CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION
In development extends the nature and kind of imperfections can fluctuate strikingly, as can
the time when they end up plainly clear or promptly saw (Outlaw, 2011). Building
imperfection jumps out at either the new building or the old ones. Imperfection inside new
structures is perhaps of resistance with Building Code and distributed satisfactory resilience’s
and principles. Then the more established structures, or working out of guarantee period, may
not consent to these gauges but rather should be judged against the standard at the season of
development or renovation. (Corridor 1988). Physical foundation constitutes a high extent of
the nation's speculation. It is subsequently of essential significance that these offices which
incorporate open structures are kept up all together that they can serve both the engineering
and aesthetical capacities for which they are manufactured. The physical appearance of
structures constitutes the premise whereupon the general public makes their underlying
judgment of the nature of administrations to be advertised. Both private structures and in
addition office structures are inclined to abandons because of their perpetual and protracted
utilization. All components of structures decay at a more noteworthy or lesser rate subject to
materials and strategies for development, ecological conditions and the utilization of the
structures (HMSO 1972). As indicated by Seeley 1987, disregard of support has collective
outcomes with quickly expanding crumbling of the texture and completions of a building
joined by destructive consequences for the substance and tenants. Along these lines,
structures are excessively profitable resources, making it impossible to be dismissed thusly.
broken development practice is additionally one of the real reasons for building abandons,
this imperfection to building can be compared to illness that abbreviates human life. They are
imperfections or physical deformation that keeps a building structures from its esteem.
Henceforth deserts if not immediately gone to may additionally fall apart and hinder the value
or utility of a property or a structure, for example, building.

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1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Building deformity is one of the significant segments of building that required consideration.
At the point when a building neglects to execute as it should, we instantly search for answers.
Is the issue being the aftereffect of somebody's inability to collect it legitimately? Is the issue
a demonstration of nature? Was the correct upkeep of the building not executed as it ought to
have been? The appropriate responses regularly rely on various elements: the age of the
influenced constructing segment, the correct way of the issue, the nearness or nonattendance
of human mistake, or some blend of each of the three. The chose contextual investigation (as
saw) is in a condition of unfortunate states of auxiliary deterioration and if remedial measures
are not legitimately completed, it could bring about an aggregate breakdown of the basic
segment. The present building is currently a home for imperfections that ought to have been
maintained a strategic distance from if legitimate achievability anticipating upkeep has been
given insight ideal from the plan and development stages
1.3 Aim & Objectives
1.3.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study is to evaluate and identify the building defects on the selected case
study building
1.3.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ARE TO
1. To identify and analyze the types of building defects that occurred on the selected building
2. To assess the causes and effects of the building defects on the selected building
3. To suggest how to eliminate building defects in the selected building
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Most development imperfections causing crumbling of building segments are avoidable if
legitimate support culture and practice had been developed ideal from the commencement of
the working, in actuality, upkeep of building begins promptly development stops. Be that as it
may, the chose contextual investigation is a regular cases of carelessness of upkeep practice,

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the majority of the imperfections distinguished are avoidable deformities which could have
been stayed away from. Additionally, research can broaden the extension on this zone to help
edify individuals on avoidable deformities.
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study was limited to the selected building at Okete Olemene Idah Kogi state because of
the limited time in covering several other building with same defective symptoms (Building
defects)
1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
As a result of the various building absconds related with building parts, not all the building
imperfections could be recognized as this examination is constrained to building abandons
following up on private building. Despite the above confinements, the review comes about
have not been influenced and in this way are trustworthy, dependable and helpful for any
reasons for assessment and criticisms
1.7 CONCEPTUAL AND THEORETICAL DEFINITION OF TERMS
- Building maintenance: This is the work or activity carried out in order to keep or restore a
building to its initial condition of completion
- Construction Defect: Any problem that reduces the value of a building
- Design: This is the totality of activities that are involved in actualizing the space
requirement in a building and enclosing space
- Defects/Fault: Error in simulating what one wants to build or absence of something
essential to completeness, lack or a deficiency
- Faulty design: Faulty design is a deficiency in design or error in design

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 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 WHAT IS BUILDING DEFECT?
Webster word reference characterizes building absconds as an inadequacy; an insufficiency
intends to be needing, ailing in some quality important for fulfillment. (California jury, 2001)
likewise characterizes building deserts as a disappointment of building or any segment to be
raised in a sensibly workmanlike way or to play out the way planned by the producer or
sensibly expected by the purchaser which roughly makes harm the structure. Extensively,
incorporating deserts fall with two (2) classifications: surrenders that influence the execution
of the structure, and deformities that influence the presence of the structure. From the lawful
point of view, a building imperfection is characterized in fairly extraordinary terms.
Lawfully, a building imperfection is an infringement of the relevant construction law, an
infringement of the standard of care in the group in which the venture is found, or an
infringement of the producer's proposals (Mann, 2007) Defect is the dissention of a part with
a standard or determined trademark. Imperfection is utilized some of the time as an
equivalent word for "disappointment", yet the favored significance is to demonstrate just a
deviation from a few (saw) standard that may, however won't really, result in disappointment
(David, 1997)
2.2 CAUSES OF BUILDING DEFECTS
Building surrenders emerges through improper or poor plan, detail and development and in
addition lacking consideration given to building support. It can certainly be said that no
building is free from deformities, not even another one, close supervision on quality
procedures will diminishes the quantity of imperfections and great review will uncover any
undeniable deformity. A deformity alludes to the unmistakable proof of an undesirable
condition in progress influencing serviceability, basic condition or appearance. Damaged
building development not just adds to the last cost of the item additionally to the cost of
support which can be generous. Deficient development incorporates exercises, for example,

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compaction not done to detail prompting ground subsidence and in the end early crumbling of
each segment of the building, this may prompt finish disappointment of a structure with high
cost of support on the long run. Deserts bringing about off base development can be
maintained a strategic distance from by guaranteeing that appropriate examination
instruments are set up. (Adeyeye, 2009) expressed in this respects most nearby working in
Nigeria experiences avoidable deformities. As per the National Building Agency (1985),
deserts happen either in light of poor plan, or low quality workmanship, or on the grounds
that the building was not built by the outline, or on the grounds that it has been liable to
elements not took into consideration in the plan. These essential drivers may work separately
or in blend and result in imperfections demonstrated by changes in organization of materials;
in the development itself; in the size, shape or weight of materials; or basically in
appearances
2.3 CATEGORY OF BUILDING DEFECTS
The defect can be divided into two categories, which are:
A) STRUCTURAL DEFECT
Basic imperfection implies any deformity in an auxiliary component of a building that is
owing to blemished plan, inadequate or flawed workmanship or deficient material and once
in a while any blend of these. Building structure incorporates earth holding dividers, sections,
bars and level sections. The greater part of the auxiliary issue can be stayed away from by
inferring the correct and detail of the outline and arranging. Auxiliary deformities in a
building can happen after some time because of crumbling, wear and tear, over-burdening,
and poor support. They should be repaired to keep up the building's structure and to keep any
further disappointments. Consistent investigation is the way to securing the "wellbeing" of a
building's structure. Basic deformity that dependably happens are steel consumption, splits,
and redirection.
B) NON-STRUCTURAL DEFECT

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As per Northern Territory Consolidated Regulation, a non-basic deformity in a private
building is depicted as an imperfection in a non-basic component of the working
subsequently of blemished private building work. As per the Engineering Encyclopedia, non-
auxiliary deformity incorporates imperfection in block work, moistness in old structures, and
imperfections in mortar works.
2.4 TYPES OF DEFECT
2.4.1 Erosion of Mortar
Joints Basically, the principle capacity of a mortar joint is to try and out abnormalities of
individual squares, regardless of whether they are of stones or blocks. In the meantime, it
gives some grip between the pieces. Rotted mortar can be expelled persuasively by the
utilization of a mechanical plate or deliberately raked out by utilizing a blade or spike
physically.
2.4.2 Peeling Paint
Peeling paint for the most part happens on building veneers, principally on put dividers,
segments and different regions which are presented to unnecessary rain and suddenness. A
few structures situated close to the ocean may confront a substantially more serious hazard
once the indications of peeling paint are obvious on the outside dividers.

PEELING OF PAINT
2.4.3 Cracking of Walls / Leaning Walls
Aside from conveying loads from rooftops and floors to establishments, outer dividers might
be unsafe to a building on the off chance that they are fundamentally unsound. Splits in
divider, either vertical or corner to corner, are regular indications of basic unsteadiness

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2.4.4 Functions of Foundation in Buildings

There are three main functions of a building foundation:

 1. To sustain and safely transmit the loads from building / structure to the ground in such a
way that it does not impair the stability or cause damage to the building or surrounding
buildings.
2. The construction of foundations must safeguard the building against damage by physical
forces generated in the subsoil.
3. Foundations must resist the chemical compounds present in soil to prevent corrosion to
reinforcement. The properties of soil have the major influence on the design, stability and
sustainability of foundations to make it perform its functions.

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Types of Types of Foundation Failures
1. Foundation failure due to Soil Movement
When water present between soil particles is removed, the soil tend to move closer together.
When water is absorbed by soil, the soil starts to swell. This movement of soil is based on the
type of soil. Large movement is seen with clayey soils than sandy soils. These kind of
movement of soil due to change in water content affects the foundation settlement.
Foundation tends to settle to and excessive settlement of foundation may lead to differential
settlement and damage to the structure. Soil movement can occur due to following:
Presence of vegetation or remains of old cut tree
Presence of mining areas
Shrinkable soils

Remedies for foundation failure due to soil movement:

Use of pile foundations where the soil is shrinkable, so that forces are transferred to the
hard strata or rock.
Taking the foundation levels down to avoid foundation on shrinkable soils.
The vegetation is removed from the construction site and its roots are removed. Any
cavity due to roots of vegetation shall be compacted and filled with concrete.

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Presence of any mining areas needs to be inspected and professional help shall be taken
while construction new buildings in such areas.
2. Foundation failure due Settlement of Soil Fill
If the building is constructed on a newly developed land by soil filling, the foundation
on such soils tend to settle more with time as long time is needed for such soil to settle
and become compact to resist the loads from the building foundation. 
Remedies: It shall be ensured that such soils are adequately compacted before
construction begins on them. The foundation depth shall be increased to the hard strata
or rock below the filled soil or pile foundations shall be used to prevent subsidence of
foundation.
2.4.5 Roof Defects
Other than being one of the principle structures in a building, rooftop may go about as a
climate shield, offering assurance to clients or tenants from rain and sun. Subsequently, it is
critical to treat any maturing rooftop tiles.
A roof has many functions, however the most important of all is to protect the
building beneath from weathering.

In order for a roof to fulfil its function it should meet certain criteria. These criteria
points can be seen below;

 Strength – It must be capable of supporting its own weight as well as any additional
load such as rainwater, snow, plants, debris etc.

 Stability – The roof should be designed so that it is not to be moved or movable or

cause instability throughout the rest of the building.

 Durability – The materials used should be capable of lasting a considerable amount

of time without becoming defective.

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 Weathertightness – This can be considered as one of the most important as the roof
must prevent moisture penetration.

 Thermal Efficiently – This may not be seen as important as the aforementioned

points however, in recent years thermal efficient materials are used to enhance the
function of a roof for completeness.

When discussing roofs we often consider the importance of it and how vital this part
of the building is in comparison to the rest of the other elements of a building. It is
probably considered as the most important element of a building except for perhaps
the foundations. This is because a poorly designed or defective roof inevitably has an
adverse effect upon one or more elements elsewhere in that building.

There are a number of reasons why a roof may be defective; It can occur from the
early stages such as poor design and construction to poor maintenance. Roofs can
also become defective due to other defective elements of a building such as a failing
load bearing wall.

Typical Roof Defects  

Slipped and broken tiles/ Tile Delamination

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This is quite a common issue found in defective roofs. It is usually caused from
weather conditions. Heavy winds and storms can slip tiles out of place or even
damages them. Rainfall can corrode nails that are holding slate tiles in place which
may consequently displace the tile leading to further damages to the timber it is fixed
to or internally. This is usually a quick fix as single slipped/broken tiles can be
replaced.

Blocked Valleys and Gutters

Valleys and gutters can get blocked with leaves and debris. This can cause
overflowing into the eaves of the building or into ceiling cavities. You may notice
that where the blockage has occurred there is likely to be mirrored water damage
internally if left untreated for a considerable amount of time. Again, this is relatively
cheap and quick to fix as you just need to clear the blockage.

Lichen and Moss Growth

Lichen and moss can grow on surfaces of roofs, especially if it is situated in a damp
and shaded position, overhung by trees. If lichen and moss growth is present on roof
coverings then it is a good indication of high levels of moisture. This may in turn
cause or contribute to damp and humidity issues internally as lichen and moss holds
in moisture which works against the function of the roof covering as it is meant to
help water flow freely down the slopes, valleys and into the gutters on a pitched roof.

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Roof Sagging

Excessive weight load on a roof is one of the most common reasons as to why roofs
sag. Every roof is designed to withstand a certain load and if exceeded this may cause
the roof to sag. Properties originally made with slate and clay tiles were able to
withstand the load of the tiles. Sagging in roofs typically occurs when tiles are
replaced by concrete tiles as the previous tiles typically reached the end of their life
expectancy and concrete tiles were quicker and easier to install. However, they were
considerably heavier than slate and clay tiles which caused rafters to bow and in turn
causing sagging. This is a common problem in recent years once concrete tiles were
more predominantly used. A solution to this is to reinforce the roof timbers with
additional purlins and struts.

Flat Roof Pooling

Roof pooling or ponding is quite a common occurrence with flat roofs. It may seem
harmless but over a substantial amount of time this can have adverse effects on
buildings.

Any unevenness in the covering may prevent free flowing drainage which can lead to
ponding. This may cause roofs to sag, increase the likelihood of leaks, provide a
suitable habitat for the growth of moss and deteriorate roof coverings which weaken
much faster in the presence of water. One of the reasons this may also occur is if a
roof pitch is not aligned properly. This means that this needs to be resurfaced once
aligned correctly. Ponding can attract insects and larvae which can also attract birds.

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 This may cause birds to peck away at the roof covering which can cause further
damage to fabric based coverings.

Roofs are an essential part of all buildings and it is important to ensure that it is
maintained properly to increase the longevity of roofs and their coverings. If you feel
that you may have a defective roof or something developing into an issue then feel
free to give one of our surveyors a call and we will be happy to advise.

2.4.6 Dampness
Dampness can be a genuine matter, especially to structures situated close water sources. Does
it break down building structures as well as harms to decorations. The primary driver of
clamminess is water entering a working through various courses. Water infiltration happens
usually through dividers presented to winning wet wind or rain. With the presence of gravity,
water may infiltrate through vessels or splits between mortar joints, and blocks or squares
before working up trap dampness behind hard renders. Water may likewise drive additionally
up the divider to rise at a more elevated amount. Clamminess additionally happens in dividers
because of different components, for example, spilling canals or down funnels, faulty
channels, burst pipes and buildup because of lacking ventilation.

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 CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
To decide an extensive example estimate which must be illustrative of the populace, 10% of
each building segment was chosen; and resultantly, a sum of 25 structures segment (from the
contextual analysis building) were chosen haphazardly to distinguish the building
imperfection influencing each of the segments usefulness. To additionally dispense with
fluctuation and enhanced information quality, constructing that come up short one of the
accompanying criteria were chosen for the contextual analysis: (1) Building that are in basic
or vile conditions or state (2) Building without any deformities records (3) Building with no
upkeep records. On this premise, an aggregate of one building was distinguished in
accordance with the conditions at Okete Olemene Idah Kogi state and basically examined to
recognize the imperfections on every part. A sum of 25 deformities was distinguished in the
building segment (as clarified in table 1.0)
A. CASE STUDY
The contextual investigation building (demonstrated as follows) is a private building arranged
at ikorodu North Local government, an electronic or physical visit to this area will affirm the
despicable condition of this building. The building has been in presence since 1999 (around
18 years prior) with no type of upkeep from the tenant and proprietor as per the information
gathered from living arrangement. In this record, the review is worried with the examination
of a few imperfections that are the aftereffects of basic development exercises in Nigeria and
how such issues might be redressed in ensuing building ventures.
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
The review concentrates on the evaluation of faulty development in Nigerian structures,
taking a contextual investigation of a private building, Okete Olemene Idah Kogi state. The
review found that:
 Defective development is for the most part a consequence of imperfect building materials,
development strategies, poor workmanship, and lacking supervision.

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 Most of it can be credited to poor building materials and poor workmanship.
 The rate of imperfect development can be limited by the utilization of value building
materials and completions, able laborers, and sufficient supervision.
 Proper correspondence is an essential instrument in building development to give
correspondence amongst bosses and development works, appropriate correspondence and
collaboration are additionally vital.
CONCLUSIONS
It ought to be called attention to that; whole structures are subjected to the different types of
deformities, disappointments, weakening and variety. The writing has investigated various
building deformities and its commitment variables which can be related to the significant
subject of this paper. It is huge to evaluate each imperfection and disappointment in all
aspects of building and discover the essential drivers of every individual deformity and
disappointment. At that point, cure them effectively. The commitment variables to these
imperfections and disappointments must be researched strongly. Once the conceivable
reasons for the imperfections and disappointments have been found, it is basic to recognize
how to avoid it later on and lessen the impact to the base.

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