DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL
VADODARA ACADEMIC
SESSION 2021-2022
CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
TOPIC: DETERMINATION OF FOAMING
CAPACITY OF SOAPS AND EFFECT OF
ADDITION OF SODIUM CARBONATE
NAME: RUDRA VIPULKUMAR
SATHWARA
CLASS: XII
SEC: A
AISSCE ROLL NO.:
1
CERTIFICATE
I, Rudra Sathwara of class XII-A, solemnly
declare that this project work in Chemistry is a faithful record of
Bonafide work carried out by me, under the supervision of my
Chemistry Teacher Aparna Mahajani and Lab Assistant Mr. Shitul.
I, further declare that, the work presented in this project is to the
best of my knowledge and understanding.
__________________
__________________
Internal Examiner Examiner's
Signature ______________
_________________
School stamp
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ACKNOWLEGEMENT
The success and final outcome of this project required a
lot of guidance and assistance from many people and I am
Rudra Sathwara extremely privileged to have got this all along
the completion of my project. All that I have done is only due to
such supervision and assistance and I would not forget to thank
them.
I respect and thank the principal, Dr. A K Sinha, for providing
me an opportunity to do the project work in the school.
I owe my deep gratitude to my chemistry teacher Aparna
Mahajani, who took keen interest in my project work and
guided me all along, till the completion of my project work by
providing all the necessary information. I am extremely
thankful to her for providing support and guidance.
I am thankful to and fortunate enough to get constant
encouragement, support and guidance from the lab assistant Mr.
Shitul who helped me in successfully completing my project.
I heartily thank my parents and group members for their
guidance and suggestions during this project work.
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INDEX
1)Aim…………………………………………
…………………… 5
2)Introduction…………………………………
………….. 6
3)Materials/Apparatus required………….11-
12
4)Procedure……………………………………
……………13
5)Observation ……….
……………………………………14
6)Conclusion…………………………………
……………..15
7)Result………………………………………
………………….16
8)Relevant
pictures…………………………………..17
9)Bibliography………………………………
……………..18
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AIM
DETERMINATION OF FOAMING CAPACITY OF
SOAPS AND EFFECT OF ADDITION OF SODIUM
CARBONATE
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INTRODUCTION
The type of fatty acid and length of the carbon chain determines the
unique properties of various soaps. Tallow or animal fats give
primarily sodium stereate (18 carbons) a very more insoluble soap.
Fatty acids with longer chains are even more insoluble. As a matter of
fact, zinc stearate is used in talcum powders beacause it is water
repellant. Coconut oil is a souce of lauric acid (12 carbons) which can
be made into sodium lorate. This soap is very soluble and will lather
easily in sea water. Fatty acids with only 10 or fewer carbons are not
used in soaps because they irritate the skin and objectionable odours.
WHAT IS SOAP?
Soaps are basically salt of fatty acids which are used to cleanse
different products. The salts can be sodium can be of sodium,
magnesium, etc. and the acid can either be saturated or unsaturated.
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HOW SOAP IS MADE?
The most popular soap making process today is the cold process
method where fats such as olive oil react with strong alkaline
solutions while some soap makers use the historical hot process.
Handmade soap defers from industrial soap in that usually, and
excess of fat is used to consume the alkali (super fattening), and in
that the glycerin is not removed, leaving a naturally moisturizing
soap.
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WHAT IS A MOLECULE OF SOAP MADE OF?
The soap molecule is a long hydrocarbon chain of many carbons with
one carboxylic acid group which acts as a functional group. It is in
the form of tadpole like structure with different ends having different
polarities. At the end of long hydrocarbon chain, it is the non-polar
end and hydrophobic. At the other end which is the carboxylate ion is
polar and hydrophilic.
FOAM IS FORMED?
HOW CLEANSING OF FABRIC IS DONE?
Whenlong
The water is addedend
non-polar to of
soap
theand
soap is molecule
mixed, a colloidal solution is
which hydrophobic,
formed.
starts to And whenthe
surround mixed more
dirt (fat or itoilgets concentrated
molecules) to fabric.
on the surfaceThen
and
foams
the areend
short formed
whichthis helps and
is polar it tocontains
forms athe
unimolecular
carboxylate layer on
ion gets
water from
away penetrate the fabric.
the dirt and lets the long end face the dirt. Now numeral
soap molecules surround the dirt molecules forming a structure
known as “micelles”. Now these micelles are now separated from
the fabric, hence cleansing the fabric.
WHAT IS HARD WATER?
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Hard water is a water that has high mineral content. It is formed
when water passes through deposits of minerals like limestone,
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HOW DOES Na2CO3 HELP WITH THIS SCUM PROBLEM?
As we know the cleansing action is reduced in hard water. The Mg +
and Ca+ ions react with soap molecule to form scum. This can be
prevented by adding Sodium Carbonate solution to the hard water.
This is known as “Softening of water” where ions double of the
mono cations (Mg+ and Ca+) are used to replace them such as Na + or
K+ ions.
Ca2+ + Na2CO3 -> CaCO3 (ppt.) + 2Na+
Mg2+ + Na2CO3 -> MgCO3 (ppt.) + 2Na+
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MATERIALS REQUIRED
1. Soap sample 2. Tap Water
3. Distilled water 4. M/10 Solution of Na2CO3
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Test tubes 2. Test tube stand
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Test tube holder
Stop watch
Glass beaker
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PROCEDURE:
FOR COMPARING THE FOAMING CAPACITY OF
DIFFERENT SOAPS
o Weigh about 0.5g of soap and add about 50ml of distilled
water and stir to dissolve till clear solution is obtained.
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o Take three test tubes and label them as A, B and, C.
OBSERVATIONS
Weight of soap taken = 0.5g
Vol of distilled water taken for preparing solution = 50ml
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CONCLUSION/RESULTS
In conclusion foaming capacity of soap is maximum in
distilled water.
Also foaming capacity increases on addition of Na2CO3
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RELEVANT PICTURES/ PHOTOGRAPHS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1)www.seminarsonly.com
2)www.icbse.com
3)youtube.com
4)Class 10 Science TB
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