VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Jnana Sangama, Machhe, Belagavi-590018

A
Seminar
Report On
“BLUE BRAIN”

Submitted in partial fulfillment required for award of the Graduation Degree

Bachelor of Engineering
In
Computer Science and Engineering

Submitted by

Manavpreet Singh 1HK18CS078

Under the guidance of

Prof. Smitha Kurian

Assistant Professor
Department of Computer Science & Engineering

2021 - 2022

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

HKBK COLLEGE of ENGINEERING
(Approved by AICTE & Affiliated to VTU)
22/1, Nagawara, Arabic College Post, Bangalore-45, Karnataka
Email: info@hkbk.edu.in URL: www.hkbk.edu.in
 HKBK COLLEGE of ENGINEERING
N a g a w a r a, B a n g a l o r e – 560 045
Approved by AICTE & Affiliated to
VTU

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Certificate
Certified that the Seminar entitled “Blue Brain”, carried out by Manavpreet Singh
(1HK18CS078) is a bonafide student of HKBK COLLEGE of ENGINEERING, in
partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Computer Science
and Engineering of the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, during the
year 2021–22. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal
Assessment have been incorporated in the report deposited in the departmental library.
The seminar report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in
respect of 18CSS84–Technical Seminar prescribed for the said Degree.
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I would like to express my regards and acknowledgement to all who helped me in

completing this Seminar successfully.

First of all, I would take this opportunity to express my heartfelt gratitude to the
personalities of HKBK College of Engineering, Mr. C M Ibrahim, Chairman, HKBKGI
and Mr. Faiz Mohammed, Director, HKBKGI for providing facilities throughout the
course.

I express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Tabassum Ara, Principal, HKBCE for her support
and which inspired us towards the attainment of knowledge.

I consider it as great privilege to convey my sincere regards to Dr. Loganathan. R.,

Professor and HOD, Department of CSE, HKBKCE for his constant encouragement
throughout the course of the seminar.

I would specially like to thank my guide, Smitha Kurian, Assistant Professor,

Department of CSE for her vigilant supervision and her constant encouragement. She
spent her precious time in reviewing the Seminar work and provided many insightful
comments and constructive criticism.

Finally, I thank Almighty, all the staff members of CSE Department, my family members
and friends for their constant support and encouragement in carrying out the Seminar
work.

1HK18CS078 Manavpreet Singh

I
 ABSTRACT

God's most valued creation is the human brain. The brain is responsible for the man's

intelligence. The world's first virtual brain is known as the"blue brain." That is, a machine

can do the functions of a human brain. Scientists are now working on developing an artificial

brain that can think, respond,make decisions,and remember anything. The primary goal is to

upload a human brain onto a machine. So that man may think and make decisions without

exerting any effort. Following the death of the body, the virtual brain will assume the role of

the man. So, even after a person's death, we will not lose the information, intelligence,

personality, sentiments, and memories of that individual, which may be utilized to advance

human civilization.

II
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I
ABSTRACT II
TABLE OF CONTENTS III
LIST OF FIGURES IV
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction 2
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE SURVEY 4
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY & GOALS 6
3.1 Existing System 7
3.2 Proposed System 7
3.2.1 Speed 7
3.2.2 Output Visualization 8
3.2.3 Data Collection 8
3.2.4 Simulation 8
3.2.5 Wetware 9
3.2.6 Fuzzy Logic 10
3.2.7 Nanobots method 10
3.3 Goals 11
3.3.1 Neocortical column modeling 11
3.3.2 Progress 12
3.3.3 Uploading Human Brain 12
CHAPTER 4: APPLICATIONS & EXAMPLES 13
4.1 Applications 14
4.2 Examples 14
4.2.1 Blue Gene(P) 15
4.2.2 JuQUEEN 15
CHAPTER 5: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 16
5.1 Advantages 17
5.2 Disadvantages 17
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION 19
REFERENCE 20
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1: Fuzzy Logic 9

FIGURE 2: Adaptive Fuzzy Logic 10

CHAPTER -1 INTRODUCTION
 Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

[1] The Blue Brain Project is an attempt to reverse engineer the human brain and

duplicate it at the cellular level within a computer simulation. Henry Markham launched

the initiative in May 2005 at the EPFL in Lausanne, Switzerland. The project's goals are

to achieve a thorough knowledge of the brain and to allow better and faster development

of brain illness therapies. Using microscopes and patch clamp electrodes, the researchers

examine slices of live brain tissue.

[4] Data is being gathered on all of the many neuron types. This data is utilized to

create physiologically accurate models of neurons and neural networks in the cerebral

cortex. The simulations are run on an IBM Blue Gene supercomputer. As a result, the

term "Blue Brain" was coined. The simulation program is built on Michael Hines'

NEURON and other custom-made components. As of August 2012, the greatest

simulations are of microcircuits with around 100 cortical columns (image above right).

These simulations comprise around 1 million neurons and 1 billion synapses. This is

around the same size as a honey bee brain. A rat brain neocortical simulation (21 million

neurons) is planned to be completed by the end of 2014. If adequate money is obtained,

a full human brain simulation (86 billion neurons) should be attainable by 2023.

[11] IBM is now working on the Blue brain, a virtual brain. It would be the first

virtual brain in the world. We will be able to scan ourselves into computers within the

next 30 years. We may refer to it as a Virtual Brain, which is an artificial brain that is not

a normal brain but can function as one. It has the ability to think like a brain, make

judgments based on prior experience, and respond like a natural brain.

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Blue Brain Introduction

It is achievable by employing a supercomputer with massive storage capacity,

processing capability, and an interface between the human and artificial brains. The data

held in the natural brain may be imported into the computer via this interface.

[12] To begin, it is useful to define the fundamental ways in which a human can be

uploaded into a computer. Raymond Kurzweil just published an intriguing study on the

subject. He explains both invasive and noninvasive procedures in it. The employment of

very small robots, or nanobots, is the most promising. These robots will be tiny enough

to circulate throughout our bodies. They will be able to monitor the activity and

structure of our central nervous system as they go through the spine and brain. They will

be able to give an interface with computers that is as close to our minds as we can get

while staying in our biological form. Nanobots may also thoroughly scan the anatomy of

our brain, delivering a detailed readout of each neuron's connections. They would also

record the brain's present condition. When this knowledge is input into a computer, it

may then act as us. All you need is a computer with appropriate storage space and

computing capability. Is our conscious selves genuinely comprised of the arrangement

and state of neuron connections in our brain? Many people think that humans have a

soul, whereas some scientists believe that quantum forces contribute to our

consciousness. But now we must consider technically. It should be noted, however, that

we do not need to understand how the brain works in order to transfer it to a computer.

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 CHAPTER -2
LITERATURE SURVEY
 Chapter 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 Literature Survey

[1] This literature gives the world enormous capacity to make a replica human

brain as a "Virtual Brain or Blue Brain." It is described as the creation of a complicated

machine that performs the same or better than the human brain. Our major goal is to

improve our supercomputer so that it can accomplish all of the operations that the

human brain can. This is necessary because, once the human brain decays, we must

retain its strength and intelligence for a million years.

[4] The Blue Brain is the most recent discovery that has the potential to be

utilized in a variety of sectors. One such discipline is neural networks, where artificial

intelligence and artificial neurons are commonly employed to improve and regulate the

neural network. This technique simulates the cerebral section of the human brain in

conjunction with an artificial intelligence network. The neurons that exist in the human

brain are a component of the cortex.

[3] The IBM corporation has previously built a Virtual Brain that could perform

the same functions as the natural Human Brain. This resulted in a long route or voyage

in upgrading, strengthening, our current supercomputers, revealing the tremendous shift

that has occurred in the supercomputer era. It turns the current supercomputer into the

"X-Super Computer," which is funded by IBM, to become very influential. This

technology is rapidly gaining popularity and awareness on the internet. Most of the

positive comments, reviews, and blogs are seen by many experts from various fields

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Blue Brain Literature Survey

such as Physics, Biology, Neurology, and Software Developers from the IT

industries, all of whom have decided to join their hands and work together to develop,

enhance, and implement this technology for the benefit of our society.

[12] Information is acquired on the entire spectrum of neuron types. This

knowledge is used in biology to create practical models of neurons and neural networks

in the cerebral cortex. The simulation is done using an IBM Blue Gene supercomputer,

thus the moniker "Blue Brain."When our eyes perceive something or our fingertips

contact a warm surface, the tactile cells, known as Neurons, transmit information

directly to our cerebrum. This technique of obtaining knowledge from your

surrounding condition is known as palpable information. One has conducted substantial

study in this area and has developed a virtual cerebrum. The human cerebrum is

another name for this mind. This innovative discovery has paved the way for

significant advancements in supercomputing, often known as superior processing. The

high execution processing assistance with blue mind innovation is dependent on the

current strong relationships between IBM and blue brain innovation. This project is

gaining worldwide attention and recognition due to its distinctiveness and excitement.

The work included some novel and amazing technology, which we used to create the

artificial cerebrum. As a result, experts specializing in material science, programming,

science, and neurology are utilizing their knowledge to construct a cerebrum that can

function similarly to a human mind. Mind swapping can most likely be improved by

one of two methods: 1. copy and transfer or 2. moderate and continuous neuron

substitution. Previously, mind swapping was accomplished by evaluating,

discriminating, and separating the significant parts of a typical natural cerebrum, and

then duplicating, transporting, and storing that knowledge onto a PC or other enrolling

machine. The reinforced brain can then remain within a PC that is inside a humanoid

robot or a natural body.

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CHAPTER -3
Methodology
Chapter
Methodology

3.1 Existing System

IBM is now working on the Blue brain, a virtual brain. It would be the first virtual

brain in the world. We will be able to scan ourselves into computers within the next 30

years. We may refer to it as a Virtual Brain, which is an artificial brain that is not a normal

brain but can function as one. It has the ability to think like a brain, make judgments based

on prior experience, and behave like a natural brain. It is achievable by employing a

supercomputer with massive storage capacity, processing power, and an interface between

the human and artificial brains. So anyone's brain, knowledge, and intellect may be

maintained and used indefinitely, even after the person's death.

3.2 Proposed System

It is a reverse engineering, recreation of facts and data at the cell level within a

computing machine, according to them[4]. They are attempting to reach a goal of brain

simulation in this study article, and the methods to frame the blue brain are as follows-

3.2.1 Speed

It shows linear scaling for:-

i) numerical integration that needs 0.025 milliseconds

ii) for writing the data to the disk that needs 0.1 milliseconds

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Blue Brain Methodology

3.2.2 Output Visualization

The various compiled C++ and OpenGL outputs are saved in a computer

machine. The BBP team created RT Neuron software, which renders the output of

the Hodgkin-Huxley simulation in NEURON into 3D. It has the ability to pause,

resume, and zoom animation.

3.2.3 Data Collection

Inputs are gathered and monitored as electrical signals in the motions of

individual neurons. This field of study is called as morphology, and each

neuron is diagnosed based on its shape and size. This vision is translated into

many algorithms that state the various data structures employed, capacities,

sizes, and placements. On this basis, a mathematical computation is done,

which results in the creation of virtual neurons. In order to examine the

electrocardiography conduct of neurons, we need a 12 patch brace that allows

12 live neurons to be fastened at the same time.

3.2.4 Simulation

It develops a model that more precisely and effectively measures the many

results observed during the various electrochemical processes. The primary

goal is to create a virtual brain, sometimes known as an x-brain. The first

stage is to generate a virtual neuron, followed by a software called

NEURON, which was created by Michael Hines and John Morey in 1990

andis written in C, C++, and Fortran.

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Blue Brain Methodology

Fig1:Fuzzy Logic

3.2.5 Wetware
The name "wetware" is made up of two words: the prefix word "wet,"

which alludes to the water found in all living organisms, and the word "ware,"

which is based on computer-related notions of programmes. It is employed in

the field of fiction. The hardware needed for wetware is related to the

bioelectric and biochemical components of the Central Nervous System

(CNS), which is specifically developed and employed for the mind.

3.2.6 Fuzzy Logic

It operates on the value and key (response) pair. It is utilized to do

assessments on humans and animals, for example. Fuzzy is used to determine

which output values of forces, orientations, and angles are responsible for

producing a plausible throw. Fuzzy logic is also employed in a variety of

other applications, some of which are listed below:

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Blue Brain Methodology

i) Fuzzy logic was firstly utilized by Japanese for their practical

applications like high speed train in Sendai.

ii) It is used in Sony Pocket Computers.

iii) Used in Flights aid for helicopters.

iv) Used in controlling of subway system to improve the driving comfort.

v) Used in power economy.

vi) Used in precision of halting

vii) Used in improved fuel consumption for automobiles.

viii) Used in single button control for washing machines.

ix) Used in automatic motor control for vacuum cleaners.

x) Used in soil testing.

xi) Used in early recognition of prediction of earthquakes.

3.2.7 Nanobots Methods

They're the little robots. They circulate through our bodies. It keeps

track of the activities and structure of the CNS (Central Nervous System). It

analyses the anatomy of our brain and provides detailed information on each

neuron. It also reads the brain's present state. All of this data are fed into a

computer to get precise results.

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Blue Brain Methodology

Fig2: Adaptive fuzzy logic

3.3 Goals

3.3.1 Neocortical column modeling

The project's first objective, accomplished in December 2006, was to

simulate a rat neocortical column, which may be thought of as the smallest

functional unit of the neocortex (the region of the brain assumed to be

responsible for higher processes such as conscious cognition). In humans,

such a column is roughly 2 mm tall, 0.5 mm in diameter, and contains

around 60,000 neurons; rat neocortical columns are nearly similar in form

but contain only 10,000 neurons (and 108 synapses). Markram mapped

the kinds of neurons and their connections in such a column between 1995

and 2005.

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Blue Brain Methodology

3.3.2 Progress

The project declared the completion of the first phase in November 2007,

giving a data-driven approach for generating, verifying, and investigating the

neocortical column. The first single cellular model was developed in 2005.

By 2008, the first artificial cellular neocortical column of 10,000 cells had been

constructed. By July 2011, a cellular microcircuit comprising 100 neocortical

columns and a million cells had been constructed.

3.3.3 Uploading Human Brain

To begin, it is useful to define the fundamental ways in which a human can

be uploaded into a computer. Raymond Kurzweil just published an intriguing study

on the subject, which outlines both invasive and non-invasive procedures.

The employment of very small robots, or nanobots, is the most promising. These

robots will be tiny enough to navigate our circulatory systems. They will be able to

monitor the activity and structure of our central nervous system as they go through

the spine and brain. They will be able to give an interface with computers that is as

close to our minds as we can get while staying in our biological form. To begin, it is

useful to identify the basic methods for uploading a human into a computer.

Raymond Kurzweil has released a fascinating paper on the topic, outlining both

invasive and non-invasive techniques. The use of very small robots, known as

nanobots, is the most promising. These robots will be small enough to manoeuvre

through our circulatory systems. As they travel through the spine and brain, they

will be able to monitor the activity and structure of our central nervous system.

They will be able to provide a computer interface that is as close to our thinking

as we canget while remaining in our biological form.

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 CHAPTER -4
Application & Example
 Chapter

Applications

4.1 Applications

⚫ Gather and test data of up to 100 years.

⚫ Cracking the Neural Code
⚫ Understanding Necortical Information Processing.
⚫ A Novel Tool for Drug Discovery for Brain Disorders.
⚫ A Global Facility
⚫ A Foundation for Whole Brain Simulations
⚫ A Foundation for Molecular Modeling of Brain Function

4.2 Example

Blue Brain- The future Generation by Shiva Kumar Avula, Vedrucha S. Pakale
and Sheetal V Kashid.

The IBM Blue Gene Super Computer is used for Blue Brain Pro-

ject. The IBM Press release agreed to support Ecole Polytechnic

Federal De Lausanne's (EPFL). In a week, excluding Thrusday, it

is used for preparing simulation and analyzing the data. It is publi-

cally opened by the name “C-BPP”.

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Blue Brain Applications

4.2.1 Blue Gene(P)

The IBM Blue Gene Super Computer is used for Blue Brain Project. The

IBM Press release agreed to support Ecole Polytechnic Federal De Lausanne's

(EPFL). In a week, excluding Thursday, it is used for preparing simulation and

analyzing the data. It is publicly opened by the name “C-BPP”.

4.2.2 Blue Gene(P)

It is a supercomputer made by the IBM in Julich Research Centre,

Germany in May 2012. It performs 1.6 peta tumbles and attained 8th Position in

speedest supercomputers utilized by BBP. The JuQUEEN machine is utilized for

exploration activity that builds three dimensional model of human brain.

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 CHAPTER - 5
Advantages and Disadvantages
Chapter 5
Advantages and Disadvantages

5.1 Advantages
1. Blue brain is an approach to store and utilize human intelligence and information
present in the mind even after human demise.

2. It is an important move towards self-decision.

3. It can be used as an interface between human and animal minds.

4. It a good remedy towards human disability like a deaf can get the information via
direct nerve stimulation.

5.2 Disadvantages

1. It increases the risk of human dependency on Blue Brain every time.

2. Once a Blue Brain related to a particular persons neural schema is hacked, the brain
could be used against the very person
3. Since it an approach to make machines intelligent and thoughtful it increases the risk of
machines conducting war against human.

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CHAPTER - 6
Conclusion
 CHAPTER 6
Conclusion

We feel that the time has come to start absorbing the abundance of data acquired over the
last century and to begin creating physiologically correct models of the brain from basic
principles to help our knowledge of brain function and disorders. Finally, at some time in
the future, we will be able to transfer ourselves into computers. Most of the arguments
against this conclusion appear to be simple to overcome. They are either simple-minded
or require more time for technology to advance. As we can see from the mix of
biological and digital technology, the only severe risks posed are also overcome. We
anticipate that by 2017, the link with Blue Brain and Soul Catcher will have surpassed
human intellectual power, and that we will be able to download the human brain around
2050.

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 REFERENCES

[1] RC Chakraborty, Fundamentals of Neural Networks, myreaders.infohtml

artificialintelligence.html,june 01,2010

[2] Limitations and Disadvantages of Artificial Neural Network from website

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8892489

[3] IBM Aims To Simulate A Brain, Forbes, 6 June 2005.

[4] Firing Up the Blue Brain -"We Are 10 Years Away From a Functional Artificial
Human Brain" Luke McKinney, July 2009

[5] Henry Markram builds a brain in a supercomputer TED Conference. July 2009.

[6] Reconstructing the Heart of Mammalian Intelligence Henry Markram's Lecture,

March 4, 2008.

[7] The Blue brain project, Hil, sean: Markram Henry, International conference of IEEE
2008.

[8] http://thebeutifulbrain.com/2010/02/bluebrain-_lm-preview/

[9] http://research.ibm.com/bluebrain.

[10] Indian startup to help copy your brain in computers, Silicon India 2009

[11] Blue Brain- The future generation, 2018, Loshima Lohi

[12] Blue Brain 2018,Mareshamani, Roshini.B

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