2022

“HYBRID –E-BICYCLE”

RAJIV GANDHI INSTITUTE OF PETROLEUM

TECHNOLOGY, JAIS AMETHI
BY: SHIVESH SHARMA (20MS1024)
 A

PROJECT REPORT

ON
“

”Hybrid E-Bicycle”
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE

IN

MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

SUBMITTED BY

SHIVESH SHARMA (20MS1024)

UNDER GUIDANCE OF

DR. SAROJ KUMAR MISHRA

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES

RAJIV GANDHI INSTITUTE OF PETROLEUM

TECHNOLOGY JAIS, AMETHI
(A COLLEGE OF NATIONAL IMPORTANCE)

DECEMBER 2021

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 RAJIV GANDHI INSTITUTE OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY

JAIS, AMETHI

DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES

CERTIFICATE

This is certified that the dissertation work entitled “Hybrid E-Bicycle” has been done by
SHIVESH SHARMA (20MS1024) submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of ‘MBA’
under department of management studies from RAJIV GANDHI INSTITUTE OF
PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY, JAIS AMETHI.

This report is based on original study conducted by them and the report has not been formed
based on any other Degree /Diploma/Certificate by this university and any other university.

PROJECT GUIDE HEAD OF DEPARTMENT

DR. SAROJ KUMAR MISHRA DR. JAYA SRIVASTAVA

(Assistant professor) (Associate professor)

Department of management studies Department of management studies

R.G.I.P.T, JAIS AMETHI R.G.I.P.T, JAIS AMETHI

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 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that this report “Hybrid E-Bicycle '' is an original and bonafide work
carried out by us during 2020-2021 under the supervision of associate Professor DR. SAROJ
KUMAR MISHRA at RAJIV GANDHI INSTITUTE OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY,
JAIS AMETHI and we have completed our training with full dedication and devotion.
We have completed our work without using any unfair mean and collected the information from
trusted and legal sources. It was a real learning experience gaining partial knowledge.

SHIVESH SHARMA

(20MS1024) MBA 2ND YEAR

Department of Management Studies

R.G.I.P.T, JAIS AMETHI

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 CHAPTER 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Due to the rapidly dwindling resources of petrol, diesel, and natural gas, the
energy crisis is one of the primary worries in today's globe. In addition,
environmental degradation is an additional component that contributes to
resource depletion, which is a concerning warning. Our research presents a
solution to the challenges mentioned above. The Electric Bike is the system that
we invented. This project provides a variety of benefits for both team members
and the general public, raising awareness of alternative ways of transportation.
The Electric Bike, which is powered by a motor and runs on a battery, is the most
common means of local transportation. Solar panels can be used as an alternate
source by incorporating them into the system.
The Electric bike which will be running on battery, the power issupplied by the
motor, thereby supplying this power to drive the other gear components. The main
purpose of using this E-bike is that it is user friendly, economical and relatively
cheap. The efficiency of this system undeniable compared to conventional modes of
transport. The following table shows the specification of various electric bikes used in
few countries.

1.2Objective of Project
E-bikes use rechargeable batteries to ride at speeds of up to 45 kilometres per hour,
much faster than most people can cycle, getting you to your destination faster and in
better shape. In a nutshell, they provide low-cost, energy-efficient, and emission-free
transportation with physical and health advantage. The E-bike project promotes clean
and energy efficient vehicles, such as electric bicycles and electric scooters
(commonly referred to as "E – bikes"), for delivery of goods and passenger
transportation among private and public bodies in Indian urban areas, such as delivery
companies, public administration, and citizens, as an alternative to "conventionally
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fossil fuelled" vehicles.
The project actions are directed towards E-bike market uptake and promotion of
policies that stimulate the usage of E-bikes in urban transport

1.3 Principle of operation:

A motor is a machine that transforms electrical energy into mechanical energy. The
basis of an electric bike motor is to use an electrified coil (the stator winding) to
generate a rotating magnetic field that acts on the rotor squirrel-cage closed
aluminium frame to make a magneto electric rotating torque. Depending on the power
source, the motor is classified as a DC motor or an AC motor. AC motors make up
the majority of the power system's motors. Asynchronous motor (motor stator
magnetic speed and rotor rotation speed do not maintain synchronous speed) or
synchronous motor (motor stator magnetic speed and rotor rotation speed do not
maintain synchronous speed).
The stator and rotor make up the majority of the motor. The direction of the electric
wire's force motion in a magnetic field is related to the current direction and the
magnetic sense direction (the direction of the magnetic field). The influence of the
magnetic field on the current force, which causes the motor to revolve, is the motor's
working principle. The motor power of electric motorcycles varies, for example, the
general assembly of 12AH battery four blocks of motor power is 350 W, which
relates to the high-speed motor's internal gear. The actual power of a brushless
toothless motor is 250 watts.
2. EXISTING WORK
Here is a basic wiring schematic for an electric scooter, bike, or go kart which
indicates how to hook up all of the components, The speed controllers wiring
directions will precisely indicate which wires to connect to which parts and
components. Wiring an electric scooter, bike, or go kart is as simple as it looks in the
drawing. Its just a matter of wiring a few parts and components together to the speed
controller.
the basic components of hybrid e bicycle like controller, 24V DC motor, padal assist,
gear, high quality LED lamp, 12V 2set battery, battery charger, and the throttle and
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some basic equipments we are used in this project
3. Hardware Requirement:
A traditional bicycle is a two-wheel vehicle that is propelled by the rider who delivers
muscle power through pedals that rotate one of the two wheels. The rider steers the
front wheel to create a force that returns and maintains the vehicle center of gravity
into a stable zone whenever necessary, thus keeping the bicycle upright. An electric
bicycle carries batteries that deliver electric power to a motor that is coupled to either
wheel. In most electric bicycles the rider can chose to use muscle power to deliver all,
part, or none of the propulsion power required to maintain an adopted travel speed.
Some models even sense pedal pressure and command the motor to deliver more
power whenever the rider pedals harder.
A controller for an electric bicycle must deliver power that varies from zero to the
rated peak of the propulsion-motor, at motor speeds corresponding to bicycle speeds
from zero to 48 km per hour (30 mph). With DC propulsion motors, power can be
controlled with pulse- width modulated (PWM) transistors. AC motors need variable
frequency.
The following defines the requirements of an electric bicycle:
 The complete bicycle must have the lowest practical mass. All mass must be
hauled over hills with energy supplied by the battery. Lower mass gives more
range between recharging of the battery.
 Bicycle stability is another important requirement. Total mass need not affect
stability, but the placement of mass is important.

2.1 Advantages:
 This allows for much faster movement in congested downtown areas.

 Electric bicycles also allow the rider to pedal and get exercise in time they
normally spend commuting.
 No fuel required.
 Health benefits.
 Pollution free ride.
 Less parking space required .
 No age limit to ride the e bike.
 Normal pedalling is possible when not on power assist mode.
 No noise - no vibration - no smog - no smog checks.

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  No maintenance so coat is zero.
2.2 Disadvantages:
 E-bikes are overall pricey;

 Battery has a rather short lifespan;

 Battery charge time is long;

 Riding range remains low;

 E-bikes are considerably heavier;

 Maintenance and repairs are costly;

 E-bikes tend to have low resale value;

2.3 Application:
 Short city rides
 In cycle parks.
 Daily life uses.
 It is use full for school and collage students for daily purpose.

3. Market
Since the beginning China has been dominating the global market for electric
bicycles, with an estimated 85 percent of all the electric bicycles in the world being
sold in China. This is due to several reasons: the government made the developing in
this area an official technology goal in 1991 and more recently, a large number of
cities have legally banned petrol engine mopeds and scooters. Starting in the year
2000, the Chinese market began to grew up at an exponential rate, from about
300,000 sells in 2000 to an astonishing 30 million units sold in 2012. Evolution of the
chinese market In Europe and North America the market only emerged afterwards,
despite the delay, the market is growing very fast and is now a multi-million dollar
industry, specially in the northern countries of Europe, like the Netherlands, United
Kingdom, Germany or Belgium where there are long cycling traditions. It is
estimated that in 2014 83.2% of all the imported e-bikes in the EU were imported
from China. Another important factor which made the e-bike market grow so much
were the high gas prices in most of European countries. This merged with a growing
aware of environment concerns made people start to look for less polluting means of
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transportation and cheaper alternatives than cars or motorbikes. One of the main
drawbacks that slowed the market growth were the costs, which are relatively high
compared to a common bicycle.
According to Navigant Research, global annual sales of e-bicycles are expected to
grow from nearly 32 million in 2014 to over 40 million in 2023 under a base
scenario[21]. Innovative trends have contributed to the market growth and will
continue to. E-cargo bicycles have started to be used as mean of transportation for
several industries, post-mails, police patrolling, security companies and several
others. Hybrid designs and retrofit kits are starting to appear, making the e-bike
market even more attractive and as the time goes by more and more designs, with
different features are surging, making EPAC’s very useful and with lots of practical
applications, not only in private transportation.
4. Bicycle components nomenclature

5. Electrically assisted bicycle components

5.1 Motor
here are several ways to electrically propel a bicycle, the considered ones in this work
and more commonly used are mid-drive motors, hub motors and friction drive
motors. In this section we will be considering both the advantages and disadvantages
of these types of motors in order to be able to choose the most suitable option for the
needs that the bicycle will be subjected to.
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Friction drive motors are mainly characterized by its simplicity, both of the motor
itself as the mounting process required to assemble the motor. Despite its simplicity
and compactness it is the type of motor that is less used from the three considered, as
it presents considerable disadvantages among the others. The motor transmits its
power to the bicycle using a roller that spins, this roller is pressed against the bicycle
own tire making it spin.
Mid-drive motors, also referred as crank motors, are mounted in the crank shaft.
Mid-drive motors are known for their high performance and torque rates, one of the
key reasons and key advantages of this type of motor is that it drives the crank, and
not the wheels, which lets it take advantage of the bicycle own gears, multiplying its
power. Another advantage resulting from the use of this type of motor is his location
in the bike and his effect on the mass center.
Hub motors were the first type of drive system for bicycles to be patented this design
has evolved and enhanced since then. They can be found on either front, back, or both
wheels of a bike. There are two types of hub motors, geared and gearless motors, both
can operate independently of the rider pedaling. It’s a type of motor better suited to
operate in medium/high speeds and in even grounds, as they struggle to overcome
steep hills
5.2 Frame
The frame is the main component of a bicycle, it’s the component that connects all
the other bicycle parts and where these are fitted in. It has extreme influence in the
bicycle performance, safety and nearly all aspects of the bicycle. Particularly in a
foldable bicycle, it has a massive effect on the bicycle as a whole, once it is the frame
that makes the bicycle foldable. The most important features in a bicycle frame are
the weight, strength, stiffness and in this work specifically the ability to fold into a
compact shape. Bicycle frames can be made out of several materials, the most
common are: carbon steel, chromoly steel, aluminum, titanium and carbon fiber. Steel
is the most common to be seen in bicycles, it has been used for a long time and is also
the cheapest from the referred above. It is a strong and long lasting material. It is
known to be easy to work with, in comparison with the other materials, and the tools
needed to work with it are also cheaper (welding gases, welding machines, etc). One
of the major disadvantages is his high density, making it the heaviest of the materials
considered. Aluminum has a lower density and lower strength compared to steel
alloys, however, it has a higher strength-to-weight ratio, meaning it can build a lighter
frame. Despite being more expensive than steel alloys, it is getting cheaper and very
widely used on today’s bicycles. It’s a light, strong, durable and stiff material, making
it one of the best choices for this type of application.
5.3 Wheels
Wheel is a very important component in a bicycle and it’s size must be selected
wisely. For a foldable bicycle, one of the main goals is to minimize the volume that it
occupies and the weight, so at the first sight the smart choice would be to use small
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wheels but, these show several disadvantages in comparison with wheels with bigger
diameters. Small wheels limit the mobility of the bicycle, and mobility itself is one of
the major advantages of using a bicycle as a mean of transportation, specially in an
urban environment as this is intended to serve. Small wheels can represent a problem
to overcome simple obstacles as sidewalks or small steps. Even a small hole or stone
in the pavement can be enough to unbalance the rider and create a dangerous
situation, either for the rider or for the surrounding people. o define a bicycle wheel
are required two measures, one that states the diameter of the wheel and another to
define the width. The diameter is the dimension that stands out more and that has
more influence in the bicycle. The standard sizes are stated in inches and there are
several different sizes available: 8,10,12,16,20,24,26,28,29,32 and some intermediate
sizes, usually from old or very specific bicycle designs. The smaller sizes have little
applications, mostly being used only in child bicycles or wheel chairs. The 16” and
20” sizes are usually used in foldable bicycles, BMX or juvenile and light weight
riders. The sizes 24” up to 29” are the are the ones with more applications in the
market, being used in most of mountain and road bicycles. 32” or even 36” sizes are
rather unusual and can be seen 22 in unicycles or some novelty bicycles.
5.4 Gears
The gears in a bicycle are what determines and allows you to change the relation
between the cadence on which the rider pedals and the cadence of the driving wheel.
This allows the rider to properly choose the gear ratio for efficiency and comfort in
accordance with the circumstances. Gear systems have different gear ratio ranges and
features, they must be chosen taking into account the main purpose for the bicycle.
There are four main types of gearing mechanisms for bicycles: fixed gear, single-
speed, multi-speed and internal gears. Fixed and single-speed are pretty similar, both
just allow one fixed gear ratio. Fixed gear was the first gear system to be used in
bicycles and is characterized by having the pedals directly connected to the chainring.
If the wheel is spinning so do the pedals, which allow you to brake counteracting the
pedals movement. The difference between fixed and single-speed gears is that single
speed has a free wheel system, which allows to cruise, without the need to pedal.
These two gear systems are still in use in modern days, essentially because of the
mechanical simplicity and low weight.
5.5 Batteries
The battery is the heart of any electrical bicycle. The motor is useless without all the
energy that is stored in the battery. It is one of the hardest components to come by and
often the most expensive. Being a crucial component in any electrical bicycle, its
choice must be made taking into account the purpose that the bicycle is designed for,
as well as the range we’re aiming for. Of course, it also has to be in compliance with
the other components of the bicycle, as the controller, the motor and all the electrical
components that make up the bicycle. The three most common types, and most used
in electrical bicycles are lithium, nickel and lead acid batteries, each one with several
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advantages and disadvantages. Like the others referred, li-ion batteries are
rechargeable, the lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive
electrode during discharge and back when charging. They are used in most of the
laptop batteries, cellphones, electrical vehicles like Tesla’s Model S and several other
applications. They can be found in different sizes and shapes, all commonly referred
as li-ion batteries, a nomenclature that represents a whole class of batteries.
6. comparison and analysis of the existing models of e bicycle

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 Conclusion
This dissertation examines the implementation of the "Hybrid E-Bicycle," concluding
that it is possible to create a pollution-free vehicle that works on an electric motor,
consumes little energy, and requires little maintenance.
The level of enthusiasm generated among bikers and partner organisations
demonstrates that the Hybrid Electric Bicycle Project was a huge success.
Furthermore, the constant media attention garnered during the evaluation process
demonstrated the public's enthusiasm for this novel means of transportation.
The study and its conclusions are widely applicable because the e-bikes were tested in
real-world scenarios by people of all ages in different places.
This project highlights the hybrid e-bicycle it is the replacement of conventional fuel
vehicle and helps environment to CO2 free (emission free) .it gives maximum
efficiency also have 0 maintenance.

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[3] E.A. Lomonova, A.J.A. Vandenput, J. Rubacek, B. d’Herripon, and G. Roovers,
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