CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
In general ground water is preferred as a source of drinking water because of its convenient
availability and its constant and good quality. However, the source is contaminated by several
substances that pollute the surface water can be divided into substances that occur naturally and
substances produced or introduced by human activities. Naturally occurring substances causing
pollution of surface water include for example the deposition of dust, the atmospheric process of
evapotranspiration, the natural leaching of organic matter and nutrients from the soil,
hydrological factors that lead to runoff, and biological processes within the aquatic environment
that can alter the physical and chemical composition of water. As a result, water in the natural
environment contains many dissolved substances and non-dissolved particulate matter. The
natural quality of surface water depends upon the physical environment and the origin and
movement of the water. (1)

The surface water qualities are affected by various anthropogenic activities. The surface water
contains various contaminants such as turbidity, Dissolved oxygen, organic and inorganic
impurities, and pesticides. These substances include household chemicals, agricultural chemicals
some inorganic and organic contaminants. (2)

Several chemicals are being introduced into water bodies or aquifers usually as a consequence of
leaching from soil rock or via atmospheric deposition, through the dissolution of mineral loser
industrial effluents and agricultural runoff The present paper reveals about the drinking water
quality of bellur hobli concerning villages water quality with physical-chemical analysis. (3)

• WATER
Water (chemical formula H2O) is an inorganic, transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly
colorless chemical substance, which is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids
of all known living organisms (in which it acts as a solvent). It is vital for all known forms of
life, even though it provides no calories or organic nutrients. Its chemical formula, H2O,
indicates that each of its molecules contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms, connected by
covalent bonds. The hydrogen atoms are attached to the oxygen atom at an angle of 104.45° (4).
"Water" is the name of the liquid state of H2O at standard conditions for temperature and
pressure.

A few natural states of water exist. It forms precipitation in the form of rain and aerosols in the
form of fog. Clouds consist of suspended droplets of water and ice, they’re solid-state. When
finely divided, crystalline ice may precipitate in the form of snow. The gaseous state of water is
steam or water vapor. Water covers approximately 70.9% of the Earth's surface, mostly in seas
and oceans (5). Small portions of water occur as groundwater (1.7%), in the glaciers and the ice
caps of Antarctica and Greenland (1.7%), and the air as vapor, clouds (consisting of ice and
liquid water suspended in air), and precipitation (0.001%). Water moves continually through the
water cycle of evaporation, transpiration (evapotranspiration), condensation, precipitation, and
runoff, usually reaching the sea. Water plays an important role in the world economy.
Approximately 70% of the freshwater used by humans goes to agriculture. (6) Fishing in salt and
fresh water bodies is a major source of food for many parts of the world.

• DRINKING WATER
Drinking water, also known as potable water, is water that is safe to drink or use for food
preparation. The amount of drinking water required to maintain good health varies, and depends
on physical activity level, age, health-related issues, and environmental conditions. For those
who work in a hot climate, up to 16 liters (4.2 US gal) a day may be required. On average,
American households use 300 gallons of water a day. Typically, in developed countries, tap water
meets drinking water quality standards, even though only a small proportion is consumed or used
in food preparation. All public water suppliers in the US must uphold a certain standard of water
quality. If the requirements are met, Americans can drink their local tap water. Other typical uses
for tap water include washing, toilets, and irrigation. Greywater may also be used for toilets or
irrigation. Its use for irrigation however may be associated with risks. Water may also be
unacceptable due to levels of toxins or suspended solids.

Globally, by 2015, 89% of people had access to water from a source that is suitable for drinking
– called an improved water source. In sub-Saharan Africa, access to potable water ranged from
40% to 80% of the population. Nearly 4.2 billion people worldwide had access to tap water,
while another 2.4 billion had access to wells or public taps. The World Health Organization
considers access to safe drinking water a basic human right. About 1 to 2 billion people lack safe
drinking water. More people die from unsafe water than from war.

• SURFACE WATER
Surface water is water located on top of the Earth's surface, and may also be referred to as blue
water. In common usage, it is usually used specifically for terrestrial (inland) waterbodies, the
vast majority of which is produced by precipitation and runoff from nearby higher areas. As the
climate warms in the spring, snowmelt runs off towards nearby streams and rivers contributing to
a large portion of human drinking water. Levels of surface water lessen as a result of evaporation
as well as water moving into the ground becoming groundwater. Alongside being used for
drinking water, surface water is also used for irrigation, wastewater treatment, livestock,
industrial uses, hydropower, and recreation. It is recorded by the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA), that approximately 68 percent of water provided to communities comes from
surface water. For USGS water-use reports, surface water is considered freshwater when it
contains less than 1,000 milligrams per liter (mg/L) of dissolved solids. There are three major
types of surface water. Permanent (perennial) surface waters are present year-round and include
lakes, rivers, and wetlands (marshes and swamps). Semi-permanent (ephemeral) surface water
refers to bodies of water that are only present at certain times of the year including seasonally
dry channels such as creeks, lagoons, and waterholes. Man-made surface water is water that can
be continued by infrastructures that humans have assembled. These would be dammed artificial
lakes, canals, and artificial ponds (e.g. garden ponds) or swamps. The surface water held by
dams can be used for renewable energy in the form of hydropower. Hydropower is the forcing of
surface water sourced from rivers and streams to produce energy.

• SURFACE WATER AVAILABILITY IN KARNATAKA

There are seven river systems in the State viz., Krishna, Cauvery, Godavari, West Flowing
Rivers, North Pennar, South Pennar, and Palar. The utilization of water in the West Flowing
Rivers is hampered due to difficulties in the construction of large storage reservoirs. Yield in the
seven river basins is estimated as 3418 TMC at 50% dependability and 2934 TMC at 75%
dependability. Yield in the six basins (excluding west-flowing rivers) is estimated as 1396 TMC
at 50% dependability and 1198 TMC at 75% dependability. The economically utilizable water
for irrigation is estimated as 1695 TMC. (8)

1.4.2 SURFACE WATER POLLUTION

Water from lakes and rivers that are used by municipalities, agriculture, and industry, is
increasingly exposed to pollutants from manufacturing or the environment. Fertilizers can leak
into rivers, and flooding leads to pollution of surface water as the volume spreads across areas
that are normally not exposed to water. These contaminants are why water must be treated before
being used for human consumption. Even though the water appears to be clear, it may not be
clean, which is why municipal authorities need a program of testing and treatment for potential
contamination.

1.4.3 SOURCES OF SURFACE WATER POLLUTION

How can surface water become contaminated? One of the most common sources of surface water
pollution is human waste, especially in developing countries. In addition to human waste, there
are issues with fertilizer seepage from farmland into groundwater. Industrial plants are also
known to contaminate surface water with by-products leaking into rivers and drainage systems.
Poorly maintained waste systems and adverse weather incidents such as flooding are also major
sources of surface water pollution. For a municipal authority, knowing the risks in the area and
what to do about them is critical. The sources of surface water contamination are many.
Having municipal surface water treatment services available is vital to community health, as
treatment specialists have the expertise to analyze and treat the problem efficiently and
effectively. (9)

• PATHOGENS IN SURFACE WATER POLLUTION

One of the biggest risks to humans from surface water pollution is pathogens that cause types of
waterborne diseases. These come from human waste, as well as industrial sources which include
organic chemicals and heavy metals. Contamination most commonly occurs when food is
prepared using contaminated water or by a person drinking it. This is a common cause of illness,
particularly in developing countries. Surface water contamination can also lead to toxic products
remaining in fish because of exposure to pathogens. Municipal water suppliers need to access the
expertise of surface water treatment services to diagnose and treat the problem before it becomes
a major health hazard.

• COLOR AND TURBIDITY

The color and turbidity of the water are affected when there is contamination. Typically, tannins
are formed from organic material and include branches, soil, fish, debris, and more. The type of
tannin will depend on the location and nature of the contamination. Some are difficult to see so
having regular checks of the water supply is important. Turbidity occurs when there are
sediments in the water which typically settle or cloud the appearance of the liquid. This is not
necessarily harmful. Turbidity is more common in surface water as it lacks the natural filtration
found in groundwater. Working with a municipal water treatment expert like AOS to address the
problem will improve the quality of the supply. A municipal authority should use the expertise of
water treatment services to maintain a safe water supply and reduce the risk of contamination.
Surface water is exposed to several contaminants, depending on the location so regular
inspections and treatments will improve quality.
1.5 OBJECTIVES:
• To identify suitable surface and sub-surface water sampling points in the study area.

• To collect the samples identified in sources.

• To the analysis of water quality according to standard procedures.

• To the suggestion of suitable remedies measures if any are required.

CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Drinking water quality
According to the World Health Organization's 2017 report, safe drinking water is water that
"does not represent any significant risk to health over a lifetime of consumption, including
different sensitivities that may occur between life stages”. Parameters for drinking water quality
typically fall within three categories: physical, chemical, and microbiological. Physical and
chemical parameters include heavy metals, trace organic compounds, total suspended solids
(TSS), and turbidity. Chemical parameters tend to pose more of a chronic health risk through the
build-up of heavy metals although some components like nitrates/nitrites and arsenic can have a
more immediate impact. Physical parameters affect the aesthetics and taste of the drinking water
and may complicate the removal of microbial pathogens. Microbiological parameters include
Coliform bacteria, E. coli, and specific pathogenic species of bacteria (such as cholera-causing
Vibrio cholerae), viruses, and protozoan parasites. Originally, fecal contamination was
determined by the presence of coliform bacteria, a convenient marker for a class of harmful fecal
pathogens. The presence of fecal coliforms (like E. Coli) serves as an indication of
contamination by sewage. Additional contaminants include protozoan oocysts such as
Cryptosporidium sp., Giardia lamblia, Legionella, and viruses (enteric).[10] Microbial
pathogenic parameters are typical of greatest concern because of their immediate health risk.

Table 2.1 Drinking water quality standards

BIS Standards (IS-

Sl. Parameters 101500:2012) WHO Limits
No Desirable Permissible
Limits Limits
Physical parameters
1 pH 6.5 8.5 6.5-9.2
2 colour (Hazen units) 5 15 5-50

3 Turbidity (NTU) 1 5 5-25

4 Total dissolved solids 500 2000 -

(mg/l)
Chemical parameters
5 Total hardness (mg/l) 300 600 -
6 Chloride (mg/l) 250 1000 200-600
7 Calcium (mg/l) 75 200 75-200
8 Fluoride (mg/l) 0.5 1 1-1.5
9 Sulphate (mg/l) 200 400 200-400
10 Iron (mg/l) 0.3 1 0.3-1
 11 Copper (mg/l) 0.05 1.5 1-1.5
12 Mercury (mg/l) 0.01 - -
13 Manganese (mg/l) 0.10 0.5 0.1-0.5
14 Lead (mg/l) 0.05 - -
15 Zinc (mg/l) 15 15 -
16 Nitrate (mg/l) 45 100 50-100
17 Aluminium (mg/l) 0.03 0.2 0.2
18 Alkalinity 200 600
19 EC (s) 300 - -
20 Magnesium (mg/l) 30 100 50-100
21 Arsenic (mg/l) 0.01 - 0.2
22 Mineral oil (mg/l) 0.01 0.03 0.03
23 Boron (mg/l) 0.5 1 0.5-1
24 Cyanide (mg/l) 0.05 - 0.01
25 Cadmium (mg/l) 0.05 - -
26 selenium (mg/l) 0.01 - 0.01
Bacteriological parameters
27 Escheria coli, /100ml Shall not be detectable in any 100 ml sample
28 Total coliform Shall not be detectable in any 100 ml sample
bacteria, /100ml

2.2 IMPORTANCE IN RURAL AREAS

Water is recognized as a human right that “entitles everyone to sufficient, safe, acceptable,
physically accessible and affordable water for personal and domestic uses”.(11)The United
Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development acknowledges the role of water in
eradicating poverty and ensuring sustainable green growth as essential. The Sustainable
Development Goal (SDG) on clean water and sanitation aims to put the right to water into
practice and to ensure the availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for
all. (12) Many other SDGs are closely linked to water-related issues,(13) and water can be
considered a fundamental driver of green growth. (14) The United Nations Declaration on the
Rights of Peasants and Other People Working in Rural Areas recognizes that their access to
natural and productive resources such as water is an increasing challenge, and underscores the
importance of the right to access to water and sanitation.
Rural livelihoods are often dependent on adequate water supply, and increasing water scarcity
and competition for water resources are threatening these livelihoods. It is therefore of vital
importance to ensure access to sufficient, clean, and easily accessible water sources. Globally
over 2 billion people live in countries suffering from high levels of water stress, with 22
countries being in a situation of serious water stress. An estimated 4 billion people suffer from
severe water stress for at least one month a year. (15) water demand will continue to increase,
and it has been estimated that by 2030 nearly half of the population will live in areas of high
water stress, which will result in the displacement of populations. While water scarcity is likely
to limit opportunities for economic growth and the creation of decent jobs in rural areas, the
increased demand for water in areas with reduced water availability or high competition for
water calls for increased diversification of water sources, such as low yielding wells and springs,
rainwater or stormwater harvesting, urban runoff, and wastewater recycling. This not only has
the potential, through technological development, to create jobs in the operation and maintenance
of treatment plants to reclaim water, but it enables new forms of small-scale intensive uses of
water such as the cultivation of highly profitable crops in small plots.

• Target groups:

• Women in rural areas:

Women in rural areas are often responsible for water fetching, which may lead to health and
security risks, and they are primarily involved in household chores. Their access to water for
ensuring food security and hygiene is therefore essential. A lack of basic services such as
water and sanitation increases the burden on women and further reduces their participation in
the labor market. Innovative solutions to water fetching, as well as improved water sources
and other infrastructure, can alleviate this burden and increase their time available for
education and paid employment opportunities, and help them to participate in community life
on an equal footing.

• Smallholder farmers:

Smallholder farmers often live in poverty and have to cope with food insecurity and
malnutrition. They have low resilience to shocks and are highly vulnerable to the impacts of
climate change. They often have limited access to natural resources such as water, and face
competition from other water users. The lack of water for irrigation has repercussions on
productivity, and their situation is further challenged by the increased unreliability of rainfall.
Many smallholders who have access to small-scale irrigation may be unwilling to register
their water use officially as they may be liable for higher fees. (16)

• Indigenous and tribal peoples:

Indigenous and tribal peoples are over-represented among the poor; they are also among the
most water-deprived populations worldwide, and lag behind others in accessing many basic
services – including water supply and sanitation services. Under the ILO Indigenous and
Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 (No. 169), their right to be consulted regarding measures
that will affect their lands is guaranteed.

• Sanitation workers

Sanitation workers involved in pit emptying and sewerage works, including manual
scavenging practices, have to endure unsanitary and hazardous working conditions that often
lead to relatively

2.3 WATER QUALITY INDEX (WQI):

WQI aims to give a single value to the Water Quality of a source reducing a great
number of parameters into a simpler expression and enabling easy interpretation of
monitoring data. Water Quality Index (WQI) is a technique of rating that provides the
composite influence of individual parameters on the overall quality of water. WQI is a well-
known method as well as one of the most effective tools to express water quality that offers a
simple, stable, reproducible unit of measure and communicates information about water
quality to policymakers and concerned citizens. The weights for various water quality
parameters are assumed to be inversely proportional to the recommended standards for the
corresponding parameters. One of the major advantages of WQI is that it incorporates data
from multiple water quality parameters into a mathematical equation that rates the health of
water quality with numbers. In this study for the calculation of the water quality index,
twelve important parameters were chosen. The WQI has been calculated by using the
standards of drinking water quality recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO),
the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), and the Indian Council for Medical Research (ICMR).
The weighted Arithmetic index method has been used for the calculation the of WQI of the
water body. Further quality rating or sub-index was calculated using the following
expression,

Were,

qn =Quality rating for the nth water quality parameter

Vn= Estimated value of the nth parameter of a given sampling station.

S =Standard permissible value of n parameter.

Vio Ideal value of n parameter in pure water.

All the ideal values (Vio) are taken as zero for the drinking water

except for pH = 7.0 and dissolved oxygen = 14.6 mgL-1

The concept of indices to represent gradation in water quality was first proposed
by Horton (1965). The water Quality Index indicates the quality of water in terms of an index
number, which represents the overall quality of water for any intended use. It is defined as a
rating reflecting the composite influence of different water quality parameters on the overall
quality of water. The indices are among the most effective ways to communicate the
information on water quality trends to the general public or the policy-makers and also water
quality management.

Evaluation of overall water quality is not an easy task, particularly when different
criteria for different uses are applied. Moreover, the classification of water quality follows
various definitions concerning the contents of different water quality parameters. Dozens of
variables have been developed and are available to be used in management governmental or
environmental programs, but the high price because of water analysis to attend these
programs generally makes it difficult to use them.

The application of the water quality index has the objective of providing a simple
and valid method for expressing the results of several parameters to more rapidly and
conveniently assess the water quality. Combining different parameters into one single
number leads to an easy interpretation of the index, thus providing an important tool for
management purposes. As described, WQI employing thirteen parameters can give an
indication of the health of the water body at various points and can be used to keep track of
and analyze changes over time, but other options can be used economically.

• WQI Calculation

For the calculation of WQI, the selection of parameters has great importance.
Since the Selection of too many parameters might widen the water quality index and the
importance of various parameters depends on the intended use of water fourteen Physico-
chemical and biological parameters namely Temperature, pH, Turbidity, EC, TDS, Total
alkalinity, Total hardness, Calcium hardness, DO, BOD, COD, Chloride, Sulphate, and
Nitrates were used to calculate WQI. The WQI is calculated using the weighted arithmetic
index method (Brown et al., 1972) in the following steps.

• Calculation of Sub-Index of Quality Rating (Qn)

Let there be 'n' water quality parameters and the quality rating or sub-index (Qn)
corresponding to an nth parameter is a number reflecting the relative value of this parameter
in the polluted water concerning its standard permissible value. The Qn is calculated using
the following expression.

Where,

qn =Quality rating for the nth water quality parameter

Vn= Estimated value of the nth parameter of a given sampling station.

= S=Standard permissible value of n parameter.

Vi Ideal value of n parameter in pure water.

All the ideal values (Vi) are taken as zero for the drinking water

except for pH = 7.0 and dissolved oxygen = 14.6 mgL-1

• Calculation of Unit Weight (Wn)

The unit weight (Wn) for various water quality parameters is inversely proportional to the
recommended standards for the corresponding parameters.
 Where,

Wn = unit weight for n parameters

S = Standard value for n parameters

K = constant

• WQI is calculated by the following equation.

• Water Quality Rating as per Weight Arithmetic Water Quality Index Method

• Advantages:
• It encompasses the values of various Physico-chemical parameters of water quality into a
mathematical equation, which indicates the water’s ecological state;
• It reflects the importance that each parameter has in the evaluation and management of
water quality
• It can be used to describe the suitability of both surface and underground water sources
for human consumption.
• Disadvantages:
• This index may not provide enough information about the real situation of the water
quality;
• This index does not include all the parameters which can describe the quality of a body of
water

• This index only quantifies the direct effect of pollution on a body of water.
2.4 PREVIOUS STUDIES

Sl Title Journal name Abstract Results

no and year of
publication
1 Assessment of International A detailed Physico-chemical The results
Drinking Water Journal of and bacteriological analysis obtained indicated
Quality and Applied of water samples were the
Hazard Environmental carried out in pre-monsoon, physicochemical
Events in Sciences, monsoon, and post-monsoon water quality
Water Supply January 2019 to parameters
System in S. Pallavi the seasonal variation in within permissible
Mysuru city, water quality. Variations in limits other than
Karnataka water quality and hardness and iron
intermittent cross- contents in a few
contamination routes in areas of the city in
water supply networks were all seasons.
studied. Bacteriological
Important water quality parameters
parameters, which play indicated that
important role in humans, most of all the
were considered and the water samples
water quality index was analyzed were
calculated to know the highly
suitability of contaminated with

water supply in the city from pathogens were

the perspective of public that attributed to a
health. failure in the
water supply
system of the city
 and absence of
residual chlorine
contents in all
seasons.
2 Water quality P. Ravikumar, By monitoring three Sankey tank and
index to Mohammad sampling locations within Mallathahalli lake
determine the Aneesul the Sankey tank water were,
surface water Mehmood, (viz., A, B, and C) and respectively hard
quality R. K. Mallathahalli lake (viz., and very hard in
of Sankey tank Somashekar Inlet, Centre, and outlet) for nature. Further, it
and (24 January a period of 3 months from is apparent from
Mallathahalli 2013) March to May 2012. The WQI values that
lake, surface water samples were Sankey tank water
Bangalore subjected to comprehensive belongs a to good
urban district Physico-chemical analysis water class with
involving major WQI values
cations, anions besides ranging from
general parameters 50.34 to 63.38.
The Mallathahalli
lake water
with WQI value
ranging from
111.69 to 137.09,
fall under
poor water
category.
3 Water quality (11 March 2020) The Urun-Islampur city is The Water Quality
analysis of  Applied Water divided into fourteen wards. Index (WQI) in
Urun-Islampur Science, The values of WQI of those the range of 86 to
City, Shrikant Kate fourteen wards were 90 was also good.
Maharashtra, compared, wherefrom each But it may be
India ward three water samples affected by water
were taken for the test. In distribution lines
order to assess the water which were older
quality, we calculate the than 30 years, so
 WQI. there is a need for
proper
maintenance of
the distribution
system and
chlorination to
avoid waterborne
diseases.
4 Assessment of Society for Assessment of drinking About 60% of the
Drinking Water Environment and water quality was carried out samples showed
Quality of Development, in Bangalore city and above desirable
Bangalore (India) samples were collected from limit of drinking
West Zone, Abdul Khayum different parts of Bangalore’s water standard
India west zone ward wise namely values for TDS.
Rajarajeshwari Nagar, This may be due
Vijayanagar, Rajajinagarand, to different
Nagarbhavi. topography,
in water
distribution the
system and impact
of domestic water
pollution which
imparts in water
quality. Drinking
water is
contaminated by
human or animal
waste and also due
to the breakage
of pipelines.
5 Assessment of International The samples from hand The treatment
groundwater journal of pumps were collected from methods are
quality for environmental recommended for
25 different locations during
drinking and analytical unsuitable
October 2019. The
irrigation chemistry groundwater
parameters like Electrical
 uses in taluka (29 May 2020) conductivity (EC), total samples for
Ratodero, Muhammad dissolved solids (TDS), pH, drinking purposes.
district Farooque total hardness, Cl, alkalinity, The results of
Larkana, Lanjwani SO4, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Fe, Zn, water quality for
Sindh, Pakistan Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, Cu, irrigation
indicated that 60–
Mn, Co, As and fluoride
80% of the
were examined.
samples were
suitable for
irrigation.
6 Evaluating Meseret B the study suggests
The study considered a
Drinking Water Addisie combination of users that due
Quality Using January 4, 2022 consideration of
perceptions with the
Water Quality Air, Soil, and esthetic factors as
measured water quality
Parameters and Water Research measured
parameters determined using
Esthetic parameters is
the water quality index
Attributes fundamental for
(WQI) tool. Data were
the sustainable use
collected using a cross-
of drinking water
sectional research design for
infrastructures
a household survey, and
water quality samples were
collected from improved and
unimproved alternative
sources. Nine
physicochemical and two
bacteriological analyses were
performed.
7 Drinking- Journal of Nepal The results
A cross-sectional study was
Water Quality Health Research carried out using a random obtained from the
Assessment, Council sampling method in Physico-chemical
Kathmandu, September 2012 Arthunge VDC of Myagdi analysis of water
Nepal. Aryal J samples were
district from January to June
within national
2010. 84 water samples
standards
representing natural sources,
and WHO
 reservoirs and collection taps standards except
for arsenic. The
from the study area were
study also found
collected. The
coliform
physicochemical and
contamination to
microbiological analysis was
be the key
performed
problem with
drinking water.
8 Water Quality Journal of Higher values of
The study was conducted on
Index for Health, 24 randomly selected iron, manganese,
measuring Population, and Upazilas, arsenic was and arsenic
drinking water Nutrition (2016) measured in drinking water reduced drinking
quality in rural Tahera Akter in the field using an arsenic water quality.
Bangladesh testing kit, and a sub-sample Awareness-raising
was validated in the on chemical
laboratory contents in
drinking water at
drinking water samples were
the household
collected from 12 out of 24
level is required to
Upazilas.
improve public
health.

CHAPTER-3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA
Bellur is the largest village of nagamangala taluk, It is a village located in the southern state of
Karnataka, Bellur hobli is a division of nagamangala taluk located in Mandya district of
Karnataka India. There are 27 villages under bellur hobli which belongs to the Mysore division,
The main water source for bellur hobli is from dasankere lake. The total population in bellur
hobli is around 25000 as per the 2011 census. It is located 47km towards the north of district
head quatres Mandya 111km from state capital Bangalore. Bellur is surrounded by turvekere
taluk towards the north, Kunigal Taluk towards the east, Mandya Taluk towards the south, and
krishnarajapet taluk towards the west. It is hot in summer. The normal temperature of bellur hobli
is 30ºC to 40ºC. average temperature of bellur hobli in January is 25ºC, February is 27ºC ,
March is 29ºC, May is 29ºC

Table 3.1 list of villages with a population

Sl.no Name of the village Code Population Households Geographical

locations
1 Bellur A1 7,412 1500 12°58'53.1"N
76°43'49.9"E
2 Javarnahalli A2 2,025 450 12°58'19.8"N
76°43'38.8"E
3 Ambaljeeranahalli A3 678 180 12°58'21.3"N
76°43'34.3"E
4 Arni A4 808 202 13°00'16.9"N
76°43'08.1"E

5 Mudagere A5 555 130 13°00'27.2"N

76°44'06.5"E
6 Gollarahalli A6 409 100 13°00'24.2"N
76°44'46.3"E
7 Laxmipura A7 356 70 12°58'15.9"N
76°41'48.0"E
8 Vaderahalli A8 558 139 12°58'29.4"N
 76°45'32.8"E
9 Chamalapura A9 496 95 12°57'37.0"N
76°42'47.7"E
10 Devihalli A10 281 65 13°07'25.9"N
76°39'11.4"E
11 Dyamasandra A11 90 20 12°58'42.0"N
76°41'36.3"E
12 Mantanahalli A12 153 30 12°58'56.9"N
76°42'19.6"E

13 Chakenahalli A13 830 200 12°58'56.6"N

76°41'55.1"E
14 Dadaga A14 804 170 12°57'29.3"N
76°41'43.4"E
15 Govindagatta A15 684 170 12°57'04.8"N
76°43'54.6"E
16 Doddagatta A16 168 30 12°56'42.6"N
76°44'22.1"E
17 Nelligere A17 397 85 12°57'35.6"N
76°45'30.4"E
18 Seegahalli A18 132 30 12°56'22.6"N
76°46'02.9"E
19 Cholasandra A19 260 65 12°55'37.8"N
76°45'38.2"E
20 Kabbinakere A20 349 80 12°55'40.1"N
76°44'25.0"E
21 Nagalapura A21 606 120 13°04'52.4"N
76°41'34.4"E

22 Srirangapura A22 390 90 12°59'30.0"N

76°43'07.3"E
23 Bommanahalli A23 1,348 300 12°56'40.9"N
76°40'20.8"E
24 Thittanahosahalli A24 460 115 12°56'41.7"N
76°41'11.5"E

25 Allisondra A25 850 190 12°58'24.7"N

76°40'04.8"E
 26 Sanaba A26 617 120 12°58'28.0"N
76°41'03.5"E

27 Karijeeranahalli A27 776 160 12°57'57.4"N

76°45'55.2"E
28 Karabylu A28 410 110 12°57'23.8"N
76°46'17.2"E

29 Yelekoppa A29 646 125 12°58'38.3"N

76°45'58.2"E

3.3 Sampling programs

To obtain representative water samples and to preserve their integrity until they aranalyzeded in
the laboratory requires a series of steps, procedures,andpractices. The objective of the sampling
is to collect a portion of material small enough in volume to be conveniently transported to and
handled in the laboratory while still accurately representing the material being sampled.

3.3.1 Sampling procedures

Sampling procedures are carried out with the reference to ISO 5667 PART-5

3.3.2 Sample collection

 Villages Turbidity T.hardness SO42
parameters pH Colour NTU TDSmg/l mg/l Ca2+ Mg2+ Cl-mg/l F-mg/l mg/
6.5- 500-
BIS limit 8.5 05-15 1-5 2000 120-170 75-200 30-100 200-400 0.5-1 200-4
A1 7.2 8.53 1 424 128 156 81 79 0.56 73
A2 6.5 9.52 0 435 150 243 84 70 0.58 72
A3 7.7 8.42 1 508 320 154 77 69 0.60 67
A4 7.2 8.98 0 621 78 156 51 121 0.77 69
A5 7.8 10 1 610 358 123 102 112 0.50 71
A6 6.8 9.52 0 720 421 134 60 100 1.80 75
A7 7.0 10.56 0 823 75 142 57 102 0.98 62
A8 6.5 13.33 0 723 380 223 123 88 0.45 63
A9 6.7 12 1 624 348 128 77 101 0.54 254
A10 7.6 13.25 1 837 125 111 83 116 0.80 311
A11 6.5 8.25 6 567 160 116 31 89 0.78 68
A12 7.0 10.25 1 612 381 156 33 134 0.49 86
A13 7.5 12.25 0 624 180 128 40 173 0.81 94
A14 6.8 9.53 5 723 158 130 43 181 0.63 90
A15 7.0 12.55 0 735 50 242 39 251 1.10 86
A16 7.5 10.25 0 659 358 86 26 148 0.39 71
A17 7.4 8.25 0 546 67 89 61 475 0.43 84
A18 7.2 10.25 6 340 80 98 31 149 4.20 69
A19 6.5 12 1 389 347 157 29 192 0.43 81
A20 6.5 9.58 6 501 80 126 34 218 0.70 298
A21 7.0 9.052 1 389 158 182 35 148 0.43 301
A22 7.0 9.89 0 511 354 70 51 175 0.86 89
A23 7.2 10.25 0 399 307 80 103 410 0.24 74
A24 6.5 8.56 1 589 150 220 48 165 0.54 312
A25 6.5 12.05 0 699 380 199 134 550 1.10 83
A26 7.0 13.35 0 601 123 88 26 188 0.56 82
A27 7.0 9.21 0 370 334 133 129 164 0.43 79
A28 7.0 12.25 0 509 120 86 69 134 0.56 74
A29 6.5 10.05 2 812 311 86 71 203 0.36 76
Vill parame ph Colo TurbidiTDS T.hard Cl- Ca2+ F- SO42- Fe Cu Hg Mn Pb Zn NO3- Al alkalinity EC
age ters ur ty mg/l ness mg/l
mg/l mg/ mg/l mg/ mg/ mg/ µS
s NTU mg/l l l l l cm

BIS 6.5-8.5 5-15 1-5 500- 120- 200- 75- 0.5-1 200- 0.3-1 0.05- 0.01 0.1- 0.05 5- 45- 0.03- 200-600 300
limits 2000 170 400 200 400 1.5 0.5 10 100 0.2
Vill
age
s
A1 7.2 8.53 1.1 424 128 79.0 156 0.56 73 0.3 0.06 0.00 0.22 0.03 5.6 28 0.1 322 586
56 1
A2 6.5 9.52 0.184 435 150 70 243 0.58 72.2 0.21 0.7 0.00 0.34 0.04 5.75 25 0.02 311 500
5
A3 7.7 8.42 0.55 508 320 69 154 0.60 67.1 0 0.83 0.00 0.42 0.06 6.5 27 0.15 296 830
4 7
A4 7.2 8.98 0.127 621 78 121 155. 0.77 69 0 0.06 0.00 0.41 0.02 6.6 23.4 0.02 311 800
5 7 3 2 1

A5 7.8 10.0 0.5610 358 111. 123 0.5 71 0 0.04 0.00 0.22 0.02 6.9 23 0.14 166 711
5 9 26 4
A6 6.8 9.52 0.157 720 421 99.6 134 1.8 75.08 0 0.68 0.00 0.34 0.05 7.54 26 0.18 188.4 799
4
A7 7.0 10.56 0.22 823 75 102 142 0.98 62 0 0.54 0.00 0.44 0.04 8.6 30 0.21 150.7 605
56 9
A8 6.5 13.33 0.157 723 380 87.5 223 0.45 62.7 0.3 0.8 0.00 0.34 0.04 13.3 34 0.14 211.4 165
45 8 6
A9 6.7 12.0 0.56 624 348 100. 128 0.54 254 0.3 0.04 0.00 0.25 0.04 6.9 38 0.03 270 122
7 6 47 9 2 2
A10 7.6 13.25 0.89 837 125 116 111 0.8 311 0.45 0.54 0.00 0.45 0.04 7.4 40.4 0.14 312 811
78 4
A11 6.5 8.25 5.82 567 160 88.8 116 0.78 68 0.3 0.69 0.00 0.41 0.01 8.8 39.5 0.15 313 568
8 2
A12 7.0 10.25 0.7 612 380.5 133. 156 0.49 85.6 0 0.55 0.00 0.32 0.03 8.7 29 0.18 176 547
5 7 94
A13 7.5 12.25 0.049 624 180 173 128 0.81 93.5 0 0.6 0.00 0.41 0.02 5.8 26 0.14 295.5 125
1 5 4
A14 6.8 9.53 4.55 723 158 181 130 0.63 90 0 0.65 0.00 0.32 0.04 12 29.4 0.2 699 799
64
A15 7.0 12.55 0.154 735 50 251 242 1.1 86.4 0 0.98 0.00 0.4 0.03 5.6 47 0.1 563 661
48 8
A16 7.5 10.25 0.17 659 358 148 86 0.39 71 0 0.66 0.00 0.41 0.04 7.4 45 0.15 324 586
55 2
A17 7.4 8.25 0.054 546 67 475 89 0.43 84 0.3 0.9 0.00 0.5 0.03 6.9 45.9 0.12 332 810
45 5 5
A18 7.2 10.25 6 340 80 149 98 4.2 69 0.7 0.45 0.00 0.32 0.03 7.54 22 0.15 540 102
42 9 3
A19 6.5 12.0 0.54 389 347 192 157 0.43 80.6 0 0.67 0.00 0.41 0.04 6.7 21 0.1 249 985
35 1
A20 6.5 9.58 5.84 500. 80 218 126 0.7 298 0.3 2 0.00 0.23 0.02 5.8 18.9 0.02 546 204
8 5 4 5
A21 7.0 9.052 0.63 389 158 148 182 0.43 301 0.4 1.34 0.00 0.41 0.05 8.8 38 0.04 553 999
25 6
A22 7.0 9.89 0.14 511 354 175 70 0.86 89 0 0.07 0.00 0.35 0.07 4.64 35 0.09 650 154
35 7
A23 7.2 10.25 0.254 399 306.5 410 79.5 0.24 74 0 1.4 0.00 0.33 0.02 6.85 33 0.14 324 876
45 8
A24 6.5 8.56 0.78 589 150 165. 220 0.54 312 0 1.32 0.00 0.42 0.03 4.7 50 0.12 563 213
21 54 6 5
A25 6.5 12.05 0.147 699 380 550 199 1.1 82.65 0.3 1.42 0.00 0.21 0.04 4.8 60 0.2 276 986
42 5
A26 7.0 13.35 0.245 600. 123 187. 88 0.56 82.3 0.3 0.08 0.05 0.5 0.04 7.3 69.7 0.18 250 124
5 54 7 4 2 3
A27 7.0 9.21 0.354 369. 333.5 164 133. 0.43 78.9 0 1.2 0.00 0.42 0.0511.3 72 0.1 336 986
9 2 45 4
A28 7.0 12.25 0.245 509 120 134 86.4 0.56 74 0.3 0.85 0.00 0.48 0.04 7.3 21 0.02 248 192
5 9 3
A29 6.5 10.05 1.56 812 311 203 86.4 0.36 76 0.3 0.9 0.00 0.4 0.03 4.4 35 0.0 653 214
 4 6 34 1

• pH

The obtained ph value while conducting the water quality analysis of bellur hobli was in
between BIS standards (6.5-8.5) hence there is no problem noticed in this parameter.

• color

The obtained color value while conducting the water quality analysis of bellur hobli was
in between BIS standards (5-15) hence there is no problem noticed in this parameter

• turbidity

Turbidity in water is caused by suspended and colloidal matter such as clay, silt, finely
divided organic and inorganic matter, plankton, and other microscopic organisms. in this
study, we have obtained turbidity in Dyamasandra, seegahalli and kabbinakere villages which
are more than BIS standards (1-5 NTU). Excess turbidity can cause heavy metals to be added
to the water supply. These metals may include lead, mercury, and cadmium, which are toxic to
humans. Turbidity can harm aquatic life by reducing the food supply, degrading spawning
beds, and affecting the function of fish gills. Turbidity is commonly treated using either a
settling or filtration process. Depending on the application, chemical reagents will be dosed
into the wastewater stream to increase the effectiveness of the settling or filtration
process. Potable water treatment and municipal wastewater plants often remove turbidity with
a combination of sand filtration, settling tanks, and clarifiers.
• Total dissolved solids

Excess minerals can also get dissolved in the water from agricultural and urban runoff as
well as from urban wastewater and industrial wastes and contaminate drinking water or
water bodies. These dissolved minerals in water are referred to as Total Dissolved Solids
(TDS), but in this study, the obtained values of total dissolved solids are between BIS
standard values (500-2000 mg/l). Total Dissolved solids (TDS) of waterers to the
inorganic salts and organic matter present in water which may be due to the presence of
sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, carbonates, hydrogen carbonate, and ions of
chloride, sulphate, and nitrate (WHO,1996). The increase in TDS is mainly due to
seawater intrusion and an increase in salts.

• Total hardness

Total hardness of water is an important consideration in determining its suitability of

water for domestic and industrial uses. Hardness is caused by multivalent metallic cations
and with certain anions present in the water to form scale. The principal hardness-causing
cations are the divalent calcium, magnesium, strontium, ferrous ions, and manganous
ions.

We have not obtained the values of total hardness in between the BIS standards (200-600
mg/l), bellur, javarnahalli, ambaljeeranahalli, mudagere, gollarahalli, vadarahalli,
chamalapura, mantanahalli, doddagata, cholasandra, srirangapura, Bommanahalli,
alisandra, karajeeranahalli, yelekoplu. but, In mantanahalli, the hardness value is
780.5mg/l which is not good for drinking purposes. Water described as “hard” contains
high amounts of naturally occurring dissolved calcium and magnesium. Total hardness is
the sum of the calcium and magnesium concentrations, both expressed as calcium
carbonate, in milligrams per liter (mg/L). You can determine your water’s hardness based
on these concentrations of calcium carbonate:
• below 75 mg/L - is generally considered soft

• 76 to 150 mg/L - moderately hard

• 151 to 300 mg/L - hard

• more than 300 mg/ - very hard

The most common way to remove hardness from drinking water is to install a water
softener, which replaces the calcium and magnesium ions with sodium ions. For every
milligram of hardness that is removed, 0.46 milligrams of sodium will be added to the
water.

• chloride

The obtained chloride value while conducting water quality analysis of bellur hobli was
in between BIS standards (200-400mg/l) except for nelliger, Bommanahalli, alisandra.
Chlorides occur naturally in all types of waters. A high concentration of chlorides is
considered to be an indicator of pollution due to organic wastes of animal or industrial
origin. Chlorides are troublesome in irrigation water and also harmful to aquatic life.

• calcium

The obtained calcium value while conducting the water quality analysis of bellur hobli
was in between BIS standards (75-200 mg/L) exepct bellur, gollarahalli, chamalpura,
mantanahalli, doddagata, alisandra, and yelekoppa. Calcium collects in water when water
pushes through rock and soil, extracting their minerals. This makes the water “hard”.
Hard water has high concentrations of calcium and magnesium You are also at
an increased risk of developing kidney stones. That's because excess calcium can leave
crystal-like deposits that eventually harden and turn into stones. Hypercalcemia affects
the central nervous system and can disrupt the electrical impulses that govern your
 heartbeat Calcium, as with all hardness, can be removed with a simple sodium form
cation exchanger (softener). Reverse Osmosis will remove 95% - 98% of the calcium in
the water. Electrodialysis and Ultrafiltration also will remove calcium.

• Fluoride

The obtained floride value while conducting the water quality analysis of bellur hobli
was in between BIS standards (1-1.5 mg/L) except gollarahalli and seegahalli where
seegahalli as reported highest floride content in belur hobli. Fluoride (F-) concentration
is an important aspect of hydrogen chemistry, because of its impact on human health.
The recommended concentration of F- in drinking water is 1.50 mg/l. Low F- content
(<0.60mg/l) causes dental caries, whereas high (>1.20mg/l) fluoride levels result in
fluorosis. Bureau of Indian Standard for drinking water (BIS, 2012) has specified a
fluoride limit between 1.0 and 1.5 mg/l for drinking water. Bellur had a higher level
(2.0mg/l) and may cause dental fluorosis, skeletal fluoros, which are non-vertebral
fractures, especially hip fractures. Apart from fluorosis, a high intake of fluorides may
also cause gastrointestinal complaints such as loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, ulcer
pain in the stomach, constipation, and intermittent diarrhea and flatulence. The
adolescent age group is the most vulnerable to fluoride pollution and it is a worldwide
problem (WHO, 2004). Samples exceeding the fluoride level greater than 1.5mg/l are
needed to be defluorinated with immediate attention to negativizethe impacts of high
fluoride levels on human consumption in the Bellur area.

• Immediate symptoms include digestive disorders, skin diseases, dental fluorosis

• Fluoride in larger quantities (20-80 mg/day) taken over a period of 10-20 years
results in crippling and skeletal fluorosis which is severe bone damage.

• Sulphate

The obtained sulphate value while conducting the water quality analysis of bellur hobli was in
between BIS standards (200-400 mg/L) hence there is no problem noticed in this parameter.
 • Iron

The obtained iron value while conducting the water quality analysis of bellur hobli was in
between BIS standards (0.3-1 mg/L) ) hence there is no problem noticed in this
parameter.

• Copper

The obtained copper value while conducting the water quality analysis of bellur hobli was in
between BIS standards (0.05-1.5 mg/L) ) hence there is no problem noticed in this parameter.
except kabbinkere , High levels of copper may get into the environment through mining,
farming, manufacturing operations, and municipal or industrial wastewater released into
rivers and lakes. Copper can get into drinking water either by directly contaminating well
water or through corrosion of copper pipes if your water is acidic. Consuming high levels of
copper may cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach cramps. To reduce copper in your
water supply, allow water from faucets to run for 30 seconds before use. Alternatively, water
filters like Culligan's Reverse Osmosis Filtration System can help.

• Mercury

The obtained mercury value while conducting the water quality analysis of bellur hobli was
within the BIS standards (0.01 mg/L) ) hence there is no problem noticed in this parameter.
• Manganese

The obtained manganese value while conducting the water quality analysis of bellur hobli was in
between BIS standards (0.1-0.5 mg/L) ) hence there is no problem noticed in this parameter.

• Lead

The obtained lead value while conducting the water quality analysis of bellur hobli was in
between BIS standards (0.05 mg/L), except ambaljeerahalli and srirangapura The most
common sources of lead in drinking water are lead pipes, faucets, and plumbing fixtures.
Certain pipes that carry drinking water from the water source to the home may contain lead ,

• Zinc

The obtained manganese value while conducting the water quality analysis of bellur hobli
was in between BIS standards (5-15 mg/L) ) hence there is no problem noticed in this
parameter.

• Nitrate

The obtained nitrate value while conducting the water quality analysis of bellur hobli was in
between BIS standards (45-100 mg/l) hence there is no problem noticed in this parameter.
 • Aluminium

The obtained aluminum value while conducting the water quality analysis of bellur hobli was
in between BIS standards (0.03-0.2 mg/l) hence there is no problem noticed in this parameter.

• Alkalinity
The obtained aluminum value while conducting the water quality analysis of bellur hobli was in
between BIS standards (200-600 mg/l) hence there is no problem noticed in this parameter.
except dadaga and srirangapura. Alkalinity is an important factor in determining the ability of
water samples to measure acidic pollution. The alkaline nature of the water could be attributed to
the buffering properties of some inorganic substances

• Electrical conductivity

In most cases, higher temperatures will equate to higher electrical conductivity. An increase

in the temperature of the water by just one degree Celsius will cause an increase of electrical
conductivity by 2-3 percent, which is why it's so important to measure the electrical
conductivity of your water.
The obtained electrical conductivity value while conducting the water quality analysis of
bellur hobli was in between BIS standards (3000 µS/cm) hence there is no problem noticed in
this parameter.

• Magnesium

The obtained magnesium value while conducting the water quality analysis of bellur hobli
was in between BIS standards (30-100 mg/l )

• Arsenic

The obtained value arsenic while conducting the water quality analysis of bellur hobli
was in between BIS standards (0.01-0.05 µg/l) hence there is no problem noticed in this
parameter.

• Mineral oil

The obtained mineral oil value while conducting the water quality analysis of bellur hobli
was in between BIS standards (0.01-0.05 µg/l) hence there is no problem noticed in this
 parameter.

• Boron

The obtained boron value while conducting the water quality analysis of bellur hobli was
in between BIS standards (0.5-1) hence there is no problem noticed in this parameter.
expect in karabaylu

• Cyanide

The obtained cyanide value while conducting the water quality analysis of bellur hobli was
in between BIS standards (0.05mg/L) hence there is no problem noticed in this parameter.

• Cadmium

The obtained cadmium value while conducting the water quality analysis of bellur hobli was in
between BIS standards (0.05 mg/L) hence there is some problem noticed in this parameter.
except sanaba, Cadmium can be removed from drinking water with a sodium form cation
exchanger (softener). Reverse Osmosis will remove 95 - 98% of the cadmium in the water.
Electrodialysis will also remove the majority of the cadmium.

• Selenium

The obtained selenium value while conducting the water quality analysis of bellur hobli was
in between BIS standards (0.01) hence there is no problem noticed in this parameter

• Escheria coli

E-coli may be found in water sources, such as private wells, that have been contaminated
with feces from infected humans or animals. Waste can enter the water in different ways,
including sewage overflows, sewage systems that are not working properly, polluted
stormwater runoff, and agricultural runoff.
However, from the biological quality side, samples Ambaljeerahalli, laxmipura, govindgatta,
bammanahalli, and karajeeranahalli did not contain any E. coli contamination. The
remaining samples contained E. coli contamination and especially samples bommanahalli
are not at all recommended for the potable purpose. Therefore, the water is safe to be used
for drinking.
• Total coliform

All the samples collected for the bacteriological analysis were found positive, indicating the
presence of coliform in the water samples, but all values were well within the permissible
limits given by the BIS. Therefore, the water is safe to be used for drinking.

Conclusion
 The study provides information about the water quality status of 29 villages in
bellur hobli. The parameters namely pH, color, turbidity, alkalinity, nitrate, total
dissolved solids, sulphate, iron, copper, mercury, manganese, lead, aluminium, EC,
arsenic, mineral oil, boron, cyanide, cadmium, selenium, Escheria coli, total
coliform were within the permissible standard limits and satisfy the requirement
for the use of various purposes like domestic, agricultural etc except total hardness,
calcium, magnesium, zinc, fluride. The microbiological quality of all the water
sources was good as they were free from total coliforms. Only one water sample
had high lead content and therefore treatment is required before use and care
should be taken for the handling of such water.
Recommendations

Sl.n Name of the Code Water Water Reason

o village quality quality
index value
1 Bellur A1 45.97
2 Javarnahalli A2 73.021
3 Ambaljeeranahalli A3 47.03
4 Arni A4 84.52
5 Mudagere A5 68.77
6 Gollarahalli A6 57.87
7 Laxmipura A7 40.06
8 Vaderahalli A8 59.94
9 Chamalapura A9 56.51
10 Devihalli A10 34.32
11 Dyamasandra A11 43.29
12 Mantanahalli A12 30.71
13 Chakenahalli A13 55.90
14 Dadaga A14 41.67
15 Govindagatta A15 51.61
16 Doddagatta A16 49.05
17 Nelligere A17 39.80
18 Seegahalli A18 43.20
19 Cholasandra A19 49.25
20 Kabbinakere A20 69.16
21 Nagalapura A21 72.24
22 Srirangapura A22 64.31
23 Bommanahalli A23 70.66
24 Thittanahosahalli A24 77.10
25 Allisondra A25 62.41
26 Sanaba A26 41.51
27 Karijeeranahalli A27 45.20
28 Karabylu A28 95.83
29 Yelekoppa A29 55.02