Chemistry Project File

Topic- Analysis of Fertilizers

Session-(2021-2022)

SUBMITTED BY- SUBMITTED TO –

SHASHANK KUMAR ABHISHEK SHARMA
 INDEX

S.No. Topic Page Signature

1. Certificate 3

2. Acknowledgement 4

3. Introduction 5-6

4. Statement Of Problem 7

5. Hypothesis 7

6. Significance of Study 7

7. Definition Of Terms 8

8. Experimentation 9-10

9. Analysis Of Fertilizers 11-15

10. Bibliography 16
 Certificate
This is to certify that project entitled “Analysis Of Fertilizers”
has been prepared by Shashank Kumar of Class XIth A4
of Kanha Makhan Public School. He has submitted this project
during the academic year 2021-2022 under my guidance
and supervision.

Abhishek Sharma (PGT Chemistry)

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Primarily I would thank God for being able
to complete this project. Then I would like to thank my
Chemistry teacher Mr. Abhishek Sharma , whose
valuable guidance has been the ones that help me to
complete this project, without his help I would not have
been able to complete my project.
Then I would like to thank my parents and
my brother who have helped me with their valuable
suggestions and guidance lead to the completion of this
project.
 Introduction
Plants need to be fertilized because most soil does not provide essential
nutrients required for optimum growth. Even if the person is lucky enough
to start with great garden soil, as your plants grow, they absorb the nutrients
and leave the soil less fertile. Nutrients in the soil also help plants grow
strong. Some nutrients that plants need are nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium,
calcium, magnesium, and sulfur.
Fertilizers, also known as food elements, are materials produced to
supple these elements in a readily available form of plant use. It helps to
make plants grow faster which help some farmers and gardeners for their
business. Choosing the right fertilizer help us to get everything we need from
plants we eat or from the meat of animals that eat plants. Plants are factories
that all of work to process the basic elements of life and make them available
to us.
Fertilizers help feed the world. The FARO has stated that “after land
and water, fertilizers are probably that most important input leading to
increased yields”. It is inherently difficult to estimate the share of fertilizers
in increasing agricultural output since so many factors are involved. It has
been estimated that fertilizer contribute about 40% of nitrogen in human
protein consumption, it follows that nearly one third of this protein depends
on fertilizers. Therefore, it is important for us to know which fertilizers to
use for us to sustain properly the needs of every plant.
Increased crop production largely relies on the type of fertilizers used
to supplement essential nutrients for plants. Fertilizer application is required
to replace crop land nutrients that have been consumed by previous plant
growth with the ultimate goal of maximizing productivity and economic
returns. Now a day, there is increased emphasis on the impact on soil
environment due to continuous use of chemical fertilizers. The impact of
chemical fertilizer application on agricultural land is seen not only in terms
of soil quality but also on survival of soil organisms dwelling there in.
Chemical Fertilizers provide three main plants nutrients; nitrogen,
phosphorus and potassium or NPK. However, the ever increasing cost of
commercial fertilizer products driven, in part, by the inevitable depletion of
global phosphorus, is forcing producers to look for alternative sources like
bio-fertilizers and other organically-based solutions. In literature, some
researchers have concluded the chemical fertilizers to be harmful for soil
organisms but on the contradictory they have been supported too to be
beneficial as far as their food supply is concern. The primary advantages of
using bio solids as a fertilizer alternative are cost efficiencies and the
presence of nutrients and organic matter. Returning these valuable materials
back to the soils is critical element in long term sustainability.
 Statement Of Problem
This research aims to compare two different brand of fertilizer: Chemical
Fertilizer and Citrus Sinensis Peeling (bio-fertilizers), specifically the
researchers sought to answer the following questions:
 How do the researchers determine the effectiveness of these products?
 What are advantages and disadvantages of using these fertilizers?
 Which Fertilizer will make plants grow faster and healthier?
 Which Fertilizer is better and safer to use: Citrus Sinensis Peeling or
branded Fertilizer

Hypothesis
The researchers will determine the effectivity of two brand of fertilizer in
separate plants (Plant-A and Plant-B). After the testing, the researchers will
record the result and make a statement about research.

Significance Of The Study

The study is beneficial to:
1. Farmers and gardeners- The benefit of this study will help them to
improve quality of their products, save time with their work and get higher
profit.
2. Environment- The benefit of this study will help environment by helping
the soil and plants to sustain their needs and provide the essential nutrients.
3. Agricultural Company- The benefit of this study will help them to give
good service to their consumers by giving them high and good products.
4. Community – The benefit of this study will help the community to sense
this as a source of income if made into business.
 Definition Of Terms
The following technical terms are defined in this study:
 Nitrogen- tasteless odorless gaseous chemical element.
 Phosphorus- poisonous waxy chemical element.
 Potassium- silver white metallic chemical element.
 Calcium- a soft gray alkaline earth metal, fifth most abundant element
by mass in the earth’s crust.
 Sulfur- an abundant, multivalent non-metal.
 Citrus Sinensis- the scientific name of sweet oranges. It is what most
consumers commonly buy.
 Experimentation
The research about the comparison between 2 different brands of fertilizer
was aimed to help the community to be aware of the importance of
fertilizers and also to give them the information in which fertilizer to use for
their plants. Books, internet, and other references materials were used as the
primary sources of information to strengthen the researchers’ view on this
topic. But these were not enough, so experiments were conducted by the
researchers to gain additional information.
 Materials –
 Pot A and Pot B
 Good quality of soil
 Seeds to be used (any kind of plant)
 Water
 Sunlight
 Branded fertilizers
 Orange peelings
 Procedure –
 Sow seeds thinly on shallow furrows across the seed pot, and cover
lightly with fine topsoil. Do not broadcast seeds when sowing to avoid
thick germination in one place.
 Water the seed pot daily. Watering and other cultural management
practices should be regularly done.
 Apply liberal amount of fertilizer (Citrus Senensis Peeling for pot A and
branded fertilizer for pot B) at the base of the plants, then cover lightly
with soil and water immediately.
 Water the plant whenever necessary or depending on your own
judgment or observation of the plant.
  Always remember to give both pots a presence of sunlight for their
process of growing.
 Every week, measure the height of both plants.
 Observation-
As long as the researchers followed the procedures, success of
experimentation will be achieved. Factors such as sunlight could affect the
study. In addition, if this is not available, possible that this study could fail.
However, researchers could try it once more again and again until the
study is evaluated.
 Analysis Of Fertilizers
Elements:
 NITROGEN-
Major fertilizers containing N:
(a) Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3)
(b) Potassium nitrate (KNO3)
(c) Urea (NH2CONH2)
(d) Ammonium Sulphate [(NH4)2SO4]
 Preparation
Most of nitrogen fertilizers are obtained from synthetic NH3. This
chemical compound is used as gas or in water solution or it is converted to
salts.
Nitrogen Deficiencies-
(a) Pale, green, yellow leaves
(b) Stunted growth
Nitrogen Excess-
(a) Lower disease resistance
(b) Weaken stem
(c) Decay maturity
(d) Lower fruit
 PHOSPHORUS-
Major fertilizers containing P:
(a) DAP – Diammonium phosphate [(NH4)2PO4]
(b) Ca3(PO4)2 – Calcium phosphate
(c) Triple phosphate and super phosphate
 Preparation
Most phosphoric fertilizers are obtained by the treatment of calcium
phosphate with H2SO4 and phosphoric fertilizers. Calcium phosphate is
 mainly derived from phosphate rock and bones. Phosphate rock is found in
deposits of sedimentary origin laid down on beds of ocean floor.
Phosphorus Deficiencies-
(a) Pale purple color on the underside of leaves
(b) Reduced flower, fruits and seed production
Phosphorus in Excess-
(a) Causes dehydration of roots
(b) Increase soluble salt content of medium
 Advantages of Phosphorus-
1. Encourage cell division
2. Hastens maturity, offsetting quick growth caused by N
3. Encourage root growth
4. Increase disease resistance
 POTASSIUM-
Major fertilizers containing K:
(a) Potassium chloride (Potash)
(b) Potassium nitrate (KNO3)
 Preparation
It is the seventh most abundant element found in earth’s crust. Potassium
chloride which is principal commercial form of potash and some KNO3 is
also used for production of potash fertilizer.
Potassium deficiencies-
(a) Leaves appear dry and scorched
(b) Irregular yellow areas on the surface
Potassium in Excess-
 Advantages of Potassium-
(a) Increase disease resistance (d) Essential for starch formation
(b) Encourage healthy root and stems
(c) Essential for starch formation
 Experiment Observation Inference
1.Take a pinch of
fertilizer + few drops of No reaction Dil. Group absent
dil. H2SO4
2. Take a pinch of
fertilizer + few drops of No reaction conc. Group absent
conc. H2SO4
3. Take 1ml of soda
extract and acidify it
No reaction Volatile group absent
with dil. HCl. Add few
drops of BaCL2 soln to it.
4. A pinch of fertilizer +
few drops of NaOH soln. No reaction Zero group absent
Heat it.,
5. Take 1ml of O.S.
(Original Soln) in a soln
No reaction 2nd group absent
and to it add few drops
of dil. HCl
6. Take 1ml of O.S. in a
soln and to it add few
drop if dil. HCl. Warm No reaction 2nd group absent
the soln and pass H2S
gas.
7. Take 1ml of O.S. in a
soln and to it add few
drops of dil. HCl and
No reaction 3rd group of absent
add few drops of conc.
HNO3, heat it. Cool it.
Add a pinch of solid
NH4Cl followed by
excess of NH4OH
8. Take 1ml O.S. in a
soln and to it add few
drops of dil. HCl. Add a
pinch of solid NH4Cl No reaction IV group absent
followed by excess of
NH4OH. Warm the soln
and pass H2S gas.
9. Take 1ml of O.S. add
few drops of dil. HCl
V group present, may
add a pinch of solid White ppt
be Ba2+, Kr2+ or Ca2+
NH4Cl and add 1 or 2
ml of (NH4)2CO3
10. Filter the white ppt,
take a part of it and
dissolve it in minm White ppt Ca2+ confirmed
amount of CH3COOH.
Now add (NH4)2C2O4

 Result-
Fertilizer has Ca2+ as cation (The fertilizer detected is Vermi Compost)
 Fertilizer B
Experiment Observation Inference
Take 1ml of Lassaigne
Soln in a test tube and
add a few drops of Nitrogen present in
Prussian Blue color
freshly prepared Ferrous elemental form
Sulphate soln. Heat it.
Cool it. Add conc. H2SO4
 Result-
The given fertilizer has N in elemental form (The fertilizer detected is
urea.)
 Bibliography
Following books and websites were taken as a reference in completion of this
project.
www.wikipedia.org
www.seminarsonly.com
NCERT Chemistry Textbook Class 11th & 12th
www.google.com