Interaction among animals

   
This chapter describes the interactions that take place between living things, which are animals and plants. Living things that live in the same
habitat interact with each other for their own survival. Stable ecosystems are formed through the interaction between them and with their  
surroundings.
   

4.1  Interaction among animals  

   
Animals interact with each other to obtain basic necessities for survival. These animals are from the same and also different species.  
   

  Definition  
     
 
  Interaction between animals means the relationship between the animals that are interdependent on each other  
    
   

   
  Animals Living in Groups  
     
Advantages Disadvantages
Cooperate to build their nest Disease outbreak caused by viruses is easy to spread to the same species in the group
 
  Cooperate to get food Great competition for foods and mates  
Ensure the safety of the group The weak animal in a big group have difficulty to save itself when attacked by its
members predator

   
 Animals Living in Solitary
     
Advantages Disadvantages

  Do not need to compete to get food, water, shelter and mates Takes a long time to get food    
Do not hunt for food with each other or with other animals Hard to find their mates in a habitat that is in a wide area

   
 Factors of Competition Among Intraspecies Animals and Interspecies Animals
     
Intraspecies Interspecies
1. Foods
1. Foods
  2. Water    
2. Water
3. Shelter
3. Territory
4. Mating

   
Symbiosis is the relationship between two or more animals that live closely together and mutually beneficial to each other  

   
Symbiosis
    
Groups of
Explanation
Symbiosis
Definition: Interaction that gives benefits to two types of animals
Mutualism Examples: Buffalo and mynah, crocodile and bird

Definition: Interaction that benefits one species but the other species does not get any benefit or bad effect  
   
Commensalism Examples: Remora fish and shark, barnacles on the shell of a crab

Definition: Interaction that will cause only one species to benefit from the interaction and cause the other species
Parasitism to suffered
Example: Tick and deer, fleas and cat

4.2  Interaction between plants  

   
Plants also interact to obtain their basic needs to keep alive. Usually small trees will ride on top of larger and taller trees to get water and
sunlight.  

   
Symbiosis among plants is the interactions between different plants in a habitat  

   
Factors of competition among plants are:

Water
Sunlight  
Space
Nutrients

   
 Types of Interaction Among Plants
Commensalism

Bird's nest Bird's nest fern and dove orchid live on other plants to get sunlight to carry out photosynthesis
fern
Dove orchid
 
Parasitism
Plant will latch on to a host plant to get nutrients and water. The host plant will lose food nutrition and it will cause the
Rafflesia
Mistletoe host plant to die
plant

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