CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 INRODUCTION:
Leaf springs are essentially utilized as a part of suspension arrangements to absorbs shocks
masses in vehicle similar small engine automobiles, Heavy trucks & SUV Cars. It conveys
sidelong masses, brake torque, driving torque in apart to shock absorber. The uses of leaf spring
above helical spring is that the completes of the spring might be teacher among a positive side
as it change to go about as an auxiliary element not withstanding vitality retaining elements.
As informed with the answer develop a material by maximum quality & less modulus of
flexibility in the horizontal course is the important reasonable material for a leaf spring. To
information the problems of regular assets protection, car developers are endeavoring to
diminish the bagginess of automobiles as of slow. Weight slower could be given starting by the
presentation of better material, outline advancement & better assembling kinds. The suspension
leaf spring is 1 of the potential things for mass reduced in automobiles un-sprung mass. This
issue the automobile with maximum fuel effectiveness & improved riding facilities. All these
would bring about fuel economical which would make nations energy free on the surroundings
that fuel saved is fuel produced.
A spring is an elastic device part which developes deflection for the requirements of any mass
& gives to back its intial shape based upon the magnitude of the exerted mass. The important
kind of spring might involves its help as a shocks & vibration absorber & storing potential
potency by its deflection during the important of mass. A multi-leaf spring or laminated spring
is a very required element in vehicle suspension arrangement. It is 1 of the rear suspension
elements too & still today it is extensively helped in all the heavy & light duty commercial
automobiles, railway wagons & usually in the back suspension of passenger automobiles. It
various kind the conventional helical spring in a side that it could be helped among a complte
way & it changes below the application of mass while exert as a structural member. This idea
is gives in the investigation of bending forces in various leaves by consideration of cantilever
beam . The now work makes an attempt to validate the above concept by performing static
structural investigation use of ANSYS program for the evaluation of more bending force &
subsequently bending forces in various leaves, which in all, construct the entire spring. Finally,
the reader might ready an exposure regarding the bending force difference for multi-leaf spring,
which obviously varioous from that of any cantilever beam section.
A shocks absorber or damper is a mechanical equipment modeled to small out or damp shock
impulse, & dissipate kinetic potency.
Description
Pneumatic & hydraulic shocks absorbers generally take the kind of a cylinder by a sliding
piston inner. The cylinder is fixed by a fluid (such as hydraulic fluid) or gas. This fluid-filled
piston/cylinder mixing s a dash pot.
Explanation
The shocks absorbers work is to absorb or dissipate potency. 1 design restrication, while
modeling or selected a shocks absorber, is where that potency would go. In most dashpots,
potency is shifted to thermal inner the viscous liquid. In hydraulic cylinders, the hydraulic
liquid would heat up, while in gas cylinders, the hot gas is generally outed to the atmosphere.
In other kinds of dash pots, such as electromagnetic ones, the dissipated potency could be saved
& helped later. In common terms, shocks absorbers gives cushion cars on uneven roads.
1.2 Applications
Shocks absorbers are an most element of vehicle & vehicle suspensions, aircraft ling gear, &
the important for many industrial machines. Bigger shock absorbers have also been helped in
structural engineering to decrease the susceptibility of structures to earthquake creaks &
resonance. A vertical developed shocks absorbers, known a yaw damper, used know rail cars
with swaying extra from way to way & are answers in people railroads, commuter rail & rapid
transit arrangements because they prevent rail cars from damaging station platforms. commuter
rail & rapid transit arrangements because they prevent rail cars from damaging station
platforms around $ 4.5 billion.

Fig 1: Leaf Spring

 Fig :2 Leaf spring assembled at rear axle of automotive

Lin et al (1995) in their investigation designed a multi-impingement wall head at the center of
the combustion chamber & attached to the cylinder head as shown in Figure. The risks of
combustion chamber geometry on combustion characteristics, engine performance & exhaust
gases are also investigated. The different multii-impingement wall head & various types of
combustion chambers helped in the experiments are shown in Fig. 2.9 & 2.10 respectively.
They found that the reentrant type of combustion chamber with a projection & cutout has a
better fuel consumption & lower harmful emissions. They also found from the photographs
that the fuel spray is better diffused & distributed. This is because the engine can obtain a higher
squish in the above case.
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Types of spring
2.1.1Helical springs:
The helical springs are developed up of a wire coiled in the kind of a helix & is first
developed for compressive or tensile masses. The cross-section of the wire from which the
spring is developing might be round, square or rectangular. The 2 kinds of coil springs are
compression helical spring & tension helical spring

Fig 3 : Helical springs

The helical springs are called to be strictly coiled when the spring wire is rounded so near that
the plane having each turn is generally at perpendicular to the line of the helix & the wire is
respected to torsion. In other words, in a closely coiled helical spring, the helix angle is very
small. it is usually less than 10°. The Important stresses generated in helical springs are shear
forces because to Turing. The mass applied is parallel to or with the axis of the spring.
In open coiled helical springs, the spring wire is rounded in such a side that there is a place
among the 2 consecutive turns, as a result of which the helix angle is big Since the application
of free coiled helical springs might limited, therefore our discussion shall confine to closely
coiled helical springs only.
The helical springs might the respected advantages:
(a) Easy to manufacture.
(b) Available in wide range.
(c) Reliable.
(d) Constant spring rate.
2.1.2 Conical and volute springs:
The conical & volute springs, are helped in Important applications there a telescoping spring
or a spring by a spring rate might improves by the mass is desired. The conical spring, is round
by a particular pitch whereas the volute springs, are round in the kind of paraboloid with fixed
pitch & lead angles.

Fig 4: Conical & volute springs

The characteristic is few times utilized in vibration cases there springs are helped to support a
body that has a different mass.
The maximum forces developing in conical & volute springs are similar shear forces due to
turning.
2.1.3 Torsion springs:
The maximum forces developing in torsion springs are tensile & compressive because of
bending.
(a)spring of Helical torsion.
(b) spring of Spiral torsion.

Fig 5 : Torsion springs.

2.1.4 Laminated or leaf springs:

Fig 6: Laminated or leaf springs

St&ard sizes of leaf spring
Width (mm) : 25-80 mm in steps of 5mm
width (mm) : 2-8 mm in steps of 1mm, 10-16 mm in steps of 2mm

Leaf springs are of 2 kinds: cantilever & simply supported type

In general the differential curvature between the master leaf & the next leaves is provided in a
laminated spring, where, radius of curvature being maximum for the master leaf. This
construction the stress in the master leaf as differentiated to the other leaves of the spring in a
laminated spring. This type of constructional feature is termed as nipping.
2.1.5 Disc or bellevile springs:
These springs having of a number of conical discs held combined opposite slipping by a central
bolt or tube. These springs are helped in applications where high spring rates & compact spring
units are required.
The major stresses produced in disc or bellevile springs are tensile & compressive stresses.

Fig 7: Disc or bellevile springs

2.2 Shock Absorber Types

There are a number of different methods of converting an impact /collision into relatively
smooth cushioned contact.
• Spring Metal
• Buffer Rubber
• Dashpot Hydraulic
• Collapsing safety Shock Absorbers
• Cylinders Pneumatic
• Hydraulic Self compensating
2.3 Air (Pneumatic) spring
These equipments use air as the resilient medium. Air has a high energy storage capacity
differentiated to metal or elastomer materials. For duties with high masses & deflections the
air spring is generally far maximum compact that the equivalent metal or elastomer equipment.
Because to the experiments of gas these have a confident improving force nature way the exit
of the stroke. The important of the potency is absorbed clear the exit of the stroke. The stress
on an gas cylinder buffer is finding by the formula PVn=constant. gas springs important
maximum maintenance than meal or elastomer depends springs & the temperature difference
is controlled differentiated to metal springs.
 CHAPTER-3
METHODLOGY
3.1 Methodology/ Planning of work:
The whole analysis way shall begin with following steps: model definition, meshing, model
analysis, applicable of the Finite Element Analysis model.
The way is clearly explained.

1) leaf spring spring: The staring point in the way is to define the model geometry. This is
explained by cleared a 3 dimensional solid modeling with help a software-aided engineering
equipment.
2) Shifting solid model data into mesh model: The second step is to import the data from the
3dimensional complex design to the mesh developing software. This is with by creating a mesh
model of the solid design after importing all the data into advanced analysis software & mesh
generating tool.

3) FEA starts: The finite element investigation was phased out helped a commercial finite
element investigation software package.

4) Evaluations of the post wayed results: The results are post processed into a kind suitable
for engineering assessment.
3.2 Analysis using Steel 65Si7 :
Load is acting 2500N on leaf spring.

Fig.8 : Total Deformation

Fig 9 : Normal Elastic Strain

Fig10. Equivalent stress

Fig11. Dekindation
3.3 DESIGN SPECIFICATION
The intenstion of the present course of study
Design Selection

The leaf spring brings on same a simple top held pillar & the flexural investigation is used
taking it as a depends bolstered rod. The simple bolstered rod is respected to 2 Turing anxiety
& vertical shear stretch. Flexural unbending character is a important conditions in the leaf
spring plan & exam out to increment from 2 completes to the center.

fixed thickness, various thickness model: In this plan the thickness is kept steady upper the
total length of the leaf spring while the thickness differs from a base at the 2compltes to a
biggest at the center. various thickness model: In this plan the thickness is kept steady upper
the total length of the leaf spring while the thickness differs from a base at the 2compltes to a
biggest at the a most extreme at the inner.
Constant Cross-Selection model: In this plan both width & width are changed all through the
leaf spring with the end goal that the cross-segment zone stays steady along the length of the
leaf spring. Out of the previously mentioned plan ideas. The steady cross-area plan strategy is
chosen because of the accompanying reasons: Due to its capacity for large scale manufacturing
& settlement of persistent support of filaments.
Since the cross-segment zone is steady all through the leaf spring, same amount of support
fiber & resin can be encouraged constantly amid produce. Additionally this is very reasonable
for fiber winding procedure.
Objective :
The intension of this thesis is as below
➢ Analyze the load conveying limit, stresses, deflection & weight reserve saving of
mixture leaf spring by that of steel leaf spring.
➢ The particular on the important of composite materials with supplanting steel in
common leaf springs of a suspension arrangement to decrease design mass, increasing
the safety, comfort & durability.
➢ The 3-Dimensional showing of 2 steel & composite leaf spring is done & investigated.
A relative review has been built amongst mixture & steel leaf spring particular
Deflection, strain potency & stresses. From the going comes, it is showed that the
mixture leaf spring is simpler & maximum temperate than the traditional steel spring
with comparative outline details. It is showed that the weight clears of 1 leaf spring is
accomplished range 84.94% in the place of mixture than steel.
The important of a mixture leaf spring having fixed cross sectional territory, there the anxiety
level at any place in the leaf spring is showed as rest because of the allegorical type of the
thickness of the spring, has rotated out to be exceptionally viable.
3.4 INTRODUCTION TO UNI-GRAPHICS
A toolmaker would then helped the IGES file to answer the NC devices which would inform
develop the design for the elements. In many such model types, the 1 print developed would
be an inspection graphics by risks & closes dimensions given.
Engineering Design
Uni-Graphics gives a range of tools to activates the developed of a clear digital particular of
the design being modeled. In extra to the common retry tools there is also the capability to
create shape of other integrated design disciplines such as companys & fixed pipe work &
complete wiring definitions. Tools with also available to support collaborative development. A
number of concept model tools that provide up-front Industrial model concepts can then be
helped in the downstream way of engineering the product. These range from conceptual
Industrial model sketches, reverse engineering with point cloud data & comprehensive free
form surface tools.
Different Modules in Uni-Graphics
• PART model
• ASSEMBLY
• DRAWING
• SHEETMETAL
3.5 Boundary Conditions
The leaf spring is based on the axle of an automobile. The frame of the automobile is joined to
the exit of the leaf spring. The exits are constructed in such a side that they kind an eye like
structure. The front eye of the spring is directly joined with the frame by means of a less pin
joint; hence, it can freely rotate about the pin but is restricted for any type of translation &
rotation in all the other directions. So below the static structural domain of ANSYS program,
the Remote Displacement was inserted & except rotation about X- axis, all other motions were
constrained to set the above end condition. Now, the rear eye of the leaf spring is connected
with the frame through a flexible link known as shackle. So, it has the flexibility to slide along
length of the spring & also to rotate about the pin. These were again established through
Remote Displacement by setting Y- direction as unconstrained for translation according to the
geometry, while keeping all other translator y motions restricted & rotation about Xaxis was
set free as before, keeping all other rotational motions constrained for the rear eye of the spring.
mass
The mass is uniformly distributed by all the nodes associated with the bottom surface of the
bottom most leaf. The mass is excerted in FZ direction as shown in Figure 2. To give the mass,
below the rest structural domain of ANSYS program, load was introduced & the magnitude of
mass was shown for Z direction.
Here, we have taken a mass of 15000 N is based on the below maximum leaf.
The FEM checks a line of computational ways involving applied forces, & the restrictions of
the parts which produce a model solution. Such a structural Investigation allows the finding of
risks such as deformations, strains, and stresses which are effected by applied structural loads
such as force, pressure & gravity.

Fig .12: Loading of multi-leaf spring

 CHAPTER-4
INVESTIGATION AND RESULTS
4.1 Finite element Investigation
In commonly, there are 3 steps in any computer-aided engineering work
➢ Before- processing – Explain the FEM & environmental factors to be effort to it
➢ Investigation solver – solution of finite element model
➢ after-processing of values using visualization tools
4.1.1 Pre-processing
The starting process in recycled FEA, before -processing, is developing a finite element model
of the structure to be investigated. The given of a topological description of the structure's
geometric elements is important in most FEA combinations. This could be in either 1
Dimensional, 2 Dimensional or 3 Dimensional way, designed by line, shape, or skin
representation, respectively, any way today 3 Dimensional models are mostly helped. The first
intention of the design is to realistically replicate the crucial parameters & elements of the
original design. The easy mechanism to get modeling same in structural Investigation is to
replace pre-existing digital blueprints, model files, CAD models, and data by shifting that into
an FEA world. Once the finite element geometric design has been improved, a combination
sequence is helps to define & divide the design into tiny elements. In commonly, a FEM is
defined by a mesh ne2rk, which is built up of the geometric systems of elements & nodes.
Nodes indicates dots at which elements such as displacements are fined. FEA packages help
point numbers to act as an marking tool in seeing answer in structures like as deflections.
Elements are 16 end by sets of points & define localized mass and stiffness properties of the
model. Elements are also defined by mesh numbers, which allow references to be built to
corresponding deflections or stresses at specific model locations.
4.1.2 Investigation (computation of solution)
The after stage of the FEA process is Investigation. The FEM checks a line of computational
ways involving applied forces, & the restrictions of the parts which produce a model solution.
Such a structural Investigation allows the finding of risks such as deformations, strains, and
stresses which are effected by applied structural loads such as force, pressure & gravity.
4.1.3 Post-processing (visualization)
These results could then be reading help visualization tools inside the FEA world to view & to
fully identify implications of the Investigation. Numerical and graphical tools accept the near
place of data like as stresses and deflections to be identified.
4.2 Reducing the design & manufacturing prices using ANSYS (FEA):
The ANSYS software accept engineers to design computer models or shift CAD designs of
structures, products, parts, or systems, effort masses or other design efficiency restrictions &
observe physical dealings like as stress levels, temperature distribution or the sudden of lector
magnetic fields.
In few environments, prototype checking is does not interested or impossible. The ANSYS
program has been worn in many effects of this way including biomechanical requirements such
as maximum modification intraocular lenses. Other representative applications range from
maximum equipment parts, to an integrated circuit chip, to the bit-holding system of a
continuous coal-mining machine.
ANSYS design maximization starts the engineers to reduce the number of prices prototypes,
tailor rigidity & flexibility to get objectives & search the important balancing model changes.
Competitive companies look for ways to produce the highest quality product at the cheap cost.
Program availability:
ANSYS works with modern hardware platforms & operating systems.
Investigation types available:
➢ STRUCTURAL STATIC INVESTIGATION.
➢ STRUCTURAL DYNAMIC INVESTIGATION.
➢ STRUCTURAL BUCKLING INVESTIGATION.
➢ LINEAR BUCKLING
➢ NON LINEAR BUCKLING

➢ STRUCTURAL NON LINEARTIES

➢ STATIC & DYNAMIC
➢ KINEMATICS INVESTIGATION.

➢ THERMAL INVESTIGATION.
➢ ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD INVESTIGATION.
➢ ELECTRIC FIELD INVESTIGATION
➢ FLUID FLOW INVESTIGATION
➢ COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS
➢ PIPE FLOW

➢ COUPLED-FIELD INVESTIGATION
➢ PIEZOELECTRIC INVESTIGATION.
4.3 TYPES OF STRUCTURAL INVESTIGATION:
Structural Investigation is the crucial common requirement of the FEM. The term structural
gives civil engineering structures like as bridges & buildings, but also naval, aeronautical &
mechanical structures like as ship hulls, aircraft bodies and machines housings as well as
mechanical parts like as pistons, machine elements & tools.
There are7 ways of structural Investigation used in ANSYS. 1 could perform the following
ways of structural Investigation. Every of these Investigation types are continued in detail as
follows.
• Static Investigation
• Modal Investigation
• Harmonic Investigation
• Transient dynamic Investigation
• Spectrum Investigation
• Buckling Investigation
• Explicit dynamic Investigation
4.4 STRUCTURAL STATIC INVESTIGATION:
A static Investigation finding the efforts of steady mass restrictions on a structure, while
ignoring inertia & damping risks like as those risk by time varying masses. A static
Investigation could, however include read inertia masses (like as gravity & rotational velocity),
& time changing masses that could be nearly as rest equivalent masses (such as the static
equivalent wind & seismic masses nearly given in different building codes.)
4.5 PROCEDURE FOR ANSYS INVESTIGATION:
Static Investigation is helps to calculate the displacements, stresses, strains & forces in
structures or part because to masses that doesn’t consider particular inertia & damping risks.
Steady masses in response situations are imagined. The types of masses that can be located in
a rest Investigation combine outside applied forces & pressures, steady state inertial forces like
as gravity or circular velocity acted (non-zero) displacements, temperatures (for heat strain).
A static Investigation can be either linear or nonlinear. In our present work we consider
linear static Investigation.
The way for static Investigation having of these crucial steps:
• Building the model.
• Obtaining the solution.
• Reviewing the results.
4.5 Modal Investigation
The modal Investigation is to calculate the vibration behavior (natural frequencies & mode
shapes) of a structure or a machine comp1nt while it is being designed. It also could be a
beginning point for next, maximum completed, dynamic Investigation, like as a transient
dynamic Investigation, a harmonic touch Investigation, or a spectrum Investigation. I he crucial
feature of modal Investigation is design continuous similarity, which gets reviewing the mode,
shapes of a rotationally similarity structure by designing just a part of it. Modal Investigation
in the ANSYS family of design is a linear Investigation. Any opposite linearity, like as plasticity
& touch (distance) parts, are avoided even if they are calculated. The various way extraction
patterns required in ANSYS 10.0 are
• Block Lanczos
• Subspace
• Power Dynamics
• Reduced
• symmetric
• Damped
• Damped
The Block Lanczos eigenvalue design is the default. It uses the Lanczos algorithm here the
Lanczos recursion is developed by a block of vectors. This method is recycled for big same
eigenvalue solutions it gives the fast convergence rate than subspace method. The subspace
way requires the subspace iteration technique, which inside requires the generalized Jacobi
iteration algorithm. This way is less than the decreasing design & is typically recycled. We
should use this if we might be running a subsequent spectrum Investigation. The decreased
ways helps the HBI program (Householder-Bisection-Inverse iteration) to find the eigenvalues
& eigenvectors. It is approximately speed because it works by a less subset of degrees of
freedom known master DOF. The decreasing way is speed than subspace way because it helps
reduced (condensed) arrangements matrixes to calculate the solution. However it is less
accurate because the reduced matrix is approximate method. The symmetric method recycled
for solutions by asymmetric matrices such as liquid structure iteration problem. The damped
& QR damped ways accepts me to involve damping in the structure.
4.5.1 Procedure for modal Investigation in ANSYS
• Create the model using linear elements because modal Investigation supports linear
problem only.
• Define the material properties of linear isotropic such as young's modulus & density
etc.,
• Apply the loads like engine, gear box, propeller shaft for the unladen situation, and for
the laden situation, including above loads, passengers and driver's weight are also
applied.
• Arrest the-nodal degrees of freedom at the top and bottom nodes of the tyre in all
guidances and restep the constraints in vertical guidance at top node of the tyres.
• Enter the ANSYS answer ways in which Investigation ways is consider as modal
Investigation, & by taking mode extraction design, by defining numerals of ways to be
cleared. Answer method is selected as Block lanczos method.
• Solve the question help of present LS order way the material rod.
4.5.2 Harmonic Investigation
Harmonic response Investigation explains the capacity to decide the continuous
dynamic discipline of structures, so it activates to check whether or not models might truly
cross the resonance, fatigue, & other damage risks of forced vibrations.
Harmonic response Investigation is a technique recycled to determine the steady-state
response of a linear structure to loads that vary sinusoidally (harmonically) with time. I he idea
is to calculate the structure's response at several frequencies and obtain a graph of some
response quantity (persistently displacements) versus frequency. "Peak" responses are then
identified on the graph and stresses reviewed at those peak frequencies.
This Investigation technique calculates only the steady state, forced vibrations of a
structure. The transient vibrations, which occur at the beginning of the excitation, are not
accounted for in a harmonic response Investigation.
Harmonic response Investigation is a linear Investigation. Any non-linearties such as
plasticity and contact (gap) elements might be ignored, even if they arc defined. Harmonic
response Investigation gives the ability to predict sustained dynamic behavior of structures to
no analyzed. From this it could enable to verify the designs which successfully over come
resonance, fatigue and other harmful effects of forced vibrations.
4.5.3 Procedure for harmonic Investigation
1. Build the model by selecting suitable linear elements, which resembles the original
vehicle.
2. Material properties defined as linear isotropic such as Young's modulus and density.
3. For laden situation apply the loads such as weights of engine gearbox, propeller
shafts, passengers and driver at appropriate nodes using lumped mass system.
4. Apply the constraints to arrest D.O.F at top and bottom nodes of the tyre except in
vertical guidance to allow displacement in that guidance.
5. enter the ANSYS solution processor in which advanced Investigation is chosen as
harmonic response and solution method is full method
6. For this Investigation the solution technique recycled is frontal solver.
7. By defining the frequency range as 0-80 Hz with 80 sub-steps ad displacement
of 0.05m is given at bottom point of tyres.
8. Solve the problem using current LS command and obtained the results.
4.6 MODEL GENERATIONS:
2 variation processes are Important to design a model:
➢ Direct generation.
➢ Solid modeling
By solid modeling we could explain & explain the picture ends of the model, establish
controls skin the dimensions & particular drawing of the parts & then instruct ANSYS software
to develop all the points & parts corrected. By contrast, by the direct generation way, we find
the location of single node & size, shape and joining of every element prior to defining these
required in the ANSYS model. Although, few automatic mathematical generation is possible
(by using commands such as FILL, NGEN, EGEN etc) the direct generation way crucial a
hands on numerical method that requires us to keep track of all the node numbers as we develop
the finite element mesh. This complete book keeping could become risk for big models, giving
scope for modeling errors. Solid modeling is persistently maximum & versatile than direct
generation & is commonly selected method of generating a model.
4.7 MESH GENERATION:
In the finite element Investigation the beginning stage is to belowstand the structure, which
is a joining of discrete pieces called elements, which are joined, by the countable number of
points known as Nodes. Loading boundary requirements are then given to these parts & nodes.
These parts is known as Mesh.
4.7.1 FINITE ELEMENT GENERATION:
The more quantity of time in a finite element Investigation is spent on generating
elements & nodal data. before processor get the person to develop nodes & parts
automatically at the like time getting control over size & number of elements. There
are various ways of elements that can be mapped or developed on various geometric
entities.
The elements created by various automatic element generation capacity of after processor could
be checked element nature that might help to be checked before the finite element Investigation
for connectivity, distortion-index, etc.
Commonly, automatic mesh developing capacity of after processor are recycled instead
of than derived the nodes single. If required, nodes could be tell easily by observing
the allocations or by changing the present nodes. Also 1 could plot, delete, or search nodes.

4.7.2 BOUNDARY SITUATIONS AND LOADING:

After over of the finite element model it has to equation and mass has to be given
to the model. Uses could define equations and masses in different ways. All equations and
masses are given set 1D. This requirement the seating to keep track of mass situations.

4.7.3 MODEL DISPLAY:

During the development and checking stage of the design it may be required to see it
from variation angles. It is required to circular the model with respect to the global system &
view it from variation angles. Before processor offers this capacity. By windowing feature
before processor get the persons to increase a particular area of the model for clarity 7 details.
After processor also gives symbols like smoothness, scaling, regions, active set, for
improvement model viewing & editing.

4.7.4 MATERIAL DEFINITIONS:

All elements are chosen by nodes, which have particular their area given. In the
case of plate & shell elements there is no specification of thickness. This thickness could
be given as element property. Property tables for a special property set 1-Dimenstional
have to be input. Types of elements have variation properties for
 The user also required to define material properties of the elements. For linear static
Investigation, modules of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio required to be given. For heat shift,
coefficient of thermal expansion, densities etc are required. They could be given to the elements
by the material property set to 1-Dimenstional.
The FEM checks a line of computational ways involving applied forces, & the restrictions of
the parts which produce a model solution. Such a structural Investigation allows the finding of
risks such as deformations, strains, and stresses which are effected by applied structural loads
such as force, pressure & gravity.
FEM USING ANSYS
Ansys is 1 of the crucial software for design Investigation in mechanical engineering. This
software is required on the Finite Element Method (FEM) to simulate the working actions of
designs & get their character. FEM helps to the solution of big systems of formulas. Powered
by fast solvers, Ansys built it possible for designers to quickly correct the integrity of their
designs & search for the maximum solution.
A product development cycle nearly includes the following steps:
➢ Build model in the Pro-Engineer system.
➢ Prototype design.
➢ Test the prototype in the field.
➢ Evaluate the results of the field tests.
➢ Modify the design according to the field test results
 CHAPTER 5
CALCULATIONS AND RESULTS
5.1 Material Selection

Materials of leaf spring steel

starting the material funded of leaf spring is Steel 65Si7. The model conditions
performed for steel leaf are given in box 1 & 2. The general static mass is 2600 N
& Number of leaves have 8 which is attached by rectangular clamp.

TABLE13: Design information of multi leaf spring

Fig.17: leaf Spring design

Table 14: Stainless Steel > Constants

5.2 Materials of mixture leaf spring :

The biggest use, is that as it might, is load reduced, mixture leaf springs are range to 5
circumstances maximum healthy compare to a steel spring, A vertical mixture leaf spring forced
opposite the smaller arm & traverses the width of theauto. Truth be told, the spring is constantly
stacked opposite the sub outline. Composites extra could possibly supplant steel & extra mass
in horizontal leaf springs.

Table15 : E-Glass/Epoxy Materials

5.3 Design and combining of spring :

The design of leaf spring is worked in 3 dimenstional modeling software.

Fig. 16 leaf spring desing

Mesh developed is the work of creating a polygonal or polyhedral mesh or we said that it is
the discretization of model into the tiny elements finally that to use nearly a shape domain
Mesh developed is the work of creating a polygonal or polyhedral mesh or we said that it is
the discretization of model into the tiny elements finally that to use nearly a shape domain
 Fig.17: spring meshing
The following are the analysis on suspension spring by applying various kinds of pressure
conditions like 20p 25p 30p.

Figure 18 : shows the rest structural suspension spring in which 1 end is fixed & at
other end pressure is applied
Figure19 : shows the complete deformation of the suspension spring
while a pressure of 20p is applied

Figure 20 shows the Equivalent force investigation on the suspension

spring at an forced pressure of 20p.
Figure 21: shows the shear force investigation on suspension spring at
an applied pressure of 20p

Figure 22: shows the Equivalent Elastic strain investigation on

suspension spring at any applied loadof 20p.
Figure 23: Gives the complete deformation on suspension arrangement
at an applied pressure of 25p

Figure 24: shows the Equivalent stress analysis of the suspension

spring at any applied load of 25p.
Figure 25: shows the Shear strain analysis on suspension spring at an
applied pressure of 25p.

Figure 26: shows the Equivalent Elastic strain analysis on suspension

spring at a pressure of 25p.
Fig. 27. Un-deformed and deformed shape of composite leaf

Fig. 28. Equivalent stress (von-mises ) of composite leaf

THE FOLLOWING TABLE SHOWS THE BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF STEPS FOLLOWED IN EACH

PHASE:

PREPROCESSOR SOLUTION PHASE POST-PROCESSOR

PHASE PHASE

GEOMETRY ELEMENTMATRIX POST SOLUTION

DEFINITIONS FORMULATION OPERATIONS

MESH GENERATION OVERALL MATRIX POST DATA PRINT

TRIANGULARIZATION OUTS(FOR REPORTS)

MATERIAL (WAVE FRONT) POST DATA

DEFINITIONS SCOULDNING POST

DATA DISPLAYS

CONSTRAINT DISPLACEMENT.
DEFINITIONS STRESS,ETC

LOAD DEFINITION CALCULATION

MODEL DISPLAYS
 FUTURE SCOPE
1. Automobile industries research on reducing weight & increasing strength of
products, so they were using such type of spring.
2. By model, leaf springs activates perpendicular vibrations effected by not
continuous in the road.
3. Weight saving as differentiate to Aluminum, Steel leaf springs.
4. Inner damping in the mixture material activates to good vibration potency
absorption with in the material, answering in decreasing shifting of vibration
noise to sides structures.
 CONCLUSION
Model & Analysis of 2 steel & material is done Analysis & simulation software. It observe
that leaf springs of steel are approximate 70% heavier as differentiate to composite springs.
A difference study on both analysis & focusing on its equivalent Strain, von- misses Stress &
its total deformation we get the answers of composite spring is simpler & maximum
economical as differentiate to steel spring on a same model.
The biggest benefit, is mass reduction, mixture leaf springs are range to 5
times maximum comparative than a normal steel spring.
➢ In this thesis we have modeled a shocks absorber helped in a 150cc bike. We
have modeled the shocks absorber with help of 3 dimensional parametric
software Uni-Graphics.
➢ To restricted the force of our model, we have done structural analysis & modal
investigation on the shocks absorber. We perform structural investigation by
difference spring material Spring aluminum & Steel
➢ By finding the investigation answers, the analyzed force values are smaller
than their particular yield force values. Finally our model is safe.
➢ By differentiate the answers for 2 materials, the force value is small for Spring
Steel than Beryllium & Copper.
➢ Also the shocks absorber model is changed by decreasing the diameter of
spring with 2mm & structural, modal investigation is done on the shocks
absorber. By decreasing the diameter, the mass of the spring decreases. With
difference the answers for 2 materials, the force value is small for Spring Steel
than Beryllium & Copper.
➢ By difference the answer for present model & modified model, the stress &
displacement answers are small for modified model.
➢ So we could finalized that as per our investigation helped material spring steel for spring
is important & also our changed design is safe.
 REFERENCES

➢ Machine model by R.S.KURMI

➢ www.howstuffworks.com
➢ www.popularmechanics.com
➢ en.wikipedia.org
➢ www.researchandmarkets.com/reports
➢ www.shockabsorber.co.uk
➢ www.mindbranch.com
➢ ww.automotive-online.com/suspension-steering/shock-absorbers.htm
➢ www.car-stuff.com/monroeshocks.htm