Eulogio “Amang” Rodriguez Institute of Science and Technology

Academic Year 2021-2022

Research Output

Date : 2/17/22 Doc Ref # : (Public Administration)

Angel Espejo
Name of Proponents : Betty Mae Sumayang
Jade Bula
Julie Anne Balaoro
Kate Anne Manaog
Marck Angelo Gaboy
Marlon Rino
Minela Bucatan
Proposed Title :
Pandemic : The Impact of COVID-19 on
Employment and Jobs in the Philippines

Abstract

(An abstract summarizes, usually in one paragraph of 250 words, the major
aspects of the entire paper in a prescribed sequence that includes: 1) the overall
purpose of the study and the research problem(s) you investigated; 2) the basic design
of the study; 3) major findings or trends found as a result of your analysis; and 4) a brief
summary of your interpretations and conclusions.)
(This will be filled once the research process is done.)
Chapter 1 – Background of the Study
 Economic and Job growth at an all-time high before COVID-19 struck the
Philippines in 2013. Wage and salary employment (a proxy for modern employment)
grew at a remarkable 4.6% annual rate between 2015 and 2019. This rapid expansion
in modern employment was powerful enough to draw workers away from the informal
sector in the Philippines, which shrank for the first time in history as a result of their
expansion. Unfortunately, the pandemic undid some of these gains, wiping out 1.7
million wage and salary jobs in the 12 months leading up to January 2021, according to
the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Employment in the informal sector, on the other hand,
increased by approximately 435,000 people. The pandemic has the potential to have
long-term consequences for employment. Quite simply, this significant temporary shock
to the economy has recovered and begun to grow once more. In the field of
employment, this is referred to as hysteresis.
There are several surveys that are being conducted each month to monitor
the employment status of each households especially when COVID-19 started, based
in a survey that the Statista conducted on November last year, there are 64% of
households that had lost their job due to Enhanced Community Quarantine (ECQ), that
was implement by the Duterte Administration to prevent the virus from spreading fast,
on the other hand, 36% percent of the surveyed respondents said that none of them
were affected on losing a job. With mass unemployed people in the Philippines and
many businesses being shut down due to the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
pandemic, what happens now to the millions of unemployed citizens when their whole
family depends on their relative who was employed for their livelihood.
Gonzales, together with Khalid Hassan, Director of the International Labour
Organization (ILO) said that the UN would reinforce its assistance to build a better
future of work, strengthen social dialogue, and support the country in implementing the
Decent Work Country Program.
Now that lots of companies are starting to re-open again after almost a year of
Enhance Community Quarantine, big companies are starting to accept and recruit some
new employment, but even big corporations open there are still massive unemployed
people in the Philippines.
This study will provide an overview of the current status of unemployed or people
who lost their job and their mental health, purpose in life, and the impact of COVID-19
and will identify the psychological needs of unemployed and people who lost their jobs
due to pandemic.

Statement of the Problem

The main objective of this study is to address the impact of COVID-29 on

employment and jobs in the Philippines and how they overcome this kind of issue in the
midst of a pandemic. The research sought to answer the following question.
Research Questions:
1. What problems have you encountered before and after the pandemic in the work
industry?
1.1 Lack of income
1.2 Increase of daily needs
1.3 Lockdown

2. How long have you been unemployed, before or during lockdown?

3. What kind of plan do you use to work during lockdown?
4. How do you manage your mental health in the midst of a pandemic and being
unemployed at the same time?
5. What possible jobs are needed during COVID-19

Scope and Limitation

This study only focused on how COVID-19 Virus impacted the lives of the Filipino
workers who are the breadwinner of their households, this study will identify what
caused and what will be the resolution of the government in this issue.
 This study will be conducted using online surveys and online interviews, due to
the Pandemic that we are facing. The researchers will be conducting this in the school
year of 2022 – 2023.
The range of the respondents will be the workers who lost their jobs during the
lock down that was implemented by the government, most of it was Filipino workers.

Conceptual Framework

Pandemic Jobs and Employment

Figure 1.
Pandemic, it affects the employment of the workers in the Philippines because the
Duterte Administration implemented Enhance Community Quarantine to stop the
spreading of the virus. That affects the economy in the Philippines as a result of closing
many establishments that many of Filipino workers have jobs, or being employed in that
company.

Definition of Terms

Epidemic
An Epidemic is a disease that affects a large number of people within a
community, population, or region.
Enhanced Community Quarantine
A strictest of these measures is effective a total lock down.
Logistical Information
 The systems provide information on goods and follow their delivery path with
their process and status, and the influence of changes on the purchasing, production,
warehousing, financial and accounting systems.
Pandemic
A disease outbreak that spreads across countries or continents. It affects
more people and take more lives that an Epidemic
Precarious Position
A thing could become difficult, maybe even dangerous, for a person. It is
unstable or not firmly placed, so that the person is likely to slip or lose the person’s grip.
Quantifiable Data
A Quantifiable Data is that can be conducted or measured in numerical
values.

Chapter 2 – Review of Related Literature and Studies

Local Literature
This subsistence living becomes even more challenging in the midst of a health
emergency. “We know that prior to the lockdown low wages are already a problem, we
know that wages are only enough to subsist on a daily basis. There are no savings to
speak of, therefore no lifelines when emergency ‘hits” stressed labor lawyer Tony
Salvador of PAHRA.
Due to the increasing hospitality rate the Philippine government has placed the
entire Luzon in Enhanced Community Quarantine (ECQ). With some restrictions
implemented most of the informal workers are affected, these workers are paid below
minimum b=wage. During the implementation of the hard lockdown, some of the
vulnerable sectors are relying on government help. In response, the government
provides cash assistance and weekly groceries to the most affected workers. With the
help of Social Amelioration Program (SAP) or government amounting of 5,000 to 8,000
this may help in providing the daily needs of affected workers. The life of a Filipino
worker at the time of the pandemic is very challenging because some of the
establishments are closed due to some restrictions and our economy is collapsing
resulting in unemployment.
This chapter includes a review of related literature to provide readers a general
overview of the impacts of COVID-19 to different employers of the Philippines and to
know how Filipino workers survive the pandemic.
According to Shinozaki and Rao (2021) the exam has the initial 1-month impact
on MSMEs in the Philippines after ECQ of the initial policy measures and some policy
implication with evidence obtained through the nationwide rapid survey conducted from
the end of March to mid-April 2020. The COVID-29 pandemic lockdown measures
created to streams of business clusters contracting themes groups that were
devastated by the lockdown and those that benefited from the lockdown period the LPM
regression identified the MSME group that were hurt most; power and energy,
information and communication technology and real estate coped better. The findings of
their paper address the importance of policy approaches in the early stages following
the lockdown-timely identification of focus groups for assistance and differentiation of
policy measures by firm size. Toward the year 2021, Asian economies gradually shifted
to the recovery stage. However, the overall business environment has yet to adjust.
There is continued sharp drop in demand and revenue according to the follow-up
survey in the Philippines covering August and September 2020. Business and
employment conditions differ by firm size, MSME are evolving under new normal that
requires a more contactless society assistance for MSMEs to shit their business model
requires physical and personal contact, 6 months after outbreak MSMEs have started
introducing work from home arrangement however, working capital shortage are
continuing to rise, as the follow-up survey found. There is an increase among MSMEs
for further financial assistance from the government. COVID-19 containment will
continue into 2021. Given the different abilities of MSMEs by firm size, the government
could by firm size and sector. Now is the time to consider an optimal approach that
offers targeted assistance yet and fiscal sustainability in a post COVID-19 environment.
 Joseph Purungganan (2020) said people who make a living on a daily basis and
people who work in the informal sector are two of the groups most affected by lockdown
measures. Workers have been worried about how they will be able to get through the
crisis from the start. While they understand why they need to stay at home and support
their needs during the crisis. As a result, they don’t want to remain at home. For both
short-term and long-term economic assistance, these people rely on the federal
government to help them out.
Foreign Literature
According to Investing in Women, COVID -19 has had a significant impact on
employment in the Philippines, a majority of employees reported that their job was
suspended, hours and pay reduced, or they are being forced to take unpaid leave. Only
37% of employees could report that COVID-19 had no impact on their work.
The COVID-19 pandemic has had far-reaching effects on the economy, jobs, and
our way of life. So, all of these shocks have the potential to have a significant impact on
one's subjective well-being. The purpose of this chapter is to examine the numerous
ways in which the pandemic has influenced the global labor market and the world of
work, as well as the ramifications for workers' well-being in different parts of the globe.
The chapter is organized around five main themes. We begin in Section I with a look at
global trends in employment and working hours, with a focus on certain significant
inequities in terms of impact by nation, income, gender, age, and work type. The rest of
the chapter is devoted to the effects of these changes on one's well-being. We look at
the effects of unemployment and inactivity in the labor market during the pandemic in
Section II. Using a fresh dataset of more than four million persons collected on a
continuous basis since November 2019. We focus our attention to the well-being of
employees who have retained their jobs in Section III. In Section IV, we expand on this
research by looking into the major factors that contribute to workers' resilience during a
crisis. In the concluding section, we hypothesize on how COVID-19's worldwide labor
market reforms may affect the future of work. Our hypothesis is that workers'
expectations may begin to shift in the aftermath of the pandemic, and that these shifts
may have an impact on the determinants of workplace happiness in the years ahead. In
2020, the world's economy is expected to shrink by over 5%, resulting in the world's
worst economic catastrophe in a generation. Consumer spending began to plummet at
the start of the year, as the pandemic took hold, particularly in the retail and leisure
industries. Visits to restaurants, cafes, shopping malls, theme parks, museums,
libraries, and movie theaters had dropped by about 60% globally by April, and by more
than 80% in many European nations by April. The cancellations of about 15 million
airline flights, or 50,000 per day on average, were reported by December. While the
global economy began to recover in the summer, several countries were hit by a
second wave in the autumn and winter. It appears that a full recovery to pre-pandemic
levels of stability is still a long way off. The worldwide labor market has been severely
impacted by such drastic economic downturns. Over 90% of the world's workforce lived
in countries where business closures were still in place for at least some of the
economy's sectors as of January 2021. Unemployment has also increased in many
countries affected by the COVID-19 crisis, though for two main reasons, unemployment
figures alone do not capture the full extent of the impact on labor markets.
The global COVID-19 epidemic has resulted in a significant loss of life and poses a
new threat to public health, food systems, and the workplace. The pandemic has
wreaked havoc on the economy and society, with tens of millions of people at risk of
starving to death, and the number of people who are currently undernourished, which is
currently estimated at roughly 690 million, might rise to 132 million by the end of the
year. The existence of millions of businesses is in jeopardy. The livelihoods of nearly
half of the world's 3.3 billion people are in jeopardy. Workers in the informal economy
are particularly vulnerable because they lack social security and access to high-quality
health care, as well as having lost their ability to earn a living. Many people are unable
to feed themselves and their family if they are unable to work during a lockdown. For
the most part, a lack of income means no food, or, at the very least, less nutritious food.
The pandemic has wreaked havoc on the whole food chain, exposing its fragility.
Farmers have been unable to access markets, including for buying inputs and selling
their produce, and agricultural workers have been unable to harvest crops due to border
closures, trade restrictions, and confinement measures, which have disrupted domestic
and international food supply chains and reduced access to healthy, safe, and diverse
diets. The pandemic has wiped out millions of people's jobs and put their livelihoods in
jeopardy. Millions of women and men's food security and nutrition are under jeopardy as
breadwinners lose their jobs, become ill, or die, and those in low-income nations,
particularly the most marginalized populations, such as small-scale farmers and
indigenous peoples, are the hardest hit. Wages and self-employed agricultural workers
routinely confront high levels of working poverty, hunger, and poor health, as well as a
lack of worker safety and protection and other forms of abuse, while feeding the globe.
Because of their poor and irregular wages, as well as a lack of social support, many of
them are encouraged to labor, often in dangerous situations, putting themselves and
their families at risk. They may also resort to negative coping tactics such as asset
distress sales, predatory lending, or child labor when their income is dwindling. Migrant
agricultural laborers are particularly vulnerable because they are exposed to dangers in
their transportation, working, and living situations, as well as a lack of access to
government-mandated assistance. It will be critical to save lives, protect public health,
people's livelihoods, and food security to ensure the safety and health of all agri-food
workers, from primary producers to those involved in food processing, transportation,
and retail, including street food vendors, as well as better incomes and protection.
Food security, public health, and employment and labor issues, particularly worker
health and safety, all come together in the COVID-19 situation. In order to address the
human dimension of the problem, it will be critical to adhere to workplace safety and
health norms, as well as ensure access to decent work and the protection of labor rights
in all industries. Extending social security to encompass universal health coverage and
economic support for those most impacted is an immediate and meaningful step to
preserve lives and livelihoods. The informal sector and low-paying occupations,
including youngsters, older employees, and migrants, are all examples of these
workers. The informal sector and low-paying occupations, including youngsters, older
employees, and migrants, are all examples of these workers. The condition of women,
who are over-represented in low-wage employment and caregiving tasks, requires
special attention. Cash transfers, child allowances, and healthy school lunches, as well
as shelter and food relief measures, job retention and recovery assistance, and
financial assistance for micro, small, and medium-sized businesses, are all important. It
is critical that governments collaborate closely with employers and workers when
creating and implementing such measures. COVID-19 has a particularly negative
impact on countries who are already struggling with humanitarian crises or
emergencies. It is vital to respond quickly to the epidemic while also ensuring that
humanitarian and recovery aid reaches those who are most in need. There has never
been a better opportunity to show worldwide solidarity and support for those who are
the most disadvantaged in our communities, particularly in the developing and
emerging worlds. Only by working together will we be able to overcome the pandemic's
linked health, social, and economic effects and prevent it from escalating into a
long-term humanitarian and food security crisis, with the possible loss of development
gains already made. As stated in the UN Secretary-Policy General's Brief, we must take
use of this chance to rebuild better. The United Nations As stated in the UN
Secretary-Policy General's Brief, we must take use of this chance to rebuild better. The
United Nations is dedicated to bringing together our knowledge and experience to
assist countries in their crisis response efforts as well as their efforts to achieve the
Sustainable Development Goals. To solve the health and agri-food industries'
difficulties, we need to build long-term sustainable plans. Affecting the root causes of
malnutrition and hunger should be a priority, as should combating rural poverty,
particularly by creating more and better jobs in the rural economy, extending social
protection to all, facilitating safe migration routes, and encouraging the formalization of
the informal economy. We must reconsider our environment's future and act with vigor
and haste to combat climate change and environmental degradation. Only then will we
be able to ensure that everyone's health, livelihoods, food security, and nutrition are all
protected, and that our "new normal" is a better one.
Local Studies
According to the Philippines Statistics Authority (2022) unemployment rate in the
country slightly picked up in December 2021 at 6.6% from the 6.5% reported in
November 2021. Data showed that the decline in jobs in education, health,
administrative support, construction and manufacturing rate. An estimated one-third of
the country’s total workforce is employed in precarious positions. Workers who are
more vulnerable, such as those who work on their own account, receive lower wages,
have less labor protection, and are more likely to be exposed to workplace hazards.
Part-time and vulnerable employment is prevalent in sectors at medium to high risk of
COVID-19 induced job disruption, such as transportation and storage, lodging and food
services, and wholesale and retail trade.
According to Janet and Leodoro (2021) in The Impact of Fear of Covid-19 on Job
stress and turnover intentions and frontline nurses the community: A cross-sectional
study in the Philippines. The Covid-19 pandemic tends to fear the nurses and the front
liners in a community and hospital setting. The COVID-19 pandemic is a threat to the
nurses physically and in psychologically well-being. This study highlights that the fear of
Covid-19 is associated with the community nurses work related distress and may
influence their intention to leave their jobs and the nursing profession. This study
reveals that there is a need to assess the factors associated with the fear to better
address the nurse’s psychological well-being and to avoid turnover intentions.
Foreign Studies
According to Business World, this was the lowest jobless rate since the
government started releasing data monthly in 2021. Including the quarterly releases,
the November figure was the lowest since the 5.3% logged in January 2020. The
unemployment rate hit a record high of 17.6% in April 2020, when the government
implemented the strictest lockdown to contain the Pandemic.
The initial effects of the coronavirus disease 2019 COVID-19 pandemic on the
Canadian labor market are examined in this study. Between February 2020 and April
2020, we focus on changes in employment and aggregate hours worked while
accounting for usual monthly variations in these metrics. COVID-19 caused 32%
drop-in aggregate weekly work hours and a 15% drop in employment among
employees aged 20–64 years, according to our findings. We characterize the
distribution of work lost, finding that nearly half of job losses are attributed to workers in
the bottom earnings quartile. Those most affected by COVID-19 are in public-facing
jobs in industries most affected by shutdowns, accommodation and food services,
younger workers, paid hourly, and non-union. The results provide context for policy
development, with both supply and demand sides of the labor market to consider. We
examine the distribution of job losses and discover that workers in the lowest earnings
quartile account for roughly half of all job losses. COVID-19 has the greatest impact on
public-facing jobs in industries that are most affected by shutdowns, accommodation
and food services, younger workers, hourly workers, and non-union workers. The
findings give context for policy formation, taking into account both the supply and
demand sides of the labor market.
In March 2020, the coronavirus illness 2019 COVID-19 epidemic sent the Canadian
economy into a "medically induced stupor." To control the spread of the disease,
businesses were closed, schools were closed, and employees were forced to work from
home. It was evident from the start that the economic impact would be unlike any other
recession in Canada's history. A financial crisis prompted the 2008–2009 recessions,
and comparable shocks to global markets over several months’ sparked recessions in
the early 1980s and 1990s. The dramatic reduction in economic activity in the
COVID-19-induced recession is unparalleled in recorded economic history, despite the
fact that every recession is unique in some way. The impact of the crisis on the labor
market has a significant impact on both the macroeconomic changes in the country's
gross domestic product (GDP) and family earnings. To give you an idea of the scale, by
19 April, the Canada Emergency Response Benefit, which is intended for people who
have lost their jobs, had received 6.73 million applications, or about one-third of the
workforce.1 With this analysis, we hope to document and explain the patterns of this
initial labor market decline. Using the April Labour Force Survey, we examine the initial
effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Canadian labor force (LFS). The LFS
provides a description of the impact on jobs and total hours worked, both as a whole
and within specific labor segments. For two reasons, we use the LFS in April. To begin
with, it contained the most up-to-date information accessible at the time this article was
being written. Second, the May LFS has now indicated that the April results likely reflect
the worst of the crisis on a national level.2 So, using April as a beginning point for
understanding the path to recovery allows us to characterize the bottom as a starting
point for understanding the path to recovery.
Between February and April 2020, we discovered that COVID-19 resulted in a 32%
drop in total weekly hours worked and a 15% drop in employment. Workers earning in
the bottom quartile are responsible for nearly half of all job losses. Industries and
vocations that are most affected by closures (such as public-facing jobs in hospitality
and food service) and workers who are younger, non-unionized, and paid hourly can be
blamed for the most significant losses.

Chapter 3 – Research Methodology

Research Design
Non-Experimental Design is research that lacks the manipulation of an
independent variable, control of extraneous variables through random assignment, or
both. Non-Experimental Design because in this study researchers do not need to
experiment and also this study has no manipulation in the variables in our variables
measured naturally.
The study employed quantitative research, which is defined as the
systematic examination of phenomena through the collection of quantifiable data and
the application of statistical, mathematical, or computational techniques. Quantitative
research elicits information from existing and potential customers through the use of
sampling techniques and the distribution of online surveys, online polls, and
questionnaires, the result of which can be expressed numerically. After gaining a
thorough understanding of these numbers, one can forecast the future of a product or
service and make necessary changes.
Research Instruments
A consent form is not simply about a person giving you permission to
involve them in research; it is an agreement between the researcher and the researcher
participant outlining the roles and responsibilities they are taking towards one another
throughout the whole of the research process. The participants voluntarily provide data
or information and to form surveys or interviewees. Researchers choose this kind of
research instrument to construct cooperation to avoid the manipulation in collection of
information.
A personal data sheet provides your biographical and logistical information,
including contact information and details such as past places of residence, education,
and or community activities. It helps researchers to gather the personal information
because in their study it focuses on mental states of a person who is affected by the
loss of their jobs due to Lockdown or Enhance Community Quarantine.
Survey Questionnaires is a research instrument consisting of a series of
questions and other prompts for the purpose of gathering information from respondents.
The survey and other prompts for the purpose of gathering information from
respondents. The survey and questionnaire is common in gathering info and also it can
help the researchers to gather information and data easily. This instrument conducts
questions to finish the research.
Sampling Technique
The population was said to be all employees and workers. Workers and
employers of the Philippines raging 18 years old and above. The population was
chosen from any different field of occupation. All of these conducted where each
member of a population has an equal chance of becoming a researcher defined the
population first. List down all members of the population and then select members to
make the sample.
Research Respondents
The survey was carried out among a group of Filipino workers who had lost
their jobs as a result of the epidemic. This was accomplished through the distribution of
a questionnaire to be completed by the employees, which yielded quantitative data. All
of this information can be combined to form a conclusion about Filipino workers who
lost their jobs as a result of COVID-19.