Practical Manual

Pharmacy
(F.Y. D. Pharm)
Social

Marks: /10
Date:

EXPERIMENT NO. 10

Aim: To study different types of disinfectant and marketed prepration.

IS a process in which chemical or physical means is
used to
Theory: Disinfection
diseases. There
control or destroy the microorganisms that are capable causing
of
to
three levels of disinfection (i.e. high, intermediate and low level) with respect
are
to
of the disinfection. Disinfecting agents are substances used
the effectiveness
or destroy harmful microorganisms such as bacteria,
viruses, or fungi. Many
control of
are non-specific in their action and will act aqainst a spectrum
disinfectants
microorganisms.
disintectants can be grouped in accordance with their chemical properties.
Chemical by
various modes destroy
of action to the microorganisms such as
They work on
etc. The
or lipids, oxidation, alkylation,
rupturing the cell wall, denaturing proteins
concentration, contact
of a disinfectant hinges on various factors including
efficacy
matters and metal ions.
duration, temperature, pH, the presence of organic
on the particular situations.
Some of
Choice of the disinfectant to be used depends
because of the wide spectrum of destroying
the disinfectants are adopted smaller
effective disinfections. Others destroy a
microorganisms in order to achieve chemical
range of disease causing
organisms but are preferred because the
are less or non-toxic to human and the
level of disinfections required is
disinfectants
low.
are used to clean and
There are disinfectants which possess surfactant effect and
disinfect in "one-step" process. Workers in hospitals,
health care facilities, poultry
sanitary and similar
facilities, abattoirs, food products manufacturing plants,
disinfectants to destroy diseases causing
services, etc. frequently use chemical
disinfectants are flammable and explosive.
microorganisms. Some of the chemical
There are disinfectants that would react
with incompatible chemicals violently and
hazards to workers. All chemical disinfectants are, by
generate toxic gases posing
Like other toxic
their very nature, potentially harmful or toxic to living organisms..
several routes,
substances, the chemical disinfectants can enter the body through
inhalation and ingestion.
including absorption through skin or mucous membrane,
Sometimes a chemical substance can enter through various routes. However,
with
chemical disinfectants would be effective and safe tools when handled properly
the safety measures in place. If misused, they can be hazardous and harmful to

workers and the environment

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(F.Y. D. rm) Practical Manual
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Disinfectants can be divided into classes on the basis of their chemical compositions
each class
and each class has its characteristics, hazards, toxicities and efficacy against various
i c r o o r g a n i s m s . The classes are as follows:

Alcohols: Alc
Alcohols: Alcohols, usually in the form of 70% isopropyl alcohol or 60 to 80%
ethyl alcohol, are commonly used topical disinfectants. They are effective against
bacteria and enveloped Viruses. Alcohols are not effective against bacterial spores
and non-enveloped viruses. Alcohols are somewhat slow in their germicidal
action.
o Aldehydes: Aldehydes are broad-spectrum disinfectants. The most commonly
used agents are formaldehyde and gluteraldehyde. Aldehydes are very effective
against bacteria, fungi, Viruses, mycobacteria and bacterial spores
o Chlorine Compounds: Chlorine compounds are considered broad spectrum,
being eftective against bacteria, enveloped and non-enveloped viruses,
and fungi. At high concentrations, chlorine compounds can be
mycobacteria
sporicidal. The most commonly used agents are chlorine dioxide, sodium
hvpochlorite (Chlorine Bleach) and calcium hypochlorite.
o lodine Compounds: lodine compounds are broad spectrum and considered
effective for a variety of bacteria, mycobacteria, fungi and viruses. Tincture of
iodine could be used as an antiseptic for skin cuts and scrapes. Iodine agents are
inactivated by quaternary ammonium compounds and organic debris. An
iodophor is a combination of iodine and a solubilizing agent or carrier, the
resulting complex provides a sustained-release reservoir of iodine and releases
small amounts of free iodine in aqueous solution to kill microbes.
Phenolics: The disinfectants are phenol (carbolic acid) derivatives. They have a
characteristic pine-tar odour and turn milky in water. Phenols at 5%
concentration are considered bactericidal, tuberculocidal, fungicidal and virucidal
for enveloped viruses. They retain more activity in the presence of organic
material than iodine or chlorine-containing disinfectants. Cresols,
hexachlorophene, alkyl- and chloro- derivatives and diphenyls are more active
than phenol itself.
o Quaternary Ammonium Compounds: Quaternary ammonium compounds, such
as benzalkonium chloride, are generally odourless, colourless, non-irritating, and
deodorizing. The compounds have disinfectant effect and some have detergent
action. However, some quaternary ammonium compounds are inactivated in the
presence of some soaps or soap residues. Their antibacterial activity is reduced in
the presence of organic material. Quaternary ammonium compounds are
effective against bacteria but only and somewhat effective against fungi and
viruses.
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 Social Pharmacy (F.Y. D. Pharm) Practical Mar
agents are hydrogen peroxide o2On
o Oxidizing Agents: Common oxidizing
The hydrogen peroxide use
peracetic acid and potassium permanganate. as an
of inanimate objects. It COule
antiseptic, is also effective in
disinfection buld
Peracetic acid is one of the effes
sporicidal if operated at high temperatures. ctve
in disinfection of food processing equiprma.
liquid sporicides and is used widely
and medical instruments because it does not leave toxic reside
men
residues
Potassium permanganate has broad antimicrobial properties. It is an effecti

algicide (0.01%) and virucide (1%) for disinfection,

but tends to irritate tissues
concentrations > 1:10,000.
Others: Ethylene oxide has wide use as an disinfecting agent with very broa
biocide activity against microorganisms including bacterial spores and viruses. I
is a highly flammable chemical. It is toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic
Chlorhexidine is a biguanide compound, one of the widely used disinfectants. It j
eftective against most bacteria and is non-irritating to tissues. Biguanide has a
broad antibacterial spectrum, however it is limited in its effectivenesS against
viruses and is not sporicidal, mycobactericidal, or fungicidal.

VIVAVOCE QUESTIONS

What is the best household disinfectant for surfaces during COVID-19?

Q.1.

Q.2. Differentiate between antiseptics and disinfectant.

Q.3. What are major classes of disinfectant?

In which concentration phenol is used as disinfectant.

Q4.

Q.5. What are disinfectants?

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cial Pharmacy (F.Y. D. Pharm)
Practicai Mar
Table: Classification of Antiseptic and their Uses
Class Example Use Marketed
Preparation
Alcohol Ethyl alcohol (70%) Used as a skin Solimo Loro
Isopropyl alcohol (70%) disinfectant
Quaternary Benzalkonium chloride, Cetrimide, Used as skin Neosporin
ammonium Methylbenzethonium chloride, disinfectant, irrigation, Wound Cleanse
compound Benzethonium chloride, and to preserve eye
Cetalkonium chloride, drops
Cetylpyridinium chloride,
Dofanium chloride,
Domiphen bromide
Chloro- Chlorhexidine gluconate, Used as pre-operative Peridex (Pro)
hexidine and Chlorhexidine acetate skin disinfectant, to Periogard (Pro)
other treat wounds and for
biguanide bladder irrigation
Antibacterial Proflavine hemisulphate, Tripheny! Used as a skin Cutasept
dye methane disinfectant and to
Midosept
wound burns
Brilliant green, crystal violet, gentian treat or

violet
Peroxide and Hydrogen peroxide solution, Used as wound Durox LR3
permanganate Potassium permanganate solution cleanser, gargles and
mouthwashs, and for
Benzoyl peroxide
irrigation and as a skin
disinfectant
Halogenated Chlorocresol, Chloroxylenol, Used as a skin Becoderm
phenol Chlorophene disinfectant and in
derivative Hexachlorophane, Triclosan medicated soap and
solution
Quinolone Hydroxyquinoline sulphate Used to treat wounds, Quinoderm
derivative Potassium hydroxyquinoline in throat lozenges and Chlorochinaldin
sulphate, Chlorquinaldol as a skin disinfectants
Dequalinium chloride
Diiodohydroxy quinoline
Miscellaneous Burow's solution (aqueous solution
of aluminium acetate), Bleach baths
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 Pharmacy
(F.Y. D. Pharm) Practical Manual
ocial
S o c

Date Marks: /10

EXPERIMENT NO. 11
Aim: To study antiseptic and marketed products.
heorY: An antiseptic is a chemical agent that slows or stops the growth of micro-
ranisms on external surtaces of the body and helps to prevent infections.
Antiseptics should be distinguished from antibiotics that destroy micro-organisms
inside the body, and from disinfectants, which destroy micro-organisms found on
inanimate (non-living) objects. Antiseptic and dis-infectants are non selective anti-
infective agents that are applied topically. Their activity ranges from simply reducing
the number of micro organisms to within safe limits of public health interpretations
(sanitization), to destroy all microorganisms (sterlization) on the applied surface.
However, antiseptics are often referred to as skin disinfectants.
Most chemical agents can be used as both an antiseptic and a disinfectant. The
purpose for which it is used is determined by its concentration. For example,
hydrogen peroxide 6% solution is used for cleansing wounds, while stronger
solutions ( 30%) are used in industry as bleach and oxidising agent.
Classification of antiseptics:
Antiseptics can be classified according to their chemical structure. Commonly used
antiseptic groups include alcohols, quaternary ammonium compounds, chlorhexidine
and other diguanides, antibacterial dyes, chlorine and hypochlorites, inorganic iodine
compounds, metals, peroxides and permanganates, halogenated phenol derivatives
and quinolone derivatives. The following table lists some of the agents within these
groups. (For classification of antiseptic please refer page 68).
Uses of antiseptic:
Antiseptic is mainly used to reduce levels of microorganisms on the skin and mucous
membranes. The skin and mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, and vagina are
home to a large number of micro-organisms (which are normally harmless).
When the skin or mucous membranes are damaged or breached in surgery,
antiseptic is used to disinfect the area and reduce the chances of infection. People
who are treating patients with wounds or burns should wash their hands with an
antiseptic solution to minimise the risk of cross infection.
Antiseptics are used for:
1. Handwashing: Chlorhexidine gluconate and povidone iodine solutions are often
used in hand scrubs and hand rubs in hospital settings. Alcohol in concentrations
60% will destroy pathogens such as the SARS-CoV-19 virus.

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Social Pharmacy (F.Y. D. Pharm) Practical Manual SoclalP

to the operation
2. Pre-operative skin disinfection: Antiseptics applied .

to
reduce the resident skin flora. Caution
use of cal
should be used in facial use
the eye, causing keratitis.
solutions
containing chlorhexidine, as these can injure
be instilled
ed int
into the
3. Mucous membrane disinfection: Antiseptic irrigations may
or cleanse the cavity prior to
bladder, urethra or vagina to treat infections
catheterisation.
4. tic preparatione
Preventing and treating infected wounds and burns: Antisepti preparationy
are available over-the-counter from your pharmacist to treat minor
minor cuts
Cuts,
abrasions and burns.
5. Treating mouth and throat infections: Dequalinium chloride has both
both
antibacterial and antifungal properties and is the active ingredient in antiseptic

throat lozenges.