Chapter IV: Psychological Theories fli) CHAPTER IV PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES Why do individuals commit crimes? At the same time, why is crime present in our society? The criminal justice system is very concerned with these questions, and criminologists are attempting to answer them. In actuality, the question of why crime is committed is very difficult to answer. However, for centuries, people have been searching for answers (Jacoby, 2004). It is important to recognize that there are many different explanations as to why individuals commit crime (Conklin, 2007). One of the main explanations is based on psychological theories, which focus on the association among intelligence, personality, learning, and criminal behavior. Thus, in any discussion concerning crime causation, one must contemplate psychological theories When examining psychological theories of crime, one must be cognizant of the three major theories. The first is psychodynamic theory, which is centered on the notion that an individual's early childhood experience influences his or her likelihood for committing future crimes. The second is behavioral theory. Behavioral theorists have expanded the work of Gabriel Tarde through behavior modeling and social learning, The third is cognitive theory, the major premise of which suggests that an individual’s perception and how it is manifested (Jacoby, 2004) affect his or her potential to commit crime. In other words, behavioral theory focuses on how an individual's perception of the world influences his or her behavior. Also germane to psychological theories are personality and intelligence. Combined, these five theories or characteristics , psychodynamic, cognitive, behavioral, personality, and ‘Scanned with CamScannerBsr ow can we e ver be 1, PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY backgrounds, and di regulated, vo may be protec In ge imterrelationship of vat Orpsyche as they relate to expec Psychodynamics are of the emotional and 1 Mental states, especially eral, psycho vational forces Scanned with CamScannerThe second m This theory maintains learning experiences, The er or chan} jehaviorists v s. Social learning most relevant and aggression are learned through a process of behav (Bandura, 1977) Aggressive acts are mi primary sources: family interaction, (2) environmental experiences, and ( the mass media. Research on family interaction that children who are aggressive are more likel brought up by parents or caretakers who are aygre violence enab justify oF rat violence dese __ Ihe second source of behavioral problems, environmental reports about a homicide, with sorrow or indifferen: an individual ‘Scanned with CamScannerhere and Cones of CHE al heckling or insults, disparagement, Fil el tone Sep inability to achieve 3, COGNITIVE THEORY perceive and mentally present the world around them (Knepper, F001), Germane to cognitive theory is how individuals solve problems. Two prominent pioneering 19th-century psychologi te Wilhelm Wandt and William James. Two sub es of cognitive theory are worthy of discussion. The first sub dis. __thenoral delopment anc the oes of which understanding reason about the world. ‘The ocessing. Here, researchers jeve information th the process retention, and retrieval k focuses on moral ant joical ime. Examinations of the relationship between personal ften yielded inconsistent results. One of the mo: y used to examine thisrelationshi crime have 0 known theories of pers pigkivemodelof persone into which most pe model suggests that five in personality: (1) New (4) Agreeableness, and ( jenroticism involves emotional stab igh on this domain often demonstrate anger and sadness and have wational ideas, uncontrollable impulses, and anxiety. In contrast, persons who score low on Neuroticism are often described by thers Teeven tempered, calm, and relaxed. ‘he second domain, Extraversion, is characterized by individuals who score high sociability, excitement, and stimulation. I e, and on Extraversion (extraverts) are often very active, tal assertive. Theyalso are more optimistic toward the future. In cont introverts are often characterized by being reserved, independ: and shy (Clark et al., 2007). he third domain is Openness, referring to individuals who have an active ime ‘nner feelings, have a preference for vari curious, Individuals who score high on Openness are xconventional 0 are closed ess often prefer the familiar, behave in conventional viewpoint (Clark et al., 2007). “Agreeableness. This domain is related to iduals who score high on this domain altruistic, softhearted, forgiving, sympathetic, those who are not agreeable are described impatient, and argumentative. ‘Scanned with CamScannerimpulsivity, risk taking, egocer manipulativeness, forcefulness and cold-heartedness, and sh: emotions (Jacoby, 2004). The origin may. ii ation, neurological disorder, and brain abnormal 2008). Interestingly, fan individual suffers from oF inconsistent disci that many chronic offenders are soci trails can predict crime and violence, then the root cause of crime is found in the forces tl Aevlopment atan early stage of ie (Siegal, 208) ine. It is important to nc paths. Thus, if personal could assume that & INTELLIGENCE AND.CRIME Crimi Tink between ae ave Suggested for centuries that there exists? MC and crime (Dabney, 2004), Somme comme _ DNA. To nd brown eyes like t these data and nature is prevalent. Hi criminal behavior? One account for free will. Ma ability to make choices. L low IQ but refrain from com With respect to recognition of the role of socit major influence on their cl ead books ge their chil play music; and engag ‘Scanned with CamScannerand Causes of Crimes friends, relatives, and teachers. Ultimately, the child who 4, (Chapter IV: Pychologi ends or relatives and drops out of school is dest F mes, Research has demonstrated that the more edu | ee ASEAN ECUTIC THEORY has, the higher his or her IQ. Sigmund Freud (6 May 1856 - 23 5. considered to be the founder of ‘The nature-versus-nurture debate will continue. ‘The psy has peaks and valleys. For years, the debate subsides, anq 1). motivate people to act in certain ways. wed by years of scrutiny and a great deal of atten of two major studies that highlighted this debate by Travis Hirschi and Michael Hindelang (1977). ‘ed Conducty talked about because he believed that the mind is responsit skew aha Naked hood of fein both conscious and unconscious decisions based on drives and ina sci ir act accordin| igh steno promene This uns gum ene teepec hem eo sor oe neaeaTia delice is that a child with a low jj to make up a person’ personality. Freud believed people are ly perform poorly in school. In turn, this schoo] failure is folloys, actors in the drama of (their] own minds, pushed by desire, pulled by dropping out. Given the poor school performance, a chi by coincidence. Underneath the surface, our personalities represent the power struggle going on deep within us’ ‘The role of the mind is something that Freud repeatedly inality. Support of this po: important to note that US d with inmates who oniy h ‘At the same time, these sam 8, PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY id that an Proponents of psychodynamic theory sugge: individual’ personalityis controlled by unconscious mental processes are grounded in early childhood. This theory was o by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), the founder of psychoanal Imperative to this theory are the three elements or structures that d individuals wit caught, and be ser ‘the 1Q and crime lish is as the primitive part of a person's present at birth. Freud (1933) believed the id biological drives for food, sex, and other the part of the unconscious that ¢plains why peopleact outin certain ‘with the ego or superego. The id is the ‘Scanned with CamScanneri aheories and Camas of Cres dz owhich hols all ofhumaris most basic ei e, unconscious part of the mi, J. immediate satisfaction. The desire to see! en par teemcaeatiencanscauence, Freud Sere people ae controlled by the id because it makes engage in need-satisfying behavior without any accordance t is impossible for al scsupposed tobe controled by the ego, they offen interact with gx pre ee senha sorig Bea ego is a persons “self” compos fined the das the part ofthe mind “cut off eo takes into account ethical and c of perception of its own. fs es s interior, especial needs, and these change the id and thee verceptual s} “The ego is first and foremost a bodi a surface entity, but is itself the projection of a surface. tofind an anatomical analogy for ‘cortical homunculus’ of the anat the cortex, sticks up its heels, faces backwards and, as its speech-area on the lefi-hand side. The ego is ultimate! from bodily sensai fly from those springing fr surface of the body. It may thus be regarded as a mental projection “of the surface of the body, representing the superficies of the mental peek " For example, when children learn that their wishes cannot d instantaneousl), they often throw a tantrum. Freud gested that the ego compensates for the demands of the ‘an individual’ actions or behaviors to keep him or daries of society. The ego is guided by the reality passage of inexorable pleasure ‘Scanned with CamScannerTheories and Cases C Telieved people would act out with aggression behaviors because the mind woukd have no way of understan ji ht and wrong, The superego is considered , be the “onsciousness” of a persons personality and can overi drives from the id. Freud separates the superego into two categories: the ideal self and the conscious. The conscious con ideals and morals that exist within society that prevent images of how people ought to behave according to societies ide In sum, psychodynamic tei asta al gpl hey onc to past evens that occur es oleal a or miserable childhood, which Ree ss of love and/or nurturing, a criminal offends: verag Most important, research suggest inane with poor or absence of social etiquette lence on others. Research further suggest that individuals with weak. abuse weak egos may be more likely to engage in dig 9. Anxiety and Defense M lechanisms, Sigmund Freud in one’s ud in one body These set vereeet, 2 Set of defense mechanist olds fsorabe s¢ mechanisms occur so one C2! 2 particule singnell “a Yew of themselves, For exam Prsered vi ofthemscies, agg et oes: that wots ‘have somemechanisma ae tated that itis necessary fort ‘defend itself against this unfavorade events this is known as ds mechanisms focused ¢ These three types of anxiety; reality am anxiety. Reality anxiety isthe mo: onthe ego. Itis typi orexample being bi comes from an unconscious fear that will take control of the person, le expressing the ids desires. Moral anxiety comes appears in the form of a fear of violating values appears as feelings like guilt or shame. When anxiety occurs, the minds first response is t rational ways of escaping the situation by solving efforts and a range of defense mechanisms may be ‘These are ways that the ego develops to help de the superego. Defense mechanisms often appear tendto distort or falsify reality. When the dist there isa change in perception which allows for ales resulting in a reduction of tension one experiences S noted a number of ego defenses which were noted work but his daughter, Anna Freud, developed and them, The defense mechanisms are as follows: 1) Denial- believing that what is true is actually false 2) Displacement: taking out impulses on a less threat 3) Intellectualization- avoiding unacceptable emotions on the intellectual aspects 4) Projection- attributing uncomfortable feelings © 5) Rationalization: creating false but believable justifical 6) Reaction Formation: taking the opposite be jef because Ddelief causes anxiety hr ‘Scanned with CamScanneruses of ies prasad Causes toa previous stage of development i nfale thoughts Out of CONSCioys ed thoughts out of our es into soci to Sabimation- redirecting "W708 (TE y acceptable eee nemrmnteanie: Our coPscous conto sche uneonsons wil seone or enone tO protect one’s el Petonccicstampmemney erernatatel) ard normal and without these, neurasis develops ty states, phobias, alsessions, or hysteria. 10. LOW IQ THEORY Once the 1Q-crime correlation is measured, the next task is to explant, WhyIQand crime are negatively correlated? Explanations of the IQ-crime correlation typically take one of three approaches, that-(1) 1Qand crime are spuriously, not causally, correlated; (2) low @ {increases criminal behavior, or (3) criminal behavior decreases A 10 tea Pat angument agains 1Q asa cause of crime criticizes che ta aM eee some minority gro AS a result, the observation that reflects their diverse cultural 1 : ‘backgrounds. These same groups also m crime rk correlation isnot caus But elec ae, cmeated. thus this intelligence ‘efets only culturally biased testing of ae A variation of this a ' disadvantages that increase seinen bok Sea structural Opport ae >pportunities thus lessening individy reduce educational score well on | re n IQ tests. The 1Q-crime and motivation to only because they are both rooted in structural di terms, represents a “spurious” correlat Although these crimeare sii aswhen statistic test-taking moti Ano school teachers and admini perceptions of the stude fewer educational op; labels and constrained opp alienation and resentment that le criminal behavior (Menard and Mors to intelligence, and not any property of n criminal behavior. Unfortunately, few studies have ade this labeling hypothesis A final arg commit crime with equ less able to evade detection detection hypothesis has received some empirical su 1Q scores tend to correlate more strongly with offic crime than self-reported crime. However, most significant correlation between IQ and self-reported noteasily explained by differential police detection (c.g., Moffitt an¢ Silva). frequency, less Tn contrast. to the above spu explanations emphasize 1Q as a explanation, popular during the eat 50 “feebleminded” and “mentally deficien distinguish right from wrong nor resist fecblemindedness hypothesis, however, lost favor long. 360 as it became clear that few criminals are actually mentally deficient and ‘most recognize, though may not follow behavioral norms (Moffitt et al). ‘Scanned with CamScannerocess, which Pt studies overal al hypothe ong correlation between verbal 1Q and crime. academic frustration. This frustration, in turn their attachment and commitment to schooling, and a w. ws for more crimi behavior (Hirsch and Hindelang). This school-perforn hypothesis has received strong support from empirical studie: robably the most widely accepted explanation of the IQ-crime correlation (Mofit). One last approach to 1Q and crime deserves mention even though few criminological studies have examined it. Rather than 1Q increasing criminal behavior, criminal behavior might decrease 1Q Many facets ofa criminal lifestyle can impair cognitive abilities, ting physical injuries, especially head traumas, drug use, and withdrawing from school (Moffitt), en. Stimulant medication therapy a first-line therapy in preschool-aged c! Treatment with stimulants is effe its long term effectiveness is un to develop coping skills which make up tor soi | impairments. ‘The medical literature has described to ADHD since the 19th century, ADHD, its diag: 11. ATTENTION -DEFICIT-HYPERACTIVITY THEORY ‘Scanned with CamScannercontroversies have it! and the media. T of stimulant medica! accept ADHD as a ge! the debate in the s diagnosed and ae isorder (A Frustration-aggression hypothesis, otherwise ki fion-aggression~ aggression proposed by Joh the frust and further developed frust Examples The frustration-aggression hypothesis attempts why people scapegoat, It the cause of violence, The colleagues, says that frustration ca tises aggression, bu! source of the frustration cannot be challenged, the aggres displaced onto an innocent ted at his work, ig, persons efforts to attain a goal. DE 12, FRUSTRATION - AGGRESSION THEORY displacement theory, is a iempls t0 give an explan theory, developed by John Dol target. Th ric are many examples ofthis. fa man is disrespected and hisjob, he may go nee fespond to this for fear of losing family: This theory isalso used to anger and According to Yale Gi 4 ‘le Group, frustration isthe “condition which exists when a goal-respons suffers interference,” while aggresio® to be scapegoats Experimentation Inthe unjustified gr slow down. My girlfriend! 1 do not want to make them experimenter responds, “I ca this room for another pre the experimenter in rot realize I was g okay! ‘Scanned with CamScannerme E ber _-gawerethen given questionnaires on their ley a ys questionnaires about the qual of the res, jon as that these questionnaires would de staff would receive financial aid, oy jn financial awards. T staff whether the research the control group, but more ‘These results support ) aggression. This study and frustrati ats in itself tendencies. [n theory (or (Chapter 1V: Psychological Theor Frustration Aggression Theory ‘The frustration aggression theory state: caused by frustration. When someone is pr their important goal or satisfying one of thei become frustrated. For example, if you definitely become frustrated Bi told you “You are such a your stored frustration w the frustration aggression theory does not provide ex all types of aggression but it rather focuses results from not being able to reach your goals. the ager Here is another example to make the theory suppose that you faced a certain problem in your work and ‘you got very frustrated. Now in such a case you might becoming more aggressive towards other drivers in youare on your way home. In such a case your suppressed frustr aggression as soon as you got subjected to the stress Definition: ‘The frustration-aggression theory argues movements occur when frustration leads to « aggressive behar two forms. First, it can be absolute, which happens ve enough to survive, and second, it can be rel typing up a research paper in your school Peimates. You panicked and stressed that ‘completed the task 10 min ‘overcomes you. You cl ‘Scanned with CamScannera you a mental high five. Ye ving : adele by the print ‘beeps, signaling a malfunc printer, the only ane Eyam. feeling of extreme frusy there ion, frustration does y feel threatened by th, e she comes arouni “outlook. The dog! if he or sh “When people perceive that their frust they are likely to: ‘Scanned with CamScannerspeies a Cason ay Chapter IV: Psychol individuals to overcompensate, resulting hievement or extremely asocial behavior the preferred terminology is “lack of cove ig developed through 2 combination of ge: ‘characteristics and personal experiences. Classical Adlerian psychology makes a distinction between primary and secondary inferiority feelings. +A primary inferiority feeling is said to be child original expé ness, dependency. It can then be inte siblings, romantic partners, and adults. inferiority feeling relates to an adults experience of reach a subconscious, reassuring fictional final goal of subjective security inferiority feelings. The perceived distanc goal would lead to a negative/depressed one to coin serio ADLERY ity which actually causes the secondary feeling is the “catch-22” of this dilemma, where the desperat 0 obtain therapeutic reassurance and delivery feeling of inferiority and worthlessness repea es. plex occurs when the feelings of inferiority through discouragement or failure ng a complex include people whe: ave low socioeconomic en reared .d or did not live o develop an inferiority complex to someone who may be more ‘Scanned with CamScanner‘Theories BCE) spleto make money and survive on the stretw tut consequences, ‘the most important is of course how to outsmart he authorities! and explains how our subject from his day to day Jaw, Excitement is the next on the roads to find an activity that is “out axtivities. ‘These activities could range anywhere from fighting to sexual auventures. Fate is another one on the ich depicts that people telonging to the lower class believe that their lives are controlled bya great spiritual force. Last but not least we have autonom “ihis pertains to our subject being independent, which is actually a mesa pathologic, requirement and usually leads to gang involvement. overwhelms th Inanarticle titled The Delinquent Subculture: An Alternat Formulation states that there are many difficulties associated with reaction formation as stated in the theory. It assumes that the delinquent boy strongly values middle-class status or that the delinquent boy is not oriented to status in the middle-class system (Kitsuse & Dietrick, 1958). So the question that comes to mind is ow t ie quency. Keep in mind that society ay act like adults but not actually be one in their day suse & Dietrick state that itis because of this ing to be an adult that that it is easier for an adolescent from the re restrained to this behavior than working- the ‘socialized earlier so they are more eager ‘Asa result, the delinquent subculture = to the socially structured disjunct nd the means by which itis to be ‘Scanned with CamScanner“Theories and Causes of Crimes problem” are ambiguous and subject to equal interpretations, the working-class boy's ambival middle-class system does not provide the psychologic. which would warrant the introduction of the concep formation, and the reaction-formation thesis raises the» of the independence between the description of aa subculture and the theory which proposes to ex} Dietrick, 1959). Kitsuse and Dietrick also note that C some important points in his Theory. They are as does not present adequate suppor, either in theory his explanation of the delinquent subc / basis of the theory renders ambiguous concerning the relation between the emerge: subculture and its maintenance, and the theory should explanation of the ‘They questioned the Where was it created? ak xed either for the maintenance of (he specified rela is conside necessary tupon in some Um ok called ‘The Delinquent Solu vavid Downes notices a couple Inab tion: A cultural Theory a 4 One of the more impor ay eubeultures both within and outside the do a eaters: there 2 ither posi in enes. When David compared two differ that England hat ‘America and England he notices aaey the working-class was supported, and that bn stthin youths was very Tow. There was a study made bi vee koown for their working class in England. The conclusi hus smdy was that there were adolescents that were part of groups put they did not label themselves as gangs, and alth fad no intent of being violent. This resulted in a findin was no criminal subculture. As David puts it “gven more striking was the nonexistence of a subcultureattributed to London which, when compared to Ame olitan communities, had a different ecological den: ‘of significant concentration of minority-g high employability of adolescents” (Sa n had nothing to do wi th dissociation from middle-class-dominated sch and recreation. > cI upon and extended to include Ce, situational crime prevention, ‘Scanned with CamScanneree and Causes of Crames activity theory. The rational choice perspective ha, id to a wide range of crimes, including robbery, drug use, tn, and white-collar crime. Rational choice theory pur commit crime after determining if the pa punishment is worth the pleasure or reward of the act. This th comes from the Classical and Neoclassical Schools ine The theory is related to earlier drift theory (David ncyand Drift, 1964) where people use the techniques 1» to drift in and out of delinquent behavior, and the Systematic Crime Theory (an aspect of Social Disorganiz, Theory developed by the Chicago School), where Edwin Sutherland proposed that the failure of families and extended {groups expands the realm of relationships no longer controlled by the community, and undermines governmental controls. This leads to persistent “systematic” crime and delinquency. He also believed that such disorganization causes and reinforces the cultural traditions and cultural conflicts that support antisocial activity. ‘The systematic quality of the behavior was a reference to repetitive, patterned or organized offending as opposed to random events. He depicted the law-abiding culture as dominant as and more extensive than alternative criminogenic cultural views and capable of overcoming systematic crime if organized for that purpose. Ii similar vein, Cohen and Felson (1979) developed Routine Activities Theory which focuses on the characteristics of crime rather tha a characteristics of the offender. ‘This 1s one of the main theo: environmental criminalogy as an aspect of Crime Preventi i i a a te to occur three elements must be ¢anavailable and suitable target; + amotivated offender; and Res ® authority igure to prevent the crime from happening. Rational choice theory scientists to under been the domi has become about how ince theory is bas e widely used in ives and constraints One of those is in behavior assumption i And the Tl interested. the assumption According to Nol Jandmark 1968 paper and non-criminal some act because ¢ than the risk associated with “This theory rules out such factors as biological, psychological or environmental factors that might compel someone to commit a crime. Instead, sserts that criminals make a choice to commit a crime after weighing the costs. They also will consider the benefit of not committing the crime, but ultimately determine that the rewards ofthe crime are greater than the benefit of not committing the crime. ‘Scanned with CamScannerSupport for theory Many features of rational choice perspective pasticularly suitable to serve as a criminological “meta teith a broad role in the explanation for a variety of crimi phenomena. Since rational choice can explain many di components; it is broad enough to be applied not oni ut everyday life circumstances. Studies involve offenders | interviewed on motives, methods and target choices Resear! involvesburglars (Walsh, 1980; Maguire 1982; Cromwell etal, 15) bank and commercial robbers (New South Wales Bureau Statistics and Research, 1987; Nugent et al., 1989) and. using violence (Morrison and O’ Donnell, 1996). The rational perspective has provided a framework under which t0 organ, pier so that individual studies produce more gen: . ere aS) This theory does not support the idea that al offence and access to external b are dependent on the indi consequential factors. This t crimes rather than expressive crimes. and weighing the risks planni of an instrumental crime can drinkingand driving, corporate cr the other hand, expressi and lack of rational consequences Expressive ri According to O'Grady (201 Choice Theory include: © Assumes that all individuals have the capacity to make rational decisions + The theory does not explain why the burden of respons isexcused from youngoflendersas opposed toadult offenders + This theory contradicts the Canadian Criminal Just individuals are rational actors because of co abi ~ Examples of individuals who lack a rational mind include ‘those who are Not Criminally Responsible on Account Due Disorder (NCRMD). ‘Scanned with CamScannerng al d that crime is pu, a commonplace nee tement, and that Fie people with choices avaiable — ainstream academic choose are central iven by five gen om, funand power. Sui Choice theory existence. Our behavior choices are needs survival, love and belo: needs include + Food = Clothing + Shelter personal safety secutity and sex, having children And four fundamental psychological needs: + Belonging/connecting/love + Power/significance/competence + Freedom/autonomy + Fan/learning y suggests the existence of a “Quali 5 Glasser’s idea of a “Quality World” restates the Jungian idea of ee but Glasser never acknowledged this. Nonetheless, World» and what Jung would call healt ee “Quality World” images are our role models of an world f parents, relations possessions belie ‘Scanned with CamScannernages (archetypes) of f subconscious pushes us towan, ss ie r real world experience ith on (of choice over the se the latter Chap process focused on helping clients to earn optimizing choices. ‘The Ten Axioms eS 1, The only person whose behavior we can « 2, Alllwe can give another person is in 3, All long-lasting. psychological. pro! problems 4, The problem relationship is always part ‘What happened in the past has everything we are today, but we can only satisfy our basi now and plan to continue satisfying them . We can only satisfy our needs by sat our Quality World. 7. All we do is behaving, “All behavior is Total Behavior and is mad: components: acting, thinking, feeling an chosen, but we only have | our feeling and phys toact and think. Behavior is designated by verbs and named by the {twas fistintroduced by ‘Scanned with CamScannerand published their theories in “Detrquency ang i964, Neutrakzation theory isthe idea that people who ize the orthodox attitudes and values of g dling hem to di between outlaw’ and orthodox behaviog is the mation in and out of delinquency, moving from ortho, dd criminal values, Neutralization techniques allow the persyy “would not express g at caught. wful citizens. Peo figures, clergy nial of Injury: Delinquents try to neutr. by downplaying the when another child got hu behavior to continue, common crime that this is used under is rape girl was dressed too provocativ they feel she had it coming for | Condemnation of Condemners: Many criminals se as a dog eat dog place. Because many judges and policemen are all on the take and many parents shi children or vent their frustrations on those childces these people have no room to point any fingers a “placing blame elsewhere, delinquents can feelings that their actions were wrong 5. Appeal to higher loyalties: Young delinquents often feel the n of who to place their loyalties to. They are often torn sn social groups and abiding the law. The group | mn out because their demandsare immediate. The selves in the arguments. (p 2 fault, it wasn'ta big deal, hey has your day, and my friends needed me, what ‘Scanned with CamScannerTories and Causes of ries view the legal jobs as not worth thi eee pjust for money; but for st fro other iminal Finally, the criminal feels al ‘out at society. This seems 10 be the reason why there i. gangs iar. They have t show how tough they are by rlling anyone who comes into their ‘turf: i o Matza himself even developed his theory he studied juveniles and how they become delin that people change from one extreme to the next that juveniles drift from orthodox and delinquent molds a person personality and is a gradual process also been considered soft determinism, and sees del one picked and other ti ves resolute. When eithe: preparation is present, the will to commit crimes ca Preparation happens when a crime is repeated onc i ‘understands that the crime can happen and is possible. Desperation due to certain crime. Consistency. getting the same treatm Chapter 1V Psy tion Theory. Glen Elder trajectories and transitions that of Drift. By comparing and coi of events based on age) of life) he thought that spe cultural experiences that juveniles. Dick Hebdige wor! by Matzas ideas on sube completely obsessed with a Bi delinquents are torn between jor and that most of their b This theory does have some crede certain situations to explain certain be isone of the best theories to exp! inthe corporate world have the opport crime, whether its fraud, embezzleme neutralize their conventional val that deviant behavior was a result of c norms. Michael Hindelang found no suppo: iy much alearning ‘land's Differential stand measure. it doesnt ‘though the theory explains the drift, it soffemers drift into a criminal life while olhers 1 Finally, lke every other larg theor — | ‘Scanned with CamScannerfae did the first crim! from one study that was performed using, the Ne Henry Mannie from = bess eiaiainn techniques and how t wniles. His samples were girls from the in Ocala and boys from the Dozier School of j, ‘examined techniques of neut same amount of neutralization. However, females scored at white males and femal, and females. . 1 foun; 4 ee by gmongothers. The first a theorists was Howard Becket, w work Outsiders in 1963. A qu criminologists during the mid-1 some people deviant or criminal wo sift the focus of crim power responding to be According to sociologis Herbert Mead, and Kai T. andkeepsstability by definingbound. Iaheling theory to include the functions of deviance, societal reactions to deviance stigmatize the offen George society are a self-ful wrophecy Since the advent of the “p theworkof Cesare Lombrosoii ‘Scanned with CamScanner“Theories and Causes of Crimes from others in the original impulse to first commit a crime interaction accounts for continued acts that develop interest to sociologists. Tannenbaum first introduced the idea of ‘ta conducting his studies with delinquent youth, he negative tag or label often contributed to further delinquent activities. This initial tagging may cause the individua), adopt it as part of their identity. The crux of Tannenby \ is tha the greater the attention placed on this label, the more hi. the person is to identify them as the label Ky ____In 1969 Blumer emphasized the way thai a aires through communication, using language a symbols. of this perspective is the interaction bet. individuals in society, which is the basis for meanings w th society. These theorists suggested that powerful indi ‘crime by labeling some behaviors as inay y ippropriate. Tk ee on the as deviant, reactions of membe a3 efforts); they ms ‘of the label the jual to be labeled as “crim terature, several r pecker defined deviance as a social fe deviance by making the rules ce, and by applying those rules feope and labeling them a5 ou iders”” Becker gi porFour categories: falsely accused, conforming, p\ int Falsely accused represe int behavior but have been perceived as dev thaefore, they would be falsely labeled as deviant. Conforr represents those individuals who have engaged that has been viewed as obedient behavior deviant). Pure deviant represents those indi inrule breaking or deviant behavior thathas been recog; they would be labeled as deviant by society. Secr s those individuals that have engaged in rule breaking or ‘of this theory and its rise to popularity. Also the tend to behave like a gang member the jew of deviance -ads a person to g in Howard Becker's work ans why people's behavior clashes lives in an urban | gang member. member ‘Scanned with CamScanneroo some rescarchersbeleve People flower social st to be labeled deviant. Beginning in the 1950s with the work of people inning down tote present day in the pages plane. the symbolic integrationist appr, focus on the way which negative labels go, process. Ed atus are MOTE like, ly ae an deviance Primary deviance ule-breaking beh that is carried out by people who see themselves and are seen by thers as basically conformist. People break rules in all kinds of circumstancesand forall kinds of reasons, such that Lemert thought -develop any general theories about primary z b d so publicly and so the problems created laving been processed or harassed that label as hem because of the determined or influenced by them. The theory was prominent durin some modified versions of the theory ar Hard Labeling and Soft Labeling labeling, People who illness does not e that people attribute to mental socially constructed illnesses and ps People who believe in soft labeling believe that m s “in fact, exist. Unlike the supporters of hard labeling, soft Delieve that mental illnesses are not socially constructed jective problems. in power decide what acts are crimes, ‘a criminal is what makes him 2 criminal. Once @ y his opportunities, havior. Those who ‘Scanned with CamScannerChapter 1V 9 theore BU Post-Test Multiple Choices Use the separate paper for your answer Analyze careful statements or questions before answering by choosing the best or nearest answer by writing the corresponding letter of your choice ee Theory is the 1 identity and behavior of influenced by the terms used to describe or clas is associated with the concepts of self-ful stereotyping, a. Rational Choice b. Neutralization choice Choice theory d. Labeling theory Ego _theory is the idea that people who violate law learn to neutralize the orthodox attitudes and lowing them to drift between outlaw and y is the belief that individuals ees cing at the opportunities before them, e, looking at the opportuni! a ‘Scanned with CamScannerChapter V. Sociological Theo tp be the founder of ogy which looks coe.° CHAPTER V SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES Gemma wants to know yy her city has a crime problem, why do people commit crimes? ‘There are several different theories about why people com crimes. On one hand, some people believe that cr choice, and criminals weigh the pros and cons of comm Others believe 1 - different from The one thing that both of these approaches h: though, is that they focus on the individual. That san under which a person commi bysociety to commit crimes, The words ked, so you can remember that s at crime as a social problem, not an individual one. nany different sociological theories. For example, city has a crime problem because people are ‘other how to commit crimes, a theory known ‘Or, perhaps the problem is that there is 2 ss warfare is causing the problem, which is sical theories have in common, ‘Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScanner