HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN GLOBAL CONTEXT

• Hippocrates
- father of medicine
- author of Hippocratic oath
- advocated the tasting of urine, listening to the lungs, and observing outward appearances in the
diagnosis of disease
- concluded that the appearance of bubbles, blood, and pus indicate kidney disease and chronic
illnesses
• Galen
- Instigated a rudimentary and qualitative assessment of the disorder through measurement of
body fluids - Four humors – blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile,)
- Described diabetes as “diarrhea of urine”
- Established the relationship between food intake and urine volume
• Water casting (uroscopy)
- Widely practiced in medieval Europe
• Physicians who failed to examine urine were subjected to public beatings
• 900 AD
- First book detailing the characteristics of urine was written
• TH
11 Century
- Medical practitioners were not allowed to conduct physical examinations on the patient’s body
- They rely on patient’s description of symptoms and observations
• th
18 Century
- Medical techniques and cadaver (dead bodies) dissection were used
• th
19 century
- Physicians began to use machines
• Spirometer
- measuring the vital capacity of lungs
- invented by John Hutchinson
• Sphygmomanometer
- measuring blood pressure
- invented by Jules Herisson
• Hyperzia Serrata (hyperzine A)
- Plant that contains acetylcholinesterase
• Rene Laennec (1816) – invented the stethoscope
• Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1840) – invented the microscope
• Hermann von Hermolz (1850) – invented the ophthalmoscope
(1939) – invented the heart-lung machine
• Manuel Garcia (1855) – invented the laryngoscope
• Wilhelm Roentgen (1859) – invented the x-ray
• William Einthoven (1903) – invented electrocardiograph
• Elizabeth Kenny (1910) – Kenny method in the treatment of polio (then called infantile paralysis)
• Philip Drinker (1927) – invented the drinker respirator
• Cardiac Catheterization and Angiography (1941) – first operated by Forsmann (1929), developed by Moniz,
Reboul, Rusthoi between 1930 and 1940, discovered as a safe method in humans by Cournand in 1941

Year Contribution
1. Edward Jenner 1796 Discovered vaccination to establish immunity to small pox; Impact of
contribution: Immunology
2. Agostino Bassi 1835 Produced disease in worms by injection of organic material–the beginning
of bacteriology.
3. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 1660 The father of microbiology; known for his work on the improvement of the
microscope
4. Marie Francois Xavier Bichat 1880 Identified organs by their types of tissues; impact of contribution: Histology
5. Louis Pasteur 1857 Successfully produced immunity
6. Gregor Mendel 1866 Enunciated his law of inherited characteristics from studies on plants.
7. Robert Koch 1877 Presented the first pictures of bacilli (anthrax), and later tubercle bacilli
8. Ernst von Bergmann 1886 Introduced steam sterilization in surgery
9. August von Wassermann 1906 Developed immunologic tests
10. Hans Fischer 1929 Worked out the structure of hemoglobin
11. James Westgard 1973 Introduced the Westgard Rules for quality control in the clinical laboratory
12. Kary Mullis 1985 Developed the polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
13. James Thomson 1998 Derived the first human Stem Cell line
14. Joseph Lister 1870 Demonstrated that surgical infections are cause by airborne organisms
15. Elie Metchnikoff 1886 Described phagocytes in blood and their role in fighting infection.
16. Karl Landsteiner 1902 Distinguished blood groups through the development of the ABO blood
group system
17. Howard Ricketts 1906 Discovered microorganisms whose range lies between bacteria and viruses
called rickettsiae
18. Jonas Salk 1954 Developed poliomyelitis vaccine
19. Baruch Samuel Blumberg 1980 Introduced the Hepatitis B vaccine
20. Andre van Steirteghem 1992 Introduced the intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF)

HISTORY OF MT IN THE UNITED STATES

• United States – establishment of the first clinical laboratories and the development of laboratory practice
marked the growth of medical field
• 1895
- University of Pennsylvania’s William Pepper Laboratory of Clinical Medicine was opened to
highlight the service role of clinical laboratories
• John Kolmer
- (In 1918) called for the development of a method that would certify medical technologists on a
national scale
- Published “The Demand for and Training of Laboratory Technicians” – includes description of the
first formal training course in Medical Technology
- (1918) legislature in Pennsylvania enacted a law requiring all hospitals and institutions to have a
fully-equipped laboratory fit for routine testing and to employ a full-time laboratory technician.
• 1920
- The administrative units of clinical laboratories in large hospitals were directed by a chief
physician.
- Lab consist of 4 to 5 divisions: clinical pathology, bacteriology, microbiology, serology, and
radiology.
• 1922
- American Society of Clinical Pathology (ASCP) was founded
- ASCP established code of ethics for technicians and technologists
• American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science
- Formerly the American Society for Medical Technologists
- Subgroup of ASCP
- Helped in the recognition of nonphysician clinical laboratory scientist as autonomous
professionals.
• 1950s
- Medical technologists in united states sought professional recognition
HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES
• In late 16th century
- The Spanish empire established Manila as their capital
• Hospital Real in Cebu
- First hospital that Spaniards established in 1565
- Moved to manila to cater military patients
• San Lazardo Hospital
- Built by Franciscans in 1578 for the poor and lepers.
• Hospital de San Juan de Dios
- Founded in 1596 for the poor Spaniards.
• Hospital de San Jose
- (1641) founded in Cavite
• University of Santo Tomas
- Founded by Dominicans in 1611
- Established the first facilities of pharmacy and medicine in 1871
- Earliest school started medical profession in the country
• Boletin de Medicina de Manila (1886)
With the establishment pf both health and educational institutions,
• Revista Farmaceutica de Filipinas (1893)
journals of science and medicine were also published
• Cronicas de Ciencias Medicas (1895)
• 1806
- Central board of vaccination started producing and distributing vaccine lymph
- 122 regular vaccinators (vacunadores) in Manila and other major towns by 1898
• 1876
- Provincial medical officers were appointed to provide health care services throughout the country
• 1883
- Establishment of Board of Health and Charity; expanded in 1886
• Laboratorio Municipal de Manila
- Established by Spanish authorities in 1887
- For examination of food, water, and clinical samples
- NOT USED IN THE STUDY OF OUTBREAKS
• General Antonio Luna
- Chemical expert
- Pioneered water testing, forensics, and environmental studies
• End of 19th Century
- Spaniards who are considered authorities of medicine, started exploring microbial causes of
diseases.
• Philippine-American war (1899-1902)
- Advancement in medicine and health care broke down
- In replacement of the Spanish health system, American established public health institutions
modeled after military health care systems
• Spanish Military Hospital – First Reserve Hospital in 1898
- SMH converted to FRH after the fall of Manila
- By Lt. Col. Henry Lipincott: chief surgeon of the Division of the Pacific and Eighth Army Corps
- Had a diagnostic lab but not fully maximized due to its director contracting typhoid fever
- Richard P. Strong
▪ Successor
▪ Utilized the laboratory to perform autopsies and to examine blood, feces, and urine
• 1901
- US Government through the Philippine Commission established a Bureau of Government
Laboratories under the Philippine Commission Act No. 156
- Located in Calle Herran (Pedro Gil), Ermita, Manila
- Had science library, chemical section, and serum laboratory (for the production of vaccines)
- Biology laboratory:
to address and develop methods in the
▪ Diagnosis
▪ Treatment
▪ Prevention of human and animal diseases
- Chemical laboratory:
Investigated
▪ Food
▪ Plant composition
▪ Minerals
- Paul Freer: the bureau’s first director ensured that the biological laboratory would be equipped
with adequate supplies and equipment:
▪ Incubators
▪ Sterilizers
▪ Microscopes
▪ Microtomes
▪ Stains
▪ Glassware
▪ Chemicals
- Building was destroyed during World War II
- Presently, the National Institutes of Health University of the Philippines-Manila occupies the area
• Reorganization of the Bureau of Government Laboratories in 1905
- Bureau of Science was established for medical officers who sought a career in laboratory research
- Work with the Army Board for the Study of the Tropical Diseases (disbanded in 1914)
- Bureau: focused on pathology
- Board: studied white foreigners physiology in tropical climates
- Bureau of Science worked closely with the Philippine General Hospital (PHG) and the University
of the Philippines.
- Became an active center for scientific research and instruction
- Biological laboratory: studied samples from across the country
▪ Everyday scientists would study more than a hundred samples of body fluids to identify racial
bases of disease through a map of the archipelago’s pathological terrain.
▪ 1909 – the lab received over 7,000 fecal specimens, 900 urine specimens, and 700 blood
specimens
- The bureau’s medical research and laboratory investigations
▪ focused on microbiology in connection with the onslaught of different diseases such as;
- Cholera
- Malaria
- Leprosy
- Tuberculosis
- Dysentery
• End of the Philippine-American War
- Civilian Board of Health established by Americans was changed into Bureau of Health
- 1915 – Philippine Health Service
- 1933 – reverted to Bureau of Health
- June 1927: UP’s College of Public Health formally opened its certificate in public Health program
Aim – to provide proper training to the Philippine Health Services medical officers
• December 8, 1941
- Japan attacked the whole Manila
- Bombing of Pearl Harbor
- Beginning of second world war
- Medical Laboratory unit of US Army provided medical services
▪ With the available laboratory supplies
▪ Supplemental laboratory examinations
▪ Epidemiological and sanitary investigations
▪ Tasked to perform water analyses
▪ Examination of food supplies
▪ Distribution of special reagents and solutions
▪ Culture media
▪ Investigation of epidemics and epizootics
▪ Perform special serological
▪ Bacteriological
▪ Pathological
▪ Chemical examinations
▪ Post-mortem examinations
▪ Preservation of pathological specimens of value to the US Army Medical Department
• June 18, 1942
- 3d Medical Laboratory: first lab unit to be assigned in the South West Pacific Area (SWPA)
• 1944
- When US forces landed in Leyte
- 3rd, 5th, and 8th Medical Laboratories and the 19th Medical General Laboratory were relocated to
the West Pacific Area
- 26th and 27th Medical Laboratories and the 363rd Medical Composite Detachment
- 19th Medical General Laboratory, 3rd Medical Laboratory, and the 363rd Medical Composite
Detachment operated in Leyte
- 27th Medical Laboratory operated in Tacloban
- 26th Medical Laboratory operated in Lingayen Gulf the only lab unit in Luzon for 6 months
following the US invasion on January 9,1945
• Manila Public Health Laboratory
- First clinical lab in the Philippines
- Established during WW2 by the 6th Infantry Division of the US army
- Quiricada St., Sta. Cruz, Manila
- Offered training programs to high school graduates as early as feb 1944
- US army left in June 1945 the lab was endorsed to the National Department of Health (non-
operational)
- Dr. Pio de Roda reopened the lab in October 1945
- Dr. Mariano Icasiano (Manila City Health Officer) helped Dr. Pio de Roda in opening the lab
- Dr. Pio de Roda and Dr. Prudencia Sta. Ana conducted a training program for aspiring laboratory
workers
- Dr. Sta Ana was asked to prepare a six-month formal syllabus with certificate for the trainees
upon completion
- Dr. Tirso Briones joined the two
- 1954 – the training program ended
▪ Bureau of Private Education approved a four-year course in Bachelor of Science in Medical
Technology
▪ Mrs. Willa Hedrick the wife of Dr. Elvin Hedrick opened Manila Sanitarium and Hospital
(MSH) the first School of Medical Technology in the Philippines
▪ MSH started its medical internship and residency training program which was affiliated with
Loma Linda University in California
 • 1954
- Philippine Union College (PUC) was first to offer 4 years BS Med Technology
- In Baesa, Caloocan City (now Adventist University of the Philippines)
- Absorbed MSH’s School of Medical Technology
- Dr. Jesse Umali
▪ first graduate of medical technology program
▪ graduated as a Doctor of Medicine at the Far Eastern University (FEU)
▪ successful OB-gynecologist in the US
• University of Santo Tomas
- Initially offered the Medical Technology course as an elective for pharmacy students in 1957
- 1961 – Medical Technology was recognized as an official program in UST

SA VID LEC
• First medical technology school in the Philippines was established by Dr. Willa Hilgort Hedrick (founder of
medical technology in the Philippines)
• Dr. Reuben Manalaysay
- President of PUC
• Rev. Warren
- Director of Bureau of Education
• June 14, 1961
- Full recognition of 4-year BS Medical Technology course was given
• PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
▪ Philippine Association of Medical Technologist (PAMET) 1964
- Org by Crisanto Almario
- September 15, 1963
- Manila Public Health Laboratory in Sta. Cruz, Manila
- Only accredited professional org of all RMTs
- September 21, 1972 President Ferdinand Marcos declared 3rd week of September as a
celebration of the Medical Technology Profession
- First national convention was held at Far Eastern University (FEU) on September 20, 1964
- Charlemagne Tamondong: First PAMET Pres.
- Nardito Moraleta: Second PAMET Pres.
- Ronaldo E. Puno: Current PAMET Pres. CORRECTION: ROMMEL F. SALCEDA
- National professional org of RMTs in the Philippines
- LOGO
❖ Triangle
▪ Trilogy of LOVE, RESPECT, and DIGNITY
❖ Circle
▪ Symbol of continuous involvement where practice and education are always integrated
❖ Color Green
▪ Symbolizes health
❖ Microscope and the Snake
▪ Symbolize the Medical Technology profession
▪ Philippine Association of Schools of Medical Technology (PASMETH) 1970
- Schools that offer med tech
- National org of recognized schools of medical technology and public health in the Philippines
- Philippine Association of Schools of Medical Technology and Public Health, Inc.
- National org of about 50 recognized schools of MT/MLS/PH in the Philippines
- May 13, 1970 – Director Narcisco Albaraccin appointed Dr. Serafin Juliano to lay the foundation
of MT schools
- First organizational meeting – University of Santo Tomas on June 22, 1970
- First annual meeting – UST on May 7, 1971
- Accomplishments:
✓ CPD for MT Faculty (CPD: Continuing Professional Development – renew license)
 ✓ Standard curriculum for BSMT
✓ Course syllabi
✓ Scholarship grants
✓ Community outreach projects
✓ Accreditation as CPE provider
- Presidents
✓ 1st PASMETH Pres – Dr. Gustavo Reyes
✓ Current – Bernard Ebuen (Arellano University) (Dean Bernard U. Ebuen)
- LOGO
❖ Diamond
▪ represents the four objectives of the association
1. to encourage a thorough study of the needs and problems of MT education and offer
CPD Continuing professional development – renew license
❖ Circle
▪ Represents the continuity of learning and the never-ending quest for excellence in the field
of academe
❖ Microscope
▪ Represents the field of Medical Technology and Public Health
• Beloved PAMET
- Written by: Hector G. Gayares Jr.
- Placed into music by: Francis Jerota Pefanco

Defining the Practice of Medical Technology/Clinical Laboratory Science Profession

Nature of Medical Technology
• Science of medical technology has evolved because of the development of modern equipment and new
procedures aimed at helping in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases
• Technology: promotes life and saves life
• In the nature of medical technology, it is important to know the connection between science and
technology.
• Science
- concerned with the study of the natural world and the interrelationship among the biological,
physiological, and even the social world.
- Chemistry, electronics, optics and mechanics: are highly dependent on developments of scientific
discipline to develop a utilizable biotechnology that will aid in the diagnosis of diseases.
• Technology
- Application of science in ways that are considered beneficial to society
Defined in 3 ways
- As a physical artefact, machine, or instrument
- As an activity or a means to accomplish a goal
- As knowledge
Rogers (1983)
Asserts that “technology is a design for instrumental action that reduces the uncertainty in the
cause-effect relationships involved in achieving a desired outcome”
- Technology consist of physical elements such as equipment, materials, or products and intangible
elements such as knowledge, skills, procedures, principles, or information base
- An avenue for humans to alter or modify the environment in order to extend their abilities to
create, invent, discover, or innovate to make the world a better place to live in.
 • Medical Technology
- Improve the detection, diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of diseases.
- Its nature is contextual, interdisciplinary, interdependent, and system-based
- Dependent on the application, purpose, environment, and setting in which it is applied.
• Clinical Laboratory Testing
- Crucial role in detection, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases.
- Clinical laboratory scientists perform most of these lab tests and are involved in:
▪ Examination and analysis of body fluids
▪ Tissues
▪ Cells
They look for the presence of
▪ Bacteria
▪ Parasites
▪ Other microorganisms in the body
They analyze the
▪ Chemical contents of fluid
▪ Match blood for transfusions
▪ Test for drug levels in the blood to show patient’s response to specific treatment.
After testing and examining the specimen they analyze the results and relay them to physicians.
ADDITIONAL:
▪ Analyze chemical constituents of fluids
▪ Match blood for transfusion
▪ Microbial culture and sensitivity testing (Microbiology/Parasitology)
▪ Manipulate sophisticated lab equipment
- Clinical laboratory is the place where lab scientists work
- Lumbar puncture
is performed to obtain cerebrospinal fluid CSF
examined by lab scientist
examine protein levels in CSF

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY PRACTICE DEFINED

• RA 5527 Medical Technology Act of 1969
- The medical technology profession and its practice in the Philippines is governed and define under
the section 2 of this republic act
- as amended by R.A. 6132, P.D. 498, and P.D. 1534, defines the practice of medical technology
(basa sa pdf)
• Practice of medtech
- a medical technologist must first become licensed before he or she is permitted to practice the
profession.
- Practicing medtech without license is punishable by law
- Should be bound by the accepted pledge of oath in accordance with the Code of Ethics of Medical
Technology which states that the Medical Technology professional should accept the
responsibilities inherent to being a professional and shall not engage in illegal activities.
ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY PROFESSIONALS
• Perform Clinical laboratory Testing
- Must be capable of performing the most basic to the most advanced laboratory tests
- A graduate of BSMT/MLS is expected to show competency in performing routine laboratory tests
including urinalysis and stool examination.
- Should be capable of performing hematologic, microbiologic, serologic, chemical, and other
procedures
- Clinical lab is expected to be fully equipped with resources necessary for performing such
procedures
• Perform Special Procedures
- Operation of advanced diagnostic equipment
- Molecular and nuclear diagnostics
• Ensure Accuracy and Precision of Results
- Should always be conscious of the accuracy and precision of both testing process and its results
• Be Honest in Practice
- Should act according to the Medical Technology profession’s code of ethics and his or her pledge
oath of practice
- To come up with accurate and precise results
• Ensure Timely Delivery of Results
- Must be aware of the urgency on delivering results on time especially in cases that require urgent
treatment
- STAT: immediate action
- Be alert to fully address the needs of patient
• Demonstrate Professionalism
- Perform his or her actions according to professional code of ethics for medical technology
professionals
- Should be aware of laws and regulations governing the practice of medical technology and should
not exploit its function beyond boundaries.
- R.A. 5527 or the Philippine Medical Technology Act of 1969
- R.A. 4688 Clinical Laboratory Act of 1966
- R.A 1517 Blood Banking Acts of 1956 and 1995 (RA 7719)
- Philippine Association of Schools of Medical Technology and Public Health (PASMETH) and
Philippine Association of Medical Technologists, Inc. (PAMET)
• Uphold Confidentiality
- Keep a patient’s personal health information private unless the patient consent to release the
information
- Patient records are expected to be kept in confidence by the medical technologist
- Protected and made available only when necessary
• Collaborate with Other Health Care Professionals
- REQUIRED to collaborate with other health care practitioners
- Success in health care setting is achieved not because of the availability of highly sophisticated
hospital or laboratory equipment but because of TEAMWORK
- Having one non-collaborative and incompetent member in the team alone ca result in potentially
dire repercussions.
• Conduct Research
- Engage in research activities to update their skills.
- Greatly help in the further development of the field and may be used as future reference for
patient care
• Involvement in Health Promotion Programs
DEFINING THE PRACTICE OF OTHER LABORATORY PERSONNEL
Medical Laboratory Science:
- One of the most important fields of health care delivery system.
- Plays an important role in diagnosis, treatment, and management of disease.
Medical Technology
- Designed to improve the detection, diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of diseases.
RA 5527 the Medical Technology Act of 1968
- Defines the nature and scope of Medical Technology profession in the Philippines
• Pathologist
AS DEFINED IN RA 5527
- Duly registered physician who is specially trained in the methods of laboratory medicine, or the
gross microscopic study and interpretations of tissues, secretions and excretions of the human
body and its functions
- Always considered to head a clinical laboratory and monitor all lab results.
- A lab result without the signature of a pathologist may not be considered valid.
• Medical Laboratory Technicians
AS DEFINED IN RA 5527
- Qualified to assist a medical technologist or a qualified pathologist
- Fail to pass the med tech licensure exam given by the board but obtained 70%
- Passed the civil service examination of medical technicians given on March 21, 1969
- Finished two-year college course and has at least 1-year experience of working as medical
laboratory technician.
• Phlebotomist
- Individual trained to draw blood either for laboratory tests or for blood donations
- When only small quantities of blood are needed – puncturing the skin
- When large volumes of blood are needed – venipuncture or even arterial puncture is done
- Arterial collection can only be performed by a specially trained phlebotomist
- Nowadays, not only med tech can draw blood but other health practitioners as well provided that
they were given certification by a reputed certifying or training body.
• Cytotechnologist
- Works with the pathologist to detect changes in body cells which may be important in early
diagnosis of disease
- Selects and sections minute particles of human tissue for microscopic study
- Using microtomes and other equipment and employ stain technique to make cell structures visible
or to differentiate its parts
- The Papanicolaou (Pap) test and the H&E are the most commonly employed staining techniques
• Histotechnologist
- Also referred to histotechnician
- Responsible for the routine preparation, processing, and staining of biopsies and tissue
specimens for microscopic examination by pathologist.
- Decent paramedic profession abroad
- In US one can complete histotechnician program accredited by National Accrediting Agency for
Clinical Laboratory Science (NAACLS)
- Program: takes a year to complete
- Covers courses in chemistry, histology, immunology, biochemistry, and medical ethics.
- AAS Major in Histology
• Nuclear Medical Technologist
- Works alongside nuclear physicians
- Apply their knowledge on radiation physics and safety regulations to limit radiation exposure
- Prepare and administer radiopharmaceuticals
- Use radiation detection devices
- Detection of radionuclides in the patient
• Toxicologist
- Studies the effects of toxic substances to develop data for use in consumer protection and
industrial safety programs
- Conducts studies to determine physiological effects of various substances on laboratory animals,
plants, and human tissue, using biological and biochemical techniques.