A PROJECT REPORT ON

SMART STREET LIGHT SYSTEM

Diploma in Electronics and communication Final Year

SUBMITTED BY:

ADIL REHMAN (18DEL003)

RISHAV KUMAR (18DEL053)

SHIREEN IMAM (18DEL060)

ABDUL WAHID (18DEL002)

HUSSAIN

In the partial fulfilment for the award of

DIPLOMA IN ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Under the Esteemed Guidance of
DR. SHABBIR AHMAD KHAN
(Assistant Professor)

(Electronic Engineering Section)

UNIVERSITY OF POLYTECHNIC
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA
NEW DELHI-110025
(2022)
CERTIFICATE
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled “ SMART STREET LIGHT SYSTEM ”

Submitted by :-
ADIL REHMAN (18DEL003)
RISHAV KUMAR (18DEL053)
SHIREEN IMAM (18DEL060)
ABDUL WAHID HUSSAIN (18DEL002)

In partial fulfilment for award of DIPLOMA IN ELECTRONICS AND

COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING embodies the work done by them
under my supervision.

Dr. Shabbir Ahmad

Khan
(Assistance Professor)

Approved by

Dr. MOHAMMAD NASIM FARUQUE Dr. MUMTAZ AHMAD

(Head OF Department) (Principal)
(Electronics and communication Engg. Section) University Polytechnic

UNIVERSITY POLYTECHNIC
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA
NEW DELHI-110025
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to Mr. Shabbir Ahmad Khan of the
department of Electronics and Communication, Jamia Millia Islamia, whose role as project
guide was invaluable for the project. We are extremely thankful for the keen interest he took in
advising us, the reference materials that he provided and the moral support extended to us. Last
but not the least, we convey our gratitude to all the teachers for providing us with the technical
skill that will always remain as our asset.
We thankful to Dr. Mumtaz Ahmad acting principle of university polytechnic and
HOD Dr. M. Nasim Faruque for their co operation and guidance during our course of study.
We would also like to thank all the faculty members of ELECTRONICS SECTION for their
advice and guidance without of which this project would not have been possible. Last but not
the least we place a deep sence of graduate to our family member and our friends who have

been constant source of our inspiration during the prepration of this project.

Rishav Adil Rehman Abdul Wahid Shireen

Kumar (18DEL003) Hussain Imam
(18DL053) (18DEL002) (18DEL060)
 To Whom It May Concern
We, RISHAV KUMAR (ROLL NUMBER 18DEL053), ADIL
REHMAN(ROLL.NO.18DEL003), ABDUL WAHID HUSSAIN
(ROLL No.18DEL002), SHIREEN IMAM (18DEL060) students of
DIPLOMA IN ELECTRONIC AND COMMUNICATION (ECE),
a class of 2018-22, JamiaMillia Islamia, hereby declare that the
Summer Training project report entitled “Street Light Controller
using Embedded System” is an original work and the same has not
beensubmitted to any other institute for the award of any other degree.

Date: 20/04/2022
Place: Delhi

(Mr. SHABBIR AHMAD KHAN)

Assistant Professor, ECE
 ABSTRACT
A smart streetlight is a public lighting fixture that incorporates technology, light-sensing
photocells, and other sensors, to introduce real-time monitoring functionalities. Also referred
to as adaptive lighting or intelligent street lighting, this type of lighting system is recognized
as a significant step in the development of smart cities.

In addition to enabling cities to provide the proper amount of street light for local
conditions, installing intelligent lighting will help improve citizen satisfaction regarding
security and safety, while bringing municipalities significant savings in power consumption
and lighting system maintenance. Also, outdoor lighting infrastructure might serve as a
backbone for several Internet of Everything (IoE) applications, such as monitoring weather,
pollution, and traffic.

With the increasing modernization of society, the consumption of electricity is also increasing
which will lead to a huge shortage of electricity in near future. Hence it is imperative to manage
and control the consumption of electricity in daily life. Since the time of Sir Thomas Edison,
various efforts have been made by eminent scientists to make the light bulb more efficient so
that it can be illuminated with less power. A very good example of these successful efforts is
CFL and LEDs. Likewise, automatic street light controllers would certainly add to these efforts
by switching ON/OFF the street lights smartly, which will save a huge amount of electricity.
With this technology, the street lights will be turned ON when there is the presence of a vehicle,
person, or any object. The lights will be turned OFF when they pass as well as in the daytime.
By

doing this process, we can not only save a huge amount of energy but we can utilize the same
power for deprived regions that have no street lighting system. The model will mainly comprise
an Arduino, Light Dependent Resistor (LDR), UltraSonic Sensor, etc. The Arduino UNO will
be programmed to sense the presence of an object with the help of an UltraSonic sensor.
Whenever there will be any object, the Arduino will turn ON the corresponding LED. A similar
process will start for each LED while the previous bulb will be turned OFF/(light intensity will
be lowered) until the next object arrives. The project is quite helpful in reducing the unnecessary
consumption of electrical energy. It will also ensure the smart utilization of power in the
development of smart cities.
A Temperature measuring device (TMD) is also used, which is placed on the same pole. This
increases the use cases in a feasible manner. TMDs are not installed on each pole. They are only
installed on the poles which are at least 10 km apart from each other.

This project also assures reduced energy use by dimming or brightening the lights
remotely.
This can be done according to weather conditions as well, like fog or rain.
 TABLE OF CONTENT

List of Figures i
List of Photographs and Tables ii
1. About Embedded System 09

2. Objective 13

2.1. Introduction 13

2.2. Purpose 13

2.3. Scope 13

2.4. Tools Required 14

3. Feasibility 20

3.1. Economical 20

3.2 Technical 20

3.3. Behavioural 20

4. Experimental Setup 21

5. Methodology 26

6. Program Simulation 30

7. Conclusion 32

8. Future Works 33

9. References 40

10. Project Link 42

 LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS

S.No. Figure No. Photograph Description Page Number

1. 1.1 Characteristics of embedded system 10

2. 1.2 Structure of embedded system 12

3. 2.1 Arduino UNO 14

4. 2.2 Ultrasonic Sensor 15

5. 2.3 Light Dependent resistor 15

6. 2.4 Temperature sensor (TMP36) 16

7. 2.5 Potentiometer 17

8. 2.6 LCD 12*6 18

9. 2.7 Circuit Components 19

10. 4.1. IDE Software 21

11. 4.2. IDE Setup 22

12. 4.3. SSLC Block diagram 25

13. 4.4. Temperature sensor Block Diagram 25

14. 8.1 Demonstration of the project 33

 LIST OF FIGURES

S.No. Figure No. Figure description Page No.

1. 4.3. Circuit Diagram 24

2. 4.4 Temperature sensor circuit 24

Working of LDR with LED 26

3. 5.1.

4. 5.2. Distance measurement 27

5. 5.3. Turning the LED “ON” 28

6. 5.4 Working of TMP36 29

7. 6.1. SSLC Program Stimulation

30

8. 6.2. TMP 36 Program Stimulation 31

Introduction
Currently, in the whole world, enormous electric energy is consumed by the street lights,
which are controlled by means of the embedded brightness sensors. They are automatically
turn on when it becomes dark and automatically turn off when it becomes bright. This is the
huge waste of energy in the whole world and should be changed. There are some attempts, in
which the energy wastes of the street lights are reduced. A sensor light, which is controlled by
the brightness sensor and the motion sensor, is sometimes used [1]. It only turns on for w
while when the motion is detected in front of the light and it is dark. However, it usually is
too late to turn the light on when a person or a car comes in front of it. The light should turn
on before a person or a car comes. On the other hand, some companies and universities have
developed centrally-controlled smart street light systems with the host computers [2,3]. They
might be suitable for being applied to a large area or a newly developed area based on the
total plan. However, they might not be suitable for being applied to a small area. We propose
an autonomous-distributed-controlled light system, in which the lights turn on before
pedestrians come and turn off or reduce power when there is no one by means of a
distributed-installed sensor network

2. PROPOSED SYSTEM

Figure 1 shows the components, with which our smart street light system is realized. (a)
Lamp unit: It consists of power-adjustable LED array, the brightness sensor, the motion
sensor, the communication device, such as ZigBee module, and the controller. It turns on for
several minutes under the conditions that a motion is detected in the defined area by the
sensors including its own sensor. Then, it sends the message to other units. It turns off or
reduced power under the condition that any motion is not detected in the defined area. (b)
Sensor unit: It consists of the motion sensor, the communication device and the controller. It
sends out the message to other units under the condition that motion is detected. This unit is
placed to many locations, such as at electric poles, at house gates, at house fence and inside or
outside of the door, to ensure that every street light turn on before pedestrians notice that. As
for power supply, the solar battery can be a good option. (c) Access point: It consists of the
communication device and the controller. It is used in the case that the distance between the
lamp units and the sensor units are too large to communicate each other.

The components for the smart street light

As for communication devices, a power-saving shortdistance device, such as ZigBee, is
appropriate for our system. As for the position information, each controller has plural
addresses, which correspond to the adjacent different networks. Figure 2 shows an example of
our smart street light system. The street lights turn on before the pedestrians come and turn
off or reduce power when there is no one by means of a distributed-installed sensor network

3. DISCUSSIONS
The targets of our development are as follows, ! Easy installation and extension: Each unit
can be installed one by one to the network by setting the parameters. The system is
autonomous-distributed controlled. No host computer is needed. ! Low cost: Only the parts of
mass production are used. ! Easy update: The firmware of each unit can be updated easily.
The control algorisms should be developed for the situations, such as a quiet residential area,
a shopping street, a part, a main road and a mountain road. ! Self-diagnosis: The worst event
is that the light does not turn on when the pedestrian come. Each unit records the failures, in
which the motion is detected in front of it without the advanced notification from the other
units.
5. REFERENCES
[1] Velaga, R. and Kumar, A. 2012. Techno-economic evaluation of the feasibility of a smart
street system: A case study of rural India. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences. 62, 1220-
1224. [2] Echelon Corp. https://www.echelon.com/applications/street-lighting/ [3] Bruno, A.,
Di Franco, F. and Rasconà, G. 2012. Smart street lighting. EE Times
http://www.eetimes.com/design/smart-energydesign/4375167/Smart-street-lighting [4] The e-
JIKEI Network Promotion Institute, et al. Smartstreet light system with communication
means. Published unexamined patent application in Japan P2011-165573A (in Japanese)

INTRODUCTION

The street lighting is one of the largest energy expenses for a city. An intelligent street
lighting system can cut municipal street lighting costs as much as 50% - 70%The present
system is like
the lights will be switched on in the evening before the sun sets and they are switched off the
next day morning after there is sufficient light on the outside. But the actual timing for these
lights to be switched on are when there is absolute darkness. With this, the power will be
wasted up to some extent. In sunny and rainy days, ON and OFF time differ discernibly
which is one of the significant hindrances of the present street lights systems. Alsothe manual
operation of the lighting system is completely eliminated. The energy consumption in entire
world is increasing at the fastest rates due to population growth and economic development
and the availability of energy sources remains woefully constrained. Resource augmentation
and growth in energy supply has not kept pace with increasing demand and, therefore,
continues to face serious energy shortages. Streetlights are an integral part of any developing
locality. They are present on all major roadways and in the suburbs too. Every day,
streetlights are powered from sunset to sunrise at full strength, even when there is no one
around. On a global scale, millions of dollars are spent each day on these street lights to
provide the required electrical energy. The maintenance and replacement costs of
conventional incandescent bulbs are immense. They consume a lot of electric power to
function and their heat emissions are also quite high. All of this contributes to greater demand
of electricity production and consequently, more carbon dioxide emissions from
powerhouses. So, along with unnecessary light pollution, this practice causes damage to our
planet too.

2. RELATED WORKS

S. Suganya et al have proposed about Street Light Glow on detecting vehicle movement
using sensor isa system that utilizes the latest technology for sources of light as LED lamps. It
is also used to control the switching of street light automatically according to the light
intensity to develop flow based dynamic control statistics using infrared detection technology
and maintain wireless communication among lamppost and control terminal using ZigBee
Wireless protocol. It also combines various technologies: a timer, a statistics of traffic flow
magnitude photodiodes, LED, power transistors.
[3] K. Santha et al have surveyed on Street Lighting System Based on Vehicle Movements.
The system operates in the automatic mode which regulates the streetlight according
tobrightness and dimness algorithm and light intensity. The control can be made according to
theseasonal variation. It includes a time cut-out function and an automatic control pattern for
conserving more electricity. The whole project was implemented using a PIC
microcontroller.
[4] Proposed a ZigBee based Remote Control Automatic Street Light System. The system is
designed with the help of ZigBee modules that helps in detecting the faulty lights and control
the light. It also discusses about an intelligent system that takes automatic decisions for
ON/OFF/DIMMING considering the vehicle movement or pedestrian and also the
surrounding environment. PIR motion sensor is used to detect movement of both living and
non-living things.

[5]M Abhishek et al have implemented design of traffic flowbased street light control system
with effective utilization of solar energy in the year 2015. They used the renewable source of
energy i.e the solar power for street lighting. They have also used 8052 series microcontroller
and is developed by replacing the normal bulbs with the LEDs due to which the power
consumption is reduced by 3 times. Sensors are placed on either side of the road which senses
the vehicle movement and sends the commands to the microcontroller to switch ON and OFF
the lights. Here all the street lights remain switched off and it glows only when it senses the
vehicle movement. Hence, because of the microcontroller, even when its night the lights are
switched off.

[6] C. Bhuvaneshwariet al have analysed the street light with auto tracking system by which
one can increase the conversion efficiency of the solar power generation. Here, the sun
tracking sensor is the sensing device which senses the position of the sun time to time and
gives the output to the amplifier based on light density of the sun. Sun tracking sensor is
LDR, amplifier unit is used to amplify the LDR signals which converts low level signals to
high level signals and the output is given to comparator. The LM324 IC is used as an
amplifier. Comparator compares the signals and gives the command to AT89C51
microcontroller.

3. PROBLEM STATEMENT

Statement 1: Street are on in the presence of sun light.

Statement 2: Street lights are on in the absence of any vehicle and pedestrian.

Disadvantage of Classical Street Light:

• Street lights remain always on when there is presence of light.
• These street lights need a manual switching operation.
• It also needs man power.
• These street lights are unnecessarily glowing with its full intensity in the absence
of any activities in the street.
• High power consumption and waste of energy.
Advantages of the Proposed System:
• Automatic switching of street light.
• Mantance cost reduction.
• Reduction in CO2 emission.
• Reduction of light pollution.
• Energy saving.
• Reduction of manpower.

OBJECTIVE
The main objective of this project is to implement an IoT based Automatic Street Lightning
System. As the traffic decreases slowly during late-night hours, the intensity gets reduced
progressively till morning to save energy and thus, the street lights switch on at the dusk and
then switch off at the dawn, automatically. The process repeats every day. White Light
Emitting Diodes (LED) replaces conventional HID lamps in street lighting system to include
dimming feature. The intensity is not possible to be controlled by the high intensity discharge
(HID) lamp which is generally used in urban street lights. LED lights are the future of lighting
because of their low energy consumption and long life. LED lights are fast replacing
conventional lights because intensity control is possible by the pulse width modulation. This
proposed system uses an Arduino board. Strings of LED are interfaced to the Arduino board.
A programmed Arduino board is engaged to provide different intensities at different times of
the night. This project is enhanced by integrating the LDR to follow the switching operation
precisely and IOT to display the status of street on web browser and help in controlling it.

PROPOSED METHOD
• High power of energy
• The present system employs power delivery via a singlephase line to the streetlight.
The proposed system involves five more components to regulate the power delivery.
[7] An Infra -Red Proximity \Sensor at the base of the street light detects presence in a
small area around the street light. The data from the sensor is sent to the Arduino
which forms brain of the circuit. The Arduino then commands to switch between dim
and bright modes depending upon the requirement and thus controls the brightness of
the street light. A battery eliminator, also powered by the singlephase line, is used to
supply 5V inputs to the sensors and Arduino.

• OS, Linux. The environment is written in Java and before running the IDE Java
software to be installed on the machine this software can be used with any Arduino
board. simply photocells.
They are made up of semiconductor materials having high resistance.
A light dependent resistor works on the principle of photo conductivity.

• characteristics of its surroundings by either emitting and/or detecting infrared

radiation.
It is also capable of measuring heat of an object and detecting motion. Infrared waves
are not visible to the human eye.
The design basically includes three working modes

OFF mode: When there is enough natural light in the surrounging i.e during the
daytime, the entire system is switched off and the batteries are charging.

Active mode: when the natural light drops below a certain level the system
automatically turns on and the motion sensors are powered.

ON mode: On the presence of pedestrians the sencor turns on which in turn switches on
the LED lights. These light turns off after a period of time

6. IMPLEMENTATION OVERVIEW

small register in series is connected across the 5V and GND of the Arduino Uno and from
the midpoint of the LDR potential divider circuit the output of the circuit is feed to A0 of
the Arduino which turn on all the street lights which are represented by Led connected to
the output pin (ie: 5 ,6 ,7 ,8,9, IO, 71,12, 13).

which is falling on it. lt has resistance of about 1M-ohm when in total darkness but
a resistance of only 5 k-ohm when brightness is illuminated.
LDR is a special type of resistor whose value depends on the light
 Chapter 1

ABOUT EMBEDDED SYSTEM

An embedded system is a combination of computer hardware and software designed for a
specific function. Embedded systems may also function within a larger system. The systems
can be programmable or have a fixed functionality. Industrial machines, consumer
electronics, agricultural and processing industry devices, automobiles, medical equipment,
cameras, digital watches, household appliances, airplanes, vending machines, and toys, as
well as mobile devices, are possible locations for an embedded system.

History of Embedded system

Here are important milestones from the history of the embedded system:

● In 1960, the embedded system was first used for developing the Apollo Guidance
System by Charles Stark Draper at MIT.

● In 1965, Autonetics developed the D-17B, the computer used in the Minuteman
missile guidance system.

● In 1968, the first embedded system for a vehicle was released.

● Texas Instruments developed the first microcontroller in 1971.

● In 1987, the first embedded OS, VxWorks, was released by Wind River.

● Microsoft’s Windows Embedded CE in 1996.

● By the late 1990s, the first embedded Linux system appeared.

● The embedded market reached $140 billion in 2013.

● Analysts are projecting an Embedded market larger than $40 billion by 2030.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF AN EMBEDDED SYSTEM

Important terminologies used in embedded system

Now in this Embedded Systems tutorial, we will cover some important terms used in
embedded systems.

Reliability:
This measure of the survival probability of the system when the function is critical
during the run time.

Fault-Tolerance:
Fault-Tolerance is the capability of a computer system to survive in the presence of faults.

Real-Time:
Embedded systems must meet various timing and other constraints. They are imposed on
it by the real-time natural behavior of the external world.For example, an airforce
department that keeps track of incoming missile attacks must precisely calculate and
plan their counter-attack due to a hard real-time deadline. Otherwise, it’ll get destroyed.

Flexibility:
It’s building systems with built-in debugging opportunities which allow remote maintenance.
For example, you are building a spacecraft that will land on another planter to collect various
types of data and send collected details back to us. If this spacecraft went insane and lost
control, some important diagnostics. So, flexibility is vital while designing an embedded
system.

Portability:
Portability is a measure of the ease of using the same embedded software in various
environments. It requires generalized abstractions between the application program
logic itself and the low-level system interfaces.
 Embedded Hardware
The hardware layer is built around a central processing unit (CPU) that serves as the main
system controller. A CPU can be represented by:

● a microprocessor, which contains only a CPU and has minimal power to perform
one simple operation
● a microcontroller, which is the integration of a CPU, I/O ports, RAM/ROM
memory on one chip and can perform several tasks. Other essential embedded
hardware elements include:
● memory devices for data storage
● I/O devices for input and output operation.
● Computer buses for transferring data between hardware components
● sensors for converting physical data into analog electrical signals
● analog-to-digital converters (ADC) for transforming analog electrical
signals (e.g. sound or light) into digital ones that the processor can read

digital-to-analog converters (DAC) for transforming digital signals from the

processor into electrical ones
● actuators for making mechanisms function based on the signal from the
processor, for example, making a motor move
● peripherals (cameras, printers, scanners, keyboards, etc.).
Embedded hardware elements can be integrated on one board, comprising a system on chip
(SoC). You can also use for your project a more complicated board — a system on module
(SoM), which is the integration of many chips.

The software layer may contain various components depending on the devices complexity
and purpose includes four constituents.

Embedded Software

● Firmware — a built-in program written for certain hardware.

● An operating system — software for setting rules and controlling system
resources. It includes device drivers that provide API for upper software
components and make them communicate with hardware parts. There are general
purpose and real-time operating systems (GPOS and RTOS).

● Middleware — a mediator that enables

communication between upper and lower softwere
levels. Middleware is created for a definite
operating system and lies between an OS and
application software.
 ● Application software — software that directly
performs the system’s functions and interacts with end-
users.
Large complicated embedded systems contain all of these
components while simple embedded solutions may lack
some software parts, for example, an operating system.
 CHAPTER 2

OBJECTIVE
project deals with designing a lighting system that targets energy-saving and autonomous
operation. The Energy Consumption The objective of the project is to provide automatic
control and monitoring of street lights. The of street lights of a specified area can be
recorded and accounted for on an Energy Saving Lighting System with integrated sensors
and controllers. Moreover, errors that occur due to manual operation can also be eliminated.
Also, the street lights can be switched ON/OFF through a computer from the central control
station or can be automated using light sensors embedded in the street light pole circuit of
the application. With these facilities, the performance and life of the lamps will be increased.
The application is based on a client-server model.

1. Introduction:
Indian Prime Minister Mr. Narendra Modi started a scheme to make smart cities. Financial
aid will be given by the central and state governments between 2017– 2022 to the cities,
and the mission will start showing results from 2022 onwards.
2. Purpose:
This project comprehensively describes how an electronic circuit arrangement can play a
crucial role and help to smartly manage the electricity requirements by its maximum
utilization.

2. Scope:
Apart from national highways and a few grand trunk roads, generally, all the other roads
are vacant throughout the night and hardly a vehicle passes. This project will help us to
overcome this problem.
3. Tools Required:

● Arduino UNO

● Arduino IDE

● Ultrasonic Sensor

● Light Dependent Resistor

● Temperature sensor (TMP36) ● LCD 16*2

● Potentiometer

● Arduino Simulation Software (Proteus, Tinkercad)

Arduino UNO and Arduino IDE:

Arduino is a prototype platform (open-source) based on easy-to-use hardware and

software. It consists of a circuit board, which can be programmed
referred to as a microcontroller) and a ready-made software called Arduino IDE
(Integrated Development
Environment), which is used to write and upload the computer code to the physical
board.

The Arduino IDE uses a simplified version of C++, making it easier to learn to prog
Ultra Sonic Sensor

The HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor uses SONAR to determine the distance of an object just like
the bats do. It offers excellent non-contact range detection with high accuracy and stable
readings in an easy-to-use package from 2 cm to 400 cm or 1” to 13 feet.
The operation is not affected by sunlight or black material, although acoustically, soft
materials like cloth can be difficult to detect. It comes complete with an ultrasonic transmitter
and receiver module. We will see the distance measured by the sensor in inches and cm on
the Arduino serial monitor.
 Light Dependent Resistor
The working principle of an LDR is photoconductivity, A photoresistor (also known as
a light-dependent resistor, LDR, or photo-conductive cell) is a passive component that
decreases resistance with respect to receiving luminosity (light) on the component's
sensitive surface. The resistance of a photoresistor decreases with an increase in incident
light intensity

\TMP36 Temperature Sensor

The TMP36 temperature sensor is an easy way to measure temperature using an

Arduino! The sensor can measure a fairly wide range of temperature (-50°C to 125°C),
is fairly precise (0.1°C resolution), and is very low cost, making it a popular choice.

Unlike a thermistor, the TMP36 does not have a temperature-sensitive resistor. Instead, this
sensor uses the property of diodes; as a diode changes temperature the voltage changes with it
at a known rate. The sensor measures the small change and outputs an analog voltage
between 0 and 1.75VDC based on it.
Potentiometer
A potentiometer is a simple knob that provides a variable resistance, which we can read
into the Arduino board as an analog value. In this example, that value controls the rate at
which an LED blinks.

We connect three wires to the Arduino board. The first goes to ground from one of the
outer pins of the potentiometer. The second goes from 5 volts to the other outer pin of the
potentiometer. The third goes from analog input 2 to the middle pin of the potentiometer.
LCD 16*2
An LCD (liquid crystal Display) Screen is an electronic display module and has a wide range
application. A 16x2 LCD display is a very basic module and is very commonly used in
various devices and circuits. A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and
there are 2 such lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in a 5x7 pixel matrix. The 16 x
2 intelligent alphanumeric dot matrix display is capable of displaying 224 different characters
and symbols. This LCD has two registers, namely, Command and Data.Command
registerstores various commands given to the display. The data register stores data to be
displayed. The process of controlling the display involves putting the data that form the
image of what you want to display into the data registers, then putting instructions in the
instruction register.
Arduino Simulation Software
Arduino is an open-source electronic prototyping platform that also sells microcontrollers.
Tinkercad Circuits allows anyone to virtually create and program Arduino projects without
the need for physical hardware. Tinkercad is a free online collection of software tools that
help people all over the world think, create and make. Tinkercad is a free, easy-to-use app
for 3D design, electronics, and coding. It's used by teachers, kids, hobbyists, and designers
to imagine, design, and make anything.

Tinkercad Circuits opens up the possibility of electrical functionality in your 3D printing

projects. To that end, in the user’s dashboard, you can find a whole section devoted to circuit
projects. It’s organized similarly to the CAD project gallery, making it easy to navigate. You
can also find circuits in the “Gallery” and “Learn” pages of Tinkercad.
 CHAPTER NO: 3
FEASIBILITY STUDY

1.Economic Feasibility:

The whole practical setup is too cheap with reference to its working. The amount of energy
saved by the setup would certainly be far more than the setup itself. If at all any expense is
incurred, then it probably would be commodity hardware. But that still makes it
inexpensive.

2.Technical Feasibility:

The technical requirement for the system is very economic and it does not use any other
additional hardware and software. Every software used is free of cost for pseudo-distributed
mode.

Behavioral Feasibility:

The system working is quite easy to use and learn due to its simple but attractive interface.
User requires basic knowledge of Arduino Programming.
 CHAPTER NO: 4
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

● Step 1: First we must have our Arduino board (we can choose our favorite board)
and a USB cable. In case we use Arduino UNO, Arduino Duemilanove, Nano,
Arduino Mega 2560, or Diecimila, we will need a standard USB cable (A plug to B
plug). In case we use Arduino Nano, we shall need an A to Mini-B cable instead.

● Step 2: Download Arduino IDE Software

We can get different versions of Arduino IDE from the https://www.arduino.cc/en/software
on the Arduino Official website. We must select our software, which is compatible with our
operating system (Windows, IOS, or Linux). After the file download is complete, unzip the
file.
● Step 3: Launch Arduino IDE

After our Arduino IDE software is downloaded, we need to unzip the folder. Inside the
folder, we can find the application icon with an infinity label (application.exe).
Double-click the icon to start the IDE.
 ● Step 5 − Open first project
● Step 6 − Select Arduino board

● Step 7 − Upload the program to board A − Used to check if there is

any compilation error.B − Used to upload a program to the Arduino board. C − Shortcut

used to create a new sketch.

D − Used to directly open one of the example sketches.

E − Used to save your sketch.

F − Serial monitor used to receive serial data from the board and send the serial data
to the board.

After installation of the Arduino IDE, we need to make the appropriate circuit
using Tinkercad.
The following image shows the whole setup of the project:

The above circuit diagram shows the experimental setup of the project. This diagram is made
using Tinkercad for verification of the proper implementation of the program. The circuit
consists of an Arduino, 3 UltraSonic sensors, 1 light-dependent resistor (LDR), 4 LED bulbs,
and a breadboard.
 Chapter 5
METHODOLOGY

1. Working of LDR with an LED:

LDR is used as a photosensitive element. Its resistance is decreased by increasing its

conductivity when high-intensity light falls on it. In this project, LED is kept LOW
when light falling on LDR is greater than 800 analog reading.
2. Distance Measurement using Ultrasonic Sensor
An ultrasonic sensor is an electronic device that measures the distance of a target object by
emitting ultrasonic sound waves and converting the reflected sound into an electrical
signal.

In order to calculate the distance between the sensor and the object, the sensor measures
the time it takes between the emission of the sound by the transmitter to its contact with
the receiver. The formula for this calculation is D = (1/2)T*C.

Where T, is the time taken by the pulse to return at receiving point. and C is the
speed of sound in cm/microsecond (C=0.03475)
The sensor returns the duration (T) of data type unsigned long.

Distance Measurement:
Working of TMP36:

The TMP36 temperature sensor is an easy way to measure temperature using an Arduino.
The sensor can measure a fairly wide range of temperature (-50°C to 125°C), is fairly
precise (0.1°C resolution), and is very low cost, making it a popular choice. Unlike a

thermistor, the TMP36 does not have a temperature-sensitive resistor. Instead, this sensor

uses the property of diodes; as a diode changes temperature the voltage changes with it at

a known rate. The sensor measures the small change and outputs an analog voltage
between 0 and 1.75VDC based on it. To get the temperature we just need to measure the

output voltage and a little bit of math!

 Chapter 6
PROGRAM SIMULATION

The schematic circuit was implemented using Tinkercad which provides an excellent
simulation of Arduino codes. The code is written in the Arduino IDE according to the pins
connected in the circuit. The code is then uploaded to the Tinkercad for simulation. The
simulation is the same as was expected. The serial monitor is giving the reading of the LDR
sensor which has a limit of 800. This means the sensors will work only when LDR is giving
an analog reading greater than 800. Otherwise, no LED will glow and no sensor will work.
Analog reading of LDR depends on the intensity of light falling on it. In the condition of
high-intensity light, the A0 reading will be LOW and LEDs will not work. They will work
only when the A0 reading is high and any object is present before the sensor.
The expected simulation is shown in the image below:

The schematic circuit for the temperature measuring device was also
implemented using Tinkercad. And similarly, the code is written in the Arduino
IDE according to the pins connected in the circuit. The code is then uploaded to
the Tinkercad for simulation. The simulation is the same as was expected. Here,
the temperature sensor sends the input to the Arduino and the Arduino outputs
the corresponding temperature on the LCD screen.
 CHAPTER NO:7
CONCLUSION

The issue of large energy consumption is a concern not only at a local level but also globally.
Public lighting has been named ‘the nervous system of a city’, connecting hundreds of
millions of streetlights with access to power across the globe. This constantly increasing
number has made lighting responsible for a staggering 19% of global electricity usage and is
contributing towards the already exceeding levels of CO2 emissionsThe cost of operating
automatic solar street lights is far less when compared to conventional street lights. The
automatic street light system is eco-friendly & hence helps in reducing the carbon footprint.

Expected outcomes of the project:

➔ The street light system will change such that light will glow only when someone is
in defined proximity with that light.
➔ This project would lead to a more sustainable and efficient street light system as
huge amounts of electricity can be conserved as a consequence of this project.
➔ Electricity conserved using this system can then be supplied to other places having
scarcity of it.
➔ Street Light maintenance costs will be reduced.
➔ This will lead to a reduction in CO₂ emission.
➔ As lights will only glow in the presence of passersby, there will be a
reduction in light pollution as well. This will lead to the reduction of
manpower
 CHAPTER NO:8

FUTURE WORKS

developing world where everything is based on electricity. That’s why it’s Smart cities
are becoming a necessity of the modern mandatory to implement this project. This
project will not only save a huge amount of energy but after getting power supply from
the solar system, it will become self-reliant also.
For future work, we intend to do the following:

● Along with the automatic switching of street lights, we plan to change the intensity
of light bulbs depending on the distance of objects from them

● We also plan to add a system for checking the air pollution level to the
existing project.
 APPENDIX A
Arduino code for the Street light circuit arrangement:
#defineled 1 11

#defineled_2 3

#define led_3 9 #define led_4 10 const int trig_1

= 8, echo_1 = 2, trig_2=5, echo_2=4, trig_3=7, echo_3=6;:

= void ultra_sonic_1( )

//int trig = 8; //int echo = 2;

unsigned long duration;

float distance, _time,

_speed = 0.034;

digitalWrite(trig_1, LOW);

delayMicroseconds(2);

digitalWrite(trig_1,HIGH);

delayMicroseconds(5);

digitalWrite(trig_1,LOW);

duration =

pulseIn(echo_1,

HIGH); _time =

duration / 2; distance =

_speed*_time;
//Serial.println(distance

); if(distance < 200)

{ digitalWrite(led_1, HIGH);
digitalWrite(led_2, HIGH); }

else

{digitalWrite(led_

1,LOW)
;
 //digitalWrite(led_2,LOW);

void ultra_sonic_2( )

{ unsigned long duration; float

distance, _time,
_speed = 0.034;

digitalWrite(trig_2,

LOW);

delayMicroseconds(2);

digitalWrite(trig_2,HIG

H);
delayMicroseconds(5);
digitalWrite(trig_2,LOW

);

duration =

pulseIn(echo_2,

HIGH); _time =

duration / 2; distance =

_speed*_time;

//Serial.println(distance

);
if(distance < 200)

{ digitalWrite(led_2, HIGH);
digitalWrite(led_3, HIGH); }
else

digitalWrite(led_2,LOW);

//digitalWrite(led_3,LOW);
 }

void ultra_sonic_3( )

{ unsigned long duration; float

distance, _time, _speed = 0.034;
//const int trig = 7; //const int echo
= 6;
digitalWrite(trig_3, LOW);

delayMicroseconds(2);

digitalWrite(trig_3,HIGH);

delayMicroseconds(5);

digitalWrite(trig_3,LOW);

duration =

pulseIn(echo_3,

HIGH); _time =

duration / 2; distance =

_speed*_time;

//Serial.println(distance

);

if(distance < 200)

{ digitalWrite(led_3, HIGH);
digitalWrite(led_

4, HIGH); } else
{ digitalWrite(led_3,LOW);
digitalWrite(led_4,LOW)

}
} void
setup( )

Serial.b

egin(96 00);
pinMod
e(led_1,

OUTPU T);
pinMod
e(led_2,

OUTPU
T);

pinMod

e(led_3,

OUTPU

T);

pinMod

e(led_4,

OUTPU

T);

pinMod

e(trig_1

OUTPU

T);

pinMod

e(echo_

1,INPU
T);

pinMod

e(trig_2

,OUTP

UT);

pinMod

e(echo_

2,INPU

T);

pinMod

e(trig_3,

OUTPU

T);

pinMod

e(echo_

3,INPU

T); }
void loop( )

Serial.println(analogRead(A0));

if(analogRead(A0)>800) {

ultra_soni

c_1( );

ultra_sonic_2(

);

ultra_sonic_3(

); } else
 { digitalWrite(led_1,LOW);
digitalWrite(led_2,LOW)
;

digitalWrite(led_3,LOW)

digitalWrite(led_4,LOW)

Arduino Code for TMP36

Circuit arrangement

// C++ code

//
#include<LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2);
float temp; int tmp = A1;

void setup()
{ pinMode(tmp,

INPUT

); } void

loop()

{ temp = analogRead(tmp) *

0.0048828125; temp = (temp -

0.5) * 100.0; lcd.setCursor(0,

1); lcd.print("Temperature: ");

lcd.print(temp); delay(1000);

lcd.clear();
 REFERENCES
Ramadhani, K. A. Bakar and M. G. Shafer, "Optimization of standalone street light system
with consideration of lighting control," 2013 The International Conference on
Technological Advances in Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (TAEECE),
2013, pp.
583-588, DOI:
10.1109/TAEECE.2013.6557340.

A. Abdullah, S. H. Yusoff, S. A. Zaini, N. S. Midi, and S. Y. Mohamad, "Smart Street

Light Using Intensity Controller," 2018 7th International Conference on Computer and
Communication Engineering (ICCCE), 2018, pp. 1-5, DOI:
10.1109/ICCCE.2018.853932

[1] R. D.K, "Arduino Based: Smart Light Control System," International Journal of
Engineering Research and General Science, 2016.

[2] P. T. Daely, H. T. Reda, G. B. Satrya, J. W. Kim and S. Y. Shin, "Design of Smart LED
Streetlight System for Smart City With Web-Based Management System," in IEEE
Sensors Journal, vol. 17, no. 18, pp. 6100-6110, 15 Sept.15, 2017, DOI:
10.1109/JSEN.2017.2734101.

[3] W. A. Jabbar, M. A. B. Yuzaidi, K. Q. Yan, U. S. B. M. Bustaman, Y. Hashim and

H. T.
AlAriqi, "Smart and Green Street Lighting System Based on Arduino and RF
Wireless Module," 2019 8th International Conference on Modeling Simulation and
Applied Optimization (ICMSAO), 2019, pp. 1-6, DOI:
10.1109/ICMSAO.2019.8880451.

[6]Automatic street light control

Link:cd8d9ec2e7013c4203ac92d84b4bed43.Automatic Street Light Control using Arduino

(3).pdf (ijesc.org)

[7]Design of smart street light

Link:(PDF) Design of Smart LED Streetlight System for Smart City with Web-Based
Management System (researchgate.net)
[8]Solar Intensity Controlled Street Light Using Arduino Microcontroller video
Link:https://youtu.be/DrmdFxXLl2s

[9]Automatic street light using Arduino video

Link:https://youtu.be/rmJxfoeDwpo

[10]Automatic Day Night Street Light LDR Project on Breadboard

Link:https://youtu.be/gH16y8d_wVI

[11]Arduino Programming Course Video

Link:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1R3fqSFCAj M
[12]Arduino For beginners
Link:https://www.makerspaces.com/arduino-uno-tutorial-beginners

[13] Arduino Programming from Scratch

Link:https://www.udemy.com/course/learn-arduino-programming-from-scratch/

[14]Software Simulator:
Link:https://www.tinkercad.com/things/ivS3XMtJjVI-tremendous-wolt-
inari/editel?tenant=ci rcuits
 PROJECT LINK
1. SMART STREET LIGHT SYSTEM
https://www.tinkercad.com/things/e1DGjSqjjI9-smart-
street-light-system/editel?sharecode=g
ZurlbTDOsSu3uWnbe-
FpKvXGQKZ1bCFb2oPpc6FNz8

2. TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM

Circuit design Temperature Measurement | Tinkercad
57|Page