlj O;fä;ksa ds HkkX; dk QSlyk
djrs gSaA dsoy ukSdfj;ka] ;kstuk,a vkSj iqfyl O;oLFkk gh ,slh phtsa ugha gSa tks Hkkjr esa lkekftd
çfrfuf/kRo dh lekurk vkSj xfjek rd igqap lqfuf'pr dj ldrh gSaA
• vius okLrfod vFkksZa esa l'kfädj.k dsoy laosnu'khy vkSj lgkuqHkwfriw.kZ lekt cukdj gh
yk;k tk ldrk gS tks 'kksf"kr vkSj oafpr oxksZa dh ihM+k vkSj dyad dks nwj djus ds fy, dke
djus dh viuh ftEesnkjh dks Lohdkj djrs gSaA
fnO;kax

• fodykax %& os tks 'kkjhfjd ;k ekufld fodkj ds dkj.k lkekU; euq"; dh rjg dk;Z dj
ikus esa l{ke ugha gksrs] fodykax dgykrs gSA ;g 'kCn udkjkRed izrhr gksrk gSA
• fnO;kax %& fnO;kax dk vFkZ gS ftuds ikl fnO; vax gS] ftlls os fof'k"V rjhds ls dk;Z dks
djrs gS]
fo'o fnO;kax fnol 3 fnlEcj
A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,
Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 21
Sociology Notes

fnO;kaxrk dks ,d fodflr vkSj xfr'khy vo/kkj.kk ds vk/kkj ij ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA
fnO;kaxrk ,d N= 'kCn gS] ftlesa gkfu] xfrfof/k lhek,a vkSj Hkkxhnkjh çfrca/k 'kkfey gSaA
^^ fnO;kax O;fä^^ dk vFkZ gS yacs le; rd 'kkjhfjd] ekufld] ckSf)d ;k laosnh nqcZyrk okyk
O;fä] tks leku :i ls lekt esa mldh iw.kZ vkSj çHkkoh Hkkxhnkjh esa ck/kk Mkyrk gSA
• 2011 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj] Hkkjr es]a 121 djksM+ dh dqy tula[;k esa ls] yxHkx
2-68 djksM+ O;fä ^ fnO;kax ^ gSa ¼dqy tula[;k dk 2-21%½
• 2-68 djksM+ esa ls 1-5 djksM+ iq#"k vkSj 1-18 djksM+ efgyk,a gSa
• fnO;kax vkcknh dk cgqer ¼69%½ xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa jgrk gS
Hkkjr esa fnO;kaxksa ds fy, laoS/kkfud <kapk
• jkT; ds uhfr funsZ'kd fl)karksa ds vuqPNsn 41 esa dgk x;k gS fd jkT; viuh
vkfFkZd lhekvksa ds Hkhrj dke] f'k{kk vkSj csjkstxkjh] o`)koLFkk] chekjh vkSj v{kerk
ds ekeyksa esa {kerk vkSj fodkl ds fy, lkoZtfud lgk;rk ds vf/kdkj dks lqjf{kr
djus ds fy, çHkkoh çko/kku djsxkA A
• lafo/kku dh lkroha vuqlwph dh jkT; lwph esa ^fodykaxksa vkSj csjkstxkjksa dh jkgr^
dk fo"k; fufnZ"V gSA
eqís vkSj pqukSfr;ka
• HksnHkko/lkekftd cfg"dj.k% fu%'kätuksa dks nSfud thou esa HksnHkko dk lkeuk
djuk iM+rk gSA ekufld chekjh ;k ekufld eanrk ls ihfM+r yksx [kjkc dyad dk
lkeuk djrs gSa vkSj os xaHkhj lkekftd cfg"dkj ds v/khu gksrs gSaA
lkekftd utfj;k %& lekt dk cM+k oxZ mUgsa lgkuqHkwfr vkSj n;k dh utj
ls ns[krk gSA blls ;s lkekU; ls vyx gks tkrs gSA blls ;s lkekU; ls
vyx gks tkrs gSA vkSj lekt muls nwljs ntsZ ds ukxfjd ds :I esa O;ogkj
djrk gSa
lkekftd ekufldrk %& lekt dk ,d cM+k oxZ fnO;kax dks ,d nkf;Ro ds
:i eas ns[krk gSA ;g ekufldrk] fnO;kax ds :i esa O;fDr;ksa ds lkFk mRihMu
vkSj HksnHkko dks c<+krh gSA blls ;s eq[; /kkjk ls Lo;a dks tksM+ ugha ikrs gSaA
• fu%'kätuksa ds ifjokjksa vkSj vDlj Lo;a fodykaxksa ds udkjkRed –f"Vdks.k] fodykax
O;fä;ksa dks ifjokj] leqnk; ;k dk;Zcy esa lfØ; Hkkx ysus ls jksdrs gSaA
• vi;kZIr MsVk vkSj vk¡dM+%s rqyuh; MsVk vkSj LVSfVDl dh deh fodykax O;fä;ksa dks
'kkfey djus esa ck/kk mRiUu djrh gSA
• uhfr;ksa vkSj ;kstukvksa dk [kjkc fØ;kUo;u fodykax O;fä;ksa ds lekos'k esa ck/kk
Mkyrk gSA ;|fi fodykaxksa dks l'kä cukus ds mís'; ls fofHkUu vf/kfu;e vkSj
A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,
Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 22
Sociology Notes

;kstuk,¡ fu/kkZfjr dh xbZ gSa] ysfdu mUgsa ykxw djus esa dbZ pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk
djuk iM+rk gSA
• LokLF;% LokLF; {ks= fo'ks"k :i ls xzkeh.k Hkkjr esa fnO;kax rk ds çfr lfØ; :i
ls çfrfØ;k nsus esa foQy jgk gS lkFk gh mfpr LokLF; ns[kHkky] lgk;rk vkSj
midj.kksa rd fdQk;rh igq¡p dk vHkko gS A iquokZl dsaæksa esa LokLF; ns[kHkky
lqfo/kk,a vkSj [kjkc çf'kf{kr LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ Hkh leL;k gS A
• f'k{kk% fo'ks"k Ldwyksa dh miyC/krk] Ldwyksa rd igqap] çf'kf{kr f'k{kdksa vkSj fodykaxksa
ds fy, 'kSf{kd lkexzh dh miyC/krk tSls fofHkUu eqís gSaA f'k{kk ç.kkyh lekos'kh ugha
gSA gYds ls e/;e fodykax cPpksa dks fu;fer Ldwyksa esa 'kkfey djuk ,d cM+h
pqukSrh cuh gqbZ gSAmPp f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa esa fodykaxksa ds fy, vkj{k.k dbZ ekeyksa esa
iwjk ugha fd;k x;k gSA
• jkstxkj% Hkys gh dbZ fodykax o;Ld mRiknd dk;Z djus esa l{ke gSa] fodykax
o;Ldksa esa lkekU; vkcknh dh rqyuk esa cgqr de jkstxkj nj gSA futh {ks= esa
fLFkfr vkSj Hkh [kjkc gS] tgka cgqr de fodykaxksa dks jkstxkj feyrk gS
• lqyHkrk% Hkouks]a ifjogu] lsokvksa rd igqap vkfn esa HkkSfrd igqap vHkh Hkh ,d cM+h
pqukSrh cuh gqbZ gSA
fnO;kaxksa ds fy, fo/kku
fnO;kax O;fä;ksa dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e 2016% vf/kfu;e fodykax O;fä;ksa ¼leku volj] vf/kdkjksa
dk laj{k.k vkSj iw.kZ Hkkxhnkjh½ vf/kfu;e] 1995 dh txg ysrk gSA

• u;k vf/kfu;e gekjs dkuwu dks fodykax O;fä;ksa ds vf/kdkjksa ij la;qä jk"Vªh;
lEesyu ¼;w,ulhvkjihMh½ ds vuq:i yk,xk] ftlesa Hkkjr ,d gLrk{kjdrkZ gSA
• fu%'kärkvksa ds çdkjksa dks 7 ls c<+kdj 21 dj fn;k x;k gS
• ;g fodykax yksxksa ds fy, ljdkjh ukSdfj;ksa esa 3% ls 4% vkSj mPp f'k{kk laLFkkuksa
esa 3% ls 5% rd vkj{k.k dh ek=k dks c<+krk gSA
• 6 ls 18 o"kZ dh vk;q oxZ ds csapekdZ fodykaxrk okys çR;sd cPps dks eq¶r f'k{kk dk
vf/kdkj gksxkA
• lqxE; Hkkjr vfHk;ku ds lkFk&lkFk fu/kkZfjr le; lhek esa lkoZtfud Hkouksa esa igqap
lqfuf'pr djus ij tksj fn;k x;k gSA
• fodykax O;fä;ksa ds fy, eq[; vk;qä vkSj jkT; vk;qä fu;ked fudk;ksa vkSj
f'kdk;r fuokj.k ,tsafl;ksa ds :i esa dk;Z djsaxsA
A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,
Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 23
Sociology Notes

• fodykax O;fä;ksa dks foÙkh; lgk;rk çnku djus ds fy, ,d vyx jk"Vªh; vkSj
jkT; dks"k cuk;k tk,A
• fcy fodykax O;fä;ksa ds f[kykQ fd, x, vijk/kksa vkSj u, dkuwu ds çko/kkuksa ds
mYya?ku ds fy, naM dk çko/kku djrk gSA
Hkkjr esa fodykaxksa ds fy, dk;ZØe/igy
• lqxE; Hkkjr vfHk;ku % ;g jk"VªO;kih çeq[k vfHk;ku gS tks fnO;kaxtuksa ds fy, lkoZHkkSfed
igqap çkIr djus ds fy, lqxe okrkoj.k dk fuekZ.k djsxk lkFk gh ;g vfHk;ku fodykax
O;fä;ksa dks leku volj çkIr djus vkSj Lora= :i ls thus vkSj ,d lekos'kh lekt esa
thou ds lHkh igyqvksa esa iwjh rjg ls Hkkx ysus esa l{ke cuk,xkA

vfHk;ku dk y{; fufeZr i;kZoj.k] ifjogu ç.kkyh vkSj lwpuk vkSj lapkj ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=
dh fnO;kaxtuksa rd igqap dks c<+kuk gSA
• nhun;ky fodykax iquokZl ;kstuk% ;kstuk ds rgr fodykax O;fä;ksa dks fofHkUu lsok,a
çnku djus ds fy, xSj ljdkjh laxBuksa dks foÙkh; lgk;rk çnku dh tkrh gS] tSls fo'ks"k
Ldwy] O;kolkf;d çf'k{k.k dsaæ] leqnk; vk/kkfjr iquokZl] çh&Ldwy vkSj çkjafHkd gLr{ksi
vkfn
• fodykax O;fä;ksa dks lgk;rk vkSj midj.k ¼,MhvkbZih½ dh [kjhn /fQfVax ds fy, lgk;rk%
bl ;kstuk dk mís'; fodykax O;fä;ksa dks mi;qä] fVdkÅ] oSKkfud :i ls fufeZr]
vk/kqfud] ekud lgk;rk vkSj midj.kksa dks mudh igqap ds Hkhrj ykdj lgk;rk djuk gSA
• fnO;kax Nk=ksa ds fy, jk"Vªh; QSyksf'ki ¼vkjth,e,Q½% bl ;kstuk dk mís'; fodykax Nk=ksa
dks mPp f'k{kk çkIr djus ds voljksa esa o`f) djuk gSA bl ;kstuk ds rgr fodykax Nk=ksa
dks çfr o"kZ 200 Qsyksf'ki çnku dh tkrh gSA
vkxs dk jkLrk
• jksdFkke% fuokjd LokLF; dk;ZØeksa dks etcwr djus dh vko';drk gS vkSj lHkh cPpksa dh
de mez esa tkap dh tkuh pkfg,A cM+h la[;k esa fnO;kaxrk dks jksdk tk ldrk gS] ftuesa
tUe ds nkSjku fpfdRlk lac/a kh leL;kvks]a ekr` fLFkfr] dqiks"k.k] lkFk gh nq?kZVukvksa vkSj
pksVksa ls mRiUu gksus okyh v{kerk,a 'kkfey gSaA
dsjy us igys gh ,d çkjafHkd jksdFkke dk;ZØe 'kq: dj fn;k gSA O;kid uotkr LØhfuax
¼lh,u,l½ dk;ZØe f'k'kqvksa esa dfe;ksa dh 'kh?kz igpku vkSj jkT; ds fodykaxrk ds cks> dks
de djus dk csgrj ç;kl djrk gS

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 24
Sociology Notes

• csgrj eki% fodykaxrk ds eki esa lq/kkj djds Hkkjr esa fodykaxrk ds iSekus dks csgrj <ax
ls le>us dh t:jr gSA
• tkx:drk% ,dh—r –"Vhdks.k dh vko';drk gSA fofHkUu çdkj dh v{kerkvksa ds ckjs esa
yksxksa dks f'kf{kr vkSj tkx:d djus ds fy, tkx:drk vfHk;ku pyk, tkus pkfg,A yksxksa
esa ldkjkRed –f"Vdks.k iSnk djus ds fy, fodykax yksxksa dh lQyrk dh dgkfu;ksa dks
fn[kk;k tk ldrk gSA blls fodykaxrk ds dyad ij dkcw ikdj csgrj lekt dk fuekZ .k
fd;k tk ldrk gS A
• igqap% vkoklh; {ks= ] lkoZtfud ifjogu ç.kkyh vkfn tSls lqj{kk mik; fd, tkus pkfg,]
blds vykok] Hkouksa dks fodykaxksa ds vuqdwy cukus ds fy, bls dkuwuh :i ls ck/;dkjh
cuk;k tkuk pkfg,A
• jkstxkj% fu%'kä o;Ldksa dks jkstxkj ;ksX; dkS'ky ls l'kä cukus dh t:jr gS] futh {ks=
dks mUgsa jkstxkj nsus ds fy, çksRlkfgr djus dh t:jr gSA
• f'k{kk% fo'ks"k Ldwy LFkkfir gksus pkfg, vkSj fodykax cPpksa ds fy, 'kSf{kd lkexzh lqfuf'pr
djkuk gksxkA fodykax cPpksa dh t:jrksa dks iwjk djus vkSj mUgsa fu;fer Ldwyksa esa 'kkfey
djus dh lqfo/kk ds fy, mfpr f'k{kd çf'k{k.k gksuk pkfg,
• uhfrxr gLr{ksi% fodykaxksa ds dY;k.k ds fy, vf/kd ctVh; vkoaVuA fyax ctV dh rtZ
ij fodykaxrk ctV gksuk pkfg,A
• 'kklu O;oLFkk esa lq'kklu gks % ;kstukvksa dk leqfpr fØ;kUo;u lqfuf'pr fd;k tk,A
lkoZtfud fuf/k;ksa dh mfpr fuxjkuh ra= vkSj tokcnsgh gksuh pkfg,A
fu"d"kZ
fnO;kax O;fä;ksa ds l'kfädj.k ds fy, ykxw fd, tkus okys fl)karksa esa xfjek] O;fäxr Lok;Ùkrk
ds fy, lEeku] viuh ilan cukus dh Lora=rk vkSj O;fä;ksa dh Lora=rk 'kkfey fufgr gksuk
pkfg,A fl)kar fnO;kaxrk ds ckjs esa lksp esa ,d vkn'kZ cnyko dks yk,xkA

Hkz"Vkpkj
Hkz"Vkpkj ls ljdkjh [ktkus dk nq:i;ksx] ç'kklfud v{kerk vkSj jk"Vªh; fodkl ds ekxZ esa ck/kk
mRiUu gksrh gSA^^ ¼dkSfVY;½
• Hkkjr esa Hkz"Vkpkj% orZeku fLFkfr
• Hkz"Vkpkj D;k gS\
• Hkz"Vkpkj ds çdkj
• Hkz"Vkpkj ds dkj.k

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 25
Sociology Notes

• Hkz"Vkpkj çHkko
• Hkz"Vkpkj dh yM+kbZ esa Hkkjr dk ç;kl
• lek/kku dh t:jr
Hkkjr esa Hkz"Vkpkj% orZeku fLFkfr
1- lkoZtfud lsokvksa tSls iqfyl] U;kf;d] lkoZtfud vLirkyks]a igpku nLrkostksa vkSj
mi;ksfxrkvksa dh çkfIr me esa mPp Hkz"Vkpkj gS A losZ esa Hkkjr esa 50% ls vf/kd yksxksa us
lkoZtfud lsokvksa rd igq¡p ds fy, fj'or nsuk Lohdkj fd;k gSA
2- oSf'od fj'or tksf[ke lwpdkad] Hkkjr us 2014 esa 185osa LFkku ls 2020 esa 77osa LFkku ij ,d
cM+h Nykax yxkbZ gSA dbZ ljdkjh çfØ;kvksa esa fMftVyhdj.k vkSj çkS|ksfxdh ds mi;ksx us
foosdk/khu 'kfä;ksa ds nq#i;ksx dh xqatkb'k de dj nh gS] pkgs og dj laxzg esa gks ;k lkoZtfud
lsok,aA
3- Vªkalisjsalh baVjus'kuy }kjk tkjh fjiksVZ esa Hkkjr Hkz"Vkpkj /kkj.kk lwpdkad esa 180 ns'kksa esa 80osa
LFkku ij gSA
Hkz"Vkpkj D;k gS\
Hkz"Vkpkj ,d tfVy lkekftd] jktuhfrd vkSj vkfFkZd ?kVuk gS tks lHkh ns'kksa dks çHkkfor djrh
gSA
Vªkalisjsalh baVjus'kuy Hkz"Vkpkj dks futh ykHk ds fy, lkSaih xbZ 'kfä ds nq#i;ksx ds :i esa
ifjHkkf"kr djrk gSA
2nd ARC HkzLVkpkj dks xf.krh; lw= es ifjHkkf"kr djrk gS
Hkz"Vkpkj ¾ ,dkf/kdkj + +foosd&tokcnsghA

Hkz"Vkpkj ds çdkj
Hkz"Vkpkj ds nks i{k gksrs gSa% fj'or nsus okyk vkSj fj'or ysus okykA
• feyhHkxr Hkz"Vkpkj% feyhHkxr Hkz"Vkpkj rc gksrk gS tc fj'or nsus okys vkSj ysus okys nksuksa
voS/k rjhdksa ls vius O;fäxr ykHk dks vkxs c<+kus ds fy, HkzLVkpkj esa fyIr gksrs gS A
lkaB&xkaB okyk Hkz"Vkpkj ns'k ds fy, ,d xaHkhj [krjk gSA oksgjk lfefr us d‚jiksjsV~l]
ljdkjh inkf/kdkfj;ksa vkSj jktusrkvksa ds chp lkaBxkaB dk [kqyklk fd;kA
• tcjnLrh Hkz"Vkpkj% tcjnLrh Hkz"Vkpkj detksj] cfg"—r] ihfM+r vkSj oafpr leqnk; dk
'kks"k.k djrk gSA bls vR;kpkj dk dk;Z dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd ;gka fj'or nsus okyk tcju
olwyh dk f'kdkj gksrk gSA
{ks= %&
1- izkd`frd lalk/kuksa ds vkoaVu esaA

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 26
Sociology Notes

tSls dks;yk] LisDVªeA

2- lkoZtfud lsokvksa ds forj.k esa
tSls & PDS, eujsxkA
3- ekuo lalk/ku ds izca/ku esAa
tSl& s HkrhZ] inksUufrA
4- lkoZtfud [kjhn esa
tSls & lSU; midj.kA
5- volajpuk fuekZ.k esa A
tSls & lMd] iqfy;kA
Hkz"Vkpkj ds dkj.k
Hkkjr esa ç.kkyhxr vkSj O;ofLFkr Hkz"Vkpkj ,oa HkzLVkpkj dks feyh lkekftd Loh—fr HkzLVkpkj ds
laLFkkdj.k vkSj laLd`frdj.k dh vksj ys tkrk gSA
• jktuhfrd dkj.k% jktuhfr dk vijk/khdj.k] pqukoksa esa csfglkc /ku dk mi;ksx] Øksuh
dSfiVfyTeA
• ç'kklfud dkj.k% ukSdj'kkgh dk jktuhfrdj.k] vkSifuosf'kd ukSdj'kkgh] vlQy ç'kklfud
lq/kkj] lkoZtfud fodkl dh deh vkSj yksd lsodksa dh de vk;] U;kf;d foQyrk,a] çHkkoh
f'kdk;r fuokj.k ra= dh dehA
• lkekftd vkSj uSfrd dkj.k% c<+rk gqvk O;fäokn vkSj HkkSfrdokn] ewY; vk/kkfjr f'k{kk dks
çHkkfor djus ds fy, f'k{kk ç.kkyh dh foQyrk] lkekftd HksnHkko vkSj 'kks"k.kA
• vkfFkZd dkj.k% vukSipkfjd {ks= dk mPp fgLlk] mPp vlekurk,aA
• HkzLVkpkj dks feyh lkekftd Loh—fr
Hkz"Vkpkj çHkko
ÞHkz"Vkpkj fo'okl dks feVkrk gS] yksdra= dks detksj djrk gS] vkfFkZd fodkl dks ckf/kr djrk gS
vkSj vlekurk] xjhch] lkekftd foHkktu vkSj i;kZoj.k ladV dks vkSj c<+krk gSß
• Hkz"Vkpkj lekt esa vlarks"k vkSj vkØks'k dh vksj ys tkrk gS tks vjktdrk dks c<+kok nsrk
gS vkSj lkaçnkf;drk vkSj {ks=okn tSlh udkjkRed ço`fÙk;ksa ds fodkl dks c<+kok nsrk gSA
• jktuhfrd ykxr% Hkz"Vkpkj pqukoh çfØ;kvksa dks fo—r djds] dkuwu ds 'kklu dks fo—r
djds vkSj ukSdj'kkgh nyny iSnk djds yksdrkaf=d laLFkkvksa dh uhao ij geyk djrk gS]
ftlds vfLrRo dk ,dek= dkj.k fj'or dh ;kpuk gSA
• vkfFkZd ykxr% vkfFkZd fodkl dks vo#) djrk gS D;ksfa d HkzLVkpkj ds dkj.k ns'k ds
Hkhrj NksVs O;olk;ksa dks vko';d ^^LVkVZ&vi ykxr^^ dks nwj djuk vlaHko yxrk gS lkFk
gh ;g çR;{k fons'kh fuos'k dks grksRlkfgr djrk gS
A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,
Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 27
Sociology Notes

• jk"Vªh; lqj{kk ds eqís% lqj{kk ,tsfa l;ksa ds Hkhrj Hkz"Vkpkj jk"Vªh; lqj{kk ds fy, [krjk iSnk
dj ldrk gSA HkzLVkpkj [kjhn esa xM+cM+h] vik= O;fä;ksa dh HkrhZ] ns'k esa gfFk;kjksa vkSj
vkradoknh rRoksa dh rLdjh vkSj euh y‚fUMªax ds fy, ,d vklku ekxZ çnku djrk gSA
• lkekftd ykxr% vkbZlhMh,l] ,uvkj,p,e] ujsxk vkfn tSlh dY;k.kdkjh ;kstukvksa ds
[kjkc ifj.kke ¼dbZ jkT;ksa esa ?kksVkys lkeus vk, gSa½ dk dkj.k HkzLVkpkj gSA HkzLVkpkj ls
lalk/kuksa ds yhdst ds lkFk ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks Mk;otZu gksrk gS lkFk gh fo'ks"k :i ls fiNM+s
{ks= esa [kjkc f'k{kk vkSj LokLF; ,sfrgkfld vlekurkvksa dks cuk, j[kus esa enn djrk gSA
• dj ç'kklu esa Hkz"Vkpkj ls mPp dj pksjh gksrh gS ftlls dkyk /ku mRiUu gksrk gS &
fofHkUu vuqekuksa ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa lekukarj vFkZO;oLFkk dk vkdkj ldy ?kjsyw mRikn
dk 50% ftruk gSA
• iqfyl esa Hkz"Vkpkj ds dkj.k vijk/k dh de fjiksfVaZx ls vijkf/k;ksa dks çksRlkgu feyrk gS
vkSj U;kf;d Hkz"Vkpkj yksxksa dks U;k; ikus ds fy, vfrfjä dkuwuh rjhdksa dks viukus ds
fy, etcwj djrk gSA
• i;kZoj.kh; ykxr% vrhr esa Hkz"Vkpkj ds dkj.k 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa vknZzHkwfe tSls ikfjfLFkfrd
:i ls laosnu'khy {ks=ksa dk vfrØe.k fj;y ,LVsV ifj;kstukvksa ds dkj.k gqvk gS] ftlls
ck<+ vkSj lw[ks tSlh vkinkvksa dh pisV esa vkus dh laHkkouk c<+ xbZ gSA
Hkz"Vkpkj ds f[kykQ yM+kbZ esa Hkkjr dk ç;kl
• dkuwuh dne
• Hkz"Vkpkj fuokj.k vf/kfu;e] 1988 dks 2018 esa la'kksf/kr fd;k x;k gSA ;g Li"V :i ls
fj'or nsus ds dk;Z dks vijk/khdj.k djrk gS vkSj okf.kfT;d laxBuksa ds cM+s Hkz"Vkpkj dks
jksdus esa enn djsxkA
• /ku 'kks/ku fuokj.k vf/kfu;e] 2002 dk mís'; /ku 'kks/ku dh ?kVukvksa dks jksduk vkSj Hkkjr
esa ^vijk/k dh vk;^ ds mi;ksx dks çfrcaf/kr djuk gSA
• dsaæh; lrdZrk vk;ksx vf/kfu;e 2003% dsaæh; lrdZrk vk;ksx ¼lhohlh½ us fofHkUu vkns'kksa
vkSj ifji=ksa ds ek/;e ls çeq[k [kjhn xfrfof/k;ksa esa lHkh laxBuksa dks lR;fu"Bk le>kSrs
dks viukus vkSj tgka Hkh dksbZ vfu;ferrk ;k dnkpkj ns[kk tkrk gS] çHkkoh vkSj Rofjr
tkap lqfuf'pr djus dh flQkfj'k dh gSA
• lwpuk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e 2005% lwpuk ds çdVhdj.k ikjnf'kZrk dks c<+kok nsus ds fy,
turk dk dkuwuh vf/kdkj cukrk gS] /kkjk 4 lwpuk ds lfØ; çdVhdj.k vkSj vfHkys[kksa ds
fMftVyhdj.k dks vfuok;Z djrh gSA dbZ vkjVhvkbZ dk;ZdrkZvksa us bldk bLrseky
lkoZtfud çkf/kdj.kksa ds dkedkt esa vfu;ferrkvksa dks lkeus ykus ds fy, fd;k gSA
¼,eih dk O;kiea ?kksVkyk½
A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,
Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 28
Sociology Notes

• fons'kh ;ksxnku ¼fofu;eu½ vf/kfu;e] 2010 O;fä;ksa vkSj fuxeksa }kjk fons'kh ;ksxnku vkSj
vkfrF; dh Loh—fr vkSj mi;ksx dks fu;af=r djrk gSA
• yksdiky vkSj yksdk;qä vf/kfu;e 2013% yksd lsodksa }kjk xyr dkeksa dh f'kdk;rksa dh
tkap ds fy, dsaæ esa ,d Lora= çkf/kdj.k yksdiky vkSj jkT;ksa esa yksdk;qä dh fu;qfä
djrk gSA yksdiky dh fu;qfä ih,e] ,yvksih] lhtsvkbZ] Lihdj vkSj ,d ç[;kr U;k;fon
dh lfefr }kjk dh tk,xh
• daiuh vf/kfu;e] 2013 d‚iksZjsV ç'kklu vkSj d‚iksZjsV {ks= esa Hkz"Vkpkj vkSj /kks[kk/kM+h ds
jksdFkke dk çko/kku djrk gSA
• fOglyCyksvj çksVsD'ku ,DV 2014% mu yksxksa dks fo'ks"k lqj{kk çnku djrk gS tks ljdkj esa
xyr dkeksa dk [kqyklk djrs gSaA vkf/kdkfjd xqIr vf/kfu;e 1923 tSls —R;ksa ds rgr
xqeukeh vkSj vfHk;kstu ls lqj{kk çnku djrk gSA
• 2003 esa Hkkjr }kjk viuk, x, Hkz"Vkpkj ds f[kykQ la;qä jk"Vª ds lEesyuksa ij gLrk{kj
fd,A
• ,f'k;k ç'kkar ds fy, ,Mhch vksbZlhMh Hkz"Vkpkj fojks/kh dk;Z ;kstuk ij gLrk{kj fd,A
ç'kklfud lq/kkj
• bZ&xousZal igy% bZ& xousaZl lq'kklu ds mís';ksa tokcnsgh vkSj ikjnf'kZrk dks vkxs c<+kus ds
vykok jkT; vkSj ukxfjd ds chp eSuqvy baVjQsl dks de djus dk Hkh ç;kl djrk gS
ftlls fj'or[kksjh dh ?kVukvksa dks jksdk tk ldsA
• CSP ds ek/;e ls lsok forj.k] Hkwfe fjd‚MZ dk fMftVyhdj.k] tSe] MhchVh] bZ&fct
¼flaxy foaMks flLVe½] bZ&ekdsZVIysl vkfn tSlh igy Hkz"Vkpkj dks jksdus esa enn djrh gSaA
• jkT;ksa esa ukxfjd pkVZj vkSj yksd lsok forj.k vkSj f'kdk;r fuokj.k vf/kfu;e
o dukZVd (SAKLA igy½ vkSj jktLFkku tSls dbZ jkT;ksa us fu/kkZfjr le; vof/k ds
Hkhrj xq.koÙkkiw.kZ lsok çnku djus ds fy, ukSdj'kkgh dks dkuwuh :i ls tokcnsg
cukus ds fy, ,sls vf/kfu;e cuk, gSaA fcgkj ,dek= jkT; gS tgka lHkh foHkkxksa dks
doj djus okyk f'kdk;r fuokj.k vf/kfu;e gS
• vf/kfu;e vf/kfu;e ds çHkkoh çorZu dks lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, turk ds fy, f'kdk;r
fuokj.k ra= ¼thvkj,e½ Hkh cukrs gSaA CPGRAMS ,d vkSj ,slk GRM gS ftls bZ&xousZal
çkstsDV ds rgr cuk;k x;k gS
vkfFkZd lq/kkj
• mnkjhdj.k vkSj futhdj.k

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 29
Sociology Notes

• ykblsal&ijfeV&dksVk ukSdj'kkgh ds gkFkksa esa voS/k /ku bdëk djus ,oa vius dk;kZy;ksa dh
'kfä dk nq#i;ksx djus ds fy, ,d vR;f/kd 'kfä'kkyh midj.k lkfcr gqvkA ,yihth
;qx ukSdj'kkgh ds foosd ds dop esa ,d >adkj lkfcr gqvkA oSf'od cktkj esa çfrLi/khZ
gksus dh t:jrksa us Hkh ljdkj dks ljdkjh fu;eksa esa xq.kkRed ifjorZu ykdj cktkj dh
n{krk esa lq/kkj djus ds fy, etcwj fd;k gSA
• ,QMhvkbZ mnkjhdj.k tSls O;kikj djus esa vklkuh esa lq/kkj ds gkfy;k ç;kl cktkj ds
dkedkt ij ukSdj'kkgh dh 'kfä dks vkSj de dj jgs gSA
• th,lVh Hkz"Vkpkj dks de djus esa enn dj ldrk gSA VSDl vkfdZVsDpj vkSj bZ&osfcy ds
ljyhdj.k vkSj fMftVyhdj.k }kjk vuqikyu dh de ykxr ,oa tks jkT; dh lhekvksa ij
psd iksLV dh vko';drk dks lekIr djrk gSA
• foeqæhdj.k
pqukoh lq/kkj
• gky ds la'kks/kuksa us udn nku dh lhek dks igys ds 20000 ls ?kVkdj 2000 dj fn;k gS]
bl çdkj jktuhfrd nyksa ds dks"k esa xqeuke dkys /ku dh vken dks çfrcaf/kr dj fn;k
gSA
• çdVhdj.k ekunaM jktusrkvksa dks viuh foÙkh; laifÙk] f'k{kk vkSj vkijkf/kd fjd‚MZ ds ckjs
esa [kqyklk djus dh vko';drk gksrh gS] ftlls ernkrkvksa dks ,d lwfpr fodYi cukus esa
enn feyrh gS vkSj jktuhfr ds vijk/khdj.k dks lkQ djus esa enn feyrh gSA
• U;kf;d gLr{ksi gky gh esa lqçhe dksVZ us vnkyrksa ls fo/kk;dksa ds f[kykQ yafcr ekeyksa
dks ,d lky ds Hkhrj iwjk djus dks dgk gSA ,d vU; vkns'k esa mlus dsæa ls fo/kk;dksa ds
eqdnes ds fy, fo'ks"k vnkyrsa cukus dks dgk gS
• fyyh Fk‚el ds QSlys es]a ,llh us nks"kh fo/kk;dksa dh v;ksX;rk ij Hkze dks nwj fd;k
D;k fd;s tkus dh vko';drk gS
• 2nd ARC vkSj laFkkue lfefr tSls fofHkUu vk;ksxksa us egRoiw.kZ vkSj O;ogk;Z flQkfj'k dh
gS fd ,d etcwr jktuhfrd bPNk'kfä dh vko';drk gSA ukxfjdksa dks l'kä cukus vkSj ljdkj
dks mlds çn'kZu ds fy, tokcnsg cukus ds fy, fuEufyf[kr dneksa dh vko';drk gS%
ukSdj'kkgh esa lq/kkj
• ç'kklu ij vR;f/kd jktuhfrd fu;a=.k dks jksdus ds fy, flfoy lsok cksMZ dh LFkkiuk
gksA
• ljdkjksa esa inkuqØe ds Lrj dks de djuk
• flfoy lsodksa ds fy, le;&le; ij laosnu'khyrk çf'k{k.k vk;ksftr djuk

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 30
Sociology Notes

• Hkz"V flfoy lsodksa ds laosnu'khy in ij dCtk u djus dks lqfuf'pr djus ds fy,
foHkkxksa ds Hkhrj vuq'kklukRed dk;Zokgh dks ljy cukuk vkSj fuokjd lrdZrk dks l'kä
djukA
• fu"iknu ewY;kadu esa osru vkSj inksUufr esa oLrqfu"Brk dks tksM+uk
• ljdkj esa fu;fer çfØ;kvksa dks Lopkfyr djus ds fy, ,vkbZ vkSj fcx MsVk tSlh ubZ
rduhdksa dk mi;ksx djuk tSls fd çek.k i= tkjh djuk
• ykHk ds dk;kZy; dks Li"V :i ls ifjHkkf"kr djuk vkSj lkoZtfud miØeksa ds cksMZ tSls
lHkh dk;kZy;ksa dks blds nk;js esa ykuk
pqukoh lq/kkj
• RPA esa la'kks/ku djds vijkf/k;ksa dks fo/kkueaMyksa esa ços'k djus ls jksduk
• jktuhfrd ny dks udn pans ij jksd yxkuk vkSj jktuhfrd nyksa ds dqy [kpZ ij lhek
yxkuk
• ,elhlh dks dkuwuh cy nsdj vkSj isM U;wt dks ,d vkijkf/kd vijk/k cukdj bZlhvkbZ dks
l'kä cukuk
• baæthr xqIrk lfefr }kjk vuq'kaflr jkT; ds foÙk iks"k.k ds fopkj dh [kkst
'kklu esa ifjorZu
• bZ&xousZal dh 'kq:vkr vkSj çfØ;k vkSj ç.kkfy;ksa dk ljyhdj.kA
• lR;fu"Bk laf/k;ksa dks çksRlkfgr djsAa lR;fu"Bk le>kSrk% eky vkSj lsokvksa dh [kjhn esa
'kkfey lkoZtfud ,tsfa l;ksa vkSj ,d lkoZtfud vuqca/k ds fy, cksyh yxkus okys ds chp
bl vk'k; dk le>kSrk fd cksyhnkrk vuqca/k dks lqjf{kr djus ds fy, fdlh Hkh voS/k
ifjrks"k.k dk Hkqxrku ugha djsxkA
• fu;eksa ds ckjs esa ikjnf'kZrk vkSj tkx:drk c<+kus ds fy, vkfFkZd losZ{k.k }kjk vuq'kaflr
fu;e vf/kfu;e ¼Vhvksvkj,½ dh ikjnf'kZrk ykuk
• ukxfjd pkVZj vkSj lkekftd vads{k.k dks ,d dkuwuh cy nsuk vkSj muds çorZu dks
lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, lHkh Lrjksa ij thvkj,e cukuk
• LFkkuh; fudk; dks l'kä cukuk rkfd mUgsa çR;{k yksdra= ds fy, ,d 'kfä'kkyh
midj.k cuk;k tk lds
• eaf=;ksa ds fy, vkpkj lafgrk vkSj vkpj.k lafgrk ykuk
• cM+h la[;k esa lsokvksa dh çnk;xh esa ljdkj ds ,dkf/kdkj dks lekIr djukA A
• e/; çns'k esa vkbZVh tSlh Kkunwr ifj;kstuk dk mi;ksx djukA
• ,uthvks tks i;kZIr /ku çkIr djrk gS mls ihlh, ds rgr doj fd;k tkuk pkfg,
• lHkh cM+s ljdkjh laxBuksa esa v‚uykbu f'kdk;r VªSfdax ç.kkyh gksA
• ikjn'khZ ukxfjd vuqdwy lsok,a çnku djus vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj dks de djus ds fy, ç.kkyhxr
lq/kkj

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 31
Sociology Notes

• çR;{k ykHk varj.k ds ek/;e ls ikjn'khZ rjhds ls ljdkj dh fofHkUu ;kstukvksa ds rgr
ukxfjdksa dks lh/ks dY;k.k ykHk dk forj.k
• lkoZtfud [kjhn esa bZ&fufonk dk dk;kZUo;uA
• ljdkjh bZ&ekdsZVIysl ¼GeM½ ds ek/;e ls ljdkjh [kjhn dh 'kq#vkrA
• fnYyh esa ;wfuV ,fj;k Ldhe] iatkc esa bZ&iqfyl] ,ih esa bZ&xousaZl& foosd dks de djus
vkSj ikjnf'kZrk esa lq/kkj djus ds fy,
dkuwuh] jktuhfrd] U;kf;d vkSj iqfyl lq/kkj
• Hkz"V vf/kdkfj;ksa ds f[kykQ eqdnes esa rsth ykus ds fy, U;kf;d lq/kkj rkfd dkuwu ,d
etcwr fuokjd cus jgsa
• 7 lw=h; iqfyl lq/kkj] tSlk fd çdk'k flag ekeys esa lqçhe dksVZ }kjk lq>k;k x;k Fkk]
rkfd dkuwu dk 'kklu LFkkfir fd;k tk lds vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj ds ekeyksa esa fu"i{k tkap
lqfuf'pr dh tk ldsA
• lafo/kku ds rgr ifjdfYir dk;Zikfydk ij fo/kk;h fu;a=.k dks etcwr djus ds fy,
nycny fojks/kh dkuwu esa la'kks/ku djuk le; dh ekax gS A
• vuqPNsn 105¼2½ esa la'kks/ku fd;k tkuk pkfg, rkfd ;g çko/kku fd;k tk lds fd lkaln
dks feyh NwV esa Hkz"V vf/kfu;e 'kkfey ugha gSaA
• feyhHkxr ds Hkz"Vkpkj dks fo'ks"k vijk/k cuk;k tk,
• fof/k vk;ksx ds vuqlkj fOgly Cyksvj ds laj{k.k ds fy, fo/kku çLrkfor fd;k tkuk
pkfg,A
fu"d"kZ
Hkz"Vkpkj dks feVkus ds fy, lHkh ,tsafl;ksa dks lg;ksx djuk pkfg,A fuokjd Hkz"Vkpkj mik;ksa dh
ljkguk dh tkuh pkfg, vkSj mUgsa ^^bykt ls csgrj jksdFkke^^ ds :i esa viuk;k tkuk pkfg,A

xjhch & csjkstxkjh

• गरीबी ह स
िं ा का सबसे खराब रूप ै । म ात्मा गािंधी।
• गरीबी अपराध और क्ािंति की जनक ै ।अरस्िू
• गरीबी पर काबू पाना परोपकार का कार्य न ीिं ै र् न्र्ार् का कार्य ै.
मिंडल
े ा
A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,
Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 32
Sociology Notes

xjhch vkSj csjkstxkjh ,d vkfFkZd leL;k gS ysfdu ;g vkfFkZd leL;k o`gn lkekftd leL;k
dks tUe nsrh gSA
सिंर्ुक्ि राष्ट्र मानवाधधकार पररषद ने गरीबी को पररभाषषि ककर्ा ै
नागररक सािंस्कृतिक आधथयक राजनीतिक और सामाजजक अधधकारों के
आनिंद के ललए आवश्र्क सिंसाधनों क्षमिाओिं षवकल्पों सरु क्षा और शजक्ि
का अभाव गरीबी ै ।
xjhch dk lEcU/k vHkko ls gSA
• U;wure vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ dk vHkkoA
• lkekftd 'kfDr dk vHkkoA
o ¼lekurk vkSj Lora=rk½
• jktuSfrd 'kfDr dk vHkkoA
o ¼vkoktghu o pqukoghu½

गरीबी पर्
ू य गरीबी और सापेक्ष गरीबी दोनों रूप में ो सकिी ै
गरीबी के कारण
एक अथयव्र्वस्था में गरीबी की सीमा तनम्नललखखि कारकों की एक षवस्िि
ृ
श्िंख
ृ ला के कारर् ोिी ै
• औपतनवेलशक षवरासि
• जनसिंख्र्ा की िीव्र वद्
ृ धधर् अधधक जनसिंख्र्ा वाले दे श में में
राष्ट्रीर् आर् में वद्
ृ धध ोने पर भी जनसिंख्र्ा में वद्
ृ धध के कारर् प्रति
व्र्जक्ि आर् समान र िी ै।
• कृषष और उद्र्ोग में उत्पादकिा का तनम्न स्िर।
• बडे पैमाने पर बेरोजगारी और कम रोजगार।
• अथयव्र्वस्था की अषवकलसि प्रकृति।
A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,
Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 33
Sociology Notes

• भलू म भवन उद्र्ोग आहद जैसी अजजयि सिंपषि के स्वालमत्व में बडी
असमानिाएिं।
• लशक्षा और कौशल प्राप्ि करने में अवसर की असमानिा
• नीतिर्ों में भ्रष्ट्टाचार
• लशक्षा प्रर्ाली सैद्धािंतिक ै व्र्ाव ाररक न ीिं
• सामाजजक izFkk vkSj ijEijk,¡ . जाति विंशवाद fir`ra=] सामाजजक बुराइर्ााँ।
• izkd`frd आपदाएिं जैसे ¼Covid us xjhcksa dh la[;k nqxquh dj nh gSA½
•
• वैश्वीकरर् ने भारि में एमएसएमई और कुटीर उद्र्ोगों को समाप्ि
कर हदर्ा जजसने कमजोर वगों. एससीए एसटीए मह लाए अल्पसिंख्र्कों में
गरीबी को बढार्ा।
एक दे श गरीब ै क्र्ोंकक व गरीब ै।
गरीबी का दष्ट्ु चक् गरीबी का चक् कजय के जाल का चक् बनािा ै।
xjhch dk pØ
xjhc
 mRiknu vk; 
fuos'k


1- xjhch fuHkZj cukrh gS vkSj fuHkZjrk 'kfDrghu cukrh gSA

2- गरीबी शजक्ि ीन बनािी ै आवाज ीन बनािी ै ।xjhch 'kks"k.k dh {kerk dks c<+krh
gSA tSls %& efgyk] fuEu tkfr] vkfnoklh] fnO;kax] r`rh; fyaxA
3- xjhch ekuo {kerk dks detksj djrh gSA
tSls %& vf'k{kk] dqiks"k.k] fuEu LokLF;A
A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,
Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 34
Sociology Notes

blls v'kDr ekuo curk gSA v'kDr ekuo v'kDr lekt dk fuekZ.k djrk gS vkSj v'kDr
lekt v'kDr jk"Vª dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA
4- xjhch va/kfo'okl dks c<+krh gSA va/kfo'okl lkaiznkf;drk dks c<+krh gSA lkaiznkf;drk]
tkfrokn vkSj uDlyokn dks c<+krh gSA
5- xjhch yksdra= dks detksj djrh gSA
6- xjhch i;kZoj.kh; ladV dks c<+krh gSA
7- xjhch uSfrdrk ds iru dks c<+krh gSA
8- xjhch fMftVy fMokbM c<+krh gSAगरीबी आपराधधक गतिषवधधर्ािं c<+krh gSA
9- गरीबी प्रवास के ललए धक्का कारक को बढािी ै जो श री क्षेत्रों में गरीबी
को बढावा दे िी ै।
िीव्र वद्
ृ धध और षवकास के बावजद
ू मारी आबादी का उच्च अनप
ु ाि
अस्वीकार्य रूप से गिंभीर और ब ु आर्ामी अभाव से पीडडि ै । इस
प्रकार भारि में गरीबी उन्मूलन के ललए अधधक व्र्ापक और समावेशी
दृजष्ट्टकोर् की आवश्र्किा ै।
बेरोजगारी
csjkstxkjh %& csjkstxkj og O;fDr gS tks Je 'kfDr@cy dk fØ;k'khy lnL; rks gS] jkstxkj Hkh ryk'k Hkh dj jgk gS
ysfdu og dk;Z cy dk lnL; ugha gSA

tula[;k

dk;Z
fuHkZj xSj fuHkZj
cy

0-14 65< Je cy dk;Z cy

¼cPps½ ¼o`)½ dk;Z djus dh bPNk gS dk;Z dj jgk gSA

csjktxkjh = Je cy & dk;Z cy

बेरोजगारी के कारण
A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,
Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 35
Sociology Notes

• जनसिंख्र्ा षवस्फोट श्म बल के आकार को बढािा ै ज ााँ सिंसाधन

सीलमि ैं और र् बेरोजगारी को जन्म दे िा ै।
• कमजोर लशक्षा प्रर्ाली लशक्षा व्र्ाव ाररक न ीिं सैद्धािंतिक ै । लशक्षा
शारीररक श्म को म त्व न ीिं दे िा। f'k{kk tkWc lhdj cukrh gS] tkWc fØ,Vj ugha cukrh gSA
• /kheh vkfFkZd lao`f) → d`f"k vkSj fofuekZ.k esAa
• oS'ohdj.k vkSj futhdj.kA
• rduhdh dk vR;f/kd iz;ksxA
• भारि ने श्म ग न क्षेत्रों के बजार् पिंज
ू ी ग न क्षेत्र के ललए जो
प्रौद्र्ोधगकी के उपर्ोग को बढािे ैं। इसने बेरोजगारों की फौज खडी कर
दी।
• प्रवासन श री बेरोजगारों को भी बढािा ै।
• जाति व्र्वस्था और षपिस
ृ िा।
पररणाम .
• बेरोजगारी गरीबी पैदा करिी ै आधश्ि बनािी ै कुपोषर्
भ्रष्ट्टाचार आवाज और अपराध आवाज ीन और शजक्ि ीन बनािी
ै।
• बेरोजगारी ने लोकििंत्र को बाधधि ककर्ा और र् शासन को
प्रभाषवि करिा ै।
• र् प्रौद्र्ोधगकी और साइबर अपराधों का दरू
ु पर्ोग करिा ै।
• र् नैतिक पर्ायवरर्ीर् सिंकट को बढािा ै।
बेरोजगारी के आयाम

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 36
Sociology Notes

भारि बनाम भारि

औपचाररक बनाम अनौपचाररक
ाई क्लास बनाम वीकर क्लास
लशक्षक्षि बनाम अनपढ
समाधान
• पररवार तनर्ोजन द्वारा जनसिंख्र्ा तनर्िंत्रर्।
• राष्ट्रीर् लशक्षा नीति को इच्छा से लागू ककर्ा जाना चाह ए।
• श्म ग न क्षेत्र को बढावा हदर्ा जाना चाह ए।
• कौशल षवकास
• स काररिाओिं का प्रचार प्रसार ककर्ा जाना चाह ए . एनजीओए
एसएचजी।
बेरोजगारी ककसी व्र्जक्ि को न ीिं बजल्क एक राष्ट्र को कमजोर करिी
ै।
xjhch vkSj csjkstxkjh ds lek/kku %&
1- lqj{kk
'kkjhfjd %& feM&Ms&fey] fpjathoh ;kstuk
ekufld %& bafnjk vkokl ;kstuk
vkfFkZd %& eujsxk
;g dY;k.kdkjh jkT; ds dke gSA
2- fodkl %& {kerk fodkl
3-
ekuo fodkl

f'k{kk fodkl dkS'ky fodkl

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 37
Sociology Notes

;g lkeF;Zdkjh jkT; ds y{k.k gSA

4- U;k; %&
lkekftd U;k; %& lekt esa HksnHkko u gks lekurk] Lora=rkA
vkfFkZd U;k; %& xfjeke; thou dh iwfrZA
jktuSfrd U;k; %& jktuhfr esa lfØ; HkkxhjnkjhA

tutkfr;k¡ eqn~ns vkSj dY;k.k

• tutkfr;ksa dks ouoklh] vkfnoklh vkSj fxjhtu Hkh dgk tkrk gSa
• budh dqN lkekU; fo'ks"krk,¡ gksrh gS&

fof'k"V /keZ VksVe

nqxZ igkM fof'k"V vkokl
ioZr] taxy fof'k"V vFkZO;oLFkk [kk| laxzgd >we
fo'ks"krk
d`f"k f'kdkj djuk
cksyh] [kku&iku fof'k"V laLd`fr
igukok] ijaijk,a ljy lekt lekurk

ljy jktuhfr
tutkfr;ksa dh leL;k,¡
1- ty taxy vkSj tehu ij ls vf/kdkj Nhu fy, x,A ¼fndqvksa }kjk½
2- blls tutkfr;ksa esa cyiwoZd foLFkkiu c<+kA
3- blds dkj.k opu vkSj HksnHkko dh leL;k mRiUu gqbZA
4- tutkfr;ksa esa igpku dk ladV mRiUu gqvkA
blds fuEu izeq[k ifj.kke gq,&
i. tutkfr;k¡ xjhc cu xbZA xjhch us mUgsa vkoktghu vkSj 'kfDrghu cuk fn;kA
ii. tutkfr;ksa esa lkekftd vkfFkZd fiNM+kiu c<+kA
tSls & fuEu LokLF; fLFkfr] fuEu f'k{kkA
iii.jk"Vªh; Lrj ij uDlyokn vkSj mxzokn tSlh leL;k,a mRiUu gqbZA
iv.vkj{k.k vkSj ;kstukvksa dk ykHk dqN gh tutkfr;ksa dks fey jgk gSA tutkfr;ksa esa vfHktu
oxZ rS;kj gks x;k gS tks la[;k esa rks de gS ysfdu ;g iwjs tutkfr lekt dks fu;af=r
djrk gSA

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 38
Sociology Notes

5- vkj{k.k vkSj ;kstukvksa dk ykHk dqN gh tutkfr;ksa dks fey jgk gSA tutkfr;ksa esa vfHktu
oxZ rS;kj gks x;k gS tks la[;k esa rks de gS ysfdu ;g iwjs tutkfr lekt dks fu;af=r djrk
gSA
6- vkt tutkfr;ksa dk i;kZoj.kh; lac/a kh leL;kvksa ds dkj.k Hkh foLFkkiu c<+k gSA blfy, os
i;kZoj.kh; 'kj.kkFkhZ ds :i esa 'kkfey gks x, gSA

tutkfr;ksa ds leL;k lek/kku

1- laoS/kkfud izko/kku
i. izLrkouk

ewy uhfr ewy dÙkZO;

vf/kdkj funsZ'kd rRo
vuq-&46 Hkzkr`Ro dh
Hkkouk
15 ¼4½ 16 ¼4½
fo'ks"k vkj{k.k
izko/kku

ii. laLFkk & vuq- 338

iii. Art. 342
iv. vuqlwph 5th or 6th
v. 371
vkj{k.k %& iapk;rhjkt laLFkku@yksdlHkk@fo/kkulHkk

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 39
Sociology Notes

tutkfr;ksa dk fodkl ekWMy

lqj{kk fodkl U;k;

'kkjhfjd vkfFkZd lkekftd lkaLd`frd 'kkjhfjd ekufld dkS'ky

lqj{kk lqj{kk lqj{kk lqj{kk fodkl fodkl fodkl

¼vk;q"eku ,dyO; leFkZ o

Hkkjr fo|ky; l{ke
;kstuk ½ ;kstuk
ou vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e 2006

lkekftd vkfFkZd jktuSfrd

U;k; U;k; U;k;

Hkkjrh; lekt esa tkfr &ç—fr] mRifÙk] dk;Z vkSj pqukSfr;k¡A

tkfr O;oLFkk Hkkjrh; lekt dh vuwBh fo'ks"krkvksa esa ls ,d gSA bldh tM+s gtkjksa lky igys ls
tqM+h gqbZ gS A bjkorh dosZ dgrs gSa] ^^vxj gesa Hkkjrh; lekt dks le>uk gS rks igys gesa tkfr
vkSj /keZ dk v/;;u djuk gksxk^^
tu → tkfr → tkfr
• tkfr 'kCn Lisfu'k vkSj iqrZxkyh ^^dkLVk^^ ls fudyk gS] ftldk vFkZ gS ^^oa'k] ;k uLy^^A
iqrZxkfy;ksa us dkLVk dks vk/kqfud vFkksZa esa iz;ksx fd;k tc mUgksua s bls Hkkjr esa ^tkfr^ dgs
tkus okys oa'kkuqxr Hkkjrh; lkekftd lewgksa ij ykxw fd;kA
• ^tkfr^ ewy 'kCn ^tu^ ls cuk gS ftldk vFkZ gS tUe ysukA bl çdkj] tkfr dk lac/a k
tUe ls gSA
tkfr O;oLFkk D;k gSA
• tkfr lkekftd Lrjhdj.k dk lcls iqjkuk O;oLFkk gS

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 40
Sociology Notes

• tkfr ,d lajpukRed vkSj lkaL—frd vo/kkj.kk gS

• tkfr ,d lajpukRed vo/kkj.kk ds :i esa & tkfr tUe ds vk/kkj ij lekt dk ,d
[kaMh; foHkktu gSA
• tkfr ,d lkaL—frd vo/kkj.kk ds :i esa & tkfr ^ifo=rk vkSj çnw"k.k^ dh fopkj/kkjk ij
vk/kkfjr gSA
Hkkjr esa tkfr O;oLFkk dh mRifÙk dSls gqbZ% fofHkUu fl)kar
ikjaifjd] /kkfeZd] uLyh;] jktuhfrd] O;kolkf;d] fodkloknh tSls dbZ fl)kar gSa tks Hkkjr esa
tkfr O;oLFkk dh mRifÙk dks le>kus dh dksf'k'k djrs gSaA
• ikjaifjd fl)kar %& bl fl)kar ds vuqlkj tkfr O;oLFkk nSoh; mRifÙk gSA bl fl)kar ds
leFkZd vius i{k dk leFkZu djus ds fy, _Xosn ¼iq#"klwä½ euqLe`fr vkfn dk gokyk nsrs
gSaA tkfr O;oLFkk o.kZ O;oLFkk dk foLrkj gS] tgka 4 o.kksZa dh mRifÙk czEgk ds 'kjhj ls gqbZ
FkhA
• /kkfeZd fl)kar %& ^deZ^ vkSj ^/keZ^ fl)kar Hkh tkfr O;oLFkk dh mRifÙk dh O;k[;k djrs gSaA
deZ fl)kar ;g ekurk gS fd ,d O;fä dk tUe ,d fo'ks"k tkfr esa mlds fiNys vorkj
esa fd, x, dk;ksaZ ds ifj.kke ds dkj.k gqvk gS] /keZ dk fl)kar crkrk gS fd ,d O;fä tks
tkfr O;oLFkk vkSj tkfr ds fl)karksa dks Lohdkj djrk gS] /keZ ds vuqlkj th jgk gSA
• uLyh; fl)kar %& Hkkjrh; lekt'kkL=h Mh-,u- etwenkj us viuh iqLrd ^^jsl ,aM dYpj
bu bafM;k^^ esa fy[kk gS] Hkkjr esa vk;ksaZ ds vkus ds ckn tkfr O;oLFkk us tUe fy;kA tkfr
ds fy, laL—r 'kCn o.kZ gS ftldk vFkZ gS jaxA _Xosfnd lkfgR; vk;Z vkSj xSj&vk;ksaZ
¼nkl½ ds chp u dsoy muds jax esa cfYd muds Hkk"kk] /kkfeZd çFkkvksa vkSj 'kkjhfjd
fo'ks"krkvksa esa Hkh varj ij tksj nsrk gSA
• jktuhfrd fl)kar %& M‚ ?kq;sZ dgrs gSa] ^^tkfr Hkkjr&vk;Z laL—fr dh ,d czkã.koknh
larku gS ftls xaxk dh Hkwfe esa ikyk x;k vkSj fQj Hkkjr ds vU; fgLlksa esa LFkkukarfjr dj
fn;k x;kA^^ bl fl)kar ds vuqlkj] tkfr O;oLFkk czkã.kksa }kjk [kqn dks lkekftd
inkuqØe dh loksZPp lh<+h ij j[kus ds fy, vkfo"dkj dh xbZ ,d prqj ;qfä gSA
• O;kolkf;d fl)kar %& U;wQhYM ds vuqlkj] ^^Hkkjr esa tkfr lajpuk dh mRifÙk ds fy,
dsoy dk;Z vkSj dk;Z gh ftEesnkj gSaA ^^ tkfr inkuqØe O;olk; ds vuqlkj gSA ftu
O;olk;ksa dks csgrj vkSj lEekutud ekuk tkrk Fkk] os mu O;fä;ksa ls Js"B gksrs Fks tks
fuEu O;olk;ksa esa yxs FksA
• fodkl fl)kar %& bl fl)kar ds vuqlkj tkfr O;oLFkk vpkud ;k fdlh fo'ks"k frfFk ij
vfLrRo esa ugha vkbZA ;g lkekftd fodkl dh ,d yach çfØ;k dk ifj.kke gSA çkjaHk esa
o.kZ O;oLFkk Fkh tks ckn esa tkfr O;oLFkk esa ifjofrZr gks xbZA

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 41
Sociology Notes

Hkkjr esa tkfr O;oLFkk dh çeq[k ç—fr@fo'ks"krk,a

• lekt dk [kaMh; foHkktu% lekt dks fofHkUu NksVs lkekftd lewgksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk
gS ftUgsa tkfr dgk tkrk gSA buesa ls çR;sd tkfr ,d lqfodflr lkekftd lewg gS]
ftldh lnL;rk tUe ds fopkj ls fu/kkZfjr gksrh gSA
• inkuqØe% yqbZ Mîwe‚UV ds vuqlkj] tkfr;k¡ gesa inkuqØe dk ,d ekSfyd lkekftd fl)kar
fl[kkrh gSaA bl inkuqØe esa lcls Åij czkã.k tkfr gS vkSj lcls uhps vLi`'k; tkfr gSA
• varfoZokg% ltkrh; fookg tkfr dh çeq[k fo'ks"krk gS] vFkkZr fdlh tkfr ;k mitkfr ds
lnL;ksa dks viuh gh tkfr ;k mi&tkfr esa fookg djuk pkfg,A ltkrh; fookg ds fu;e
ds mYya?ku dk vFkZ gksxk cfg"dkj vkSj tkfr dk uqdlkuA gkyk¡fd] gkbijxSeh ¼efgykvksa
dk fdlh ,sls O;fä ls 'kknh djuk tks vehj ;k mPp tkfr ;k lkekftd fLFkfr dk gksA½
vkSj gkbiksxSeh ¼fuEu lkekftd fLFkfr ds O;fä ds lkFk fookg½ Hkh çpfyr FksA xks=
cfgfoZokg Hkh çR;sd tkfr esa cuk, j[kk tkrk gSA xks= ds vk/kkj ij çR;sd tkfr dks
fofHkUu NksVh bdkb;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA ,d xks= ds lnL;ksa dks ,d lkekU; iwoZt
ds mÙkjkf/kdkjh ekuk tkrk gS&blfy, ,d gh xks= ds Hkhrj fookg dk fu"ks/k FkkA
• oa'kkuqxr fLFkfr vkSj O;olk;% 300 bZlk iwoZ esa Hkkjr ds fy, xzhd ;k=h esxLFkuht] tkfr
O;oLFkk dh nks fo'ks"krkvksa esa ls ,d ds :i esa oa'kkuqxr O;olk; dk mYys[k djrk gS]
nwljk varfoZokg gSA
• [kkus&ihus ij çfrca/k% vkerkSj ij ,d tkfr çnwf"kr gksus dh /kkj.kk ds dkj.k fdlh vU;
tkfr ls idk gqvk Hkkstu Lohdkj ugha djrh gS tks lkekftd Lrj ij vius ls uhps gSA
Hkkstu ls lacfa /kr fofHkUu çdkj dh otZuk,¡ Hkh FkhaA
• Tkkfr fuZ;ksZxrk, ,oa fo'ks"kkf/kdkj dh O;oLFkk gSaA
• ,d fo'ks"k uke% çR;sd tkfr dk ,d fo'ks"k uke gksrk gS] gkykafd ge bls igpku ldrs gSaA
dHkh&dHkh dksbZ is'kk fdlh tkfr fo'ks"k ls Hkh tqM+k gksrk gSA
• ifo=rk vkSj çnw"k.k dh vo/kkj.kk% mPp tkfr;ksa us /kkfeZd] vk/;kfRed vkSj uLyh; 'kq)rk
dk nkok fd;k] mUgksaus fuEu tkfr;ksa ls çnw"k.k dh /kkj.kk ds ek/;e ls nwjh cuk, j[kkA
• tkfr iapk;r% u dsoy tkfr dkuwuksa }kjk cfYd ijaijkvksa }kjk Hkh çR;sd tkfr dh fLFkfr
dh lko/kkuhiwoZd j{kk dh tkrh gSA bUgsa leqnk; }kjk tkfr iapk;r uked ,d 'kklh
fudk; ds ek/;e ls [kqys rkSj ij ykxw fd;k tkrk gSA fofHkUu {ks=ksa vkSj tkfr;ksa esa bu
iapk;rksa dk uke ,d fo'ks"k uke esa j[kk gS tSls e/; çns'k esa dqynfj;k vkSj nf{k.k
jktLFkku esa tksf[kyk
1-
tkfr fo’ks"krk,¡

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 42
Sociology Notes

lajpukRed fo’ks"krk,¡ lkaLd`frd fo’ks"krk,¡

(G.S. ?kqfj;s ds vuqlkj ) (M.N. Jhfuokl o yqbZ M~;wek)

1- [k.MkRed foHkktu
2- Lkekftd /kkfeZd inØe fo’ks"kkf/kdkj o fu;ksZX;rk,¡
3- fuf'pr O;olk;
4- vUr% fookgh lewg
5- izfLFkfr iznÙk
6- Å¡p
a. lkaLd`frd fo’ks"krk,¡ %&
1- gj tkfr dh viuh izFkk,¡ vkSj ijaijk,¡ gksrh gSA
2- izR;sd tkfr dh viuh fuf’pr os’kHkw"kk vkSj laLd`fr gksrh gSA
3- tkfr O;oLFkk esa ifo=rk vkSj izn"w k.k ds xq.k lekfgr gSA

tkfr O;oLFkk ds çdk;Z

• blus Hkkjr ds ikjaifjd lkekftd laxBu dks tkjh j[kkA tkfr O;oLFkk jk"Vª ds lkaL—frd
,dhdj.k dks c<+krh gSA
• tkfr O;fä;ksa dks muds lekt dh laL—fr vkSj ijaijkvks]a ewY;ksa vkSj ekunaMksa dks fl[kkdj
lekthdj.k dh çfØ;k esa ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA
• O;fä;ksa dks lkekftd lqj{kk vkSj lkekftd igpku çnku dhA
• blus ,d tkfr ds oa'kkuqxr O;olk; ds Kku vkSj dkS'ky dks ,d ih<+h ls nwljh ih<+h dks
lkSai fn;k ] ftlls laL—fr ds laj{k.k vkSj mRikndrk lqfuf'pr djus esa enn feyh gSA
• tkfr O;oLFkk us Hkkjrh; lekt esa dk;Z&fo'ks"kKrk dks c<+kok fn;kA fo'ks"kKrk ds dkj.k
oLrqvksa dk xq.koÙkkiw.kZ mRiknu gqvk vkSj bl çdkj vkfFkZd fodkl dks c<+kok feykA
mnkgj.k ds fy,% Hkkjr dh dbZ gLrf'kYi oLrqvksa dks blds dkj.k varjjk"Vªh; Lrj ij
igpku feyhA
• jktuhfrd fLFkjrk dks c<+kok fn;k] D;ksfa d {kf=;ksa dks vkerkSj ij tkfr O;oLFkk }kjk
jktuhfrd çfrLi/kkZ] la?k"kZ vkSj fgalk ls cpk;k tkrk FkkA
• ttekuh laca/kksa ds ek/;e ls blus fofHkUu tkfr;ksa ds chp vU;ksU;kfJr laidZ dks Hkh tUe
fn;k gSA ;g lekt esa lg;ksx vkSj lg vfLrRo dh Hkkouk fodflr djrk gSA
• tkfr O;oLFkk drZO;ksa vkSj ftEesnkjh ds ckjs esa tkx:drk QSykrh gSA
tkfr O;oLFkk ds nks"k
• tkfr O;oLFkk ,d vyksdrkaf=d O;oLFkk gSA ;g Lora=rk] lekurk vkSj ca/kqRo tSls
yksdrkaf=d ewY;ksa ds f[kykQ gS

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 43
Sociology Notes

• tkfr O;oLFkk lkekftd çxfr esa ck/kd gS] D;ksfa d ;g lekt dks ckaVrh gS] lekt dks
tksM+rh ugha gSA
• tkfr O;oLFkk O;fäRo fodkl esa ck/kd gSA tkfr O;oLFkk fdlh O;fä dks tkfr ds ekunaMksa
ds vuqlkj l[rh ls dk;Z djus ds fy, etcwj djrh gS] ifjorZu dk fojks/k djds
vk/kqfudhdj.k ds ekxZ esa ck/kk ykrh gSA
• tkfr O;oLFkk jk"Vªh; ,drk vkSj v[kaMrk esa ck/kd gSA ;g jk"Vªh; vkSj lkewfgd psruk ds
jkLrs esa ck/kd gS vkSj ,d ,dh—r dkjd ds ctk; ,d fo?kVudkjh lkfcr gqvk gS
• tkfr O;oLFkk vkfFkZd vkSj ckSf)d mUufr ij jksd yxkrk gS vkSj lkekftd lq/kkjksa ds jkLrs
esa ,d cM+h ck/kk gS D;ksafd ;g vkfFkZd vkSj ckSf)d voljksa dks dsoy vkcknh ds ,d
fuf'pr oxZ rd gh lhfer j[krh gSA
• tkfr O;oLFkk vkfFkZd fodkl esa ck/kd gSA ;g Je dh n{krk dks de djrk gS vkSj Je]
iwath vkSj mRiknd ç;klksa dh iw.kZ xfr'khyrk dks jksdrk gS
• tkfr O;oLFkk lkaL—frd le`f) esa ck/kd gS ;g vkfFkZd :i ls detksj vkSj lkekftd :i
ls fuEu tkfr;ks]a fo'ks"k :i ls vNwrksa ds 'kks"k.k dks dk;e j[krh gS
• tkfr O;oLFkk us dbZ lkekftd cqjkb;ksa dks tUe fn;k tSls cky&fookg] ngst]
fo/kok&fookg dk fu"ks/k] efgykvksa dk ,dkarokl vkfnA
• orZeku jktuhfrd ifj–'; esa ,d oksV cSad ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA ,sls jktuhfrd ny
gSa tks dsoy ,d tkfr dk çfrfuf/kRo djrs gSaA tkfr us yksdra= dk tkrh;dj.k fd;k gSaA
• blus /keZ ifjorZu dh xqatkb'k nh gSA Åaph tkfr;ksa ds vR;kpkj ds dkj.k fupyh tkfr ds
yksx bLyke vkSj bZlkbZ /keZ esa ifjofrZr gq, vkSj gks jgs gSaA
• tkfr O;oLFkk us uDlyokn vkSj tkfrokn dks tUe fn;kA
orZeku es]a Hkkjrh; lekt esa tkfr O;oLFkk ,d lkFk detksj vkSj etcwr nksuksa :iksa esa fn[kkbZ
nsrh gS
tkfr O;oLFkk detksj gqbZ gS %&
• tkfr dh i`"BHkwfe dks tkus fcuk lekt esa lkekftd laidZ vkSj lkekftd laca/k LFkkfir
gksrs jgs gSaA
• vc tkfr O;fäxr thou vkSj mldh Lora=rk dks fu/kkZfjr ugha dj jgh gSA
• tkfr dk oa'kkuqxr O;olk; ls cgqr vf/kd lac/a k ugha gSA
• lekt esa fo'ks"kkf/kdkj vkSj fuZ;ksZxrk, dh O;oLFkk rsth ls ?kV jgh gSA
• ttekuh O;oLFkk Hkh lekt esa detksj gqbZ gS
• ^ifo=rk vkSj çnw"k.k^ dh vo/kkj.kk Hkh lekt esa detksj gks jgh gSA

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 44
Sociology Notes

• xzke iapk;r us tkfr iapk;r dh txg ys yh gSA

Hkkjr esa tkfr O;oLFkk detksj D;ksa gqbZ gS\
• uo osnkafrd vkanksyu ¼Hkfäokn½
• lkekftd&/kkfeZd lq/kkj vkanksyu ¼vk;Z lekt] czã lekt] lR;'kks/kd lekt vkfn½
• yksdra=] lafo/kku vkSj dkuwu %& ;g vk/kqfud ewY; Lora=rk] lekurk vkSj ca/kqRo dh
LFkkiuk djrk gSA
• vkS|ksxhdj.k vkSj 'kgjhdj.k %& ;g dkS'ky dks egRo nsrk gSA
• uSfrd ewY; vk/kkfjr f'k{kk ç.kkyhA
• lwpuk Økafr vkSj ifjogu ØkafrA
orZeku le; esa tkfr O;oLFkk etcwr Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrh gS %&
• lekt esa tkfr vkSj jktuhfr ds chp xBtksM+ cgqr etcwr gks tkrk gSA
• fookg esa tkfr vHkh Hkh çkFkfed gSA
• lekt esa tkfr vk/kkfjr vkj{k.k dh Hkkouk çcy gks jgh gSA
• dbZ tkfr vk/kkfjr laxBu vfLrRo esa vk, gSa] os tkfrokn dh Hkkouk dks c<+krs gSaA
• tkfrokn ds :i esa tkfr etcwr gksrh tk jgh gSA
• izHkq tkfr ds :Ik esa tkfr
tkfr dk Hkfo";\
Hkkjr esa tkfr O;oLFkk f'k{kk] çkS|ksfxdh] vk/kqfudhdj.k vkSj lkekU; lkekftd –f"Vdks.k esa
ifjorZu ds dkj.k ifjorZu ds nkSj ls xqtj jgh gSA fupyh tkfr;ksa dh fLFkfr;ksa esa lkekU; lq/kkj
ds ckotwn] Hkkjr dks vHkh Hkh lekt ls tkfr O;oLFkk dh cqjkb;ksa dks nwj djus ds fy, ,d yack
jkLrk r; djuk gSA
tkfrokn%
;g viuh tkfr ;k mi tkfr ds çfr oQknkjh gS] tks vU; tkfr ds fgrksa dh ijokg ugha djrk gS
vkSj vius Lo;a ds lewg ds lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd fgrksa dks eglwl djus dk ç;kl
djrk gSA tkfrokn U;k;] lekurk vkSj lkoZHkkSfed HkkbZpkjs ds LoLFk lkekftd ekudksa dh mis{kk
djrk gSA
tkfr vkSj ttekuh O;oLFkk
lsok ds vknku&çnku ds fy, tteku vkSj dehu ds chp ,d vuqc/a k gSA
;g ,d ldkjkRed lkekftd vuqca/k Fkk] tks lekt esa ijLij fuHkZjrk vkSj lg;ksx dks c<+krk gSA
tcfd nwljh vksj ;g udkjkRed vuqca/k Hkh gS D;ksfa d ^dehu* dks mldh lsok dk mfpr ewY;
dHkh ugha feyrk gSA
çHkq tkfr dh vo/kkj.kk %& lekt'kkL=h ,e-,u- Jhfuokl us nhA
A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,
Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 45
Sociology Notes

çHkqRo'kkyh tkfr os tkfr;k¡ gSa tks tkfr inkuqØe esa loksZPp LFkku ij gSaA
lekt dh çeq[k tkfr r; djus ds fy, 3 çeq[k dkjd gSa&
• la[;kRed rkdr
• vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd 'kfäA
• tkfr O;oLFkk esa mPp inA
tkfr O;oLFkk D;k gS\
tkfr O;oLFkk dh lajpukRed fo'ks"krk,a D;k gSa\
dkLV flLVe ds D;k xq.k gSa\
tkfr O;oLFkk vyksdrkaf=d O;oLFkk gS O;k[;k dhft,A
Hkkjrh; lekt esa tkfr O;oLFkk dks dSls [kRe fd;k tk ldrk gS\

Hkkjrh; lekt esa oxZ&ç—fr] mRifÙk] dk;Z vkSj pqukSfr;k¡

oxZ inkuqØe dh ,d ç.kkyh tks f'k{kk] vk; vkSj O;olk; }kjk r; dh tkrh gS
oxZ O;oLFkk dh mRifr ds dkj.k%&
1- vkS/kksfxd Økafr
2- iwthaoknh ewY;
3- yksdrkaf=d jktuhfrd iz.kkyh
4- vkS/kkSfxdj.k vkSj uxjhdj.k
5- lwpuk vkSj lpakj Økafr

• dkyZ ekdZ~l us lkekftd oxksZa dks mRiknu ds lk/kuksa ¼LokfeRo ;k xSj&LokfeRo½ ls muds
laca/k ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;kA vk/kqfud iwathoknh lekt esa iwathoknh vkSj loZgkjk nks çeq[k oxZ
gSaA
• eSDl oscj] ekdZ~l dh rjg] ,d vkSj teZu fopkjd gSa ftUgksua s lekt ds oxhZdj.k esa
vkfFkZd dkjd ds egRo dks ns[kk gSA mUgksaus oxZ dks ,sls O;fä;ksa ds lewg ds :i esa
ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gS ftuds ikl leku ^thou dh laHkkouk^ ;k lkekftd volj gSa] tSlk fd
vkerkSj ij vkfFkZd fLFkfr;ksa }kjk fu/kkZfjr fd;k tkrk gS
oxZ ç.kkyh dh çeq[k izd`fr @fo'ks"krk,a fuEufyf[kr gSa%
• oxZ ç.kkyh ,d lkoZHkkSfed] vkfFkZd vkSj vk/kqfud vo/kkj.kk gSA
• oxZ /ku vkSj 'kfä ds vleku forj.k }kjk fpfàr ,d ç.kkyh gSA oxZ ç.kkyh dks ,d
fijkfeM }kjk n'kkZ;k tk ldrk gSA
A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,
Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 46
Sociology Notes

tula[;k dk fijkfeM vk; dk fijkfeM

lcls Åij] de yksx gSa ftuds ikl /ku dk vf/kdre fgLlk gS vkSj lcls uhps fuEu xjhc
oxZ gSa] tgka tula[;k vf/kd gS ysfdu laifÙk de gSA
• oxZ ,d [kqyh vkSj xfr'khy ç.kkyh gS] tgka ,d O;fä vius dkS'ky vkSj ç;kl ds vk/kkj
ij viuk oxZ cny ldrk gSA
• oxZ ,d ,slh ç.kkyh ftlesa ntkZ fn, x,] lkSais x, ;k fojklr esa feyus ds ctk; vius
Lo;a ds ç;klksa ls çkIr fd;k tkrk gSA ¼vftZr çfLFkfr ½
• oxZ psruk vkSj ,dtqVrk ij vk/kkfjr ,d ç.kkyh gSA
• çR;sd oxZ dh fof'k"V thou 'kSyh vkSj lkaL—frd vfHkO;fä;k¡ gksrh gSA lkekftd oxZ dbZ
mi&laL—fr;ksa ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gSa & çR;sd lkekftd oxZ dk viuk O;ogkj] viuh
ilan] ewY;ksa dk ,d lewg vkSj thou thus dk ,d rjhdk gSA ¼QS'ku] [kjhnkjh] [kkyh
le;½
• oxZ lkekftd inkuqØe esa [kM+s ;k uhps jgus okyksa ds laca/k esa Js"Brk vkSj ghurk dh
ekU;rk ij vk/kkfjr ,d ç.kkyh gS A
• ,d ç.kkyh ftlesa oxksaZ ds chp dh lhek,a rjy gksrh gSa vkSj de lVhd :i ls ifjHkkf"kr
gksrh gSaA
• iwt
a hokn oxZ O;oLFkk dks rst djrk gSA

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 47
Sociology Notes

oxZ dk çdk;Z %&

• tkfr vlekurk vkSj ySafxd vlekurk dks de djrk gS
• lekurk vkSj Lora=rk tSls vk/kqfud yksdrkaf=d ewY; dks c<+kok nsrk gSA
• LoLFk çfrLi/kkZ vkSj uokpkj dks c<+kok nsrk gS
• vk/kqfudhdj.k dh tM+as xgjh djrk gS
• yksdra= dks vkSj thoar cukrk gS
• vkfFkZd fodkl dks rhoz djrk gSaA
A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,
Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 48
Sociology Notes

• lkekftd izxfr lqfuf'pr djrk gSaA

pqukSfr;ka%&
• csjkstxkjh vkSj vlrr fodkl dks c<+kok nsrk gS
• fn'kkghu if'pehdj.k dks c<+kok nsrk gS
• vlekurk dh tM+as xgjh djrk gS ¼lkekftd vkfFkZd½
• fMftVy fMokbM c<+kok nsrk gS
• oxZ t:jr dks ykyp esa bPNk dks vkfFkZd bPNk esa cnyk jgk gS blus ekuo dks vkfFkZd
ekuo cuk;k gS
• Hkz"Vkpkj dks c<+kuk vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj dh lkekftd Loh—fr dks c<+kok fn;k gS
• HkkSfrdokn] O;fäokn] miHkksäkokn ewY;ksa dks c<+kok nsrk gS tks uSfrd iru dks c<+kok nsrk
gSA
• i;kZoj.k ladV dks c<+kok feyk gS

iaFkfujis{krk
• iaFkfujis{krk ,d fopkj/kkjk gS tks rdZlx a rrk] oSKkfud LoHkko vkSj yksdrkaf=d ewY;ksa
¼lekurk] Lora=rk vkSj lfg".kqrk½ ij vk/kkfjr gSA
• iaFkfujis{krk esa /keZ dks fo'kq) :i ls O;fäxr ekeyk ekuk tkrk gSA ;g thou ds
jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd] lkekftd vkSj lkaL—frd igyqvksa ls /keZ dks vyx djrk gSaA
iaFkfujis{krk ds ewy rRo
• oSKkfud vkSj rdZlx a r LoHkko
• /kkfeZd lekurk
• /kkfeZd Lora=rk
• /kkfeZd rVLFkrk ,oa loZ /keZ laHkko
• lfg".kqrk
iaFkfujis{khdj.k
iaFkfujis{khdj.k ,d çfØ;k gS] tgka /keZ ds voSKkfud çHkkoksa dks lekIr dj fn;k tkrk gSaA
lekt vkSj laL—fr ds {ks=ksa ls /kkfeZd laLFkkuksa vkSj çrhdksa ds çHkqRo dks gVkuk gh iaFkfujis{khdj.k
gS

iaFkfujis{krk ,d y{; gS vkSj iaFkfujis{khdj.k ml y{; dks çkIr djus dh ,d çfØ;k gSA
Hkkjr esa iaFkfujis{krk ds dkjd

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 49
Sociology Notes

• lkekftd vkSj /kkfeZd vkanksyu& bu vkanksyuksa us lekurk] ekuork ekuo vf/kdkjksa dks
LFkkfir djus ds fy, oSKkfud –f"Vdks.k vkSj rdZlx a rrk dk vk/kkj fy;k vkSj /kkfeZd
cqjkb;ksa dk fojks/k fd;kA blls turk dh #fp Lora=rk vkSj rdZlx a r fopkjksa ds çfr
fodflr gqbZA
• if'pehdj.k& if'pehdj.k ds çHkko ls vke vkneh dk thou ds çfr –f"Vdks.k cny x;k
gSA vykSfdd lÙkk ds çfr mudk fo'okl de gks x;k gS vkSj lkoZHkkSfedrk ds çfr fo'okl
lekIr gks x;k gSA if'pehdj.k ls lkekftd vkSj lkaL—frd O;oLFkk ds dbZ fgLls fo'ks"k
:i ls /keZ] dyk] lkfgR; vkSj lkekftd thou çHkkfor gq, gSaA
• /kkfeZd laxBuksa dk vHkko Jhfuokl dk ekuuk Fkk fd dksbZ fganw /keZ dk dksbZ ,d dsaæh;
lkoZHkkSfed laxBu ugha gS tks /keZ ds vk/kkj ij lHkh lnL;ksa dks ,d gh eap ij leku :i
ls fu;af=r vkSj fu;af=r dj ldsA blfy, ckgjh rkdrksa ds fopkjksa dk çHkko rsth ls c<+kA
• 'kgjhdj.k Jhfuokl ds vuqlkj] xkaoksa dh rqyuk esa 'kgjksa esa /keZfujis{krk dh çfØ;k rsth ls
vkxs c<+h gSA D;ksfa d xkaoksa dh rqyuk esa 'kgjksa esa oSKkfud vkSj rdZlaxr lksp vf/kd çHkkoh
gSA
• ifjogu vkSj lapkj ds lk/kuksa dh çxfr&ifjogu vkSj lapkj ds lk/kuksa us nwj&njkt ds
yksxksa dks yksxksa ds djhc yk fn;k gSA iwjs Hkkjr esa cqf)thfo;ksa vkSj jk"Vªokfn;ksa ds fopkjksa
dk lapkj fd;k x;kA /keZ] tkfr vkSj jkT; ds vk/kkj ij foHkkftr yksx djhc vk x,A bl
fudVrk us u, fopkjksa dks QSyk;k vkSj c<+k;k ftlls /keZfujis{krk etcwr gqbZA
• e/;e oxZ dk mn;&fodkl O;kikj vkSj okf.kT; vkSj vkS|ksfxd Økafr ds ifj.kkeLo:i ns'k
esa e/;e oxZ dk mn; gqvkA bl e/;e oxZ us vius vfLrRo dh LFkkiuk ds fy, ikjaifjd
fopkj/kkjkvksa dk fojks/k fd;k vkSj blds ewy esa /kkfeZd vkLFkk FkhA os ,slh O;oLFkk ds çfr
lpsr Fks tks rkfdZd vkSj oSKkfud fopkj/kkjk ij vk/kkfjr gksA

Hkkjrh; lekt ij iaFkfujis{krk dk çHkko

,e-,u- Jhfuokl us viuh iqLrd ^lks'ky pst a bu e‚MuZ bafM;k^ esa iaFkfujis{krk ds lanHkZ esa vusd
ifjorZuksa dh ppkZ dh gSA
• iaFkfujis{krk us lkekftd fopkjksa dks fQj ls le>k;k gSA rdZlx a r Kku dk egRo c<+kA
rdZ ds vk/kkj ij /kkfeZd O;k[;kvksa dk ewY;kadu gksus yxkA
• iaFkfujis{krk dh vo/kkj.kk us ifo=rk vkSj v'kq)rk dh /kkj.kk dks cny fn;kA /ku] 'kfä
vkSj vf/kdkj çkIr djus dh mEehnsa etcwr gqbZa ftlus tkfrxr HksnHkko dks detksj dj
fn;k
• iaFkfujis{krk us O;fä dh ladh.kZ ekufldrk dks foLr`r fd;kA

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 50
Sociology Notes

• yksd fo'okl vykSfdd lÙkk ls lkoZHkkSfedrk dh vksj fodflr gqvkA bldk eryc ;g
ugha Fkk fd Hkfä vkSj vkLFkk dh Hkkouk,a iwjh rjg ls foyqIr gks xbZaA vc bZ'oj rd igqapus
dk jkLrk balku ls gksrk gqvk cu x;kA
• rkfdZd psruk fodflr gqbZ vkSj ;g O;fä vkSj eafnj dh iwtk djus dh lhek ls vf/kd
FkhA vkSj ;gh dkj.k Fkk fd yksxksa us f'k{k.k laLFkkuks]a vkJeks]a vLirkyksa vkSj lekt lsok
laxBuksa dks vf/kd ls vf/kd nku nsuk 'kq: dj fn;kA
• iaFkfujis{krk ds ifj.kke ls ns'k dh xzkeh.k O;oLFkk Hkh çHkkfor gqbZA ç/kku oxZ dks iap
ekuus dh lfn;ksa iqjkuh ijaijk detksj gks xbZA Jhfuokl us dgk fd xzkeh.k leqnk;ksa esa
jktuhfrdj.k dh çfØ;k 'kq: gqbZA
O;ogkj ds :i esa iaFkfujis{krk %&
• Hkkjrh; iaFkfujis{krk
• if'peh iaFkfujis{krk
Hkkjr esa iaFkfujis{krk %&

jkT;] /keZ vkSj ukxfjd ds chp lac/a k

• jkT; vkSj /keZ ds chp laca/k & lac/a k jkT; vkSj /keZ ldkjkRed jgsxkA ;fn jkT; dks /keZ
ls ckgj j[kk x;k] rks bldk eryc gS fd jkT; vius drZO;ksa ls vyx gks x;k gSA
• jkT; vkSj O;fä ds chp laca/k & jkT; lHkh /keZ ds yksxksa ds lkFk leku O;ogkj djsxkA
• /keZ vkSj O;fä ds chp laca/k & ;g Lora=rk ij vk/kkfjr gSA O;fä fdlh Hkh /keZ dks pquus
ds fy, Lora= gSA
if'peh nqfu;k esa iaFkfujis{krk %
if'pe esa euq"; dk thou nks Hkkxksa esa c¡Vk gqvk gS
• HkkSfrd thou
• vk/;kfRed thou
A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,
Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 51
Sociology Notes

if'pe esa ekU;rk gS fd euq"; dk thou xfjeke; gksuk pkfg, blhfy, euq"; dks vius HkkSfrd
thou esa lq/kkj djuk pkfg, vkSj vkSj euq"; dk nwljk thou vk/;kfRed thou gS] tks /keZ ls
tqM+k gSA

jkT;] /keZ vkSj ukxfjd ds chp lac/a k]

• jkT; vkSj /keZ ds chp laca/k rVLFk laca/k gksx

a s Au rks /keZ dks jkT; ij ekxZn'kZu] fu;a=.k
vkSj fofu;eu djuk pkfg, vkSj u gh jkT; dks /keZ dk ekxZn'kZu] fu;a=.k vkSj fofu;eu djuk
pkfg,A jkT; ekuo ds HkkSfrd thou esa lq/kkj djsxk tcfd /keZ dk laca/k euq"; ds vk/;kfRed
thou ls gSA
• jkT; vkSj O;fä ds chp laca/k & jkT; lHkh /keZ ds yksxksa ds lkFk leku O;ogkj djsxkA
• /keZ vkSj O;fä ds chp laca/k & ;g Lora=rk ij vk/kkfjr gSA O;fä fdlh Hkh /keZ dks pquus
ds fy, Lora= gSA

Hkkjr vkSj if'pe esa iaFkfujis{krk vyx D;ksa gS

• if'pe esa /keZ fo'okl gS] ysfdu Hkkjr esa /keZ fo'okl vkSj drZO; nksuksa gSA
• if'pe esa /keZ euq"; ds vk/;kfRed thou ls tqM+k gS] tcfd Hkkjr esa /keZ vk/;kfRed vkSj
HkkSfrd thou nksuksa ls tqM+k gSA
• if'peh lekt ,d le:i lekt gS] tcfd Hkkjrh; lekt ,d fo"ke lekt gS (melting
pot vs salad bowl)
• if'pe esa cgqla[;dokn vkSj vYila[;dokn dh dksbZ vo/kkj.kk ugha gS ysfdu Hkkjr esa
cgqr ls /kkfeZd vYila[;d gSaA

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 52
Sociology Notes

• if'pe es]a /keZfujis{krk iqutkZxj.k] Kku vkSj /kkfeZd lq/kkj vkanksyuksa dk ,d ifj.kke gS
tgka /kkfeZd cqjkbZ thou ls lekIr gks xbZ gS] ysfdu D;k Hkkjr esa /keZ ls tqM+h dbZ
lkekftd cqjkbZ;ka gSa mnkgj.k ds fy,% & cky fookg] ngst çFkk] H:.k gR;k

if'peh iaFkfujis{krk Hkkjrh; iaFkfujis{krk ls fdl çdkj fHkUu gS

D;k Hkkjr iaFkfujis{k lekt gSA

• bfrgkl & bfrgkl esa Hkkjr /keZfujis{k FkkA
• lafo/kku & lafo/kku Hkkjr dks /keZfujis{k cukrk gSA
• orZeku esa & /keZfujis{krk ds lkeus dqN çeq[k eqís gSaA
Hkkjrh; iaFkfujis{krk ,d ,sfrgkfld fojklr gSA /keZfujis{k ijaijk,a Hkkjr ds bfrgkl esa xgjh tM+as
tek pqdh gSaA
• Hkkjr vusd /keksZa dk tUe LFkku gSAlukru /keZ ds lkFk] ckS) vkSj tSu /keZ egktuin ;qx
esa mHkjkA e/;dkyhu dky es]a Hkkjrh; feêh us fl[k /keZ dks tUe fn;kA

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 53
Sociology Notes

• Hkkjr us bfrgkl esa fofHkUu /kkfeZd vkLFkkvksa dks Lohdkj fd;kA Hkkjr esa cgqr ls /kkfeZd
vkSj lkaL—frd yksx ckgj ls vk, ¼bLyke] bZlkbZ] ;gwnh] ikjlh vkfn½ vkSj os Hkkjrh; cu
x,A
;g Hkkjrh; lekt esa 'kq: ls gh lfg".kqrk tSls /keZfujis{krk ewY;ksa dks n'kkZrk gSA
iaFkfujis{krk vkSj Hkkjrh; lafo/kku %&
/keZfujis{krk 'kCn dks Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa 42 osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku 1976 }kjk çLrkouk esa tksM+k x;k
Fkk] ysfdu /keZfujis{krk dk fl)kar vkSj ewy rRo igys ls gh lafo/kku esa fufgr gSA ;g ekSfyd
vf/kdkjksa] uhfr funsZ'kd rRo] ekSfyd drZO;ksa esa fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
• vuqPNsn&14 %& ;g dkuwu ds le{k lekurk vkSj dkuwu ds leku laj{k.k dh xkjaVh nsrk
gSA
• vuqPNsn&15 %& /keZ ds vk/kkj ij HksnHkko dk fu"ks/kA
• vuqPNsn & 16 %& yksd lsok esa lHkh ukxfjdksa dks volj dh lekurk dh xkjaVh nsrk gSA
• vuqPNsn&25%& /kkfeZd Lora=rk nsukA
• vuqPNsn & 26 %& çR;sd /kkfeZd leqnk; dks viuh /kkfeZd laLFkk LFkkfir djus vkSj cuk,
j[kus dk vf/kdkj gSA
• vuqPNsn & 44 %& leku ukxfjd lafgrk dh ckr djsAa ;g dkuwuh rjhds ls /keZfujis{krk
dh LFkkiuk djsxkA
• vuqPNsn & 51d %& Hkkjr ds lHkh yksxksa ds chp HkkbZpkjs dh ln~Hkko vkSj Hkkouk dks c<+kok
nsuk vkSj gekjh fefJr laL—fr dh le`) fojklr dks egRo nsuk vkSj lajf{kr djuk lHkh
ukxfjdksa dk drZO; gS
iaFkfujis{krk dks [krjk %&
• jktuhfr vkSj /keZ ds xBtksM+ us /keZfujis{krk ds ewy ewY; dks çHkkfor fd;k gSA
• /kkfeZd igpku ds vk/kkj ij erksa dk /kzq#ohdj.kA
• oSpkfjd çpkj vkSj lkaçnkf;d & jktuhfr us /keZfujis{krk dks çHkkfor fd;k gSA
• lkaçnkf;drk vkSj lkaçnkf;d naxs Hkkjr ds /keZfujis{k rkus&ckus ds fy, [krjk gSaA
• gky ds o"kksZa esa fgalk vkSj lkaçnkf;d psruk ds :i esa vkØked fganw pjeiafFk;ksa ds mn; us
vYila[;dksa esa vlqj{kk c<+k nh gSA
• e‚c fyafpax
• yo ftgkn
• ?kj okilh

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 54
Sociology Notes

• bLykeh dêjokn vkSj iqu#RFkkuokn ds mn; us /keZfujis{krk vkSj yksdrkaf=d jkT; ds

fl)karksa dks çHkkfor fd;k gS
• ;fn lekt de f'kf{kr gS] de rdZlx a r gS] rks /keZfujis{krk ds fl)kar vkSj ewY; lekt esa
xgjs ugha gksxa sA
• /keZ ds cktkjhdj.k us Hkh /keZfujis{krk dks Hkh çHkkfor fd;k gSA
Hkkjr dks ,d /keZfujis{k lekt dSls cuk;k tk ldrk gS\
/keZfujis{k lekt ,d y{; gS ftlds fy, gesa
• jktuhfr dk /keZfujis{khdj.k
• /kkfeZd laLFkkuksa dk /keZfujis{khdj.kA
• lekt dk /keZfujis{khdj.k
• 'kS{kf.kd laLFkkuksa dk /keZfujis{khdj.k djuk gksxk
• gesa ewY; vk/kkfjr f'k{kk dks c<+kok nsuk gksxk] /kkfeZd vkSj /keZfujis{krk ds ewy rRo dks
'kSf{kd ikBîØe esa 'kkfey fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
• gesa Hkkjrh; /keZfujis{krk ds xgjs bfrgkl ds ckjs esa tkx:drk QSykuh gksxh vkSj fofHkUu
/kkfeZd leqnk;ksa ds chp lkaL—frd laidZ dks c<+kok nsukgksxk ;g Hkkjr esa /keZfujis{krk dh
lPph Hkkouk dk çlkj djsxkA
• xjhcks]a detksj oxZ vkSj vYila[;d leqnk; dk lkekftd&vkfFkZd l'kfädj.k djuk gksxk
• leku ukxfjd lafgrk ¼vuqPNsn&44½ dks tcjnLrh ugha cfYd vke lgefr ls ykxw fd;k
tkuk pkfg,A
igys gesa iaFkfujis{k jkT; cukuk gksxk rHkh gekjk yksdra= lQy gksxkA ch-vkj- vEcsM+djA
• iaFkfujis{krk vkSj /keZfujis{krk ds chp varj\
• Nn~e iaFkfujis{krk ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\
• Hkkjrh; iaFkfujis{krk if'peh iaFkfujis{krk dSls vkSj D;ksa fHkUu gS\
• iaFkfujis{krk ds fy, D;k [krjk gS\ Hkkjr ,d /keZfujis{k lekt dSls gksxk\
• iaFkfujis{krk ds ewy rRo D;k gSa\
• iaFkfujis{krk /keZ dks dSls çHkkfor djrh gS\
lkEçnkf;drk D;k gS\
lkEçnkf;drk dk vFkZ gS vius leqnk; ds çfr xgjk yxkoA
lkaçnkf;drk dks ,d fopkj/kkjk ds :i esa of.kZr fd;k tkrk gS tks tkrh;rk] /keZ] fo'oklks]a ewY;ksa
vkfn ds vk/kkj ij jkT;ksa ¼yksxks]a yksxksa ds lewg ;k leqnk;ks½a ds chp foHkktu dks crkrk gSA

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 55
Sociology Notes

lkaçnkf;d fgalk ,d ,slh ?kVuk gS tgka nks vyx&vyx /kkfeZd leqnk;ksa ds yksx ,dtqV gksrs gSa
vkSj ,d&nwljs ij ?k`.kk vkSj 'k=qrk dh Hkkoukvksa ds lkFk geyk djrs gSaA
lkEçnkf;drk dk ldkjkRed igyw ;g gS fd O;fä dk vius leqnk; ds çfr yxko gksrk gS
ftlesa mlds leqnk; ds lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd mRFkku ds ç;kl 'kkfey gksrs gSaA
udkjkRed vFkZ esa] ;g ,d fopkj/kkjk gS tks vU; lewgksa ds laca/k esa ,d /kkfeZd lewg dh vyx
igpku ij tksj nsrh gS] ftlesa nwljksa dh dher ij vius Lo;a ds fgrksa dks c<+kok nsus dh ço`fÙk
gksrh gSA
lkaçnkf;drk ls tqM+s eqís gSa%
• ;g jk"Vªh; v[kaMrk ds fy, [krjk gS
• ;g jkT; esa jktuhfrd vkSj lkekftd ruko dk mRçsjd gS
• ;g ns'k esa yksxksa] leqnk;ksa ds lewgksa ;k jkT;ksa ds lewgksa ds chp foHkktu dh vksj ys tkrk
gS
• ;g ,d /keZ] fo'okl] ewY;ksa vkfn dh nwljs ds fo#) çfr}af}rk ls tqM+k gqvk gSAnwljksa ds
/keksZa vkSj fo'oklksa ds çfr lfØ; 'k=qrk ;k fojks/k vDlj lekt esa eqíksa dks tUe nsrk gS
• lkaçnkf;drk us yacs le; ls lekt dks foHkkftr fd;k gSA ;g :f<+oknh fl)karksa vkSj
fl)karksa esa fo'okl] vlfg".kqrk] vU; /keksZa vkSj /kkfeZd lewg ds çfr ?k`.kk] ,sfrgkfld rF;ksa
dh fo—fr vkSj lkaçnkf;d fgalk dk dkj.k curk gSA
lkaçnkf;drk ds ihNs ds dkj.k
çkphu Hkkjrh; lekt es/a keZ yksxksa ds thou dk ,d egRoiw.kZ fgLlk Fkk ysfdu dksbZ lkaçnkf;d
fopkj/kkjk ;k lkaçnkf;d jktuhfr ugha Fkh] fofHkUu /keksZa ds yksx 'kkafriwoZd lgvfLrRo esa FksA cq)
'kk;n igys Hkkjrh; iSxacj Fks ftUgksaus /keZfujis{krk dh vo/kkj.kk nh FkhA v'kksd tSls jktkvksa us
'kkafr vkSj /kkfeZd lfg".kqrk dh uhfr dk ikyu fd;kA
e/;dkyhu Hkkjr us Hkkjr esa bLyke ds vkxeu dks ns[kk] ftlesa egewn xtuh
}kjk fganw eafnjksa dks u"V djus vkSj fganqvks]a tSfu;ksa vkSj ckS) ksa ij geys tSls fgalk dh lkef;d
?kVuk,a gqbZaA ysfdu vdcj vkSj 'ksj 'kkg lwjh tSls 'kkldksa us lfg".kqrk dh /kkfeZd uhfr dk ikyu
fd;kA
vk/kqfud Hkkjr esa lkaçnkf;drk ds mn; vkSj fodkl esa ;ksxnku nsus okys çeq[k dkjdksa esa 'kkfey
gSa%
• fczfV'k lkezkT;okn vkSj ^^QwV Mkyks vkSj jkt djks^^ dh mudh uhfr
• lkaçnkf;d naxksa dk bfrgkl & ,d ,sls 'kgj esa tgka lkaçnkf;d naxs igys gh ,d ;k nks
ckj gks pqds gSa] lkaçnkf;d naxksa dh iqujko`fÙk dh laHkkouk ml 'kgj dh rqyuk esa vf/kd
etcwr gksrh gS tc ,sls naxs dHkh ugha gq,A
A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,
Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 56
Sociology Notes

• euksoSKkfud dkjd & nks leqnk;ksa ds chp ikjLifjd fo'okl vkSj vkilh le> dh deh ds
ifj.kkeLo:i vDlj ,d leqnk; esa nwljs leqnk; ds lnL;ksa ds f[kykQ [krjs] mRihM+u]
Hk; vkSj [krjs dh /kkj.kk gksrh gS] tks cnys esa yM+kbZ] ?k`.kk vkSj Øks/k Hk; dks mRiUu djrk
gS
• vkfFkZd dkj.k & vleku fodkl] oxZ foHkktu] xjhch vkSj csjkstxkjh vke vkneh esa
vlqj{kk dks c<+k nsrh gS tks mUgsa jktuhfrd gsjQsj ds çfr laosnu'khy cukrh gSA
• rq"Vhdj.k dh jktuhfr@foHkktudkjh jktuhfr & jktuhfrd fopkjksa ls çsfjr] vkSj vius
fufgr LokFkksZa }kjk funsZf'kr] jktuhfrd ny jktuhfrd ykHk çkIr djus esa /kkfeZd vkSj
lkaL—frd erHksnksa dk mi;ksx djrk gS tks lkaçnkf;d igpku dks c<+kok nsrs gSaA
• eqfLye leqnk; dk vyxko vkSj vkfFkZd fiNM+kiu & oSKkfud vkSj rduhdh f'k{kk dks
viukus esa foQyrk vkSj bl çdkj] lkoZtfud lsok] m|ksx vkSj O;kikj vkfn esa vi;kZIr
çfrfuf/kRo us eqlyekuksa esa lkis{k vHkko dh Hkkouk dks tUe fn;k gSA
• fganw&eqfLye vkfFkZd çfrLi/kkZ ds iqu#RFkku] fo'ks"k :i ls fuEu vkSj e/;e oxZ ds chp us
lkaçnkf;d fopkj/kkjk dks c<+kok fn;k gSA
• ç'kklfud foQyrk & detksj dkuwu O;oLFkk lkaçnkf;d fgalk ds dkj.kksa esa ls ,d gSA
• ehfM;k dh Hkwfedk & ;g vDlj luluh[kst gksus dk vkjksi yxk;k tkrk gS vkSj vQokgksa
dks ^^lekpkj^^ ds :i esa çlkfjr djrk gS ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i dHkh&dHkh nks çfr}a}h
/kkfeZd lewgksa ds chp vkSj ruko vkSj naxs gksrs gSaA ns'k ds fdlh Hkh fgLls esa lkaçnkf;d
ruko ;k naxs ls lacfa /kr lans'k QSykus ds fy, lks'ky ehfM;k Hkh ,d 'kfä'kkyh ek/;e ds
:i esa mHkjk gSA
lkaçnkf;drk ls fuiVus ds mik;
ljdkj gkaxdkax vkSj eysf'k;k e‚My viuk ldrh gS
eysf'k;k ftlus uLyh; la?k"kksZa dks jksdus ds fy, iwoZ&psrkouh ladsrd fodflr fd, gSaA
eysf'k;kbZ tkrh; laca/k fuxjkuh ç.kkyh ¼blds laf{kIr uke esljk }kjk tkuk tkrk gS½ tks thou
lwpdkad dh xq.koÙkk ¼vkokl] LokLF;] vk; vkSj f'k{kk tSls ekunaM 'kkfey½ vkSj yksxksa dh t:jrksa
vkSj Hkkoukvksa dks muds esa uLy laca/kksa ds ckjs esa le>us ds fy, ,d /kkj.kk lwpdkad dk mi;ksx
djrk gSA
uLyh; ln~Hkko dks c<+kok nsus vkSj tkrh; vYila[;dksa ds ,dhdj.k dh lqfo/kk ds fy, ^^jsl
fjys'ku ;wfuV (RRU)^^ dh LFkkiuk djds lkaçnkf;drk dk eqdkcyk djus ds gkaxdkax e‚My dk
Hkkjr }kjk vuqdj.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA vkjvkj;w us tkrh; vYila[;dksa dh laL —fr vkSj uLyh;
HksnHkko dh vo/kkj.kk ij Ldwyksa ls ckrphr dhA
A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,
Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 57
Sociology Notes

• lkaçnkf;d ln~Hkko dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, ftEesnkj fudk;] us'kuy QkmaMs'ku Q‚j dE;quy
gkeZuh ¼,u,Qlh,p½ }kjk ,d lfØ; –f"Vdks.k dh vko';drk gSA ,u,Qlh,p lkaçnkf;d
ln~Hkko] ca/kqRo vkSj jk"Vªh; ,drk dks c<+kok nsus ds vykok] lkaçnkf;d] tkfr] tkrh; ;k
vkradoknh fgalk ds f'kdkj cPpksa ds 'kkjhfjd vkSj euksoSKkfud iquokZl ds fy, lgk;rk
çnku djrk gSA
• lkEçnkf;d fgalk dks jksdus ds fy, ,d dkuwu dh vko';drk gSA lkaçnkf;d fgalk
¼ihfM+rksa dh jksdFkke] fu;a=.k vkSj iquokZl½ fo/ks;d] 2005 dks tYn gh vf/kfu;fer fd;k
tkuk pkfg,A
• orZeku vkijkf/kd U;k; ç.kkyh esa lq/kkj dh vko';drk gS] Rofjr lquokbZ vkSj ihfM+rksa dks
i;kZIr eqvkotk] fuokjd ds :i esa dk;Z dj ldrk gSA
• ç'kklu ds fy, lafgrkc) fn'kkfunsZ'k] lkaçnkf;d naxksa ls fuiVus ds fy, iqfyl cy ds
fy, fo'ks"k çf'k{k.k vkSj fo'ks"k tkap vkSj vfHk;kstu ,tsfa l;ksa dh LFkkiuk ls çeq[k
lkaçnkf;d vlarks"k dks de djus esa enn fey ldrh gSA
• 'kkafr] vfgalk] d#.kk] /keZfujis{krk vkSj ekuorkokn ds ewY;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk Ldwyksa vkSj
d‚ystksa esa cPpksa esa ewy ewY;ksa ds :i esa oSKkfud LoHkko ¼,d ekSfyd drZO; ds :i esa
fufgr½ vkSj rdZokn ds ewY;ksa ij /;ku nsus ds lkFk ewY;&mUeq[k f'k{kk ij tksj nsukA
lkaçnkf;d Hkkoukvksa dks jksdus esa fo'ofo|ky; egRoiw.kZ lkfcr gks ldrs gSaA
• ljdkj ,slh ifj;kstukvksa dks pykus ds fy, ukxfjd lekt vkSj xSj ljdkjh laxBuksa dks
çksRlkfgr vkSj leFkZu dj ldrh gS tks lkaçnkf;d tkx:drk iSnk djus] etcwr
lkeqnkf;d laca/k cukus vkSj vxyh ih<+h esa lkaçnkf;d ln~Hkko ds ewY;ksa dks fodflr djus
esa enn djrh gSaA
• jkstxkj] vkokl vkSj nSfud thou esa muds }kjk lkeuk dh tkus okyh pqukSfr;ksa vkSj
HksnHkko ds fofHkUu :iksa dk lek/kku djus ds fy, ç'kklu }kjk vYila[;d dY;k.k
;kstukvksa dks çHkkoh <ax ls 'kq: djus vkSj dk;kZfUor djus dh vko';drk gSA
Hkkjr esa lkaçnkf;d fgalk dh çeq[k ?kVuk,a
• Hkkjr ds foHkktu esa cM+s iSekus ij jäikr vkSj fgalk ns[kh xbZ tks 1949 rd tkjh jghA
• 1961 tcyiqj ds naxksa us ,d fganw vkSj ,d eqfLye ds chp vkfFkZd çfrLi/kkZ ds dkj.k ns'k
dks fgyk dj j[k fn;k Fkk
A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,
Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 58
Sociology Notes

• 1960 ds n'kd esa & fo'ks"k :i ls Hkkjr ds iwohZ fgLls & jkmjdsyk] te'ksniqj vkSj jkaph &
esa 1964] 1965 vkSj 1967 esa dbZ naxs gq,A
• vDVwcj] 1984] bafnjk xka/kh dh gR;k ds ckn fl[k fojks/kh naxs HkM+d mBs] tgka fnYyh] mÙkj
çns'k vkSj Hkkjr ds vU; fgLlksa esa 4000 ls vf/kd fl[k ekjs x,A
• 1985 esa 'kkg ckuks fookn vkSj ckcjh efLtn&jke tUeHkwfe fookn vLlh ds n'kd esa
lkaçnkf;drk dks rst djus ds fy, 'kfä'kkyh midj.k cu x,A
• fnlacj 1992 esa lkaçnkf;d fgalk vius pje ij igqap xbZ tc nf{k.kiaFkh nyksa }kjk ckcjh
efLtn dks /oLr dj fn;k x;k FkkA blds ckn Lora=rk ds ckn ds Hkkjr ds lcls Hkh"k.k
naxs gq, & eqacbZ] lwjr] vgenkckn] dkuiqj] fnYyh vkSj vU; LFkkuksa esaA
• 2002] xqtjkr esa lkaçnkf;d naxs gq, tc xks/kjk esa ,d Vªsu dks tykus ls fgalk gqbZ FkhA
• 21oha lnh esa] mÙkj çns'k us gky ds bfrgkl esa eqt¶Qjuxj dklxat ftys esa fganw vkSj
eqfLye leqnk;ksa ds chp la?k"kZ ds lkFk lcls Hkh"k.k fgalk ns[khA
• e‚c fyafpax Hkkjr esa dkQh çpfyr gS D;ksfa d yxHkx 90 yksx ekjs x, gSaA
• fnYyh naxs 2020
laL—frdj.k^

laL—frdj.k^ dh vo/kkj.kk lcls igys çfl) Hkkjrh; lekt'kkL=h çks- ,e-,u- Jhfuokl us nhA
mUgksua s Hkkjrh; lekt dh ikjaifjd tkfr lajpuk esa lkaL—frd xfr'khyrk dk o.kZu djus ds fy,
viuh iqLrd ^^nf{k.k Hkkjr ds dwxksZa ds chp /keZ vkSj lekt^^ esa laL—frdj.k dh vo/kkj.kk dks
le>k;kA
A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,
Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 59
Sociology Notes

Jhfuokl fy[krs gSa] ^^laL—frdj.k ,d ,slh çfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk ,d fupyh tkfr ;k tutkfr
;k dksbZ vU; lewg vius jhfr&fjoktks]a jhfr&fjoktks]a fopkj/kkjk vkSj thou ds rjhds dks mPp ;k
vf/kd ckj f}t tkfr dh fn'kk esa cny nsrk gSA^^

laL—frdj.k dh vo/kkj.kk ls igys ;g ekuk tkrk Fkk fd tkfr O;oLFkk tUe ij vk/kkfjr ,d
dBksj O;oLFkk gS ftlesa dksbZ ifjorZu laHko ugha gSA bl rF; dh iqf"V lekt'kkL=h etwenkj vkSj
enu us dh gSA mUgksaus dgk fd ^^tkfr ,d can oxZ gS^^A
,e-,u-Jhfuokl us ns[kk fd tkfr ,d yphyh O;oLFkk gS] bl O;oLFkk esa xfr'khyrk laHko gS vkSj
;g vko';d ugha gS fd çR;sd tkfr dh fLFkfr ges'kk ds fy, fuf'pr jgsA
laL—frdj.k ds y{k.k%
• Hkkjrh; lekt esa laL—frdj.k vuqdj.k dh ,d çfØ;k gS] O;fä dh lkekftd fLFkfr
tkfr inkuqØe ds vk/kkj ij r; gksrh gSA dbZ fupyh tkfr;k¡ gSa tks vkfFkZd] /kkfeZd ;k
lkekftd v{kerkvksa ls ihfM+r gSaA blfy, fuEu tkfr ds yksx viuh fLFkfr lq/kkjus ds
fy, mPp tkfr ds yksxksa dh thou 'kSyh dk vuqdj.k djrs gSaA
• laL—frdj.k f}t tkfr;ksa ds çfr lkaL—frd ifjorZu dh ,d çfØ;k gSA laL—frdj.k ,d
,slh çfØ;k gS ftlesa fuEu tkfr;k¡ mPp tkfr;ksa ds lkaL—frd çfrekuksa dks viukrh gSa]
rkfd tkfr ds inkuqØfer Øe esa mudh fLFkfr dks c<+k;k tk ldsA dqN lektksa esa fuEu
tkfr ds yksx u dsoy czkã.kksa ds jhfr&fjoktksa dk ikyu djrs Fks] cfYd {kf=; vkSj oS';
tSlh LFkkuh; :i ls çHkko'kkyh tkfr;ksa ds jhfr&fjoktksa dk Hkh ikyu djrs FksA
• fuEu tkfr dh lkekftd xfr'khyrk esa laL—frdj.k lgk;d gS% bl çfØ;k esa ,d tkfr
dsoy fLFkfr dks cnyus dh dksf'k'k dj jgh gS] lkekftd lajpuk dks ughaA

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 60
Sociology Notes

• vkfnoklh }kjk Hkh laL—frdj.k dh çfØ;k dk ikyu fd;k tkrk gS] laL—frdj.k dh
çfØ;k dsoy fganw lekt ds tkfr ds yksxksa rd gh lhfer ugha gS] ;g vkfnoklh lekt esa
Hkh ikbZ tkrh gSA
• laL—frdj.k dh vo/kkj.kk us vlaL—rhdj.k dks Hkh tUe fn;k gSA vk/kqfud le; esa dqN
mnkgj.k gSa] dqN mPp tkfr;ka fuEu tkfr ds O;ogkj iSVuZ dh udy dj jgh gSa] vkSj
mnkgj.k ds fy, czkã.kksa us ekal vkSj 'kjkc ysuk 'kq: dj fn;k gSA bl çfØ;k dks
vlaL—rhdj.k dgk tkrk gSA
laL—frdj.k ds çHkko%
• lkekftd {ks= esa laL—frdj.k
• vkfFkZd {ks= esa laL—frdj.k
• /kkfeZd {ks= esa laL—frdj.k
• thou 'kSyh esa laL—frdj.k
• lkekftd {ks= esa laL—frdj.k% ifjorZu dh –f"V ls laL—frdj.k dk lkekftd igyw dgha
vf/kd egRoiw.kZ gSA fuEu tkfr ds O;fä;ksa dk >qdko laL—frdj.k dh vksj gksrk gS D;ksfa d bl
rjg os viuh lkekftd fLFkfr dks Åapk dj ldrs gSa vkSj tkfr inkuqØe esa mPp fLFkfr çkIr
dj ldrs gSaA
• vkfFkZd {ks= esa laL—frdj.k% LoPN O;olk; dks viukuk vkfFkZd laL—frdj.k ls lacaf/kr gSA
fuEu tkfr ds yksxksa us viuh vkfFkZd fLFkfr dks Åij mBkus ds fy, vLi`'k; le>s tkus okys
dk;Z djuk NksM+ fn;k gS D;ksafd LoPN O;kikj lkekftd çdk'k dk çrhd gSA
• /kkfeZd {ks= esa laL—frdj.k% /kkfeZd {ks= esa Hkh laL—frdj.k ns[kk tk ldrk gSA czkã.kksa dh
rjg dbZ fupyh tkfr;ksa ds yksx ifo= /kkxk igurs gSa os fu;fer :i ls vius eafnj Hkh tkrs
gSa vkSj vkjrh vkSj Hktu djrs gSaA mUgksaus czkã.kksa dh rjg fuf"k) Hkkstu vkSj vdeZ.; lekjksg
NksM+ fn, gSaA
• thou 'kSyh esa laL—frdj.k% mPp tkfr dh rjg os Hkh vius fy, iôs edku cuokrs gSaA vc os
Åaph tkfr ds lkFk [kkV ij fcuk fdlh Mj ;k f>>d ds cSBrs gSaA os vius ?kjksa dks Hkh lkQ
j[krs gSa vkSj Åaph tkfr;ksa ds diM+s igurs gSaA

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 61
Sociology Notes

laL—frdj.k dh vo/kkj.kk dbZ lhekvksa ls xzLr gS

• laL—frdj.k ,d lhfer vo/kkj.kk gS% vo/kkj.kk lkekftd ifjorZu dh O;k[;k djus ds
fy, i;kZIr O;kid ugha gSA ;g dsoy lkekftd&lkaL—frd xfr'khyrk dh O;k[;k djrk gS
vkSj og Hkh cgqr lhfer rjhds lsA
• ;g ,d çfØ;k gS tks y?kq ijaijk rd gh lhfer gSA
• vkt lÙkk vf/kxzg.k vkSj jktuhfrd Hkkxhnkjh lkaL—frd fLFkfr ls vf/kd egRoiw.kZ gSaA
• laL—frdj.k ls varj&oxhZ; 'k=qrk gks ldrh gSA çHkqRo'kkyh tkfr fuEu tkfr ds lewgksa dks
vius LFkku rd ugha igqapus ns ldrhA
bu lHkh vkykspukvksa ds ctk;] ge laL—frdj.k dh vo/kkj.kk dks iwjh rjg ls [kkfjt ugha dj
ldrs] D;ksafd ;g vo/kkj.kk Hkkjrh; lkekftd O;oLFkk dks le>us vkSj fo'ks"k :i ls fofHkUu
tkfr;ksa ds chp lkekftd&lkaL—frd xfr'khyrk dks O;kid :i ls le>us esa ennxkj jgh gSA
gkyk¡fd] Hkkjrh; laL—fr ds tfVy iSVuZ dks le>kus esa laL—frdj.k dh çfØ;k cgqr ennxkj gSA
vlaL—rhdj.k
;g laL—frdj.k ds foijhr gSA bl vo/kkj.kk esa lekt dh mPp vkSj çeq[k tkfr vius Lo;a ds
jhfr&fjoktksa vkSj jhfr&fjoktksa dks NksM+ nsrh gS vkSj fuEu tutkfr ¼rkefld xq.k½ dh laL —fr
vkSj vuq"Bkuksa dks viukrh gSA tSls ekalkgkjh Hkkstu djuk] 'kjkc dk lsou ¼eSfFkyh vkSj d'ehjh
czkã.k½
vkt mPp mPp tkfr HkkSfrd ykHk ¼vkj{k.k½ çkIr djus ds fy, [kqn dks fiNM+k gqvk fn[kkrh gSA
gfj;k.kk ds tkV vkSj xqtjkr ds ikVhnkj vkj{k.k dh ekax dj jgs gSaA
HkweaMyhdj.k@ oS'ohdj.k

• oS'ohdj.k dk ukjk = ,d i`Foh] ,d jk"Vª] ,d ukxfjdrk

• oS'ohdj.k bfrgkl dk ,d u;k ;qx@dky[kaM gSA
• fo'o dh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa] laL—fr;ksa vkSj vkcknh dh c<+rh vU;ksU;kJ;rk dk o.kZu djus ds
fy, oS'ohdj.k 'kCn dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS]ftldk laca/k oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvks]a çkS|ksfxdh
vkSj fuos'k ds çokg] yksxksa vkSj lwpukvksa ds lhek ikj O;kikj ls gSA
oS'ohdj.k dk fopkj 1947 esa czsVsuoqM~l ¼;w,l,½ esa vk;ksftr lEesyu esa vk;k vkSj rc ls blus
oSf'od vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;ksa dks u;s vk;e fn;s gSA ysfdu] gky ds o"kksZa es]a O;kid lapkj usVodZ ds
dkj.k] nqfu;k NksVh gks xbZ gS vkSj lHkh jk"Vª ,d ^^oSf'od lekt^^ ;k ^^varj&jk"Vªh; lekt^^ dk
xBu djus ds fy, ,d&nwljs ds cgqr djhc vk x, gSaA
oS'ohdj.k ds pkj iSjkehVj gSa%
• ns'kksa ds chp O;kikj ck/kkvksa dks de djds oLrqoks ds eqä çokg dh vuqefr nsuk]
• ns'kksa ds chp iwath ds eqä çokg ds fy, okrkoj.k cukuk]
• çkS|ksfxdh gLrkarj.k esa eqä çokg dh vuqefr nsuk vkSj
A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,
Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 62
Sociology Notes

• nqfu;k ds ns'kksa ds chp Je ds eqä vkokxeu ds fy, okrkoj.k cukukA

oS'ohdj.k ds fy, ,d lqxe ekxZ çkIr djus ds fy, lHkh pkj ?kVd leku :i ls egRoiw.kZ gSaA
eqä çokg ls iwjh nqfu;k dks oSf'od xkao ds :i esa cukuk gS
oS'ohdj.k ds dkj.k
• oSpkfjd Økafr &&& rduhdh Økafr &&& vkS|ksfxd ØkafrA
• 1991 esa lksfo;r la?k dk fo?kVu] f}&/kzqoh; fo'o ,d/kzqoh; fo'o cu x;kA
• iwathoknh fopkj/kkjkA
• lwpuk vkSj rduhdh ØkafrA
• yksdrkaf=d ewY;
• oSf'od lk>s eqík& vkradokn] i;kZoj.k laca/kh eqís vkfn
oS'ohdj.k dk çHkko
oS'ohdj.k ,d cnyrh vkfFkZd vo/kkj.kk gS ysfdu ;g lh/ks lekt] laL—fr] jktuhfr] vkfFkZdh dks
Hkh çHkkfor djrk gS
oS'ohdj.k ds çHkko ds ckjs esa fofo/k –f"Vdks.k
vius ldkjkRed vFkZ es]a oS'ohdj.k us vkfFkZd fodkl] rduhdh Økafr dks c<+kok fn;k]
jk"Vªksa ds chp ijLij fuHkZjrk dks c<+k;k vkSj lekt esa yksdrkaf=d ewY;ksa dh LFkkiuk dhA
ysfdu oS'ohdj.k dk ,d L;kg i{k Hkh gSA ;g uo&mifuos'kokn dk ,d midj.k gS ;g
jk"Vªksa ds chp vkfFkZd vlekurk dk dkj.k curk gS] vehj vkSj xjhc ns'kksa ds chp dh [kkbZ
dks pkSM+k djrk gS] O;kid csjkstxkjh dk dkj.k curk gS vkSj bl çdkj lkekftd fodkl
dks jksdrk gS] jkT;ksa dh laçHkqrk dks çHkkfor djrk gS] fn'kkghu if'pehdj.k dks c<+kok nsrk
gSA
oS'ohdj.k ds dqN nks"k uhps crk, x, gSa%
• oS'ohdj.k uo mifuos'kokn dk midj.k gS
• fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds ?kjsyw ekeyksa esa fons'kh fuos'kdksa }kjk vuko';d gLr{ksi fodkl'khy
ns'kksa dh laçHkqrk] jk"Vªh; ,drk vkSj HkkSxksfyd v[kaMrk ds fy, ,d [krjs ds :i esa mHkjk gSA
• blls mu vehj ns'kksa dks Qk;nk gqvk gS ftUgksua s fodkl'khy ns'kksa dk 'kks"k.k fd;k gSA
• oS'ohdj.k ^czsu&Mªsu^ ;k fodflr ns'kksa esa çfrHkkvksa ds Hkkjh çokl dk dkj.k curk gS tks
fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks uqdlku igq¡pkrk gSA
• oS'ohdj.k ds dkj.k fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa vkfFkZd mUufr vkSj vkS|ksfxd fodkl esa deh vk;h
gS
• varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj us xjhc ns'kksa ds f[kykQ çfrdwy dk;Z fd;k gSA
• dqN ekeyksa es]a oS'ohdj.k çfØ;k ds ek/;e ls fodflr ns'kksa ds çfrdwy çHkko ds dkj.k
lkaL—frd igpku [kks tkrh gS vkSj ^^lkaL—frd vkØe.k^^ gksrk gSA ftlus lkaL—frd la?k"kZ dks
c<+kok fn;kA

oS'ohdj.k ds vk;ke %&

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 63
Sociology Notes

1- rduhdh vk;ke
2- vkfFkZd vk;ke
3- lkekftd vk;ke
4- jktuSfrd vk;ke
vkfFkZd vk;ke %& vkfFkZd vk;ke dk lanHkZ oLrq vkSj iwath ds izokg ls gSA
a. ldkjkRed ifj.kke %&
1- blus ns'kksa dh ijLij fuHkZjrk c<+kbZ gSA
2- oS'ohdj.k us lao`f) dks c<+k;kA lao`f) us izfr O;fDr vk; dks c<+k;kA ftlls yksxksa dk
thou xfjeke; cukA
3- vehj jk"Vª ds fuos'kd xjhc jk"Vª esa fuos'k fd,A blls <k¡pkxr lajpuk] rduhdh fodkl
vkSj jkstxkj dks izksRlkgu fn;kA
b. udkjkRed ifj.kke %&
1- oS'ohdj.k /ku ds ladsUnz.k dks c<+kok nsrk gSA ¼vuq- 396½
2- oS'ohdj.k ds dkj.k Lons'kh daifu;k¡ fiNMrh tk jgh gS blls csjkstxkjh dh leL;k mRiUu
gqbZ gSA
3- oS'ohdj.k us Je ds e'khuhdj.k dks c<+k;k gSA blls jkstxkj foghu lao`f) c<+h gSa bl
ifjfLFkfr us f'kf{kr oxZ esa csjkstxkjh dks c<k;k gSA
lkekftd@laLd`fr vk;ke %& blesa laLd`fr] fopkj] thou'kSyh dk izokg gqvkA
a. ldkjkRed izHkko %&
1- oS'ohdj.k us uohu laLd`fr easa laidZ c<+k;kA blls lkaLd`frd fofo/krk c<+hA
2- oS'ohdj.k us Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dk fons'kksa esa izpkj izlkj fd;kA
3- oS'ohdj.k us lekt esa Lora=rk ds ewY; dks izksRlkgu fn;kA Lora=rk us euq";ksa ds vf/kdkjksa
dks c<+k;kA
b. udkjkRed izHkko %&
1- oS'ohdj.k us vFkZ iq:"kkFkZ dks /keZ iq:"kkFkZ ij gkoh dj fn;k gSA bll euq"; vkfFkZd ekuo
cu x;k gSA
2- oS'ohdj.k lkaLd`frd ,d:irk dks izksRlkgu nsrk gSA
3- oS'ohdj.k lkaLd`frd izHkqRo LFkkfir djrk gSa
4- oS'ohdj.k us miHkksDrk vkSj O;fDrokn tSls u;s ewY;ksa dks LFkkfir fd;k gSA blus lekt dks
detksj fd;k gSA
5- oS'ohdj.k us lekt dh ekSfyd laLFkkvksa ¼ifjokj½ dks izfrdwy :i ls izHkkfor fd;k gSA
blls %& 1- O;fDr ij fu;a=.k detksj gqvk gSA
2- lekt ds detksj oxksZa ds izfr vlqj{kk c<+h gSA tSls & o`) vkSj cPpsA

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 64
Sociology Notes

6- lkekftd ewY; vkSj uSfrdrk dk iru gqvk gSA

7- oS'ohdj.k us lkekftd fopyu dh nj dks c<+k;k gSA tSls & vkRegR;k] rykd] ekufld
ijs'kkuh] MªXl dk lsou c<+ukA
jktuSfrd leL;k %& blesa jkT; dk eqDr izokg gksrk gSA
a. ldkjkRed izHkko %&
1- oS'ohdj.k us fo'o ds ns'kksa ds eè; vr% fuHkZjrk dks c<+k;k gSA bls varjkZ"Vªh; lg;ksx c<+k
gSA ¼vuq- 51½
2- oS'ohdj.k us varjkZ"Vªh; 'kkfUr vkSj lg;ksx dks c<+k;k gSA
3- oS'ohdj.k us 'kklu dks lq'kklu esa :ikarfjr fd;k gSA
4- oS'ohdj.k us oSf'od ukxfjdrk dh vo/kkj.kk dks tUe fn;k vkSj ukxfjdksa dks l'kDr
fd;kA
b. udkjkRed izHkko %&
1- fo'o cSad] IMF tSlh laLFkk,sas uhfr fuekZ.k esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk jgh gS vkSj bu
laLFkkvksa ij fodflr ns'kksa dk fu;a=.k gSA
2- oS'ohdj.k us jkT; dh laizHkqrk dks izfrdwy :i ls izHkkfor fd;k gSA
3- oS'ohdj.k us dY;k.kdkjh jkT; dh vo/kkj.k dks detksj fd;k gSA
izkS|ksfxdh vk;ke %& blesa lwpuk dk izokg gSA
a. ldkjkRed izHkko %&
1- oS'ohdj.k us lwpuk vkSj lapkj Økafr dks izksRlkgu fn;k gS ftlls iwjk fo'o oSf'od xzke
cu x;k gSA
2- oS'ohdj.k us rduhdh fodkl ds dkj.k vkfFkZd Økafr dks tUe fn;kA vkfFkZd Økafr us
mRiknu ds rkSj&rjhdksa dks cnykA blls lao`f) dks c<+kok feykA
3- rduhdh tqM+ko us lkekftd Økafr dks tUe fn;k D;kafs d blus ukxfjdksa dh tk:drk dks
c<+k;kA
4- oS'ohdj.k us jkT; dh {kerkvksa dks c<+k;k gS&
a. lsok iznku djus dh {kerk c<+h gSa ¼bZ &xousZal ½
b. jkT; dks lqjf{kr djus dh {kerk c<+h gSA
¼Fky] ty vkSj ok;q½

b. udkjkREd izHkko %&

1- oS'ohdj.k us rduhdh mifuos'kokn dks c<+k;k gSA
2- oS'ohdj.k us lkbcj vlqj{kk vkSj lkbcj vkradokn dks c<+k;k gSA
3- oS'ohdj.k us fMthVy fMokbM ¼fodflr v/s fodkl'khy ½ dks c<+k;k gSA

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 65
Sociology Notes

4- oS'ohdj.k us i;kZoj.kh; leL;kvksa dks c<+k;k gSA tSls & vkstksu ladV] tyok;q ifjorZu]
tSo fofo/krk ladVA
5- ^^oS'ohdj.k u rks ojnku gS vkSj u gh vfHk'kki gSA*
6- oS'ohdj.k ds izHkko Hkkjr ij ldkjkRed iMsA blds fy, Hkkjr dks&
7- olq/kSo dqVqEcde dh fopkj/kkjk dks izksRlkgu nsuk gksxkA
8- olq/kSo dqVqEcde lk>s fo'o dh ladYiuk lk>h laLd`fr ds lkFk djrk gSA ¼fofo/krk esa
,drk½
9- blds fy, ISA, NAM, G-77 tSls eapksa dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A
10- Hkkjr dks vkarfjd :i ls etcwr djuk gksxkA f'k{kk vkSj tkx:drk nks egÙoiw.kZ midj.k
gSA
11- gesa iapk;rhjkt laLFkkvksa dks l'kDr djuk gksxk ftlls 70% vkcknh tqM+h gqbZ gSA
oS'ohdj.k u rks ojnku@vk'khokZn gS vkSj u gh vfHk'kki
ge oS'ohdj.k ls vyx ugha gks ldrs gesa olq/kSo dqVqEcde ds ewY;ksa dks c<+kok nsuk gksxkA D;ksfa d
olq/kSo dqVqEcde nqfu;k dks viuh i`Fkd igpku ds lkFk ,dtqV djrk gSaA

if'pehdj.k%&

laL—frdj.k dh rjg, if'pehdj.k lkekftd ifjorZu dh ,d egRoiw.kZ çfØ;k gSA 150 o"kksZa ds
fczfV'k 'kklu ds ifj.kkeLo:i Hkkjrh; lkekftd O;oLFkk esa dqN Økafrdkjh vkSj LFkk;h ifjorZu
gq,A vaxzst vius lkFk ubZ rduhd] u;s Kku] u;s fo'okl] u;s ewY; vkSj u;s laLFkku ysdj vk,
ftlls Hkkjrh; lekt esa if'pehdj.k dh izfØ;k 'kq: gqbZ
• M.N. Jhfuokl ds vuqlkj if'pehdj.k dk lanHkZ Hkkjrh; lekt vkSj laLd`fr esa 150 o"kksZa ds
vkSifuos'kd 'kklu ds ifj.kkeLo:i gq, cnykoksa ls gSA

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 66
Sociology Notes

• if'pehdj.k ,d izfØ;k gS tc lekt if'peh laLd`fr] if'peh ewY;] if'peh fopkj/kkjk vkSj
if'peh thou'kSyh dks viukrh gSA
if'pe

laLd`fr] ewY;] fopkj/kkjk] thou'kSyh

if'pehdj.k ds vk;ke

vkarfjd if'pehdj.k ckg; if'pehdj.k

if'peh ewY; if'peh fopkj/kkjk if'peh laLd`fr if'peh

thou'kSyh
• lekurk • yksdrU=
• cksyh
• LorU=rk rkfdZdrk]
oSKkfurk • [kku&iku
• cU/kqrk
• igukok
• mRlo

Ikf'pehdj.k dk jk"Vªh; vkanksyu esa izHkko

• if'pehdj.k us Lora=rk vkSj Lora=rk ds ewY; dk vglkl djk;k & blus jk"Vªh; usrkvksa
dks fey] :lks] oksYVs;j] Lisalj vkSj cdZ vkfn tSls fopkjdksa ds n'kZu ls ifjfpr djk;k
]cqf)thfo;ksa dkss rdZ ds vkStkjksa ls ySl fd;k] mUgksua s vaxzsth] Ýsap] vesfjdh Økafr;ksa ds
dkj.kksa vkSj çHkkoksa dks le>kAftl dkj.k mUgksua s neudkjh fczfV'k jkt ls yM+kbZ yM+hA
• if'pehdj.k us Kku ds }kj [kksys & vk/kqfud f'k{kk us Kku ds }kj [kksysA e/; ;qx ds
iqutkZxj.k vkanksyu ds ckn ;wjksi esa Kku dk fodkl gqvkA blus Hkkjrh; cqf)thfo;ksa ds
ekufld f{kfrt dk foLrkj fd;k FkkA •

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 67
Sociology Notes

• lHkh ds fy, f'k{kk & mUuhloha lnh ds mÙkjk/kZ ds nkSjku] Hkkjr esa fczfV'k ljdkj us tkfr
;k iaFk ds ckotwn Hkkjrh; lekt ds lHkh oxksZa ds fy, f'k{kk ds }kj [kksy fn,A fQj Hkh]
vke turk esa ls cgqr de yksx vkSipkfjd vk/kqfud f'k{kk dk ykHk mBk ldsA
• ml le; çpfyr dqçFkkvksa&vFkkZr vLi`';rk vkSj efgykvksa ds lkFk vekuoh; O;ogkj]
lrh çFkk] cgqfookg] cky fookg vkfn ij çdk'k MkykA
• lekt lq/kkjdksa dk cqjkb;k¡] deZdkaMksa vkSj va/kfo'oklksa ij /;ku vkdf"kZr fd;k mUgksua s ns'k
dh lkekftd] jktuhfrd vkSj vkfFkZd chekfj;ksa ds fy, mik; Hkh crk;sA •
• cqf)thfo;ksa us ,d [kafMr] xjhch ls =Lr] va/kfo'oklh] detksj] mnklhu] fiNM+s vkSj
vareqZ[kh lekt esa ls ,d vk/kqfud] [kqys] cgqy] lkaL—frd :i ls le`)] le`) vkSj
'kfä'kkyh Hkkjr ds fuekZ.k dh ftEesnkjh yhA ç;klksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i] blus lrh çFkk vkSj
nklrk dks lekIr dj fn;kA dU;k Hkzw.k gR;k dh çFkk esa dkQh gn rd deh vkbZ gSA
if'pehdj.k ds ldkjkRd izHkko
1- lkekftd {ks=%& • tkfr vk/kkfjr HksnHkko de gq,A • lkekftd cqjkbZ;ks dks de fd;k gSA
¼lrh izFkk] ckyfookg vkfn½ • lekt esa lekurk vkSj Lora=rk tSls ewY; LFkkfir gq,A
vkSipkfjd ewY; vk/kkfjr f'k{kk O;oLFkk 'kq: gqbZA
2- jktuhfrd {ks=%& • dkuwu dk 'kklu • 'kfä dk i`FFkdj.k • 'kfä dk foHkktu
3- vkfFkZd {ks=%& • vkS|ksfxdj.k • uxjhdj.k • rduhdhdj.k
4- dyk o laLÑfr%& • jkseu vkSj xksfFkd 'kSyh dk fodkl • vk/kqfud fp=dyk dk fodkl
¼iVuk] cktkj fp=du½
5- /kkfeZd {ks=%& • /keZ esa rkfdZdrk • /kkfeZd lq/kkj vkUnksyu
6- if'pehdj.k ds udkjkRed izHkko
• if'pehdj.k us lkaLÑfrd fo[k.Mu] lkaLÑfrd opZLo] lkaLÑfrd la?k"kZ] lkaLÑfrd
mifuos'k vkSj lkaLÑfrd xqykeh dks LFkkfir fd;kA
• if'pehdj.k us O;fDrokn] HkkSfrdokn vkSj miHkksDrkokn dks izksRlkgu fn;kA blls
Hkkjrh; lekt esa lkeqfgd psruk rsth ls de gqbZA
• if'pehdj.k us ekuo dks HkkSfrd cuk fn;k vkSj blus i;kZoj.k fuEuhdj.k ¼tyok;q
ifjorZu] vkstksu fNæ] izn"w k.k½ dks izksRlkfgr fd;kA
• Hkkjr esa futhdj.k] mnkjhdj.k vkSj oS'ohdj.k dks izksRlkgu fd;k ftlls Hkkjr esa
vkfFkZd vlekurk mRiUu gqbZ ftlls lkekftd ln~Hkko de gqvkA de gksrk lkekftd
ln~Hkko dk ifj.kke%& uDlyokn] tkfrokn] lkEiznkf;drk] {ks=okn vkfn gSA
• if'pehdj.k us ifjokj ,oa fookg dks Hkh izfrdqy :i ls izHkkfor

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 68
Sociology Notes

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492