CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

In this chapter the researcher presents the research method. It

consists of research design, population and sample, research variable,

research instrument, validity and reliability testing, normality and

homogeneity testing, data collection method, data analysis and hypothesis

testing.

A. Research Design

Research design as all process that be needed in conducting the

research. It is a way to acquire dependable and useful information. This

research belonged to experimental research design. This study was

classified as Pre-experimental research design because it has little or no

control of extraneous variable. According to Muhammad arief (2011:96)

this design involves only one group as its subject and it involves three

steps that are pretest, treatments, and posttest. Firstly, the group is given

pretest before experimental treatment applied. After the treatment is

finished, the post test is administered. The design of this research can be

seen in the table below :

Table 3.1 of One-Group pre-test and post-test

Y1 X Y2

Pre-test Treatment Post-test

(Independent Variable) (dependent variable)

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The procedures of pre-experimental research were :

1. Administering a pretest with a purpose of measunring speaking skill of

second grade students at MTsN 2 Kota Blitar before being taught by

using story completion technique.

2. Appliying the experimental teaching speaking by using story

completion technique to the subjects of the research.

3. Administering a posttest with a purpose of measuring speaking skill of

seventh grade at MTsN 2 Kota Blitar after being by using story

completion technique.

The effectiveness of the technique is known after knowing the

difference score between the students who were taught before and after

appliying story completion technique.the difference score was identified

from the statistical result of comparing the scores of pretest and posttest.

This study was intended to investigate The Effectiveness of Story

completion toward student Speaking skill in MTsN 2 Kota Blitar.

B. Population, sample and sampling

1. Population

The first step to do the research is finding the target of population.

According to Latief (2010:56) a population is defined all members of any

well-defined class of people, events or subjects. According to sugiyono

(2010:117) the population is groups of subject that is determined by the

reserachers to be studied and drawn the conclutions. The number of

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population greatly affects the course of population. If it is large, researcher

will find some difficulties in conducting the research.

Then, sampling was used to select sample or the individual who will

participate in the reserach. According to Donald ary (2006) sample is a

small group of people that is selected to represent the much larger entire

population from which it is drawn. A sample is selected because the

population is too large to be studied. Therefore, the sample should be

representative of the general population.

The population of this research is the seventh grade at MTsN 2 Kota

Blitar that consist of eight classes. There are 339 students of the seventh

grade students at MTsN 2 Kota Blitar.

2. Sample

In choosing sample, the researcher used a certain sampling technique.

Sampling is a way a group of people or subjects as representative of the

large population. In this study the researcher used purposive sampling in

choosing sample. The students of VII E class consisted of 45 students

were chosen as the sample of the research. The researchers chose this

class because they had average proficiency in studying English. Naturraly,

from their capability, they were normal meaning that they were potential

to develop after being given a treatment.

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3. Sampling

Sampling is a technique to taking the sample according to sugiyono

(2016). Sampling is also as a way the researcher select number of

individuals as a sample which represents the population. Sampling is the

process of selecting a number of individuals for a study in such as a way

that the individuals represent the large group from which they were

selected. The purpose of sampling is to gain information about a

population; rarely is a study conducted that includes the total population of

interest as subject (Gay, 1992:123).

In this research, the researcher use purposive sampling. Purposive

Sampling is a technique to determine sample with a particular

consideration. This research chooses to research of class VII-E at MTsN 2

kota Blitar.

C. Research Variable

In this research, there are two variables namely independent

variables and dependent variables. The independent variable (X) in this

study is Story Completion. Then, dependent variable (Y) is students

speaking skill.

D. Research Instrument

The istrument is needed to collect the data collection. Instrument of

the research played an important role in research project. The instruments

were used to achive the accuracy of the data and can indicate that
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researcher was sucessful in this research. According to Isnawati (2011:14)

achievement test is test that is used to measure the process that students

making after learn something. To collect the data, the researcher gave

students twice tests, those are pre-test and post-test. Then, the researcher

got the score from Grammar, Vocabulary, Comprehension, Fluency, and

Pronounciation. They were pre-test and post test. Pre-test was taken before

doing an experimental study or before teaching by using Story completion

method. The pre-test have done on April 11th , 2018. The second was Post

test, it was taken after doing an experimental study or after teaching by

using Story completion Method. The post-test have done on April 20th ,

2018.

E. Validity and Reliability

According to Ary (1985) “research is always dependent upon

measurement. There are two important characteristic that every measuring

instrument should process validity and reliability.

a. Validity

Validity is the most complex criterion of an effective test the most

important principle of language testing (Brown, 2001:22). It is the extent to

which inferences made from assesment result appropriate, meaningful, and

useful in terms of the purpose of the assesment. The measure whether the

test has a good validity, the researcher analyzed the test from construct

validity and face validity. In this test, the researcher giving test to measures
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students’ speaking skill. The researcher made this test at seventh grade of

MTsN 2 Kota Blitar.

a) Content validity

A test is said to have content validity if its contents constitutes a

representative sample of the language skills, structure, etc. Content

validity is a kind of validity which depends on careful analysis of the

language being tested of particular test. in the content validity, the

coverage of task becomes the evidence. A test will have content validity if

it represents sample of language skills. The content validity in this

research as follow :

Table 3.2 of Material and Competence Indicator in Content validity

No Material Competence indicator

1. Recount text - Students are able to express

orally a monologue text form

Recount text.

- Students are able to mention

the function of Recount text.

- Students are able to respond to

linguistic elements in Recount

text in the form of simple past

tense.
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b) Face validity

A test is said to have face validity if it measure what is supposed to

measure. Face validity is hardly a scientific concept that is very important.

A test which dose not have face validity may not be accepted by test

takers, teachers, education, authorities or employers. In this test, there

where some aspects that are considered from this test to make a good test

based on the validity.

1. The instruction must be clear for the students what they should

do in the test.

2. In this test, the students of seventh grade were instructed to

answer question from teacher. Thus, the question gave by the

teacher must be suitable with their level.

3. The consideration of time allocation must be clearly. The writer

gave limited about 25 minutes for each student assement.

c) Construct validity

The construct validity of test is test which is capable of measuring

certain specific characteristic in accordance with a theory of language

behaviour and learning. Construct validity is one kind of validity that is

measureds the ability which is supposed to measure. For speaking test, is

should have such of knowladge of sub-ablities of speaking such as

pronountiation, fluency. The sub-abilities only can be measured if the form

of test.
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b. Reliability

The reliability of the test is its consistency and dependable (Brown,

2003:20). Thus, reliability is a measure of accuracy, consistency, dependability or

fairness of scores resulting from administration or particular examination.

Reliability is necessary characteristic of any good test: for it to be valid all, a test

must first be reliable as a measuring instrument (Heaton : 1989). Actually, the

ideal test should be both reliable and valid. In this research, the researcher also

used SPSS 16.0 for window to know the reliability of test instruments. The

criteria of reliability instrument can be divided into 5 classes as follows

(Zarkasyi, 2015: 206), those are:

a. If the Pearson Product Moment score 0.00 – 0.20: less reliable

b. If the Pearson Product Moment score 0.21 – 0.40: rather reliable

c. If the Pearson Product Moment score 0.41 – 0.70: enough reliable

d. If the Pearson Product Moment score 0.71 - 0.90: reliable

e. If the Pearson Product Moment score 0.91 – 1.00: very reliable

To know the items is reliable or not it can be seen from Pearson

Product Moment column. If the from Pearson Product Moment under 0.41

means is not reliable. If the from Pearson Product Moment upper 0.41

means that it is reliable. from Pearson Product Moment score = 0.714

means that it is reliable.

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F. Normality and Homogeneity Testing

1. Normality

Normality test are used to determine wheter a data set is well-modeled

by a normal distribution or not, or to compute how likely an underlying

random variable is to be normally distribution. For this research, the

normality test analyzed with using SPSS 16.0. To know the normality, the

researcher used One-sample kolmogorov-Smirnov The hypothesis for

testing normaly are :

a. H0 : Data is in normal Distribution. If the value of significance

> 0.050, means data is normal distribution

b. Ha : Data is not in normal Distribution. If the value of

significance < 0.050, means the distribution data is not normal

distribution.

2. Homogenity

Homogeneity testing is conducted to know whether the gotten data has a

homogeneous variance or not. The computation of homogeneity testing using

SPSS Statistics 16 is Test of Homogeneity of Variances by the value of

significance ( α ) = 0.050. Before doing homogeneity testing, the researcher

decides hypothesis in this homogeneity as follow:

a. H0 : If the value of significance > 0.050, means data is homogeny

b. H1 : If the value of significance < 0.050, means data is not homogeny

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G. Data Collection Method

The data collecting methods is needed to get the research data. The

data collecting method used in this research was administering test. Test

was an important instrument in this research. Instrument is the device the

researcher uses to collect data. According to zarkasyi (2015) there are two

kinds of instruments that are test instrument and non-test instrument. Test

instrument is used to measure students’ achivement and non-test

instrument is used to measure attitude. In addition, according to Ary et al

(2006) , test is tool or procedures used to know or measured something in

condition, ways and the rules are determine. In this research, the

researcher used oral speaking test to know the students speaking score.

here the researcher gave the worksheet to the students then the researchers

recorded the test results that have been given. The researcher chose this

kind of test because it is the most suitable test to obtain studets’ speaking

score related to recount topic that was discussed in the treatment. The test

were constructed by the researcher himself by using some sources. The

researcher used two kinds of test those are pretest and posttest.

Table 3.3 of The Development of speaking Test

No Steps Teacher Activities Student Activities

1. Opening - Greeting - Answering

- Cheeks the presence the greeting
class that day - Brain storming
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2. Main teaching - The reasercher giving - Listening to the

explanations and explanation
examples of Recount from researcher.
text. - Pay attention to
- The researcher guide the direction of
students to create a the researcher.
Recount text.
- The researcher are
encouraging students to
find the idea related
Recount text.
- The researcher directs
the students to write
each sentence
coherently.
3. Closing - Giving conclusion and - Giving
comment about material.
- Closing the meeting responses

Since the main data of this study were students’ score, the researcher

conducted try-out of the test. the purposes of the try-out were to know the

quality of instruction of the test, whether it was clear or not and to achieve the

reliable scores. The sample of try-out was the students in different class

namely VII D class. They were chosen because they have almost same level as

the experimental group. The scores and reliability computation of tryout

before doing pretest and posttest.

H. Data Analysis

The two variables investigated in this research were Story Completion

Technique and students score. In this research, the researcher used a

quantitative data analisys technique to know the students speaking skill before

and after being taught by Story Completion technique. The quantitative data is
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analyzed by using statisyical method. Here, the researcher conducted test to

the students before and after being taught by appliying Story Completion

technique. The data of pretest of postest to know whether there was significant

diffirent of the students’ speaking score. Therefore, the researcher used paired

sample T test at SPSS 16.0 for windows to determine whether the technique

was effective or not.

I. Hypothesis Testing

The hypothesis of this study was as follow:

1. If P-value is bigger than 0,05. So, the alternative hypothesis (Ha) is accepted. It

means that there is different score between the pretest and posttest. The difference

is significant.

2. If P-value is smaller than 0,05, the null hypothesis (Ho) is rejected. It means that

there is no different score between the pretest and posttest. The difference is not

significant.