MAJOR PROJECT REPORT

MINI TRACTOR AND LAWN MOWER

SUBMITTERD IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF DIPLOMA IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY: - AVNEET SINGH

SUBMITTED TO: - GURU NANAK DEV POLYTECHNIC

COLLEGE, LUDHIANA

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2
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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Project work is an agglomeration of theoretical, practical & technical
concepts, which enhance our skills on the field of technology. I have
done my project work at Guru Nanak Dev Polytechnic College. I have
applied a lot of efforts in this project. However, it would not have been
possible without the kind support and help of many individuals and
organizations. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them. I
extend my gratitude to the concerned staff of Guru Nanak Dev
Polytechnic College who has imparted me the knowledge and practical
work in all aspects. They spent their valuable time from their busy
schedule to help me. I would like to express special thanks to H.O.D
Mechanical department for his supervision and suggestion for project
idea. I am very thankful to other professors who have guided me
throughout my project work and also thankful to all the workshop
incharge especially Blacksmith and welding shop inchargers for their
guidance during the project work. My thanks and appreciations also go
to my project mates in developing project and people who willingly
helped me out with their abilities.

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 ABSTRACT
The aesthetic value of this environment is as important as food and
shelter. As we all know Guru Nanak Dev Polytechnic College has a
large campus with a number of grounds. It becomes difficult to maintain
large grassy area with conventional machines. It was observed that
trimming grass with conventional grass cutter can take up to 1 week.
Another problem with the electric grass cutter is its limited wire length.
Transporting things from one place to another in college campus is also
very difficult job. So in order to help the maintenance department of
college we decided to get a tractor and to design a lawn mower which
can be powered by tractor. We bought a tractor named Mahindra Yuvraj
215. It was decided to design the mower for the minimum cost and ease
in application. Important aspects such as durability, strength, and light
weight were taken into design considerations for better performance.

Chapter no. Chapter name Page no.

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1 Introduction to tractor 5

2 History of tractor 6

3 Current manufacturers of tractor in India 9

4 Previous Indian tractor company 18

5 Introduction to mini tractor 20

6 List of companies manufacturing mini tractor 22

7 Necessity of mini tractor 27

8 Uses of mini tractor 30

9 Safety features 34

10 Introduction to Mahindra Yuvraj 215 NXTI 36

11 Specifications 37

12 Features 40

13 Attachment- Tractor driven rotary mower 41

14 Total cost of mini tractor 45

INDEX

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 CHAPTER - 1

INTRODUCTION TO TRACTOR
In 1892, John Froelich invented and built the first gasoline/petrol-powered tractor in Clayton
County, U.S.A Van Duzen single-cylinder gasoline engine was mounted on a Robinson engine
chassis, which could be controlled and propelled by Froelich's gear box.

A tractor is an engineering vehicle specifically designed to deliver a high tractive

effort (or torque) at slow speeds, for the purposes of hauling a trailer or machinery used
in agriculture or construction. Most commonly, the term is used to describe a farm vehicle that
provides the power and traction to mechanize agricultural tasks, especially (and
originally) tillage, but nowadays a great variety of tasks. Agricultural implements may be towed
behind or mounted on the tractor, and the tractor may also provide a source of power if the
implement is mechanized

Tractors can be generally classified by number of axles or wheels, with main categories of two-
wheel tractors (single-axle tractors) and four-wheel tractors (two-axle tractors); more axles are
possible but uncommon. Among four-wheel tractors (two-axle tractors), most are two-wheel
drive (usually at the rear); but many are two-wheel drive with front wheel assist, four-wheel
drive (often with articulated steering), or track tractors (with steel or rubber tracks).

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 .CHAPTER -2

HISTORY OF TRACTOR
Tractors in India are a major industry and significant contributor to its agriculture output gains.

In 1947, as India gained independence from British colonial empire, the level of agriculture
mechanization was low. The socialist oriented five-year plans of the 1950s and 1960s
aggressively promoted rural mechanization via joint ventures and tie-ups between local
industrialists and international tractor manufacturers. Despite these efforts, the first three decades
after independence local production of 4-wheel tractors grew slowly. By the late 1980s tractor
production was nearly 140,000 units per year, and a prevalence rate of less than 2 per 1,000
farmers.

After economic reforms of 1991, the pace of change increased and by late 1990s with production
approached 270,000 per year. In early 2000s, India overtook the United States as the world's
largest producer of four-wheel tractors. FAO estimated, in 1999 that of total agricultural area in
India, less than 50% is under mechanised land preparation indicating large opportunities still
exist for agricultural mechanization.

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In 2013, India produced 619,000 tractors accounting for 29% of world's output, as the world's
largest producer and market for tractors. India currently has 16 domestic and 4 multinational
corporations manufacturing tractors.

1945 to 1960
War surplus tractors and bulldozers were imported for land reclamation and cultivation in mid-
1940s. In 1947 central and state tractor organizations were set up to develop and promote the
supply and use of tractors in agriculture and up to 1960, the demand was met entirely through
imports. There were 8,500 tractors in use in 1951, 20,000 in 1955 and 37,000 by 1960 196
52,000 by1970 annual production had exceeded 20,000 units with over 146,000 units working in
the country.

1971 to 1980
By late 60's the government of India initiated the Green Revolution in India program and the
need for mechanization created more demands for farm tractors. To meet the initial demand the
Government allowed lot of imports mostly from USSR and its Eastern Block neighbors. In
addition six new manufacturers were established during this period although three companies
(Kirloskar Tractors, Harsha Tractors and Pittie Tractors) did not survive. HMT, a large public
sector unit, began manufacturing Agricultural Tractors in 1972 under the HMT brand name with
technology acquired from Zetor of the Czech Republic. Escorts Ltd. began local manufacture of
Ford tractors in 1971 in collaboration with Ford, UK and total production climbed steadily to
33,000 in 1975-76

1981 to 1990
A further five manufacturers(Auto Tractors, Haryana Tractors, United Auto Tractors, Asian
Tractors, VST Tillers) began production during this period but only Last one survived in the
increasingly competitive market place. Annual production exceeded 75,000 units by 1985 and
reached 140,000 in 1990 when the total in use was about 1.2 million. Then India - a net importer
up to the mid-seventies - became an exporter in the 1980s mainly to countries in Africa.

1991 to 1997

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Since 1992, it has not been necessary to obtain an industrial license for tractor manufacture in
India. By 1997 annual production exceeded 255,000 units and the national tractor population had
passed the two million mark. India now emerged as one of the world leaders in wheeled tractor
production.

1997 to 1999
Five new manufacturers started production in this period. In 1998 Bajaj Tempo, later
renamed Force Motors, began tractor production in Pune. In April of the same year New Holland
Tractor (India) Ltd launched production of 70 hp tractors with matching equipment by investing
$US 75 million in a state-of-the-art plant at Greater Noida in Uttar Pradesh state with an initial
capacity of 35000 units per year. Also during this time, Larsen and Toubro established a joint
venture with John Deere, USA for the manufacture of 35-65 hp tractors at a plant in Pune,
Maharashtra. And Greeves Ltd began producing tractors under similar arrangements with Deutz-
Fahr of Italy. CASE now Case IH looking to develop a joint venture in India went into
discussions with various Indian companies and in 1999 settled with New Holland Pvt Ltd. India
for manufacturing CASE brand tractors and harvesting equipment at New Holland's facility.

1999 to present
Facing market saturation in the traditional markets of the north west (Punjab, Haryana, Western
Uttar Pradesh) tractors sales began a slow and slight decline. By 2002 sales went below 200,000.
Manufacturers expanded into eastern and southern India markets in an attempt to reverse the
decline, and began exploring the potential for overseas markets.

In 2013, India produced 619,000 tractors accounting for 29% of world's output. It is the world's
largest producer and market for tractors. India currently has 16 domestic and 4 multinational
corporations manufacturing tractors. In 2014 Zetor come back in India and linked with the local
tractor manufacture companies to supply 40 to 75 hp tractors on zetor brand name to other
countries.

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 CHAPTER - 3

CURRENT MANUFACTURERS OF TRACTOR IN

INDIA
1. ACE Tractors
Action Construction Equipment Limited (ACE) began manufacturing of Tractors in 2009 by
launching two models in 35 / 45 HP categories. At present it is manufacturing 3 models by
introducing 55 HP models in 2011. And also manufactured cranes, harvester etc

In Oct.2013 Ace Tractors reached a milestone of selling 2000 tractors in India and Nepal.

ACE has its manufacturing plants in Faridabad (Haryana), Kashipur/Bajpur (Uttrakhand).

2. Agri-King Tractors and Equipments Pvt. Ltd,

Established in 2010 at Majholi, Himachal Pradesh in Northern India, Agri King produces
three models of tractors. The Agri King T4. 40 HP model, Agri King T54 50 HP model, and
Agri King 20-55 50 HP model with improved 24 speed synchro-mesh transmission. And all
featuring  Kirloskar engines.

3. Balwan Tractors, Force Motors Ltd

Force motors is the manufacturer of Balwan tractor series based at Pune, Maharastra.

4. Captain Tractors Pvt. Ltd

Founded in May 1994 and located in Rajkot, India, Captain Tractors manufactures mini-
tractors under the Captain brand.

5. Crossword Agro Industries

Located in Rajkot, India, Crossword manufactures small tractors under the Nissan,
Atmak and Captain brand names. .

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6. Eicher
In 1949, EicherGoodEarth, was set up in India with technical collaboration with
Gebr. Eicher of Germany, imported and sold about 1500 tractors in India. On 24
April 1959 Eicher came out with the first locally assembled tractor from its Faridabad
factory and in a period from 1965 to 1974 became the first fully manufactured (100%
indigenisation) tractor in India. In December 1987 Eicher Tractors went public and in
June 2005 Eicher Motors Limited sold Eicher Tractors & Engines to a subsidiary of
TAFE called TAFE Motors and Tractors Limited.

Eicher also produced tractors under the Euro Power and EicherValtra brands under

license from Valtra, an AGCO brand.

7. Escorts
Escorts began local manufacture of Ford tractors in 1971 in collaboration with Ford, UK and
total production climbed steadily to 33,000 in 1975, reaching 71,000 by 1980. Ford (Ford -
New Holland) was sold in 1992. Ford Motor Company proper quit the tractors business, but
the name was allowed to continue as per agreement until 2000, when Escorts relabelled its
Ford models under the Escort brand. Escort manufactures produces construction and
agriculture tractors in the 08-75 HP range and has already sold over 600,000 tractors. Its
tractors are marketed under three brand names, Escort, Powertrac and Farmtrac.

8. Farmer Tractor
Based in Rajkot, Gujarat, Farmer Tractor is focused on the production the Farmer Tractor DI
1200, using a Greaves four stroke, direct injection, 12 HP diesel engines.

9. HMT Tractors
HMT is a large public sector unit and began manufacturing Agricultural Tractors in 1972
under the HMT brand name with technology acquired from Zetor of the Czech Republic. It
manufactures its tractors in a large factory that also manufactures machine-tools,

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 and Hyderabad It has a capacity of 20,000 tractors per annum. In the Machine-tool company
is a large foundry. It produces tractors in a range from 25 HP to 75 HP. HMT has also
exported tractors to the USA under the Zebra brand, which were marketed by Zetor
distributors and dealers there. The company is controlled by the Ministry of Heavy industry
that provides to the public its financial performance.

10. Indo Farm

Indo Farm Equipment Limited is an ISO certified company located in Himachal Pradesh and
is into manufacturing of world-class tractors, cranes, engines, and diesel gensets and has now
recently launched Harvester Combine Agricom 1070 for wetland paddy harvesting.
Incorporated in 1994, and has over two decades of experience in manufacturing and
marketing of various engineering products.

Indo Farm commenced commercial production of tractors in October 2000 at its plant located
at Baddi in District Solan, Himachal Pradesh. Spread over an area of 34 acres, the plant
started with the production of a single model. Within a decade of successful operations Indo
Farm grew to a company having models in the range of 30 HP, 38 HP, 42 HP, 48 HP, 50 HP,
52 HP, 55 HP, 60 HP, 65 HP, 75 HP and 90 HP with many variants. Within a year of its
operations, the company had successfully indigenized the engine components, manufacturing
and assembly processes, and accordingly stopped import of engines. In 2008, the company
diversified into manufacturing and marketing of Pick-N-Carry cranes of 9 tones - 20 tones
capacity and has recently commenced production of mobile tower cranes too. Engines being
the company's core competence area, it is now making engines for generator sets that are
exported overseas.

11. John Deere

In 2000, John Deere set up production in a joint venture with Larsen & Toubro Ltd
in Sanaswadi, in a rural area near Pune, Maharashtra. It was known as L&T John Deere

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Private Ltd, and manufactured tractors under the L&T - John Deere name for sale in India,
and under the John Deere name for worldwide sales.

In 2005, Deere & Company acquired nearly all the remaining shares in this joint venture. The
new enterprise is known as John Deere Equipment Private Limited. The factory currently
produces tractors in of 35, 38, 40, 42, 45, 50, 55, 65, 75 and 89 HP capacities for domestic
markets and for export to the USA, Mexico, Turkey, North and South Africa, and South East
Asia. Pune factory started to produce new 55 to 75 Hp 5003 series tractors for European
market in 2008.

John Deere India Private Limited is a subsidiary of Deere & Company, USA in India. Its
factory, located at Sanaswadi, Pune, manufactures 5000 Series agricultural tractors. The
Indian operations of Deere & Company include a technology center located at Magarpatta
City Pune, John Deere Dewas (Indore MP) works, Jon Deere PDC Nagpur (MH) and John
Deere Water Vadodara. The technology center provides services in the areas of Information
technology, engineering, supply management, embedded systems and technical authoring for
company’s operations world wide. John Deere Water, formed by the acquisitions of Plastro
Irrigation Systems, T-Systems International, and Roberts Irrigation Products.

12. Mahindra Gujarat Tractor Limited (MGTL)

The company popularly known as Gujarat Tractors and its popular 60 hp model Hindustan
60 was established in 1959 as Tractors and Bulldozers Private Ltd and imported tractors.
Manufacturing began in 1963, in collaboration Motokov-Praha (Zetor) of Czechoslovakia,
and was known as Hindustan Tractors & Bulldozers Ltd. In 1967, it became Hindustan
Tractors Ltd. The tractors were based on the Zetor tractor design and sold under
the Hindustan brand. In 1978, the Gujarat, Indian government formed Gujarat Tractors from
the ailing company. In 1999, Mahindra Tractors purchased 60% of the company, and in
2001, completed purchasing the rest of the company, renaming it Mahindra Gujarat Tractors
Ltd thus becoming part of Mahindra Group. The company is engaged in manufacturing of
tractors in a range of 30-60 hp which are marketed under Farmplus and Shaktimaan brand.

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Mahindra Gujarat Tractor Limited (MGTL) has its Head Office at Vadodara. MGTL is an
ISO 9001:2008 and OHSAS18001:2007 certified company. The company has a very good
marketing network across India having 13 area offices and around 225 dealers.

13. Mahindra Tractors

Mahindra Tractors is an international farm equipment manufacturer of Mahindra &
Mahindra. In 2010, Mahindra became the largest selling tractor in the world. Mahindra's
largest consumer base is in India, but with sales also focusing on China, North America and a
growing base in Australia. The company is the largest manufacturer with about 25% of the
market in India and has the capacity to build 150,000 tractors a year.

In 1963, M&M formed a joint venture with International Harvester to manufacture tractors

carrying the Mahindra nameplate for the Indian market. Mahindra purchased the rights
from International Harvester to manufacture their British designed International B-275 model
which was also sold in USA as McCormick International. Mahindra Tractors sold about
85,000 units annually making it one of the largest tractor producers in the world.[5] To
expand into the growing tractor market in China, Mahindra acquired majority stake in
Jiangling.

Its sales in Gujarat are under the label Mahindra Gujarat and its sales in Punjab are under the
label Swaraj. In 1999, Mahindra purchased 100% of Gujarat Tractors from the Government
of Gujarat and Mahindra purchased a 64.6% stake in Swaraj in 2004.

Mahindra Tractors started manufacturing 15HP tractor under the brand name Yuvraj in
Rajkot in 2011. The plant in Rajkot is set up jointly by Deepak Diesel Pvt Ltd and Mahindra
& Mahindra. The plant has a maximum capacity of 30000 tractors per year.

14. Mars Group

Originally established in 1976, the MARS Group is engaged in manufacturing/marketing of
dump trucks, loaders, foggers, and agricultural tractors and attachments. Based in Lucknow,
U.P., it began manufacturing two mini-tractor models under the Marshal name in 2005,
Captain DI 2600 of 25 HP and Trishul MT DI 625 10 HP. 

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15. Preet Tractors
Entrepreneur Mr. Hari Singh and his brother Mr. Gurcharan Singh laid the foundation of
"Preet Agro Industries back in 1980 when they began initial production of straw reapers,
threshers and other agricultural implements. The two launched their first tractor driven
combine harvester in 1986. With a successful line of combine harvesters under their belt they
began research and development for a tractor that led to their first and best known model
"987". With excellent reliability and performance Preet continues to make remarkable impact
not only in Indian farming community and other countries across the world. Preet's
manufacturing plant Patiala, Punjab, spanning 50,000 sq meters is producing low cost ad
quality tractors offered in a range of 35 HP to 90 HP. Similarly the Combine harvesters are
offered in 75 HP and 110 HP for multiple crops, including paddy, wheat, etc.

16. SAME Deutz-Fahr (India) Private Ltd.

SAME Deutz-Fahr (India) Private Limited manufacture tractors at their Ranipet facility near
Chennai. They currently manufacture in the 35-80 hp range.

17. Sonalika
Sonalika International Tractors Limited was incorporated on 17 October 1987 and began
manufacturing tractors designed by Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute
(CMERI). In 2000 ITL entered into a tie up with Renault Agricultural of France and began
manufacturing Sonalika tractors. Sonalika is currently manufacturing models between 18 HP
to 120 HP, and as well as the Renault CERES brand between 60HP to 90HP. In
2005 Yanmar bought a 13 per cent stake in the company and began lifted production to 200
tractors per day. today Yanmar has approximately 30%. In 2013 the worlds largest private
investment company US based BlackRock purchased approximately 13% stake in ITL with
the remaining 70 owned by founder Lachhman Das Mittal.

Sonalika International tractors Ltd. is the youngest and the 3rd largest tractor maker in India.
Its integrated tractor manufacturing plant at Hoshiarpur has a capacity to produce 3 lakh units
per annum. The company produces tractors in a range from 20HP to 120HP and has presence

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in more than 80 countries. Sonalika ITL has been recently felicitated by The Economic
Times publication as an 'Iconic Brand of India’.

18. Standard
Standard Combine began building tractors in Barnala, Punjab, India. In Standard Tractors,
tractors are being manufactured in the range of 35, 45, 50, 60, and 75 HP with respective
model names: Standard 335, Standard 345, Standard 450, Standard 460, and Standard 475.
Engines for all these tractor models, except the last one, are manufactured within the plant as
‘Standard Engines’, in specific names – SE 335, SE 345, SE 450 and SE 460, respectively.
All the above-mentioned models of Standard Engines have shown compliance to the TREM-
III emission norms, as have been verified by the ARAI. However, two new variants of tractor
of 35 hp (Standard 335-I) and 45 hp (Standard 345-I), equipped with famous Perkins engines
(assembled within the Standard Tractors plant), and two completely new models of tractor of
30 hp (Standard 330) and 40 hp (Standard 340) are on the verge to be launched. Besides
these, three 3-wheelers (two passenger-carriers and one cargo), one 4-wheeler (cargo), a
crane, an electric 3-wheeled mini-car, and two 2-wheelers (scooters) are either in the process
of development or on the verge of launch from the Standard Tractor Division.

19. Swaraj Tractors

In the mid-sixties, with the Green Revolution triggering large-scale tractor usage, there was a
need for the country to build sufficient indigenous capacity to meet this growing demand.

In 1965, the Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (CMERI), Durgapur initiated

design and development of Swaraj Tractor based on indigenous knows how. That is how the
idea for development of what was to become Swaraj was initiated. The first prototype was
ready in May 1967 and by April 1970; field experience of over 1,500 hours had been gained.
At that point, it was decided to christen a name for the product – signifying Indian, easy to
pronounce and signifying power and grace. The name `Swaraj', was approved by the then
Prime Minister, Mrs Indira Gandhi.

In 1970, the Government of Punjab acquired the Swaraj tractor's design and established
Punjab Tractors Limited (PTL). The tractors were produced and sold under the brand name

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 of Swaraj. In 2007, Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd. acquired majority stake in PTL, and in Feb
2009, it was merged into M&M as the Swaraj Division of Mahindra & Mahindra.

20. TAFE
Tractors and Farm Equipment Limited (TAFE) is the second largest tractor manufacturer in
India. The company established in 1961 to manufacture and market Massey
Ferguson tractors and related farm equipment in India. It is part of Amalgamations
Group based in Chennai with Mallika Srinivasan as the Chairman of the company.AGCOalso
owns 24% stake in TAFE. Tractors are built and sold in India under both
the TAFE and Massey Ferguson brands, and exported under both brands as well. In
2005, TAFE bought the Eicher Motors tractor and engine division

21. VST Tillers

VST Tillers was set up in 1965 in Bangalore, India. In collaboration with Mitsubishi
Agricultural Machinery of Japan, they manufacture 18HP tractors under various brands,
including Mitsubishi-Shakti', Shakti, Eurotrac-VST and Euro-Trac. They have been exported
to Asia, the Middle East, Europe and the USA.

CHAPTER - 4

PREVIOUS INDIAN TRACTOR COMPANIES

Tractor companies that did not survive and were not acquired by other companies are:

1. Auto Tractors Ltd., Pratapgarh

Established in 1979, Auto Tractors Ltd. (ATL) had a manufacturing plant at Pratapgarh, Uttar
Pradesh, and were making tractors with 28 bhp (21 kW) Leyland engines. It was established with
40% state money and the remainder an IDBI Bank loan. Production began in September 1981,
but with severe supply problems and an outmoded product they only produced 2,380 tractors in
their nearly ten years of existence. This was less than the projected production for the first two

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years alone The company and assets were sold to automaker Sipani in 1991, who focused on
producing diesel tractor engines (at over five times the rate of ATL themselves) but built some
tractors as well.

After having been liquidated, the last of the company assets were offered for sale by the Uttar
Pradesh state government in 2008.

2. Asian Tractors Ltd

Began building tractors in 1989 from their own designs.

3. Ford Tractors
Ford (formerly Ford Tractor Division) began producing Ford Tractors in India in 1972 with a tie
up with Escorts. In 1986 Ford acquired New Holland and tractor operations was transferred to
Ford-New Holland and made into an independent corporation. In 1991, Fiat began an arranged
purchase of Ford-New Holland that was completed in 1993, ending Ford Motor Company's long
history of tractor production. The deal required that New Holland/FIAT stop using the Ford
name. New Holland India Pvt Ltd began production of tractors in India in 1998.

4. Harsha Tractors
In 1975, Harsha Tractors Ltd began manufacturing tractors in conjunction with Motoimport of
Russia.Tractor production never amounted to much, and has since ceased.

5. Haryana Tractors Ltd

As a part of Pratap Steel Rolling Mills Ltd., Haryana began building tractors from their own
designs in 1983.

6. Kirloskar Tractors
Founded in co-operation with Deutz-Fahr of Germany in 1974.It has since ceased to manufacture
tractors. However, the company continues to manufacture engines under license from Deutz.

7. Pittie Tractors

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Pittie Tractors was set up by a young and dynamic engineer - ShrikantPittie and started out as
Pittie Tools. The Pittie family are prominent industrialists inPune and the family set up the first
private industry in Pune - The Raja BahadurMotilal Poona Mills Ltd. in 1893. Pittie Tractors
indigenously developed and manufactured tractors and was well set to capture a large share of
the market in India. However, due to an unfortunate labour strike at one of its critical vendors,
followed by a similar strike at its own plant, the company lost nearly a year of production. As a
result, the company fell into financial difficulty and ultimately had to wind-up operations.

8. Auto United Tractors Ltd.

Began in 1986 in conjunction with UzinaTractorul of Romania.

CHAPTER - 5

INTRODUCTION TO MINI –TRACTOR

A Mini Tractor has the same features like a bigger, regular Tractor, but is customized in wheel
track, weight, height, turning radius etc. to suit special applications. A Small Tractor is capable
of performing all agriculture operations that a bigger tractor can only at a lesser cost MINI
TRACTOR (Garden tractors) are small, light tractors designed for use in domestic gardens and
small estates. Garden tractors are designed for cutting grass, snow removal, and small property
cultivation. In the U.S., the term riding lawn mower today often is used to refer to mid- or rear-
engine machines. Front-engine tractor layout machines designed primarily for cutting grass and
light towing are called lawn tractors; heavier-duty tractors of similar size are garden tractors.
Garden tractors are capable of mounting a wider array of attachments than lawn tractors. Unlike
lawn tractors and rear-engine riding mowers, garden tractors are powered by horizontal-
crankshaft engines with a belt-drive to transaxle-type transmissions (usually of four- or five-
speeds, although some may also have two-speed reduction gearboxes, drive-shafts, or hydrostatic
or hydraulic drives). Garden tractors from Wheel Horse, Cub Cadet, Economy (Power King),
John Deere, Massey Ferguson and Case Ingersoll are built in this manner. The engines are

22
generally a one- or two-cylinder petrol (gasoline) engines, although diesel engine models are also
available, especially in Europe. Typically, diesel-powered garden tractors are larger and heavier-
duty than gasoline-powered units and compare more similarly to compact utility tractors.

Visually, the distinction between a garden tractor and a lawn tractor is often hard to make –
generally, garden tractors are more sturdily built, with stronger frames, 12-inch or larger wheels
mounted with multiple lugs (most lawn tractors have a single bolt or clip on the hub), heavier

transaxles, and ability to accommodate a wide range of front, belly, and rear mounted
attachments

India is an Agricultural Country, and most of the farmers are small and marginal, who are having
small land area. They can’t afford a big tractor and it’s expenses. So they are dependent on
bullocks or manual labour for agriculture work. Thus the concept of small tractor was introduced
by us to help the farmer fraternity.

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 CHAPTER - 6

LIST OF COMPANIES MANUFACTURING MINI

TRACTOR

1) John Deere India PVT LTD

In 2000, John Deere set up production in a joint venture with Larsen & Toubro Ltd
in Sanaswadi, in a rural area near Pune, Maharashtra. John Deere has following models
of mini tractors:-
 1023E Sub-Compact Utility Tractor
 1025 R Sub-Compact Utility Tractor
 2025R Compact Tractor
 2032R Compact Tractor
 2038R Compact Tractor

2) Mahindra & Mahindra

Mahindra Tractors is an international farm equipment manufacturer of Mahindra &
Mahindra. In 2010, Mahindra became the largest selling tractor in the world. Mahindra's
largest consumer base is in India, but with sales also focusing on China, North America
and a growing base in Australia. Mahindra tractorsmanufactures following models of
mini tractors:-
 Mahindra Yuvraj 215 NXT Tractor
 Mahindra JIVO 245 DI 4WD Mini Tractor
 Mahindra 245 DI Orchard Tractor
 Mahindra 225DI 2WD Mini Tractor
 Mahindra 1500 Mini Tractor

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3) Sonalika (International Tractors Ltd)
Sonalika International Tractors Limited was incorporated on 17 October 1987 and began
manufacturing tractors designed by Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute
(CMERI). Sonalika International Tractors manufactures following models of mini
tractors:-
 GT 20 Mini Tractor
 GT 22 Mini Tractor
 GT 26 Mini Tractor
 Baagban Mini Tractor
 Baagban Super Mini Tractor

4) Tractors and Farmers Equipment Limited (TAFE)

Tractors and Farm Equipment Limited (TAFE) is the second largest tractor manufacturer
in India. The company established in 1961 to manufacture and market Massey
Ferguson tractors and related farm equipment in India.TAFE manufactures following
models of mini tractors:-
 Massey Ferguson MF 6028 Mini Tractor
 Massey Ferguson TAFE 30 DI Orchard Plus Mini Tractor
 TAFE 3600 CE Mini tractor

5) Escorts
Escorts began local manufacture of Ford tractors in 1971 in collaboration with Ford, UK
and total production climbed steadily to 33,000 in 1975, reaching 71,000 by 1980. Ford
(Ford - New Holland) was sold in 1992. Ford Motor Company proper quit the tractors
business, but the name was allowed to continue as per agreement until 2000, when
Escorts relabeled its Ford models under the Escort brand.Escortsmanufactures following
models of mini tractors:-
 Escorts PowertracSteelrac 15 Tractor
 Escorts PowertracSteelrac 18 Tractor

25
6) Captain Tractors Pvt. Ltd
Founded in May 1994 and located in Rajkot, India, Captain Tractors manufactures mini-
tractors under the Captain brand.
 Captain 120 Mini Tractor
 Captain 120 DI Mini Tractor
 Captain 200 DI Mini Tractor
 Captain 200 DI 4WD Mini Tractor
 Captain 250 DI Mini Tractor
 Captain 250 DI 4WD Mini Tractor
 Captain 273 4WD Mini Tractor

7) Eicher
In 1949, Eicher Good Earth, was set up in India with technical collaboration with Gebr.
in June 2005 Eicher Motors Limited sold Eicher Tractors & Engines to a subsidiary of
TAFE called TAFE Motors and Tractors Limited. Eicher manufactures following models
of minitractors:-
 Eicher 188 Mini Tractor

8) Kubota
Kubota Corporation is a tractor and heavy equipment manufacturer based in Osaka,
Japan. It was established in 1890.Kubota manufactures following models of mini
tractors:-
 Kubota 211 Mini Tractor
 Kubota B2441 Mini Tractor
 Kubota B2420 Mini Tractor
 Kubota L3408 Mini Tractor
 Kubota L4508 Mini Tractor
 Kubota MU4501 2WD Mini Tractor

26
  Kubota MU4501 4WD Mini Tractor
 Kubota MU5501 2WD Mini Tractor
 Kubota MU5501 4WD Mini Tractor

9) Mitsubishi
It is headquartered in Higashiizumo, Shimane, Japan. It was established in 1980.
Mitsubishi manufactures following models of mini tractors:-
 Mitsubishi Shakti MT 180D- Mini Tractor
 VST Shakti MT 171 DI SAMRAAT -Mini Tractor
 VST Shakti MT 270 VIRAAT 4W PLUS – Mini Tractor
 VST Shakti MT 270 VIRAAT 4W -Mini Tractor
 VST Mitsubishi Shakti VT 224 1D AJAI 4WB – Mini Tractor
 VST Mitsubishi Shakti VT 224 1D -Mini Tractor
 VST Shakti MT180D JAI 2W – Mini Tractor

10) Lovson
Lovson was founded by Bharatlal G. shah in the year 1968.Lovsonmanufactures following
models of mini tractors:-

 Lovson 4x4 Little Ginnie 14.5HP

 Lovson 4x4 Little Ginnie 20HP
 Lovson 4x4 Little Ginnie 25HP
 Lovson Tractor 912
 Lovson Tractor 925

11) New Holland Agriculture

New holland is a brand of agriculture machinery produced by CNH.New hollandmanufactures
following models of mini tractors:-

27
  Bommer 25
 Bommer 30
 Bommer 35
 Bommer 40
 Bommer 46D
 Bommer 50
 12) Force Motors
 Force Motors Balwan Orchard Mini Tractor
 Force Motors Balwan Orchard DLX Mini Tractor

13) Indo Farm Tractors & Motors Ltd

Indo Farm Equipment Limited is an ISO certified company located in Himachal Pradesh and is
into manufacturing of world-class tractors, cranes, engines, and diesel gensets. Indo Farm
Equipment Limited manufactures following models of mini tractors:-

 Indo Farm 1022

 Indo Farm 1026

CHAPTER – 7
NECESSITY OF MINI TRACTOR

Land Fragmentation - With the Division of a famer’s family, land holdings become
smaller. Small land holding farmers cannot afford expensive tractor or implement.

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Inter-Cultivation -Inter-cultivation follow up for certain crops like COTTON ,
GROUNDNUT is very critical , but no other lighter , compact option was available for this
operations.

Alternate option of Bullocks/Animals:-

Bullocks were being used For the Inter-cultivation operations in agriculture as well as
horticulture, due to lack of a viable alternative

29
Fixed costs/expenses:-
Bullocks and animals though idle, need to be fed regularly which is an extra burden for the
farmers. This is not the case with the tractors, in fact if not used, they can be rented out for extra
income to the farmers

Labour Crisis:-
Most of Rural young population are moving to city for better opportunities, this is creating a
labour shortage of sorts. MECHANISATION is the need of the day.

30
Modern Farming:-
Young Generation would like to introduce modern technology in farming and agriculture as it
ensures maximum returns for minimum efforts.

31
 CHAPTER - 8

USE OF MINI TRACTOR

Gardening Purpose tractors

Garden tractors (mini tractors) are small, light tractors designed for use in
domestic gardens and small estates. Garden tractors are designed for cutting grass, snow
removal, and small property cultivation. In the U.S., the term riding lawn mower today
often is used to refer to mid- or rear-engine machines. Front-engine tractor layout
machines designed primarily for cutting grass and light towing are called lawn tractors;
heavier-duty tractors of similar size are garden tractors. Garden tractors are capable of
mounting a wider array of attachments than lawn tractors. Unlike lawn tractors and rear-
engine riding mowers, garden tractors are powered by horizontal-crankshaft engines with
a belt-drive to transaxle-type transmissions (usually of four- or five-speeds, although
some may also have two-speed reduction gearboxes, drive-shafts, or hydrostatic
or hydraulic drives). Garden tractors from Wheel Horse, Cub Cadet, Economy (Power

King), John Deere, Massey Ferguson and Case Ingersoll are built in this manner. The

engines are generally a one- or two-cylinder petrol (gasoline) engines, although diesel

engine models are also available, especially in Europe. Typically, diesel-powered garden

32
tractors are larger and heavier-duty than gasoline-powered units and compare more
similarly to compact utility tractors.

Visually, the distinction between a garden tractor and a lawn tractor is often hard to make
– generally, garden tractors are more sturdily built, with stronger frames, 12-inch or
larger wheels mounted with multiple lugs (most lawn tractors have a single bolt or clip on
the hub), heavier transaxles, and ability to accommodate a wide range of front, belly, and
rear mounted attachments.

India is an Agricultural Country, and most of the farmers are small and marginal, with a small
land area. They can’t afford a big tractor and its expenses. So they are dependent on bullocks or
manual labour. Thus the concept of small tractor was introduced by us to help the farmer
fraternity.

Short Turning Radius

33
Due to compact size, and construction the small tractor has a short turning ability, which allows the
tractor to easily navigate around obstacles without damage to the crop. It is very useful for horticulture
crop

Transportation
A tractor is an engineering vehicle specifically designed to deliver a high tractive
effort (or torque) at slow speeds, for the purposes of hauling a trailer or machinery used
in agriculture or construction. Most commonly, the term is used to describe a farm vehicle that
provides the power and traction to mechanize agricultural tasks, especially (and
originally) tillage, but nowadays a great variety of tasks. Agricultural implements may be towed
behind or mounted on the tractor, and the tractor may also provide a source of power if the
implement is mechanized. The mini Tractor is very useful and easy carry the load in the as
compare to the road and load as per requirements.

34
Light in Weight:-
Due to less weight, soil is not pressed during any operation. So, it is very useful in sandy soils or for inter-
cultivation.

Compact in Size:-
The overall dimensions of the tractors like – wheel base, wheel track, height, weight, turning
radius, are suitable for most of the crops like “cotton, lentil / pulses , castor, grapes, groundnut,
pomegranate, chiku, sugar cane (with 5’ row plantation). Or it can be customized to suit the
requirement of every frame

35
 CHAPTER - 9

SAFETY FEATURES
The classic row crop tractor (an Allis-Chalmers WD). Note the absence of any rollover
protection system.

Agriculture in the United States is one of the most hazardous industries, only surpassed by
mining and construction. No other farm machine is so identified with the hazards of production
agriculture as the tractor. Tractor-related injuries account for approximately 32% of the fatalities
and 6% of the nonfatal injuries in agriculture. Over 50% is attributed to tractor overturns.

The roll-over protection structure (ROPS) and seat belt, when worn, are the most important
safety devices to protect operators from death during tractor overturns.

Modern tractors have a ROPS to prevent an operator from being crushed if the tractor turns over.
The ROPS does not prevent tractor overturns; rather, it prevents the operator from being crushed
during an overturn. This is especially important in open-air tractors, where the ROPS is a steel
beam that extends above the operator's seat. For tractors with operator cabs, the ROPS is part of
the frame of the cab. A ROPS with enclosed cab further reduces the likelihood of serious injury
because the operator is protected by the sides and windows of the cab.

These structures were first required by legislation in Sweden in 1959. Before they were required,
some farmers died when their tractors rolled on top of them. Row-crop tractors, before ROPS,
were particularly dangerous because of their 'tricycle' design with the two front wheels spaced

36
close together and angled inward toward the ground. Some farmers were killed by rollovers
while operating tractors along steep slopes. Others have been killed while attempting to tow or
pull an excessive load from above axle height, or when cold weather caused the tires to freeze to
the ground, in both cases causing the tractor to pivot around the rear axle. ROPS were first
required in the United States in 1986, but this requirement did not retroactively apply to tractors
produced before this year; therefore, adoption of ROPS has been incomplete in the farming
community. To combat this problem, CROPS (cost-effective roll-over protection structures) have
been developed to encourage farmers to retrofit older tractors. For the ROPS to work as
designed, the operator must stay within its protective frame. This means the operator must wear
the seat belt; not wearing it may defeat the primary purpose of the ROPS

POWER TRANSMISSION CIRCUIT

37
 CHAPTER - 10

INTODUCTION TO MAHINDRAYUVRAJ 215 NXTI

Mahindra Yuvraj 215 is a 15HP compact tractor with solid style and solid performance.
Ease of operation and fuel efficency makes the yuvraj215NXT the ideal tractor for small
land loading and inter-culture operations.Mahindra yuvraj 215NXT has been specially
designed for crops like soybean, cotton, maze, mango, oranges, and more. Its unique
compact design and adjustable rear track width makes it ideal for operating in between
two crops as well as in orchards for a variety of inter culture applications. It is used by
farmers extensively for multiple applications like rotavation, cultivation, sowing,
threshing, spraying operations as well as haulage operations.

38
 CHAPTER - 11

SPECIFICATIONS

No. Of Cylinder 1

HP Category 15 HP

Capacity CC 863.5 CC

ENGINE RATED 2300

RPM

Cooling WATER
COOLED

Air Filter OIL BATH TYPE

Transmission

Clutch SINGLE

Transmission SLIDING MESH

type

Gear Box 6 FORWARD + 3

REVERSE

Battery 12 V 50 AH

39
 Alternator 12 V 43 A

Forward Speed 25.62 Kmph

Reverse speed 5.51 Kmph

Brakes

Brak DRY DISC BRAKES

e

Steering

Type MANUAL

Steering Column SINGLE DROP

ARM

Power Take Off

Typ LIVE 6 SPLINE PTO

e

RP 540 RPM @ 1900 ERPM

M

Fuel Tank

Capacity 19 Lit

40
Dimensions And Weight Of Tractor

Total Weight 780 KG

Wheel Base 1490 MM

Overall Length 3760 MM

Overall Width 1705 MM

Ground Clearance 245 MM

Turning Radius With 2600 MM

Brakes

Hydraulics

Lifting 778
Capacity

3 point DRAFT , POSITON AND

Linkage RESPONSE CONTROL
LINKS

Wheels and Tyres

Front 5.20X14

Rear 8.00x18

41
 CHAPTER -12

FEATURES
 COMPACT DESIGN- Fits in tightest of especially designed to perform two crops
(inter-crop).
 ADJUSTABLE REAR TRACK WIDTH-Less space in-between two tyres and can be
further reduced by adjusting the tires.
 AUTOMATIC DEPTH AND DRAFT CONTROL
 HYDRAULICS-Provides precision hydraulics even in the 15hp tractor.
 SIDE SHIFT GEARS- Enhances comfort while driving with its ergonomically designed
side shift gears. It also adds additional space for easy entry and exit.
 ADJUSTABLE SILENCER- Crucial feature in orchard operation. It is a two part
detachable silencer for ease of working in orchards as well as turning from one row to
another.
 15Hp WATER COOLED ENGINE- India 1st 15hp water cooled engine. Delivers
performance and best in class fuel efficency.
 TOOL BOX-Tool box below battery for easy and immediate access.
 WEIGHT ADJUSTABLE SEAT-Seat with adjustment provides extra comfort in long
drive.

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 CHAPTER - 13

ATTACHMENT –TRACTOR DRIVEN ROTARY

MOWER
DRAWING

Firstly we go to Maintenance Department in Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College. We go there

and see Lawn Mower and with the cooperation and support of other team mates our conceptual
drawing was being made. We also take consideration of various factors such as strength, stresses
which would be acting on cutter. Then we do group discussion with our teammates and make the
drawing final. Then we make the cost estimation that how much the material should be used like
cannels, angles, sheets etc. The final drawing is as shown below:-

43
44
45
Constructing the Lawn Mower

When the drawing is completed a solid model is drawn on solidworks , with the reference of this
solid model we start constructing the lawn mover . Main material used in lawn mover are:-

 Flat Section - 2 × 20 ft.

 Angle Section - 20 ft.
 Sheet Metal - 4 × 8 ft.(20 gauge)
 C Section - 3×20 inch
 Gear Box (3:5)
 Propeller Shaft
 Blades

Procedure:-

1. We construct the 4×3.5 rectangle with the help of angles.

2. Then we construct the side frame with the help of flat section.
3. Front curve of side frame is constructed with help of swage block.
4. All the joints are welded.
5. Channel sections are welded on side frame in order to provide required strength.
6. Sheets are welded on top as well as on side frame.
7. Keyways are made on the input shaft of gear box so that it can be connected with tractor
by mean of propeller shaft.
8. Gear box is fitted on frame by means of nut bolt.
9. Finally the blades are connected with output shaft of gear box.
10. The mower is painted green to protect from rusting.
11. The mower can be connected with tractor by means of propeller shaft.

46
47
 CHAPTER- 14

TOTAL COST OF THE MINI TRACTOR

Research over the mini tractor

On 15 Jan, 2019. We were planning to visit places in Punjab on the basis of research over the
Mini Tractor of different kinds. Firstly, we had visited the Amloh village and saw many tractors.
They were all high budget .then some of people advised us to visit Sirhind and Patiala City.
Then we reached sirhind and the problem was all about the same. Tractor was of high budget and
was not of our kind that we need. In the last, we visit the Patiala city to our relative house. They
had 3 tractors in their garage. One was of Sonalika, second was of ,Mahindra Yuvraj 225 and
the last Mahindra Yuvraj 215.

Cost of Sonalika tractor was near about 1.80lakh and in comparison to it, Mahindra Yuvraj 215
was of 1.50lakh and they gave discount of 27,000 over it .YuvraJ 225 was in bad condition and
its price was 80,000.then we came back to college after collecting this much information .

Purchasing cost

Mini tractor can be one of the biggest investment a farmer makes but with a few easy collection
with machinery managers can control tractor and power costs per acre .Understanding exactly
what costs per acre will be from year to year will let you makes smart decisions about to buy a
mini tractor.

Mini tractor costs can be divided into 2 categories: ownership costs which occur regardless of
machine use, and operating costs, which vary directly with the amount of machinery use.

A mini tractor will be used throughout to illustrate the calculations mini tractor: a 8 years old,
25horse power diesel engine with a list price of 1.50, discounted to a 250,000. The tractor is used
about 100 hour per year about its efficiency.

48
 Battery cost

When we bought that mini tractor Mahindra yuvraj 215, the battery it contained was in bad
condition and not working correct. Then, we bought a new battery which costs 3950rs.

Service cost

Service cost included the following:

1. Pump neural repair : 1450/-

2. Engine oil : 750/-
3. Oil filter and diesel filter : 350/-
4. Gear oil : 1600/-
5. Self and alternator repair : 1200/-
6. Oculator assembly : 2500/-
7. Rim repair : 600/-
8. Labour cost : 1500/-

49
 Paper work (R.C.)

The first owner of Mahindra yuvraj 215 belongs to Gujarat city. R.C. was transferred to the seller
from whom we bought it. RC details are shown as below:

50