READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend approximately 20 minutes on this task.

NOTE: For the sake of the authenticity of your test results, please complete the
test within the designated timeframe (60 minutes) and do not use any tools to
assist you while answering the given questions.

The Beginning of Football

A. Football as we now know it developed in Britain in the 19th century, but the game is
far older than this. In fact, the term has historically been applied to games played on
foot, as opposed to those played on horseback, so 'football' hasn't always involved
kicking a ball. It has generally been played by men, though at the end of the 17th
century, games were played between married and single women in a town in Scotland.
The married women regularly won.
B. The very earliest form of football for which we have evidence is the 'tsu'chu', which
was played in China and may date back 3,000 years. It was performed in front of the
Emperor during festivities to mark his birthday. It involved kicking a leather ball through
a 30-40cm opening into a small net fixed onto long bamboo canes - a feat that
demanded great skill and excellent technique.
C. Another form of the game, also originating from the Far East, was the Japanese
'kemari' which dates from about the fifth century and is still played today. This is a type
of circular football game, a more dignified and ceremonious experience requiring
certain skills, but not competitive in the way the Chinese game was, nor is there the
slightest sign of struggle for possession of the ball. The players had to pass the ball to
each other, in a relatively small space, trying not to let it touch the ground.
D. The Romans had a much livelier game, 'harpastum'. Each team member had his own
specific tactical assignment and took a noisy interest in the proceedings and the score.
The role of the feet was so small as scarcely to be of consequence. The game remained
popular for 700 or 800 years, but, although it was taken to England, it is doubtful whether
it can be considered as a forerunner of contemporary football.
E. The game that flourished in Britain from the 8th to the 19th centuries was substantially
different from all the previously known forms - more disorganized, more violent, more
spontaneous and usually played by an indefinite number of players. Frequently, the
games took the form of a heated contest between whole villages. Kicking opponents
was allowed, as in fact was almost everything else.
F. There was tremendous enthusiasm for football, even though the authorities
repeatedly intervened to restrict it, as a public nuisance. In the 14th and 15th centuries,
England, Scotland and France all made football punishable by law, because of the
disorder that commonly accompanied it, or because the well loved recreation
prevented subjects from practicing more useful military disciplines. None of these
efforts had much effect.
G. The English passion for football was particularly strong in the 16th century, influenced
by the popularity of the rather better organized Italian game of 'calcio'. English football
was as rough as ever, but it found a prominent supporter in the school headmaster
Richard Mulcaster. He pointed out that it had positive educational value and promoted
health and strength. Mulcaster claimed that all that was needed was to refine it a little,
limit the number of participants in each team and, more importantly, have a referee to
oversee the game.
H. The game persisted in a disorganized form until the early 19th century, when a
number of influential English schools developed their own adaptations. In some,
including Rugby School, the ball could be touched with the hands or carried; opponents
could be tripped up and even kicked. It was recognized in educational circles that, as a
team game, football helped to develop such fine qualities as loyalty, selflessness,
cooperation, subordination, and deference to the team spirit. A 'games cult' developed
in schools, and some form of football became an obligatory part of the curriculum.
I. In 1863, developments reached a climax. At Cambridge University, an initiative began
to establish some uniform standards and rules that would be accepted by everyone,
but there were essentially two camps: the minority Rugby School and some others -
wished to continue with their own form of the game, in particular allowing players to
carry the ball. In October of the same year, eleven London clubs and schools sent
representatives to establish a set of fundamental rules to govern the matches played
amongst them. This meeting marked the both of the Football Association.
J. The dispute concerning kicking and tripping opponents and carrying the ball was
discussed thoroughly at this and subsequent meetings, until eventually, on 8
December, the die-hard exponents of the Rugby style withdrew, marking a final split
between rugby and football. Within eight years, the Football Association already had
50 member clubs, and the first football competition in the world was started - the FA
Cup.
Questions 1-7
Reading Passage 1 has ten paragraphs A-J.
List of Headings
i Limited success in suppressing the game
ii Opposition to the role of football in schools
iii A way of developing moral values
iv Football matches between countries
v A game that has survived
vi Separation into two sports
vii Proposals for minor improvements
vii Attempts to standardize the game
ix Probably not an early version of football
x A chaotic activity with virtually no rules
Choose the correct headings for paragraphs D-J from the list of headings
below.
Example: Paragraph C Answer v
1 Paragraph D
2 Paragraph E
3 Paragraph F
4 Paragraph G
5 Paragraph H
6 Paragraph I
7 Paragraph J

Questions 8-13
Complete each sentence with the correct ending A-l from the box below.
Write the correct letter A-F in boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet.
8 Tsu'chu
9 Kemari
10 Harpastum
11 From the 8th to the 19th centuries, football in the British Isles
12 In the past, the authorities legitimately despised football and acted on the belief
that football
13 When it was accepted in academic settings, football

A was seen as something to be encouraged in the young.

B involved individual players having different responsibilities.
C was influenced by a game from another country.
D was a cooperative effort by all the players.
E distracted people from more important activities.
F was played by teams of a fixed size.
G was less popular than it later became.
H was often played by one community against another.
I formed part of a celebration.
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend approximately 20 minutes on this task.

NOTE: For the sake of the authenticity of your test results, please complete the
test within the designated timeframe (60 minutes) and do not use any tools to
assist you while answering the given questions.

The Exploration of Mars

A In 1877, Giovanni Schiaparelli, an Italian astronomer, made drawings and maps of the
Martian surface that suggested strange features. The images from telescopes at this
time were not as sharp as today’s. Schiaparelli said he could see a network of lines, or
canali. In 1894, an American astronomer, Percival Lowell, made a series of observations
of Mars from his own observations of Mars from his own observatory at Flagstaff,
Arizona, USA. Lowell was convinced a great network of canals had been dug to irrigate
crops for the Martian race! He suggested that each canal had fertile vegetation on
either side, making them noticeable from Earth. Drawings and globes he made show a
network of canals and oases all over the planet.
B The idea that there was intelligent life on Mars gained strength in the late 19th century.
In 1898, H.G. Wells wrote a science fiction classic, The War of the Worlds about an
invading force of Martians who try to conquer Earth. They use highly advanced
technology (advanced for 1898) to crush human resistance in their path. In 1917, Edgar
Rice Burroughs wrote the first in a series of 11 novels about Mars. Strange beings and
rampaging Martian monsters gripped the public’s imagination. A radio broadcast by
Orson Welles on Halloween night in 1938 of The War of the Worlds caused widespread
panic across America. People ran into the streets in their pyjamas-millions believed the
dramatic reports of a Martian invasion.
C Probes are very important to our understanding of other planets. Much of our recent
knowledge comes from these robotic missions into space. The first images sent back
from Mars came from Mariner 4 in July 1965. They showed a cratered and barren
landscape, more like the surface of our moon than Earth. In 1969, Mariners 6 and 7 were
launched and took 200 photographs of Mars’s southern hemisphere and pole on fly-by
missions. But these showed little more information. In 1971, Mariner 9’s mission was to
orbit the planet every 12 hours. In 1975, The USA sent two Viking probes to the planet,
each with a lander and an orbiter. The landers had sampler arms to scoop up Martian
rocks and did experiments to try and find signs of life. Although no life was found, they
sent back the first colour pictures of the planet’s surface and atmosphere from pivoting
cameras.
D The ALH84001 meteorite was found in December 1984 in Antarctica, by members of
the ANSMET project; The sample was ejected from Mars about 17 million years ago and
spent 11,000 years in or on the Antarctic ice sheets. Composition analysis by NASA
revealed a kind of magnetite that on Earth, is only found in association with certain
microorganisms. Some structures resembling the mineralized casts of terrestrial
bacteria and their appendages (fibrils) or by-products (extracellular polymeric
substances) occur in the rims of carbonate globules and pre terrestrial aqueous
alteration regions. The size and shape of the objects is consistent with Earthly fossilized
nanobacteria, but the existence of nanobacteria itself is controversial.
E In 1965, the Mariner 4 probe discovered that Mars had no global magnetic field that
would protect the planet from potentially life-threatening cosmic radiation and solar
radiation; observations made in the late 1990s by the Mars Global Surveyor confirmed
this discovery. Scientists speculate that the lack of magnetic shielding helped the solar
wind blow away much of Mars’s atmosphere over the course of several billion years.
After mapping cosmic radiation levels at various depths on Mars, researchers have
concluded that any life within the first several meters of the planet’s surface would be
killed by lethal doses of cosmic radiation. In 2007，it was calculated that DNA and RNA
damage by cosmic radiation would limit life on Mars to depths greater than 7.5 metres
below the planet’s surface. Therefore, the best potential locations for discovering life on
Mars may be at subsurface environments that have not been studied yet.
Disappearance of the magnetic field may have played a significant role in the process
of Martian climate change. According to the evaluation of the scientists, the climate of
Mars gradually transits from warm and wet to cold and dry after the magnetic field
vanished.
F No Mars probe since Viking has tested the Martian regolith specifically for metabolism
which is the ultimate sign of current life. NASA’s recent missions have focused on
another question: whether Mars held lakes or oceans of liquid water on its surface in
the ancient past. Scientists have found hematite, a mineral that forms in the presence
of water. Thus, the mission of the Mars Exploration Rovers of 2004 was not to look for
present or past life, but for evidence of liquid water on the surface of Mars in the planet’s
ancient past. Liquid water, necessary for Earth life and for metabolism as generally
conducted by species on Earth, cannot exist on the surface of Mars under its present
low atmospheric pressure and temperature, except at the lowest shaded elevations for
short periods and liquid water does not appear at the surface itself. In March 2004, NASA
announced that its rover Opportunity had discovered evidence that Mars was, in the
ancient past, a wet planet. This had raised hopes that evidence of past life might be
found on the planet today. ESA confirmed that the Mars Express orbiter had directly
detected huge reserves of water ice at Mars’s South pole in January 2004.
G Two meters below the surface of the Atacama Desert, there is an ‘oasis of
microorganisms’. Researchers from the Center of Astrobiology (Spain) and the Catholic
University of the North in Chile have found it in hypersaline substrates thanks to SOLID,
a detector for signs of life which could be used in environments similar to subsoil on
Mars. “We have named it a ‘microbial oasis’ because we found microorganisms
developing in a habitat that was rich in rock salt and other highly hygroscopic
compounds that absorb water”, explained Victor Parro, a researcher from the Center of
Astrobiology (INTACSIC, Spain) and coordinator of the study. “If there are similar
microbes on Mars or remains in similar conditions to the ones we have found in the
Atacama, we could detect them with instruments like SOLID,” Parro highlighted.
H Even more intriguing, however, is the alternative scenario by Spanish scientists: If
those samples could be found to have organisms that use DNA, as Earthly life does, as
their genetic code. It is extremely unlikely that such a highly specialized, complex
molecule like DNA could have evolved separately on the two planets, indicating that
there must be a common origin for Martian and Earthly life. Life-based on DNA first
appeared on Mars and then spread to Earth, where it then evolved into the myriad
forms of plants and creatures that exist today. If this was found to be the case, we would
have to face the logical conclusion: we are all Martian. If not, we would continue to
search for signs of life.

Questions 14-19
The reading Passage has seven paragraphs A-H.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A-H, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.
14 Martian evidence on Earth
15 Mars and Earth may share the same life origin
16 certain agricultural construction was depicted specifically
17 the project which aims to identify life under similar conditions of Mars
18 Mars had experienced terrifying climate transformation
19 Attempts in scientific investigation to find liquid water

Questions 20-23
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 20-23 on your answer sheet.
20 How did Percival Lowell describe Mars in this passage?
A. Perfect observation location is in Arizona.
B. Canals of Mars are broader than that of the earth,
C. Dedicated water and agriculture traces are similar to the earth.
D. Actively moving Martian lives are found by observation.
21 How did people change their point of view towards Mars from the 19th century?
A. They experienced a Martian attack.
B. They learned knowledge of mars through some literature works.
C. They learned a new concept by listening to famous radio programs.
D. They attended lectures given by famous writers.
22 In the 1960s, which information is correct about Mars by the number of Probes
sent to space?
A. It has a landscape full of rock and river
B. It was not as vivid as the earth
C. It contained the same substance as in the moon
D. It had different images from the following probes
23 What is the implication of the project proceeded by a technology called SOLID in
the Atacama Desert?
A. It could be employed to explore organisms under Martian conditions.
B. This technology could NOT be used to identify life in similar conditions of Mars.
C. Atacama Desert is the only place that has a suitable environment for organisms.
D. Life had not yet been found yet in the Atacama Desert.

Questions 24-27
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading
Passage?
TRUE if the statement is true
FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
24 Technology of Martian creatures was superior to what humans had at that time in
every field according to The War of the Worlds.
25 Proof sent by Viking probes has not been challenged yet.
26 Analysis on a meteorite from Mars found a substance which is connected to some
germs.
27 According to Victor Parro, their project will be deployed on Mars after they
identified DNA substances on Earth.
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend approximately 20 minutes on this task.

NOTE: For the sake of the authenticity of your test results, please complete the
test within the designated timeframe (60 minutes) and do not use any tools to
assist you while answering the given questions.

Tasmanian Tiger
Although it was called tiger, it looked like a dog with black stripes on its back and it was
the largest known carnivorous marsupial of modern times. Yet, despite its fame for
being one of the most fabled animals in the world, it is one of the least understood of
Tasmania’s native animals. The scientific name for the Tasmanian tiger is Thylacine
and it is believed that they have become extinct in the 20th century.

Fossils of thylacines dating from about almost 12 million years ago have been dug up
at various places in Victoria, South Australia, and Western Australia. They were
widespread in Australia 7,000 years ago, but have probably been extinct on the
continent for 2,000 years. This is believed to be because of the introduction of dingoes
around 8,000 years ago. Because of disease, thylacine numbers may have been
declining in Tasmania at the time of European settlement 200 years ago, but the
decline was certainly accelerated by the new arrivals. The last known Tasmanian Tiger
died in Hobart Zoo in 1936 and the animal is officially classified as extinct. Technically,
this means that it has not been officially sighted in the wild or captivity for 50 years.
However, there are still unsubstantiated sightings.

Hans Naarding, whose study of animals had taken him around the world, was
conducting a survey of a species of endangered migratory bird. What he saw that night
is now regarded as the most credible sighting recorded of thylacine that many believe
has been extinct for more than 70 years.

“I had to work at night,” Naarding takes up the story. “I was in the habit of intermittently
shining a spotlight around. The beam fell on an animal in front of the vehicle, less than
10m away. Instead of risking movement by grabbing for a camera, I decided to register
very carefully what I was seeing. The animal was about the size of a small shepherd
dog, a very healthy male in prime condition. What set it apart from a dog, though, was
a slightly sloping hindquarter, with a fairly thick tail being a straight continuation of the
backline of the animal. It had 12 distinct stripes on its back, continuing onto its butt. I
knew perfectly well what I was seeing. As soon as I reached for the camera, it
disappeared into the tea-tree undergrowth and scrub.”

The director of Tasmania’s National Parks at the time, Peter Morrow, decided in his
wisdom to keep Naarding’s sighting of the thylacine secret for two years. When the
news finally broke, it was accompanied by pandemonium. “I was besieged by television
crews, including four to live from Japan, and others from the United Kingdom, Germany,
New Zealand, and South America,” said Naarding.
Government and private search parties combed the region, but no further sightings
were made. The tiger, as always, had escaped to its lair, a place many insist exists only
in our imagination. But since then, the thylacine has staged something of a comeback,
becoming part of Australian mythology.

There have been more than 4,000 claimed sightings of the beast since it supposedly
died out, and the average claims each year reported to authorities now number 150.
Associate professor of zoology at the University of Tasmania, Randolph Rose, has said
he dreams of seeing a thylacine. But Rose, who in his 35 years in Tasmanian academia
has fielded countless reports of thylacine sightings, is now convinced that his dream
will go unfulfilled.

“The consensus among conservationists is that, usually, any animal with a population
base of less than 1,000 is headed for extinction within 60 years,” says Rose. “Sixty years
ago, there was only one thylacine that we know of, and that was in Hobart Zoo,” he says.

Dr. David Pemberton, curator of zoology at the Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery,
whose Ph.D. thesis was on the thylacine, says that despite scientific thinking that 500
animals are required to sustain a population, the Florida panther is down to a dozen or
so animals and, while it does have some inbreeding problems, is still ticking along. “I’ll
take a punt and say that, if we manage to find a thylacine in the scrub, it means that
there are 50-plus animals out there.” After all, animals can be notoriously elusive. The
strange fish known as the coelacanth, with its “proto-legs”, was thought to have died
out along with the dinosaurs 700 million years ago until a specimen was dragged to
the surface in a shark net off the south-east coast of South Africa in 1938.

Wildlife biologist Nick Mooney has the unenviable task of investigating all “sightings” of
the tiger totaling 4,000 since the mid-1980s, and averaging about 150 a year. It was
Mooney who was first consulted late last month about the authenticity of digital
photographic images purportedly taken by a German tourist while on a recent
bushwalk in the state. On face value, Mooney says, the account of the sighting, and the
two photographs submitted as proof, amount to one of the most convincing cases for
the species’ survival he has seen.

And Mooney has seen it all—the mistakes, the hoaxes, the illusions, and the plausible
accounts of sightings. Hoaxers aside, most people who report sightings end up
believing they have seen a thylacine, and are themselves believable to the point they
could pass a lie-detector test, according to Mooney. Others, having tabled a creditable
report, then become utterly obsessed like the Tasmanian who has registered 99
thylacine sightings to date. Mooney has seen individuals bankrupted by the obsession,
and families destroyed. “It is a blind optimism that something is, rather than a cynicism
that something isn’t,” Mooney says. “If something crosses the road, it’s not a case of ‘I
wonder what that was?’ Rather, it is a case of ‘that’s a thylacine!’ It is a bit like a gold
prospector’s blind faith, ‘it has got to be there.”

However, Mooney treats all reports on face value. “I never try to embarrass people or
make fools of them. But the fact that 1 doesn’t pack the car immediately when they ring
can often be taken as ridicule. Obsessive characters get irate that someone in my
position is not out there when they think the thy-lacine is there.”

But Hans Naarding, whose sighting of a striped animal two decades ago was the
highlight of “a life of animal spotting”, remains bemused by the time and money people
waste on tiger searches. He says resources would be better applied to saving the
Tasmanian devil and helping migratory bird populations that are declining as a result
of shrinking wetlands across Australia.

Gould the thylacine still be out there? “Sure,” Naarding says. But be also says any
discovery of surviving thylacines would be “rather pointless”. “How do you save a
species from extinction? What could you do with it? If there are thylacines out there,
they are better off right where they are,”

Questions 28-31
Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the
passage for each answer.

The Tasmanian tiger, also called thylacine, resembles the look of a dog and has
(28)…………………..on its fur coat. Many fossils have been found, showing that thylacines had
existed as early as (29)………………years ago. They lived throughout (30)……………………..before
disappearing from the mainland. And soon after the (31)………………….settlers arrived the
size of thylacine population in Tasmania shrunk at a higher speed.

Questions 32-37
Look at the following statements (Questions 32-37) and the list of people below.
Match each statement with the correct person, A, B, C or D. NB You may use any letter
more than once.

32. His report of seeing a live thylacine in the wild attracted international interest.
33. Many eyewitnesses’ reports are not trustworthy.
34. It doesn’t require a certain number of animals to ensure the survival of a species.
35. There is no hope of finding a surviving Tasmanian tiger.
36. Do not disturb them if there are any Tasmanian tigers still living today.
37. The interpretation of evidence can be affected by people’s beliefs.

List of People
A Hans Naarding
B Randolph Rose
C David Pemberton
D Nick Mooney

Questions 38-40:
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

38. Hans Naarding’s sighting has resulted in

A government and organisations’ cooperative efforts to protect thylacine.
B extensive interests to find a living thylacine.
C increase of the number of reports of thylacine worldwide.
D growth of popularity of thylacine in literature.

39. The example of coelacanth is to illustrate

A it lived in the same period with dinosaurs.
B how dinosaurs evolved legs.
C some animals are difficult to catch in the wild.
D extinction of certain species can be mistaken.

40. Mooney believes that all sighting reports should be

A given some credit as they claim even if they are untrue.
B acted upon immediately.
C viewed as equally untrustworthy.
D questioned and carefully investigated.