Important Years and Contribution

of Scientists
1. 1770 : Joseph Priestley - Essential role of air in growth of green plant.
2. 1774 : Joseph Priestley - Discovered O 2
.
3. 1831 : Robert Brown - I st
discovered and described nucleus.
4. 1838 : Schleiden (German Botanist) - Work on plants.
5. 1839 : Schwann(British Zoologist) - Work on both plants & animals.
6. 1855 : Rudolf Virchow - Omnis cellula-e-cellula (cells arises from
pre-existing cells).
7. Life originate from pre-existing life : Pasteur (Yeast).
8. Life originate from non-living (decaying & rotting matter) : Spontaneous
generation.
9. Life originate from pre-existing non-living organic molecules (RNA,
Protein)- Oparin (Russia) & Haldane (England)- Chemical Evolution.
10. 1856 - 1863 : Mendal experiment on garden pea. (7 years)
11. 1860 : Julius von Sachs - Developed hydroponics.
12. 1865 : Mendal published his work.
13. 1866 : Langdon Down - Down’s syndrome.
14. 1869 : Friedrich Meischer - Ist identified DNA and named it nuclein.
15. 1891 : Henking - Discovered X-body.
16. 1891 : Fossil discovered in Java - Homo erectus.
17. 1892 : Ivanowsky - Discovered virus.
18. 1898 : Beijerinek - Contagium vivum fluidum (infectious living fluid).
19. 1898 : Camillo Golgi - Discovered (observed) G.B.
20. 1900 : de Vries, Corre ns and von Tsche rmak inde pende ntly
rediscovered Mendel’s results.
21. 1902 : Chromosome movement during meiosis has been worked out.
22. 1905 : Law of limiting factor (Blackmann).
23. 1928 : Fredrick Griffith - Transforming experiment with Streptococcus
pneumoniae (Diplococcus).
24. 1935 : Stanley - Crystallised viruses.
25. 1937 : Ramde o Misra obtained Ph.D. in Ecology from Lee ds
university (U.K.).
26. 1938 : Coelocanth fish caught in South Africa.
27. 1945 : Fleming, Chain & Florey - Awarded Nobel prize.
28. 1950 : Watson obtained Ph.D. on a study of the effect of hard X-rays
on bacteriophage multiplication.
29. 1951 : Family planning programme started in India.
30. 1952 : Hershey & Chase-experiment on bacteriophage or Bacterial virus
gives unequivocal proof that DNA is the genetic material.
31. 1953 : Miller experiment - Methane, ammonia, hydrogen & water
vapour.
32. 1953 : Watson & Crick - Double helical structure of B-DNA &
replication scheme.
33. 1953 : Palade : Discovered ribosome.
34. 1954 : Ramachandran - Triple helical model of collagen, published
in Nature.
35. 1954 : Crick complete d Ph.D. on a thesis “X-rays diffraction :
polypeptides and proteins.
36. 1958 : Meselson & Stahl - Work on E.coli proves semiconservative
replication of DNA in prokaryotes.
37. 1958 : Taylor - Work on Vicia faba proves semiconservative replication
of DNA in eukaryotes.
38. 1960 : Katherine Esau - Published “Anatomy of Seed Plants.”
39. 1961 : Melvin Calvin - Nobel Prize.
40. 1962 : Watson, Crick and Wilikins - Nobel Prize.
41. 1963 : Wheat varieties (Sonalika & Kalyan sona) introduced.
42. 1963 : Two enzyme responsible for restricting growth of bacteriophage
in E.coli were isolated.
43. 1966 : Derivative of IR-8 & Taichung native-I introduced.
44. 1969 : Whittaker - Five kingdom classification.
45. 1971 : Govt. of India legalized MTP.

46. 1971 : Diener- Discovered Viroid(free RNA without capsid).

47. 1972 : Singer & Nicolson - Fluid mosaic model.

48. 1972 : Stanley Cohen & Herbert Boyer - Formed Ist recombinant DNA.

49. 1972 : Establishme nt of NCEPC - National Committe e for

Environmental Planning & Coordination.

50. 1974 : Water act.

51. 1980 : Joint forest management, (JFM).

52. 1981 : AIDS was I st

reported.

53. 1981 : Air act.

54. 1983 : Eli Lily (An American company) produces insulin in E.coli by
recombinant DNA technology.

55. 1984 : Establishment of MOEF : Ministry of Environment & Forest.

56. 1986 : Environment Protection Act.

57. 1987 : Montreal protocol. Held in Montreal, Canada.

58. 1987 : Air act amended to include noise as an air pollutant.

59. 1988 : National Forest Policy.

60. 1989 : Montreal protocol effective.

61. 1990 : Ist clinical gene therepy.

62. 1990 : HGP launched.

63. 1992 : The Earth summit : Rio de Janeiro.

64. 1997 : Ist transgenic cow- Rosie. It produces human protein enriched
milk (2.4 grams per litre). The milk contain the human alpha-
lactalbumin

65. 1997 : An American company got patent rights on Basmati Rice.

66. 1997 : Kyoto protocol : Held in Kyoto(Japan).

67. 2002 : World summit. Held in Johannesburg (South Africa).

68. 2002 : All buses of Delhi were converted by CNG.

69. 2005 : Nobel prize of chemistry given to ‘Green chemists’ Chauvin,

Grubbs & Schrock.
 Cities and Countries in NCERT
1. Famous Royal Botanical Garden : Kew (England)
2. Indian Botanical Garden : Howrah (India)
3. National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI) : Lucknow
4. Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI) : Lucknow
5. Strobilanthus kunthiana found in : Kerela, Karnataka & Tamilnadu.
6. Lupinus arcticus (Lupine) excavated from : Arctic Tundra
7. Phoenix dactylifera (Date palm) excavated from : King Herod’s Palace
near Dead Sea.
8. Sahiwal Cow bred in : Punjab (through artificial selection &
domestication)
9. Hisardale (Sheep) develop in : Punjab (by cross -breeding)
10. Oparin : Russia
11. Haldane : England
12. S.L. Miller : America
13. Wallace Worked in : Malay Archipelago
14. Observation supporting evolution by natural selection comes from :
England
15. Darwin worked in : Galapagos Islands
16. Coelcanth (fish) caught in : South Africa (1938).
17. Few fossils of man-like bones have been discovered in : Ethiopia & Tanzania.
18. About 3-4 mya man - like primate walked in : Eastern Africa
19. Australopithecus lived in : East African Grasslands.
20. Fossils of Homo erectus discovered in : Java (1891)
21. Neanderthal man lived in : Near East & Central Asia
22. Homo sapiens Arose in : Africa
23. Erythroxylum coca is native of : South America
24. > 70% live stock population is in : India & China
25. Saccharum barberi grown in : North India
26. Saccharum officinarum grown in : South India
27. IARI : New Delhi
28. IRRI : Phillippines
29. ICWMI : Mexico
30. Taichung Native-I develops from : Taiwan.
31. IR-8 developed from : IRRI, Philippines
32. Borlaug developed semi-dwarf wheat at : ICWMI, Mexico.
33. Jaya & Ratna developed in : India
34. Toddy is used in : South India
35. Penicillin was used during world war-II to treat : American soldiers
36. Eli lily is an : American company.
37. A company which got patent rights on basmati rice : American Company
38. Mango tree do not & can not grow in : Canada & Germany
39. Snow leopard are not found in : Kerela forests
40. High altitude places (>3500 m) : Rohtang pass near Manali &
Mansarovar (in China occupied Tibet)
41. In 1920’s prickly pear cactus introduced in : Australia
42. Visiting flamingoes & resident fishes compete in : South American
lakes
43. Abingdon tortoise were found in : Galapagos Island.
44. Barnacle Balanus & Chathamalus found in : Rocky Sea Coasts of
Scotland
45. Rauwolfia vomitoria growing in : Himalaya
46. Amazonian Rain Forest found in : South America
47. Alexander von Humboldt explored in : South America Jungles
48. Dodo extinct from : Mauritius.
49. Quagga extinct from : Africa
50. Thylacine extinct from : Australia
51. Stellar’s sea cow extinct from : Russia
52. Lake Victoria found in : East Africa
53. Clarius geriepinus is African catfish
54. Earth Summit held in : Rio de Janeiro
55. World Summit held in : Johannesburg (South Africa)
56. Montreal Protocol held in : Montreal (Canada)
57. Khasi & Jaintia hills in : Meghalaya
58. Aravalli hills in : Rajasthan
59. Western Ghat regions are found in : Karnataka & Maharastra
60. Sarguja, Chanda & Bastar areas are found in : Madhya Pradesh
61. Ahmed Khan belongs to : Bangalore
62. Ramesh Chandra Dagar related to : Sonipat (Haryana)
63. Ozone hole is particularly marked over : Antarctic region
64. Slash & Burn cultivation or Jhum cultivation done in : North-eastern
states of India.
65. Amrita Devi Bishnoi related to : Jodhpur (Rajasthan)
66. Chipko movement started in : Garhwal Himalayas
67. Keolado National Park : Bharatpur (Rajasthan)
68. Kangaroo rat found in : North American desert.
 FULL FORMS
1. ICBN : International Code for Botanical Nomenclature
2. ICZN : International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
3. NBRI : National Botanical Research Institute (Lko.)
4. CDRI : Central Drug Research Institute (Lko.)
5. IBG : Indian Botanical Garden (Howrah)
6. PSTD : Potato Spindle Tuber Disease
7. PPLO : Pleuro Pneumonia Like Organisms
8. [S] : Concentration of substrate
9. RRC : Respiratory Rhythm Centre (Medulla)
10. GFR : Glomerular Filtration Rate
11. JGA : Juxta-Glomerular Apparatus
12. ANF : Atrial-Natriuretic factor
13. GnRH : Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone
14. GH : Growth Hormone
15. PRL : Pro lactin
16. TSH : Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
17. ACTH : Adreno Corticotrophic Hormone
18. MSH : Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
19. ADH : Vasopressin/Anti-diuretic Hormone
20. T3 : Triiodothyronine
21. T4 : Tetraiodothyronine or thyroxine
22. TC T : Thyrocalcitonin
23. P TH : Parathyroid hormone
24. CCK : Chole cystokinin
25. GIP : Gastric Inhibitory Peptide
26. LHC : Light Harvesting Complex
27. PGA : Phosphoglyceric acid
28. OAA : Oxalo acetic acid
29. RuBisCO : Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase.
30. NAD : Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (Coenzyme).
31. CoA : Coenzyme A
32. TCA : Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle or Citric Acid Cycle.
33. ETC : Electron Transport Chain
34. RQ : Respiratory Quotient
35. PGRs : Plant Growth Regulators
36. NAA : Napthalene Acetic Acid
37. 2, 4-D : 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid
38. GA 3 : Gibberellic acid.
39. PMC : Pollen mother cell/microscope mother cell.
40. MMC : Megaspore mother cell.
41. PEN : Primary Endosperm Nucleus.
42. hCG : Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin
43. hP L : Human Placental Lactogen
44. RCH : Reproductive & Child Health Care.
45. STDs : Sexually Transmitted Diseases
46. VD : Venereal disease.
47. RTI : Reproductive Tract Infections
48. WHO : World Health Organisation
49. MMR : Maternal Mortality Rate
50. IMR : Infant Mortality Rate
51. IUDs : Intra Uterine Devices
52. OCPs : Oral Contraceptive Pills
53. MTP : Medical Termination of Pregnancy
54. AR T : Assisted Reproductive Technologies
55. ZI FT : Zygote Intra-fallopian transfer
56. GIFT : Gamete Intra-fallopian transfer
57. I U T : Intra Uterine Transfer
58. IUI : Intra Uterine Insemination
59. AIT/AI : Artificial Insemination Technique
60. ICSI : Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection
61. IVF : In-vitro fertilisation
62. ET : Embryo transfer
63. SCA : Sickle cell Anaemia
64. PKU : Phenylke tonuria
65. NHC : Non-histone Chromosomal proteins
66. snRNA : Small Nuclear RNA
67. hnRNA : Heterogenous Nuclear RNA
68. sRNA : Soluble RNA
69. UTR : Untranslated Regions
70. HGP : Human Genome Project
71. ELSI : Ethical, Legal & Social Issues
72. BAC : Bacterial Artificial Chromosome
73. YAC : Yeast Artificial Chromosome
74. ESTs : Expressed Sequence Tags
75. SNPs : Single Nucleotide Polymorphism
76. VNTR : Variable Number of Tandem Repeats
77. SCRR : School of Cytogenetics & Radiation Reserch
78. IARI : Indian Agricultural Research Institute (New Delhi)
79. CMI : Cell - Mediated Immunity
80. MALT : Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue
81. AIDS : Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome
82. HIV : Human Immuno Deficiency Virus
83. ELISA : Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay
84. NACO : National AIDS Control Organisation
85. NGOs : Non-Governmental Organisation
86. C-onc : Cellular Oncogenes
87. CT : Computed Tomography
88. MRI : Magnetic Resonance Imaging
89. LSD : Lysergic acid diethyl amide
90. MOET : Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer Technology.
91. ICWMI : International Centre for Wheat & Maize Improvement
(Mexico)
92. IRRI : International Rice Research Institute (Philippines)
93. SCP : Single Cell Protein
94. LAB : Lactic Acid Bacteria
95. STP s : Sewage Treatment Plants
96. BOD : Biochemical oxygen Demand
97. DO : Dissolved Oxygen
98. KVIC : Khadi & Village Industries Commission
99. Bt : Bacillus thuringiensis.
100. NP V : Nucleopolyhedro virus
101. IPM : Integrated Pest Management
102. EcoRI : Escherichia coli RY13.
103. Ori : Origin of Replication
104. pBR322 : Plasmid
105. Ti Plasmid : Tumor Inducing Plasmid
106. Taq : Thermus aquaticus
107. PCR : Polymerase Chain Reaction
108. GMO : Genetically modified Organisms
109. RNAi : RNA interference
110. ADA : Adenosine deaminase
111. GEAC : Genetic Engineering Approval Committee.
112. NCEPC : National Committee for Environmental Planning &
Coordination (1972)
113. MOEF : Ministry of Environment & Forests (1984)
114. INSA : Indian National Science Academy
115. N P P : Net Primary Productivity
116. GP P : Gross Primary Productivity
117. GNP : Gross National Product
118. GDP : Gross Domestic Product
119. GFC : Grazing food chain
120. DFC : Detritus food chain
121. IUCN : International Union for Conservation of Nature &
Natural Resources
122. CPCB : Central Pollution Control Board
123. CNG : Compressed Natural Gas
124. ppb : Parts per billion
125. ppm : Parts per million
126. FOAM : Friends of Arcata Marsh
127. DU : Dobson Units
128. dB : Decibel
129. CFCs : Chloroflurocarbons
130. JFM : Joint Forest Management (1980).
 Shapes in NCERT Biology
1. Pollen grains are generally : Sphe rical
2. Nucle olus : Sphe rical
3. Ce ntriole : Cylindrical
4. Mitochondria : Sausage shaped or cylindrical
5. RBCs : Round & biconcave
6. Mesophyll cell : Round & Oval
7. Trachie d : Elongated
8. Columnar epithelium : Long & narrow.
9. WBCs : Amoeboid.
10. Nerve cell (longest cell) : Long & Branched
11. Henle’s loop : Hairpin bend
12. Stomach : J-shaped
13. Spleen & kidney : Bean shaped
14. Thymus : Lobed organ.
15. Pate lla : Cup shaped
16. Bowman’s capsule : Double walled cup-like structure
17. Heart : Clenched fist (size)
18. Oxygen dissociation curve : Sigmoid.
19. Diaphragm : Dome shaped.
20. Smooth muscle : Fusiform.
21. Setae : S-shaped
22. Intestinal caecae : Conical
23. Root hair : Thread like
24. Root cap : Thimble like
25. Tongue of frog : Bilobed
26. Nucleus of vegetative cells : Irregular
27. Generative cell : Spindle shaped.
28. Ommatidia of cockroach : Hexagonal
29. Anther : Four sided (Tetragonal)
30. Cotyledon (maize/grass) : Shield shaped.
31. Archegonium of bryophytes : Flask shaped.
32. Gills of molluscs : Feather like.
33. Radula of molluscs : File like
34. Chiasmata : X- shaped
35. Te stis : Oval
36. Uterus : Inverted pear.
37. Fimbriae & Clitoris : Finger like.
38. Vasa recta & hyoid bone : U-shaped
39. Duodenum : C-shaped
40. Verhulst - Pearl logistic growth curve : Sigmoid
41. Exponential or geometric growth curve : J - shaped
42. In female cockroach, 7th sternum is : Boat shaped
43. Antennae & anal styles of cockroach : Thread like
44. Head of cockroach, Scapula and Sinus venosus of frog : Triangular
45. Microsporangium : Near circular in outline (in transverse section).
46. Male gonapophysis or phallomere : Asymmetrical structure (Chitinous)