KARTILLA OF THE 3.

Engrave on the heart the conviction

that to die for the liberation of the
KATIPUNAN country from enslavement is the
highest honor and fortune.
WHO IS ANDRES BONIFACIO?
4. In any endeavor, the realization of good
Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro was a Filipino aspirations depends on calmness,
revolutionary leader, often called “The Father of perseverance, reason, and hope.
the Philippine Revolution” and considered one of 5. Guard the instructions and plans of the
the national heroes of the Philippines. K.K.K. as you would guard your own
honor.
The Katipunan (abbreviated to KKK) was a
6. Anyone who falls into danger whilst
Philippine revolutionary society founded by anti-
carrying out their duties should be
Spanish Filipinos in Manila in 1892, whose
supported by all and rescued even at
primary aim was to gain independence from
the cost of life and riches.
Spain through revolution. Initially, the
7. Let each of us strive in the performance
Katipunan was a secret organization until its
of our duty to set a good example for
discovery in 1896 that led to the outbreak of the
others to follow.
Philippine Revolution.
8. Share whatever you can with whoever
WHAT IS KARTILLA? is needy.
9. Diligence in earning a livelihood is a true
 Kartilla is a word adopted from the expression of love and affection for self,
Spanish cartilla, which at the time spouse, children, and brothers or
meant a primer for grade school compatriots.
students. 10. Believe absolutely that scoundrels and
 The Kartilla is a small pamphlet traitors will be punished, and good
consisted of thirteen “teachings” which deeds will be rewarded. Believe,
the members of the society were likewise, that the aims of the K. K. K. are
expected to follow. blessed by the Creator, for the will of
WHO IS EMILIO JACINTO? the people is also His will.

Emilio Jacinto y Dizon was a Filipino General ASSOCIATION OF THE SONS OF THE PEOPLE TO
during the Philippine Revolution. He was one of THOSE WHO WANT TO JOIN THIS
the highest-ranking officers in the Philippine ASSOCIATION
Revolution and was one of the highest-ranking In order that all who want to enter this
officers of the revolutionary society, Katipunan. Association may have a full understanding and
K.K.K. knowledge of its guiding principles and main
Duties of the Sons of the People teachings, it is necessary to make these things
known to them so that they will not, tomorrow
1. Believe with a fervent heart in the or the next day, repent, and so that they may
Creator. perform their duties wholeheartedly.
2. Reflect always that a sincere faith in
Him involves love of one’s native land, This Association pursues a most worthy and
because this shows true love for one’s momentous object: to unite the hearts and
fellows. minds of all the Tagalogs (*) by means of an
inviolable oath, in order that this union may be
strong enough to tear aside the thick veil that encounter weighty tasks, like the protection of
obscures thought, and to find the true path of the oppressed and the relentless fight against
Reason and Enlightenment. all that is evil. In this way, his fate will be a
vexatious life.
(*The word Tagalog means all those born in this
Archipelago; even a person who is a Visayan, Nobody is unaware of the misfortune that
Ilocano, or Kapampangan, etc. is therefore a threatens the Filipinos who contemplate these
Tagalog too.) One of the foremost rules here is things that are sacred (and even those that are
true love of the native land and genuine not) and the sufferings they are made to endure
compassion for one another. by the reign of cruelty, injustice and evil.

Poor, rich, ignorant, wise–here, all are equal Everybody also knows the need for money,
and true brethren. which today is one of the main things upon
which we depend to bring sustenance to all. In
As soon as anybody enters here, he shall
this regard, the punctual payment of dues is
perforce renounce disorderly habits and shall
required: one peso upon entry and then twelve
submit to the authority of the sacred
and a half centimos each month. The custodian
commands of the Katipunan.
of the funds will
All acts contrary to noble and clean living are
Periodically render an account to the members,
repugnant here, and hence the life of anyone
and each member has a right to examine the
who wants to affiliate with this association will
accounts, should he so wish. The funds cannot
be submitted to a searching investigation.
be expended without the consent of the
If the applicant merely wishes to know the majority.
secrets of the Association, or to seek personal
All this must be thought over and deliberated
gratification, or to know who is here to sell
upon calmly, as it cannot be accomplished or
them for a handful of silver, he cannot proceed,
endured by anyone who has no love for his
for here the many who are watching him will
native land and no genuine desire to promote
already know his intentions, and will
Progress.
immediately have recourse to an effective
remedy, such as befits traitors. TEACHINGS OF THE KATIPUNAN OF THE SON
OF THE PEOPLE
Here, only actions are demanded and
esteemed; hence anybody who is not willing to A life that is not dedicated to a great and sacred
act should not enter, no matter how good a cause is like a tree without a shade, or a
speaker he might be. poisonous weed.

Here’s also announced that the duties to be A good deed lacks virtue if it springs from a
performed by the members of this association desire for personal profit and not from a sincere
are exceedingly hard, especially if one desire to do good.
remembers that there can be no dereliction or
Ruee charity resides in acts of compassion, in
willful evasion of duty without the exaction of a
love for one’s fellow men, and in making true
terrible punishment.
Reason the measure of every move, deed and
If an applicant merely desires financial support word.
relief or wants to lead a life of bodily comfort
and ease, he had better not proceed, for he will
Be their skin dark or pale, all men are equal. When these doctrines have spread and the
One can be superior to another in knowledge, brilliant sun of beloved liberty shines on these
wealth, and beauty… but not in being. poor Islands, and sheds its sweet light upon a
united race, a people in everlasting happiness,
A person with a noble character values honor
then the lives lost, the struggle and the
above self-interest, while a person with an
suffering will have been more than
ignoble character values self-interest above
recompensed.
honor.
If the applicant understands all this, and
An honorable man’s word is his bond.
believes he will be able to fulfil these duties, he
Don’t waste time; lost wealth may be should put his request in writing, as follows:
recovered, but time lost is lost forever.

Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor.

An intelligent man is he who takes care in

everything he says and keeps quiet about what
must be kept secret.

Along the thorny path of life, the man leads the

way, and his wife and children follow. If the
leader goes the way of perdition, then so do
those who are led.

Do not regard a woman as a mere plaything, but

as a helpmate and partner in the hardships of
this existence.

Have due regard to her weakness and

remember the mother who brought you into
this world and nurtured you in your infancy.

What you would not want done to your wife,

daughter, and sister, do not do to the wife,
daughter, and sister of another.

A man’s worth does not come from him being a

king, or in the height of his nose and the
whiteness of his face, or in him being a priest, a
REPRESENTATIVE OF GOD, or in his exalted
position on the face of this earth. Pure and truly
noble is he who, though born in the forest and
able to speak only his own tongue, behaves
decently, is true to his word, has dignity and
honor, who is not an oppressor and does not
abet oppressors, who knows how to cherish and
look after the land of his birth.
 RECRUITMENT PROCESS OF THE KATIPUNAN INITIATION

Triangle Method - A system of enlistment  New recruits underwent the initiation

wherein a recruiter would ask only two rite three at a time so that no member
members to join. knew more than two other members of
the society. They would be brought to a
dark room with black curtains. An
admonition was posted at the entrance
to the room:

 “If you have strength and valor, you can

proceed. If what has brought you here
is only curiosity, retire. If you cannot
control your passions, retire. Never
shall the doors of the Supreme and
Venerable Society of the Sons of the
People be opened to you.”

Act of the Declaration

Two-Tier Sanggunian Structure - It was decided
during October 1892 that the members would of Philippine
be allowed to recruit as many people as they Independence
can.
AMBROSIO RIANZARES BAUTISTA

 Also known as “Don Bosyong", was a

lawyer, war counsellor and special
delegate designate.
 He wrote and read the Declaration of
Philippine Independence in Spanish
 December 7, 1830 - December 4, 1903,
Biñan, Laguna, Camptaincy General of
the Philippines

THE PROCLAMATION OF PHILIPPINE

INDEPENDENCE

June 12, 1986 - Declaration of the Philippine

Independence in Cavite-Viejo, Province of Cavite

Blood Compact - The recruit was asked to make  The end of 333 years of Spanish colonial
a small cut on his left forearm with a sharp rule
knife, then sign the Katipunan oath in his own  Filipino Revolutionary Forces witnessed
blood. and proclaimed the sovereignty and
Independence of Philippines from the
Spanish Colonial Rule.
DURING THE SPANISH COLONIAL RULE IN THE  March 22, 1869 – February 6, 1964
PHILIPPINES  A Filipino revolutionary, statesman, and
military leader, who fought first against
 Abuse of civil guards
Spain and later against the United
 Unlawful shooting of prisoners
States for the independence of the
 Unequal protection
Philippines.
 Avarice and greed of Clergy
 Who is officially recognized as the
 Unjust deportation
country's first and youngest President
 Decision without proper hearing
 Emilio Aguinaldo established a Dictorial
THE PROCLAMATION OF PHILIPPINE Government and installed himself as
INDEPENDENCE the Dictator

 Brief history overview of the Spanish May 01, 1898 - the United States defeated the
occupation since Ferdinand Magellan's Spanish in the Battle of Manila Bay, during the
arrival in Visayas Spanish-American war.
 August 1896 - Philippine Revolution
The declaration was not recognized by the
 Biak-na-Bato
United Nation nor Spain and later Spanish
 The spread of revolutionary
Government ceded the Philippines to the United
movement like a wild fire
States in 1898 after the payment of $ 20 million
through the different towns and
by the latter to the former by virtue of the
provinces like Bataan,
Treaty of Paris signed on December 10, 1898.
Pampanga, Batangas, Bulacan,
Laguna, and Morong. THE PROCLAMATION OF INDEPENDENCE
 Revolt also reach the Visayas.
o Independence was proclaimed on June
THE PROCLAMATION OF PHILIPPINE 12, 1898, between 4 and 5 in the
INDEPENDENCE afternoon in Kawit, Cavite.
o The event saw the unfurling of the
 The document also mentions the
National flag of the Philippines, made
execution of Dr. Jose Rizal calling it
by Marcela Agoncillo, Lorenza Agoncillo,
unjust.
and Delfina Herboza.
 Friars insatiable desire for
vengeance against and MEANING OF THE PHILIPPINE FLAG
extermination of all who
White Triangle - Signifying the distinctive
oppose their Machiavellian
emblem of the Katipunan
ends, trampling upon the Penal
Code of these Islands. Three Stars - 3 principal Island of archipelago
 Cavite Mutinity of January 21, 1897 Luzon, Mindanao, and Panay where the
 Infamous execution of Doctor revolutionary movement started
Jose Burgos, Don Mariano
Gomez, and Don Jacinto Sun - Representing the gigantic step made by
Zamora son of country along the path of progress and
 Dictatorship of Emilio Aguinaldo Civilization.

EMILIO AGUINALDO
8 Rays - Manila, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga,  Philippine Cartoon is a compilation of
Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Laguna, and Bantangas - 337 editorial cartoons and caricature
which declares themselves in a state of war. made by various Filipino artists that
tackles the situations during the
Blue, Red and White - Commemorating the flag
American occupation in the Philippine.
of United States.
 Philippine political cartoons gained full
 The Marcha Filipina Magdalo now expression throughout the American
known as Lupang Hinirang which was Era.
composed by Julian Felipe was played  Alfred McCoy's profound research in
by the San Francisco de Malabon band. the Philippines and American archives
 This declaration was signed by ninety - provides a comprehensive background
eight persons and this signified that the both to the cartoons and turbulent
Filipinos "are and have the right to be period.
free and independent".  Alfredo Rosces who designed the book,
 The historic event was declared as contributed an essay on Philippine
national holiday graphic satire of the period.
 1964 - President Diosdado Macapagal
THEME
signed into law Republic Act No. 4166
designating June 12 as the country's 1. The condemnation of the ruling class
Independence Day 2. American Sentimenta
 The act of the Declaration of
Independence was prepared, written, CONTENT AND PRESENTATION ANALYSIS
and read by Ambrosio Rianzares  The presentation of the cartoons varies
Bautista in Spanish. from racial to conservative, and wordy
 The readings on the Act of the to express the cartoonist views.
Declaration of Philippines  Language used are English and Spanish.
Independence translated in English by  The victims (e.g Juan de la Cruz) was
Sulpicio Guevara from the Centennial presented in a bad and pathetic manner
Publication. to convey sympathy from the readers.
 Those with good characters were
POLITICAL shown in a normal feature, while those
CARICATURES OF THE with bad character were exaggerated
into a bit fierce and funny feature.
AMERICAN ERA
POLITICAL CARICATURES OF THE AMERICAN
ALFRED MC COY
ERA (VISUALS)
 June 8, 1945, in Massachusetts, USA
IS THE POLICE FORCE BRIBE?
 American
 A Professor of History at the University  Depicts the first of manila's periodic
of Wisconsin where he also served as police scandals during the American
Director of Center for Southeast Asian era.
Studies.  Pedro Chua wrote the Philippine Free
Press in 1917.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
 Fernando Amorsolo gives the
 illustration his usual racist edge. the legislators to gain more power and
dignity in the society.
NEW BIRD OF PREY
DEATH CARE
 The caption is an allusion to the most
famous libel case in the History of  Was a commentary on the prevalence
Philippine Journalism. of illegal taxis called colorums.
 Illustrating the fate of a local newspaper  As the number of colorums increased,
publication after publishing an editorial the fatal accidents arise.
attacking the high-ranking official in the  Manila's narrow streets increased in
Philippine Commission. number, and police are having weaker
 Housing became scarce and rents control of the traffic.
escalated.

WHILE THE PRIEST LIVES ALONE IN A BIG

 Depicts how Manila sinks into a miasma
BUILDING
of corruption, vice, and
 Invoke the government to confiscate mismanagement.
the large priest's residence attached to  Political thuggery escalates as members
Santa Cruz parish church. of the Council running for reelection
 The people should not be sharing the mobilize the city's gangsters to compel
painful congestion of Plaza Goiti and votes.
Plaza Santa Cruz while a single priest  The police should be in submission to
sits midst a sprawling residence. the elected officials.
 The editorial pointed out the gangsters
WHERE THE MOSQUITO IS KING
and terrorist carry strong political
 Demonstrating the spread of malarial influence than an honest man.
mosquito breeding in Manila.
WHAT'S GOING TO BE DONE ABOUT IT?
 The Board of Health brought the
malaria, smallpox, cholera, and plague  In 1919-20, the PNB (Philippine National
under control through an arbitrary Bank) collapse from mismanagement, it
application of public health. was forced to tighten up its operational
regulations. credits.
 The Board of Health had been turned  As a result, the sugar planters of Negros
over to Filipino civil servants, as the protested.
quality of mosquito control dangerously  Due to financial stringency, banks
slipped. turned a deaf ear in all appeals.

LIBERTY, EQUALITY, FRATERNITY THE RETURNING STUDENT

 The Philippine Assembly passed a law  Illustrating an annual ritual march of a

authorizing all legislators, active or student returning to his hometown
retired to bear firearms. village.
 The oppositions and protest of people  The Free Press pointed out that this
were ignored by the legislators. type of ritual march should be enjoyed
 In February 1921, the Free Press have by the returning students, nor should
made a certain that this law will make
 people blame them for feeling that hiring policies of the Taft era (1900- 12)
moment. and began the "Filipinization" of civil
service.
BROTHERS UNDER THE SKIN
 The cartoon refers not to a tenfold
 A commentary depicting an opposition difference in Filipino and American
between the Luzon farmers who were manual wages, but to a more
striking to win tenancy reforms against fundamental inequality: the difference
the landlords in Pampanga, Tarlac, and in wages and the working conditions
Nueva Ecija provinces. between two countries.
 The landlords refused and responded
THE ELECTIONS BEFORE AND AFTER
with goon squad repression.
 Urges Filipinos to end social conflict and  By the early 1920s, the corruption of
deal with each other fairly, in the name the political process had become
of Rizal whose birthday was the apparent after only 15 years of party
following day. politics.
 As demobilized American soldiers filled  Candidates were buying votes with
the civil service and American fights and favors. Once in office they
corporations won the major scorned the voters they had once
development projects, Filipino bought.
nationalist saw themselves becoming  The Free Press presents this issue as a
economic aliens in their own land. latter-day folk tale in the accompanying
 Nationalist were outrage at seeing editorial. Juan de la Cruz
Filipinos barred from significant characterization was used to elaborate
participation in the development of the cartoon.
their own country.  When the election time comes, the
 Atlantic Gulf and Pacific Company, and  candidates address all his needs. Trying
Manila Electric Road Railway & Light to get his trust and vote. However, after
company (Meralco) are the two most the election Juan de la Cruz awakes
visible American corporations during from the reality, and now he is the one
the first ruling decade of U.S. who's begging favors to the elected
 The cartoon image of Meralco (E.R.R & candidates.
L.Co) dragging Juan de la Cruz along by
HOW THE IMPERIALIST ARE PROVOKING AND
the neck as he vomits pesos from his
PITTING US AGAINST EACH OTHER
emaciated frame is no overstatement.
 In the 1926, the future of Mindanao
EQUAL WORK, UNEQUAL SALARY, WHY?
became on the key issues in Philippine-
 Filipinos’ teachers found themselves American relations.
facing serious discrimination in both  After 20 years of erect U.S. military and
wages and positions. civil rule, the Department of Mindanao
 Filipinos confronted an institutional and Sulu had been placed under direct
racism which gave them lower wages, Filipino administration through the
larger classrooms, and fewer privileges. Department.
 Liberal Governor-General Francis B.  When the inevitable conflicts of
Hardison reversed the pro- American adjustment ensued between Muslims
 and Christians, American imperialist  Throughout 1933, the battle over
exploited the tensions to advocate acceptance or rejection of the Hare-
partition of the Philippines and a Hawes-Cutting independence bill
permanent American protector for continues to divide Philippine politics.
Mindanao.  In June 1933, the struggle for power
 January 1926, Nicholas Roosevelt began when Senator Osmena, Speaker
visited Mindanao and was met by Roxas, and Senator Quezon returned
delegations of Muslim datus beseeching from Washington Free Pres.
him to intercede for the return of  In June 1933, the Free Press cartoon
American rule. illustrated this Family Affair was a brutal
 Imperialist forces in the U.S. Congress battle that not even Governor- General
introduce the Bacon Bill in May 1926 Frank Murphy could mediate. Quezon
granting independence to Luzon and gradually broke the opposition, as in
the Visayas but retaining Mindanao The Latest, the Philippine Legislature is
under the American colonial rule. now under his control, noted to reject
the H-H-C Bill in October 1933.
ANG MAKALOLOOYAG KAHIMTANG NI IYO-
 As hero of independence battles,
HANTOY NGA GIDAT-UGAN SA MGA
Quezon's leadership for the rest of the
NATIONALISTS SA MGA MABUG-AT UH
decade was assured.
MABABUKLOT
RELEVANCE & CONTRIBUTION
 This cartoon was published in 1928,
showing Juan de la Cruz as a beast of  NATIONALISM
burden bearing a crushing load of taxes  PATRIOTISM
and job holders.  TRANSPARENCY between people and
 As fresh graduates had appeared from the American leadership
Manila's universities, politicians had  HISTORICAL SOURCE
increased the civil service list and
ACHIEVEMENTS
patronage rolls to absorb them,
creating a new class.  Gintong Award Aklat (Manila) Special
Citation for History, 1897
THE RESULTS OF CO-EDUCATION
 Philippine Catholic Mass, Best Book of
 Vicente Sotto attacked the gambling, the for 1985
corruption, and immorality with the  Philippine National Book Award for
same vehemence that most Manila History 1986.
editors reserved for racism and
imperialism.
 The cartoon satirizes the rise of co-
education at the University of the
Philippines campus at Ermita.
 The cartoon shows wild courtship
scenes in class.

THE LATEST- LOL ULTIMO

 FILIPINO and by himself the powers and duties
developing upon the said board
GRIEVANCES
WHAT ARE GRIEVANCES OF FILIPINO AGAINST
AGAINST GOVERNOR WOOD ABOUT?
GOVERNOR WOOD  Is a document which was a form of
Was written on november 10, 1926 and protest and/or impeachment against
Approved by the commission on independence governor general wood.
on November 17, 1926  Is also about the face of the then critical
situation where the constitutional
GREGORIO F. ZAIDE representatives of the Filipino people
 Known as the “Dean of Filipino meant to deliberate upon the present
Historiographers” existing in the government of the
 Filipino historian, author, and a Philippine islands.
politician from the town of Pagsanjan, American Flag- emblem of freedom, not of
Laguna subjugation; symbol of altruism, not of
 Born on May 25, 1907 selfishness or greed.
 Died: October 31, 1988
 Education: University of The Philippines American sovereignty was implanted in our
(1931) country with the avowed purpose of training us
 University of Santo Tomas (1934) in;

LEONARD WOOD  The Art of self-government and granting

us independence.
 U.s army major general, physician, and  Our good [Filipinos], not her gain was to
a public official be America's aim.
 Born: October 9, 1860  Our country was committed to her
 Died: August 7, 1927 [America] in trust to be conserved and
 He served as Governor General of the developed for the benefit of the people.
Philippines
 Education: Educated at Pierce Academy WHAT ARE GRIEVANCES OF FILIPINO AGAINST
in Middleboro, Massachusetts GOVERNOR WOOD ABOUT?
 Doctor of Medicine degree from
 Filipinos placed their trust on the
Harvard Medical School
American’s pledge to help them acquire
EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 37 self-government and independence
 Filipinos were appointed by the USA to
 Declares that the laws creating and run their own local governments and
defining the powers of the board of the Philippine government asked USA
control which is authorized to vote the for plebiscite on independence
sticks owned by the government in  Most importantly this document was
certain private corporations, are written to made publicly known
absolutely legal Filipinos vigorous protest the arbitrary
 In this order, the governor-general also acts
announce his purpose to exercise solely
EXPECTATION VS. REALITY
EXPECTATION 6. He has rendered merely perfunctory
the power of the Legislature to pass the
 Spirit of cooperation would be
annual appropriation law by reviving
maintained
items in the law of the preceding year,
 Political emancipation would be
after vetoing the corresponding items
complete
of the current appropriation act, in
REALITY flagrant violation of the Organic Law.

 There was a train of usurpations and

arbitrary acts resulted in curtailment of
7. He has made appointments to positions
our autonomy and destruction of our
and authorized the payment of salaries
constitutional system
therefor after having vetoed the
appropriations for such salaries.

THE 21 ARBITRARY ACTS

1. He has refused his assent to laws which 8. He has used certain public funds to
were the most wholesome and grant additional compensation to public
necessary for the public good. officials in clear violation of law.

9. He has arrogated unto himself the right

2. He has set a naught both the legal of exercising the powers granted by law
authority and responsibility for the to the Emergency Board after abolishing
Philippine heads of departments. said board on the ground that its
powers involved an unlawful delegation
of legislative authority.
3. He has substituted his constitutional
advisers for a group of military attaches
without legal standing in the 10. He has unduly interfered in the
government and not responsible to the administration of justice.
people.

11. He has refused to obtain the advice of

4. He has reversed the policy of Filipinizing the Senate in making appointments
the service of the government by where such advice is required by the
appointing Americans even when Organic Act.
Filipinos of proven capacity were
available.
5. He has obstructed the carrying out of 12. He has refused to submit to the Senate
national economic policies duly adopted appointment for vacancies occurring
by the Legislature, merely because they during the recess of the Legislative in
are in conflict with his personal views. contravention of the Organic Act.
13. He has continued in office nominees and local, in violation of self-
whose appointments had been rejected government.
by the Senate.
14. He has usurped legislative powers by
imposing conditions on legislative 21. He has insistently sought he
measures approved by him. amendment of our land laws approved
by the Congress of the United States,
which amendment would open the
15. He has, in the administration of affairs sources of our country to exploitation
in Mindanao, brought about a condition by predatory interests.
which has given rise to discord and
RELEVANCE
dissension between certain groups of
Christian and Mohammedan Filipinos.  Details some of what happened during
the occupancy of governor wood
 Uncovered the grievances of the
16. He has by his policies created strained Filipinos with regards to how the grant
relations between resident Americans of self-governance and independence
and Filipinos. was delayed

SIGNIFICANCE
17. He has endeavored, on the pretext of  It is significant to historians and scholars
getting the government out of business, who may have had question towards
to dispose of all companies capitalized the American government
by the government worth many millions  It is also socio-cultural and politically
of the people’s money to powerful significant as it explains some of the
American interests. Filipinos remaining loyalty and as it
details the varies atrocities done to the
Philippine government under the
18. He has sanctioned the campaign of charge of general wood
insidious propaganda in the United
States against the Filipino people and President Corazon
their aspirations.
Aquino's Speech before
the U.S Congress,
19. He has attempted to close the September 18, 1986
Philippine National Bank so necessary
to the economic development of the Speech before the joint session of the United
country. States Congress (1986) by Corazon C. Aquino,
the 11th President of the Philippines delivered
on September 18, 1986, at the United States
20. He has adopted the practice of Capitol, Washington, D.C, United States of
intervening in, and controlling directly, America.
to its minute details, the affairs of the
Philippine Government, both insular
Who is Corazon Aquino? When former President Corazon Aquino spoke
before a joint session of the United States
Maria Corazon Sumulong Cojuangco Aquino
Congress in September of 1986, the dust was
popularly known as Cory Aquino, was a Filipina
only beginning to settle. It was her first visit to
politician who served as the 11th president of
America since the dictator Ferdinand Marcos
the Philippines, from 1986 to 1992. She was
had been deposed in February of the same year,
born on January 25, 1933, and died on August 1,
and the Philippines was reckoning with
2009. Corazon Aquino was the most prominent
everything his administration had inflicted. That
figure of the 1986 People Power Revolution,
included $26 billion in total foreign debt, and a
which ended the two-decade rule of President
communist insurgency that grew, throughout
Ferdinand Marcos and led to the establishment
the Marcos era, from 500 armed guerillas to
of the current democratic Fifth Philippine
16,000. We were just at the start of a long road
Republic. Cory was also the first female
to recovery.
president of the Philippines.
So, Aquino lodged an appeal for help.
SPEECH CONTENT Addressing the House, she delivered a historic
speech that managed to sway in our favor the
In burying Ninoy, a whole nation honored him.
vote for an emergency $200-million aid
By that brave and selfless act of giving honor, a
appropriation. In the moving speech penned by
nation in shame recovered its own. A country
her speechwriter (and our current ambassador
that had lost faith in its future found it in a
to the United Nations) Teddy Locsin, Jr., Aquino
faithless and brazen act of murder.
defended her reconciliatory stand on the
Ninoy became the pleasing sacrifice that communist insurgency—a sensitive issue in the
answered their prayers for freedom. U.S., given that this was 1986—and asked for
financial aid towards rebuilding the Philippine
For even as the dictatorship demolished one by economy.
one the institutions of democracy - the press,
the Congress, the independence of the We have swept away absolute power by a
judiciary, the protection of the Bill of Rights - limited revolution that respected the life and
Ninoy kept their spirit alive in himself. freedom of every Filipino. Now, we are
Restoring full constitutional government. Again,
But his death was my country's resurrection in as we restored democracy by the ways of
the courage and faith by which alone they could democracy, so are we completing the
be free again. constitutional structures of our new democracy
Two million people threw aside their passivity under a constitution that already gives full
and escorted him to his grave. respect to the Bill of Rights.

And so began the revolution that has brought Aquino quoted "We fought for honor, and, if
me to democracy's most famous home, the only for honor, we shall pay," she said, agreeing
Congress of the United States. to pay the debt that was stolen by Marcos. "And
yet, should we have to wring the payments
The task had fallen on my shoulders to continue from the sweat of our men’s faces and sink all
offering the democratic alternative to our the wealth piled up by the bondsman’s two
people. hundred fifty years of unrequited toil?"
Three years ago, I said thank you, America, for
the haven from oppression, and the home you
gave Ninoy, myself and our children, and for the
three happiest years of our lives together.
Today, I say, join us, America, as we build a new
home for democracy, another haven for the
oppressed, so it may stand a shinning testament
of our two nation's commitment to freedom.

The speech was impassioned, deeply personal,

and effective; interrupted 11 times by applause
and bookended with standing ovations. House
Speaker Tip O'Neill called it the "finest speech
I've ever heard in my 34 years in Congress." ALONG THE MOUNTAIN TRAIL
Senate Majority Leader Robert Dole told her,
"Cory, you hit a home run." And House Minority
Whip Trent Lott said, "Let's just say the emotion
of the moment saved the day." It would go
down in the annals of our history as one of the
former President's finest speeches.

Works of Luna and

Amorsolo
[PAINTINGS]
FERNANDO AMORSOLO

 Son of Pedro Amorsolo and Bonifacia RICE HARVESTING

Cueto
 Born on May 30, 1892, at Paco, Manila
 Spent his childhood in Daet, Camarines
Norte
 His love for rural life became the
foundation of his artistic outlook.
 A significant figure in the world of
painting in the Philippines.
 Favorite themes; rural sceneries and
landscapes.

PLANTING RICE WITH MAYON VOLCANO

(1949)
THE MAKING OF THE PHILIPPINE FLAG

THE PALAY MAIDEN

EL CIEGO (THE BLIND MAN), 1929

AFTERNOON MEAL OF THE RICE WORKERS

(1951) A BASKET OF MANGOES (1949)

 LANDSCAPE (1951)

WASHING SCENE

LAVANDERA
PRINCESS URDUJA

BAGUIO MAN WITH COCKEREL

MARKET SCENE PORTRAIT OF AN OLD LADY

OLD SPANISH CHURCH

UNDER THE ARBOR

WASHING THE CARABAO

WATER CARRIER THE PARISIAN LIFE (1892)

LA BULAQUEÑA (1895)
JUAN LUNA

 a Filipino painter, sculptor, and a

political activist of the Philippine
Revolution during the late 19th
century.
 He became one of the first recognized
Philippine artists.
 Luna painted literary and historical
scenes, some with an underscore of
political commentary. 
 His allegorical works were inspired
with classical balance, and often
showed figures in theatrical poses. GOVERNOR RAMON BLANCO (1880)
SPOLARIUM
SOUVERNIR DE 1899 EL PACTO DE SANGRE (THE BLOOD COMPACT)

DAMAS ROMANAS (1882)

ODALISQUE (1885)

THE BATTLE OF LEPANTO

ENSUEÑOS DE AMOR (1890)

PORTRAIT OF JOSE RIZAL TAMPUHAN

ESPANA y FILIPINAS (1886)

ESOPO

EL MUERTE DE CLEOPATRA (1881)

MI HERMANA
EN EL BALCON (1884) Mga Gunita ng
Himagsikan
EMILIO FAMY AGUINALDO SR

 Born on March 22, 1869, in Kawit,

Cavite
 Carlos Jamir Aguinaldo and Trinidad
Famy-Aguinaldo, a Tagalog Chinese
mestizo couple who had eight children,
the seventh of whom was Emilio Sr.
 The Aguinaldo family was quite well-to-
do, as his father, Carlos J. Aguinaldo
PUESTO DEL SOL (1880) was the community's appointed
gobernadorcillo (municipal governor) in
the Spanish colonial administration and
his grandparents Eugenio K. Aguinaldo
and Maria Jamir-Aguinaldo.
 He studied at Colegio de San Juan de
Letran but wasn't able to finish his
studies due to outbreak of cholera in
1882.
 Emilio became the "Cabeza de
Barangay" of Binakayan, a chief barrio
of Cavite el Viejo, when he was only 17
years old to avoid conscription.
LA MARQUESA DE MONTE OLIVAR (1881)  At the age of 25, Aguinaldo became
Cavite el Viejo's first "gobernadorcillo
capitan municipal" (Municipal
Governor- Captain) while on a business
trip in Mindoro.
 Elected President on March 22, 1897.
 The 1st youngest president from January
20, 1899 – April 01, 1901.
 He proclaimed the Independence Day
on June 12, 1898, in Kawit, Cavite.
 Emilio died on February 6, 1964, at the
age of 94.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE DOCUMENT

 Between 1928 and 1946, he produced

in long hand the first volume of his
memoirs, “Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan
(1964)”
 Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan is the  And again, Aguinaldo creates
memoir of Emilio Aguinaldo written another plan but this time he
based on a diary he kept several surrounded the hacienda and pour
documents he preserved, and family ed it with gas that resulted the
lore he gathered from his elders. hacienda to explode. With that
 Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan was officially plan, they won the hacienda.
released to the public in 1967. It was
presumed by Ambeth Ocampo.
 The publication was made during the The freedom of Cavite from the Spaniards is
100th anniversary of the Philippine because through the Sangguniang Bayan of
Independence in 1998. Magdiwang and Magdalo.
 It covers the resumption of Philippine
Revolution against Spain and the
Philippine American War. Sangguniang Magdiwang in Noveleta
 A year before his death, Aguinaldo
donated his Kawit mansion and all its Haring Bayan…………... ……………………. Supremo
contents to the government. It is now Andres Bonifacio
under the care of the National Historical Pangalawang Haring Bayan………...……… Hen.
Commission of the Philippines and Mariano Alvarez
known as Emilio Aguinaldo shrine.
Ministro de Guerra……………………………….
PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE Kgg.Ariston Villanueva
DOCUMENT
Ministro de Interior……………………………Kgg.
 On September 1, 1896, Jose Tagle Jacinto Lumbreras
asks Emilio Aguinaldo to help him in
invading the Spaniards in Imus Ministro de Hacenda………………………. Kgg. Diego
Cavite. Mojica
 Aguinaldo created a strategy in Ministro de Gracia y Justicia………………….
invading the Spaniards. Since it is Hen.Mariano C. Trias
his first time creating such strategy,
he failed. Ministro de Fomento……………………………Hen.
 His first attempt was to save the EmilianoRiego de Dios
rectory in which he tasked the
Capitan Heneral…………………………………… Hen.
group of General Baldomero
Santiago Alvarez
Aguinaldo to go to the North, while
the group of Captain Municipal Noveleta, San Francisco de Malabon, Rosario,
Tagle will go to the South. Tanza, Naic, Ternate, Maragondon, Magallanes,
 Aguinaldo again gathered his Bailen, Alfonso, Indang, and San Roque are the
soldiers and divides them again into places under Sangguniang Magdiwang.
three groups to surround the North
and South haciendas of Imus. Again,
he failed for they did not see any
person in the hacienda.
Sangguniang Magdalo in Cavite el Viejo.  On the other hand, opponents from
Pasig came after but because the group
Presidente……………………………………………. Hen.
of Aguinaldo was prepared it causes
Baldomero Aguinaldo
them to backout from the battle.
Vice Presidente………………………………. … Hen.  January 02, 1897, opponents coming
Ediberto Evangelista from Manila came to help Tagiik but
again the group of Aguinaldo notice
Secretario de Guerra……………………………. Hen.
them and rained them bullets that
Candido T. Tirona
causes them to backout because of loss
Secretario de Intertor………. …………………. Kgg. of men.
Felix Cuenca  January 03, 1897, the group of
Aguinaldo notice that the opponent
Secretario de Foemento…………………… …. Kgg. seems to surrender from Tagiik. But on
Glicerio Topacio the same day afternoon opponents
Secretario de Hacienda……………………………Kgg. from Cazadores and Guardia Civil from
Cayetano Topacio Laguna came after because they consist
of too many soldiers it causes Aguinaldo
Teniente General Abanderado…………………. to backout from the battle and go back
Emilio Aguinaldo immediately to Cavite.
 Cavite el Viejo, Imus, Dasmariñas,  Fear and loneliness reigned in Pateros
Silang, Amadeo, Mendez-nuñez, and Tagiik when the group of Aguinaldo
Bakood, and Carmona are the places left.
under Sangguniang Magdalo. CONTRIBUTION AND RELEVANCE OF THE
 On December 30, 1896, Jose Rizal was DOCUMENT
imprisoned in Puerto Santiago, Manila
and punished por Felibusterismo court-  The memoirs of the revolution revealed
martial. a lot of untold stories behind the
 Aguinaldo with the help of Bonifacio Philippine history.
attempt to save Rizal, however Don  The memoirs of the revolution also
Paciano Rizal, said that they should focused on the War strategies that were
both save Rizal to avoid the death of developed by the Katipunan.
many soldiers. So, they didn’t pursue  The memoirs give the readers a brief
the plan. preview on the important events that
 Also, in December 30 the Katipunans happened in the Philippines history.
Pateros asked the help of Aguinaldo to  It also specified some details that are
attack the camp of Cazadores in Tagiik. helpful in understanding the situations
 They enter Tagiik but seems like the of the Filipino people under the Spanish
opponents notice their appearance. time.
Aguinaldo asked Heneral Mariano
Noriel to surround the place in Tagiik.
While the group of Aguinaldo enter
Pateros that causes Frayle Mariano
Corcuera to just surrender.
 Site of the First Mass:
Is It in Limasawa or Is EVIDENCE 2: GINES DE MAFRA HISTORICAL
ACCOUNTS
It in Masao?
GINES DE MAFRA
SITE OF THE FIRST MASS: BUTUAN CITY,
MASAO, PHILIPPINES  Was a 16th century Portuguese or
Spanish explorer who sailed to the
The first catholic mass was held in Butuan City, Philippines. De Mafra served on the
Masao, Philippines. To prove this point, here expeditions of Fernao de Magalhaes
are some evidences: (1519-1521) and Ruy Lopez de
1. Diary of Antonio Pigafetta and the Villalobos (1542-1545).
chronicles of Magellan’s voyage GEOGRAPHICAL MYSTERIES
2. Gines de Mafra historical accounts
3. Yale Codex  Because the shape if the isle is almost
4. Butuan to pursue claim it was site of circular, 3-4 leagues translate to an area
first mass in RP 485 years ago of from 2,214 up to 3,930 hectares. In
contrast, Limasawa is only 698 hectares.
EVIDENCE 1: DIARY OF ANTONIO PIGAFETTA  His clarifying testimony is that Mazaua
AND THE CHRONICLES OF MAGELLAN’S was 15 leagues, roughly 45 nautical
VOYAGE miles (83 km), below Butuan in 1521
The name Mazaua appears in all primary which in Pigafetta’s map, and text is a
sources, including the diary of Antonio larger geographical conception than the
Pigafetta, the chrocler of Magellan’s Voyage. present-day map.
Limasawa has four syllables and starts with a  He also stated that they anchored west
different letter. of the island: “Este isla tiene un buen
puerto en la parte poniente della, y es
The king was said to have arrived at their ship in poblada.”
a Balanghai. Butuan now has at least nine “This inhabited island called Mazaua
excavated Balanghai relics; Limasawa, on the has a good harbor on its western side.”
other hand, has no significant archeological  Mazaua has officially declared by
relics or Balanghai tradition. Philippine law to be the island of
Limasawa, an isle without anchorage,
Pigafetta mentioned a lot of Balanghai people
with the port located to the east of the
used as a mode of transportation. Stilt houses
island.
also. He mentioned houses that were built high
above the ground. MYSTERY ISLE
It was stated in the first voyage the abundance  Armed with De Mafra’s information, a
of gold in Mazaua caught the interest of team of archeologist lead by
Western explorers, as gold was the primary geomorphologist set out to validate the
currency at the time. Both archeological relics theory that Mazaua is located at 9°N.
and modern gold mines attest to the Agusan  From that point on the archaeologist
valley’s abundance of gold. went to work to find artifacts to identify
the isle as the port of Magellan.
EVIDENCE 3: YALE CODEX FATHER PEDRO DE VALDERRAMA

The Nancy-Libri-Phillips-Beinecke-Yale  The only priest in Magellan’s crew

manuscript of Pigafetta’s narrative is currently  Was given the task of celebrating the
being published by Yale University Press under holy mass on the shores of Limasawa,
the title Magellan’s Voyage, in two volumes an island at the tip of Southern Leyte.
priced at 75 dollars for the boxed set.
RUY LOPES DE VILLALOBOS
It was stated that the mass was held in Masao
 Was a Spanish explorer
and now was called Butuan City.
 Significant for the Filipinos for having
EVIDENCE 4: BUTUAN TO PURSUE CLAIM IT given the name “Las Islas Filipinas” to
WAS SITE OF FIRST MASS IN RP 485 YEARS the Philippine archipelago in 1543.
AGO
The earliest recorded mass in the Philippine
Local executives, church officials, and historians territory was held on March 31, 1521, in the
have resubmitted a petition to the National island of Mazaua, as referred to in the journal of
Historical Institute (NHI) claiming that Butuan Antonio Pigafetta and known today as
City, specifically Mazzaua Island (Barangay Limasawa Island, Leyte.
Pinamangculan), was the official site of the first
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 2733
mass on Easter Sunday in 1521.
 An act to declare the site in Magallanes,
Historian GREGORIO ZAIDE, who originally
Limasawa Island in the province of
supported the Limasawa claim, also claimed
Leyte, where the first mass in the
that
Philippines was held as a National
“It is past time for contemporary historians and Shrine, to provide for the preservation
the Philippine government to admit their error of historical monuments and landmarks
and accept that the first Christian mass was threats and for other purposes.
celebrated on Easter Sunday, March 31, 1521, in
There are two (2) primary sources that
Masao, Butuan, Agusan del Norte, rather than
historians refer to identify the site of the First
Limasawa, Leyte.”
Mass in the country:
SITE OF THE FIRST MASS: LIMASAWA, LEYTE,
1. Francisco Albo’s log
PHILIPPINES
2. Antonio Pigafetta’s account
On March 31, 1521, an Easter Sunday, Magellan
These two are eyewitnesses of Magellan’s
ordered a mass to be celebrated which was
voyage.
officiated by Father Pedro de Valderrama.
ISLAND OF MAZAUA
The first holy mass marked the birth of Roman
Catholicism in the Philippines. Based on Pigafetta’s account on the 28 th of
March of the same year, their group landed on
Colambu and Siaui were the first natives of the
a place called Mazaua. This would mean that
archipelago, which was not yet named
the mass happened when they were staying at
“Philippines” until the expedition of Ruy Lopez
the island of Mazaua.
de Villalobos in 1543.
FRANCISCO ALBO However, not all of us knew that there were
different accounts in reference to the said
 He was Magellan’s pilot.
event. All Filipinos must know the different
 One of the 18th survivors who returned
sides of the story—since this event led to
with Sebastian Elcano on the ship
another tragic yet meaningful part of our
Victoria after circumnavigating the
history—the execution of GOMBURZA which in
world.
effect a major factor in the awakening of
 He has kept a log of the events that has
nationalism among the Filipinos.
occurred as their Group travelled into
different places in the Philippines and DIFFERENT ACCOUNT IN REFERENCE TO CAVITE
around the globe.
1. Spanish Version
According to Albo, they went to an island called 2. Filipino Version
Masaua or Limasawa.
JOSE MONTERO y VIDAL
There they planted a cross upon a Mountain top
 He was one of the most knowledgeable
where they were able to overlook the three
of the Spanish historian of the
islands from west and southwest.
Philippines. At the time of Cavite
CAVITE MUTINY Mutiny of 1872, he was a government
official residing in Manila. He
CAVITE MUTINY: SPANISH VERSION documented the event and highlighted
it as an attempt of the indios to
WHAT IS IT?
overthrow the Spanish government in
The 12th of June of every year since 1898 is a the Philippines.
very important event for all the Filipinos. In this
According to the Enciclopedia Universal
particular day, the entire Filipino nation as well
Ilustrada Europea-Anericana, Vol 36, ascited by
as Filipino communities all over the world
Juan (2010). As a writer, Montero contributed
gathers to celebrate the Philippines’
to the Real Academia de la Historica and wrote
Independence Day. 1898 came to be a very
three volumes of his book, Historia general de
significant year for all of us— it is as equally
Filipinas desde el Descubrimiento de dishas islas
important as 1896—the year when the
hasta muestras dias, which included his first-
Philippine Revolution broke out owing to the
hand account on the Cavite Mutiny (published
Filipinos’ desire to be free from the abuses of
on Vol 3) by which were successively published
the Spanish colonial regime. But we should be
from 1887, 1894 and 1895.
reminded that another year is as historic as the
two—1872. According to Schumacher (1972), the account of
Jose Montero y Vidal embodies the official
TWO MAJOR EVENTS HAPPENDED IN 1872
interpretation of the mutiny in Cavite as part of
First was the ‘1872 Cavite Mutiny’ and the other a general revolt directed by the three priests
was the ‘martyrdom of the three martyr priests’ and their lay and clerical collogues in Manila
in the persons of Fathers Mariano Gomes, Jose and Cavite, with the goal of assassinating the
Burgos and Jacinto Zamora (GOMBURZA). Governor-General along with a number of
Spanish settlers and officials. He said that, upon
the publication of the account in 1895,
Montero’s version of the Cavite Mutiny was
strongly hostile to the Filipino reformist GOV. GEN. RAFAEL IQUIERDO
aspirations and has no doubt of the guilt of
 He was the Governor-General during
those executed or exiled and further placed
the 1872 Cavite mutiny which led to
much of the blame for the revolt on the alleged
execution of 41 of the mutineers,
tolerance of the recently replaced Governor
including the Gomburza martyrs.
General Carlos Maria dela Torre.
Meanwhile, Gov. Gen. Rafael Iquierdo report to
According to Bibliotheca Filipina (1903), author
the King of Spain magnified the event and made
James A. LeRoy, indicated that Montero
use of it to implicate the native clergy, which
exaggerated the mutiny of a few discontented
was then active in the call for the secularization.
native soldiers and laborers into a revolt which
accounted the Filipino patriotic leaders SECULARIZATION - Magkaroon ng magandang
including Fathers Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora. katungkulan ang mga native clergies (Mga
Leroy (1903) said that Montero became rabid in pilipinong pari) dito sa Pilipinas na hindi
his narration of the event and was affirmative nagustuhan ng mga prayleng Espanyol.
on not only denouncing the involved
personalities as guilty perpetrators but as well The two accounts complimented and
as announcing their movement as actually corroborated with one other, only that the
separatist in character. general’s report was more spiteful. Initially,
both Montero and Izquierdo scored out that the
JOSE MONTERO y VIDAL abolition of privileges enjoyed by the workers of
Cavite arsenal such as non-payment of tributes
Montero y Vidal also has three major historical
and exemption from force labor were the main
works that are good references to the history of
reasons of the “revolution” as how they called
the Philippines, and these are:
it.
 El Archipelago Filipino y las islas
REASONS OF MUTINY
Marianas, 1886.
 Su historia, geografia y estadictica, However, other causes were enumerated by
Madrid, 1886 them including the Spanish Revolution which
 Historia general de Filipinas desde el overthrew the secular throne, dirty
Descubrimiento de dishas islas hasta propagandas proliferated by unrestrained press,
muestras dias. Madrid, 1877-1895, 3vls. democratic, liberal, and republican books and
 Historia de la pirateria pamphlets reaching the Philippines, and most
Malayomahometaria en Mindano, Jolo importantly, the presence of the native clergy
y Borneo, Madrid, 1888 2vols. who out of animosity against the Spanish friars,
“conspired and supported” the rebels and
Cavite mutiny uprising military personnel of Fort
enemies of Spain.
San Felipe (the Spanish arsenal in Cavite,
Philippines) on January 20, 1872. Around 200 In particular, Izquierdo blamed the unruly
soldiers and laborers rose up in the belief that it Spanish Press for “stockpiling” malicious
would elevate to a national uprising. The mutiny propagandas grasped by the Filipinos. He
was unsuccessful and executed many of the reported to the King of Spain that the “rebels”
participants. wanted to overthrow the Spanish government
to install a new “hari” in the likes of Fathers
Burgos and Zamora. The general even added
that the native clergy enticed other participants CAVITE MUTINY: FILIPINO VERSION
by giving them charismatic assurance that their
Cavite Mutiny, (January 20, 1872), brief uprising
fight will not fail because God is with them.
of 200 Filipino troops and workers at the Cavite
IN THE SPANIARDS ACCOUNTS, 1872 arsenal, which became the excuse for Spanish
repression of the embryonic Philippine
They insinuated that the conspirators of Manila
nationalist movement. Ironically, the harsh
and Cavite planned to liquidate high-ranking
reaction of the Spanish authorities served
Spanish officers to be followed by the massacre
ultimately to promote the nationalist cause.
of the friars. The alleged pre-concerted signal
among the conspirators of Manila and Cavite The mutiny was quickly crushed, but the
was the firing of rockets from the walls of Spanish regime under the reactionary governor
Intramuros. Rafael de Izquierdo magnified the incident and
used it as an excuse to clamp down on those
The Accounts Detail that on JANUARY 20, 1872
Filipinos who had been calling for governmental
 The district of Sampaloc celebrated the reform. A number of Filipino intellectuals were
feast of the Virgin of Loreto. seized and accused of complicity with the
 Allegedly, those in Cavite mistook the mutineers. After a brief trial, three priests José
fireworks as the sign for the attack, and Burgos, Jacinto Zamora, and Mariano Gómez
just like what was agreed upon, the were publicly executed. The three subsequently
200-men contingent headed by became martyrs to the cause of Philippine
Sergeant Lamadrid launched an attack independence.
targeting Spanish officers at sight and
A RESPONSE TO INJUSTICE: THE FILIPINO
seized the arsenal.
VERSION OF THE INCIDENT
 Gov. Izquierdo, he readily ordered the
reinforcement of the Spanish forces in DR. TRINIDAD HERMENIGILDO PARDO DE
Cavite. TAVERA

IN RESULT  a Filipino scholar and researcher, wrote

the Filipino version of the bloody
Major instigators including Sergeant Lamadrid incident in Cavite.
were killed in the skirmish, while the  In his point of view, the incident was a
GOMBURZA were tried by a court-martial and mere mutiny by the native Filipino
were sentenced to die by strangulation. soldiers and laborers of the Cavite
Early in the morning, on February 17, 1872, an arsenal who turned out to be
immense multitude appeared on the field of dissatisfied with the abolition of their
Bagumbayan to witness execution of the privileges. Indirectly, Tavera blamed
sentence. Gov. Izquierdo’s cold-blooded policies
such as the abolition of privileges of the
Patriots like Joaquin Pardo de Tavera, Antonio workers and native army members of
Ma. Regidor, Jose and Pio Basa and other the arsenal and the prohibition of the
abogadillos were suspended by the Audencia founding of school of arts and trades for
(High Court) from the practice of law, arrested the Filipinos, which the general believed
and were sentenced with life imprisonment at as a cover-up for the organization of a
the Marianas Island. political club.
Tavera believed that the Spanish friars and Based on what we've found out, the Cavite
Izquierdo used the Cavite Mutiny as a Mutiny was merely a mutiny for the
powerful lever by magnifying it as a full- Filipinos, and the Spaniards exaggerated
blown conspiracy involving not only the for their own benefit for reasons:
native army but also included residents of
1. That the happy days of the friars
Cavite and Manila, and more importantly
were numbered in 1872 when the
the native clergy to overthrow the Spanish
Central Government in Spain
government in the Philippines. It is
decided to deprive them of the
noteworthy that during the time, the
power to intervene in government
Central Government in Madrid announced
affairs as well as in the direction
its intention to deprive the friars of all the
and management of schools
powers of intervention in matters of civil
prompting them to commit frantic
government and the direction and
moves to extend their stay and
management of educational institutions.
power.
This turnout of events was believed by
2. The Filipino clergy members actively
Tavera, prompted the friars to do
participated in the secularization
something drastic in their dire desire to
movement in order to allow Filipino
maintain power in the Philippines.
priests to take hold of the parishes
The friars, fearing that their influence in the in the country making them pray to
Philippines would be a thing of the past, the rage of the friars.
took advantage of the incident and
The injustice act of Spaniards led the Filipinos to
presented it to the Spanish Government as
be awakened for peaceful Propaganda
a vast conspiracy organized throughout the
Movement in order to fight against the harsh
archipelago with the object of destroying
Spanish Regime.
Spanish sovereignty. Tavera sadly confirmed
that the Madrid government came to
believe that the scheme was true without
any attempt to investigate the real facts or
extent of the alleged “revolution” reported
by Izquierdo and the friars.
FIGHTING BABIII!!! <333
Convicted educated men who participated
in the mutiny were sentenced life
imprisonment while members of the native
clergy headed by the GOMBURZA were
tried and executed by garrote. This leads to
the awakening of nationalism and
eventually to the outbreak of Philippine
Revolution of 1896.