SEMINAR II
HISTORY OF COVID-19
Lecturer: Noelyn N. Fontanoza-Cedonio, RMT, MLS(ASCPi)CM
BRIEF HISTORY OF COVID-19
December 31, - WHO was informed of the cases of
2019 pneumonia of unknown cause in Wuhan
City, China
January 7, - A novel coronavirus is identified by
2020 Chinese authorities and temporarily
named as “2019-nCov”
January 30, - Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus (WHO
2020 Director-General) declared the novel BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF COVID-19
coronavirus outbreak a public health
emergency of international concern
(PHEIC), WHO’s highest level of alarm - Infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus
- There were 98 cases and no deaths in 18 • Belongs to a family of coronaviruses → named for
countries outside China the crown-like spikes on their surfaces
‣ Group of related viruses that can cause
March 11, - The rapid increase in the number of
diseases to both mammals and birds
2020 cases outside China led the WHO
Director-General to announce that the ‣ Human coronaviruses are capable of causing
outbreak could be characterized as a illnesses ranging from the common cold to
pandemic more severe disease (eg. MERS = 34% fatality
- More than 118,000 cases had been rate)
reported in 114 countries, and 4291 ‣ SARS-CoV-2: 7th known coronovirus to infect
deaths had been recorded humans
‣ First six:
Mid March, - WHO European Region had become the
2020 epicenter of the epidemic, reporting - 229E
over 40% of globally confirmed cases - NL63
- OC43
April 28, - 63% of global mortality from the virus - HKU1
2020 was from the Region (Europe) - MERS-CoV
- SARS-CoV
(as of) April 1, - 486,761,597 confirmed cases
• Previously known as the novel coronavirus
2020, 4:59 PM - 6,142,735 deaths reported to WHO
CEST • Strain that has not been previously identified to
infect humans
March 26, 2022 - 11,054,362,790 vaccine doses • Original source of viral transmission remains unclear
administered as does whether the virus became pathogenic
before or after the spillover event
January 3, 2020 - 3,678,245 confirmed cases with 59,249 ‣ It is believed that the virus jumped from the
- April 1, 2022 deaths in the Philippines species barrier to humans from another
(4:59 CEST intermediate animal host → domestic food
animal, wild animal, or a domesticated wild
March 16, 2022 - 139,948,193 vaccine doses
animal
administered in PH
‣ Most likely ecological reservoir of
SARS-CoV-2: bats
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- Mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without Q! Can you get COVID-19 from recreational water (like swimming
requiring special treatment pools) or drinking water?
• Attacks primarily the throat and lungs - Drinking water does not transmit COVID-19
• Some may become seriously ill and require medical - If you swim in a pool or pond, you don’t get it either
attention - But if you go swimming in a crowded place and there is
- Anyone can get sick with COVID-19 and become seriously someone infected, then you can get it
ill or die at any age
• Older people and those with underlying medical
conditions (eg. cardiovascular disease, diabetes,
chronic respiratory disease, cancer) are more likely
to develop serious illness
- High-risk individuals:
• Those in close household contact with person
diagnosed with COVID-19
• People 65+ years old
• People with underlying health conditions (eg.
heart/lung/kidney disease, diabetes, weakened
immune system, etc.)
!! Best way to prevent/slow down transmission: be well informed
about the disease and how the virus spreads
Transmission of COVID-19
- People with mild symptoms who are otherwise healthy
should manage their symptoms at home
• On average it takes 5-6 days from infection for symptoms
to show but can take up to 14 days to become
- Transmission is highest when people are in close proximity, symptomatic
but can be inhaled over longer distances, particularly - Incubation period
indoors • Number of days between when one gets infected and
• Can also occur if splashed or sprayed with when one might see symptoms
contaminated fluid in eyes, nose, or mouth; rarely - New strains are called variants
through contaminated surfaces • As of now: delta and omicron
- WHO: no confirmed timeline on how long COVID-19 - Incubation period of the original strain of COVID-19
survives on surfaces • On average, newly infected individuals showed symptoms
• Most likely behaves like other coronaviruses, which 5-6 days after contact
survive on surfaces for a few hours up to several • Rarely, symptoms appear as soon as 2 days after
days depending on various conditions (e.g. type of exposure
surface, temperature, humidity of environment) • Most symptomatic individuals had symptoms by day 12
- 3C’s (setting in which COVID-19 is spread more easily) • Most of the other ill people were sick by day 14
• Crowded places • In other rare cases, symptoms could show after 14 days
• Close contact settings ‣ Researchers think this happens 1 out of 100
• Confined spaces with poor ventilation individuals
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- There are instances where some are positive but never show • One spike on the virus inserts into a receptor
symptoms molecule on a healthy cell membrane → virus gets
• Can still transmit the virus inside the cell
• Important that all infected individuals are identified by • Coronavirus doesn’t need to enter the host cell
testing, isolated, and receive medical care nucleus, it can directly access the ribosomes
- Other may not know they have it because symptoms are very • Ribosomes use genetic information from the virus to
mild make viral protein (eg. protein spikes)
- Current studies might not include the mildest cases, • Golgi apparatus carries the spikes in vesicles →
incubation period may be different for these vesicles merge with the cell’s outer layer/cell
membrane
Common Symptoms of COVID-19 • All the parts needed to create a new virus gathers
beneath the cell membrane
• A new virus then buds off from the cell membrane
- Fever - Loss of taste - Sore throat
and smell
Developing Pneumonia Symptoms
- Cough - Diarrhea - Aches and pain
- Lungs are divided into lobes
- Fatigue - Headache - Conjunctivitis - Normally as you breath, air moves freely through the:
❗️ People infected with coronavirus, including Delta, can also be
• Trachea/windpipe
• Bronchi → large tubes
asymptomatic • Bronchioles → smaller tubes
• Alveoli → tiny sacs
What happens in your body when you contract the coronavirus? ‣ Both the airways and alveoli are flexible and
springy
- Coronavirus infects living cells in order to reproduce ‣ Inhalation → Air sac inflates
- Parts of the virus ‣ Exhalation → Air sac deflates
‣ Surrounded by capillaries
‣ Oxygen passes into the capillaries while
Viral genetic Contains the information to
material carbon dioxide passes out so that the lungs
make more copies of itself
could expel it as you exhale
Protein shell Serves as a hard protective - Airways catch most germs in the mucus that lines the
enclosure for the genetic trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles
material as the virus travels - In a healthy body,
between the people it infects • Hair-like cilia lining the tubes constantly push the
mucus and germs out of the airways where it can be
Envelope/outer Allows the virus to infect cells by expelled by coughing
envelope merging with the cell’s outer
• Immune cells also attack viruses and germs that
membrane
make it past the mucus
Protein spikes Projects from the envelope - If the immune system is weakened (eg. coronavirus
infection), the virus can overwhelm the immune cells
Used like a key to get inside a • Bronchioles and alveoli become inflamed as the
cell, taking over and immune system attacks the multiplying viruses
repurposing the cell’s internal • Inflammation can cause the alveoli to fill with fluid
machinery to build the
→ difficult for the body to get oxygen
components of new viruses
- Body can develop:
Also used by the influenza virus • Lobar pneumonia → one lobe of the lungs is
infected
• Bronchopneumonia → affects many areas of both
- Infected person talks, coughs or sneezes → droplets
lungs
carrying the virus may land on other’s nose and/or mouth,
and move to the lungs
• Once inside the body, virus comes in contact with
cells in the throat, nose or lungs
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- Pneumonia may cause: - Following respiratory hygiene → covering mouth and nose
with folded elbow or tissue when you cough or sneeze,
• Difficulty breathing • Confusion
then disposing of the used tissue immediately
• Chest pain • Headache
- Seeking medical care early if you have a fever, cough, and
• Coughing • Muscle pain
difficulty breathing
• Fever and chills • Fatigue
- Staying informed and following advice given by your
healthcare provider, national and local public health
- Pneumonia can also lead to more serious complications authority, or employer on how to protect yourself and
- Respiratory failure occurs when breathing becomes so others from COVID-19
difficult that a ventilator is needed to help one breathe
- Developing these symptoms depends on factors likes age To prevent infection and to slow transmission of COVID-19
and whether you already have an existing condition - Get vaccinated
- Several different approaches for a potential vaccine - Choose open, well-ventilated spaces over closed ones
• A shot that contains faint versions of the virus that - If indoors, open at least a window
only to stimulate an immune response → within a - ALWAYS wash hands regularly with soap and water or
few weeks, immune cells would make antibodies clean hands with alcohol-based hand rub
specific to the coronavirus or its spike protein - If you feel unwell, stay home and self-isolate until recovery
If you are at a higher risk of severe COVID-19, protect yourself:
- Wash your hands often
- Clean and disinfect frequently touched objects and
surfaces
- Avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth
- Keep a distance of 1m from others, and avoid crowded
spaces
- Avoid close contact with anyone who has fever or cough
- Maintain a healthy routine – eg. exercise daily, eat
nutritious food
If you are at higher risk of severe COVID-19, prepare now:
- Plan ahead with your doctor on when to seek routine care
(eg. at off-peak hours) and what to do if you were to get
sick
- Make sure all your vaccinations are up to date
- Have sufficient quantity of your regular medication,
non-perishable food and other supplied to minimize trips
outside your home
- Limit in-home services and visitors to what is essential
(only people that are healthy should visit)
- Keep up to date on national public health advice
If you are at higher risk of severe COVID-19 and you experience
symptoms of fever, cough, fatigue and/or difficulty breathing:
- Seek medical care immediately
ADVICE FOR THE PUBLIC - If you are asked to return home, follow the advice of your
healthcare provider
- Washing hands frequently with water and soap or using
hand-sanitizing gel
- Maintaining social distancing → keeping a distance of 1m
or 3ft between yourself or anyone who is coughing or
sneezing
- Avoiding touching eyes, nose and mouth
- Wearing a mask as needed
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You can help protect friends and family who are at higher risk of
COVID-19 VACCINE
severe COVID-19:
- Practice good hand and respiratory hygiene
- If you have symptoms (eg. fever, cough), avoid close
contact with those at higher risk of severe infection
- Be supportive and communicate by phone or messaging
- Run errands for those at higher risk and help them stock
on their regular medications, supplied and non-perishable
food – avoid entering their home and keep a distance of at
least 1m
- Postpone social gatherings
- During the year 2002, the first case of severe acute
respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-1) was first
discovered
- Researchers took almost 18 years to prepare the
vaccine - research & trials
“Through transparent knowledge-sharing, tailored support on
the ground, and steadfast solidarity, we will beat COVID-19”
- Dr. Hans Henri P. Kluge
- You cannot get COVID-19 from the vaccine. Your body
only triggers an immune response in order to fight the
COVID-19 virus
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- Experiences re side effects to the vaccine vary from person
to person
- Lymphadenopathy may also occur at the same side of the
site of injection site
- If side effects don’t resolve after 3 days → contact
healthcare provider or the vaccine monitoring center
*Johnson & Johnson’s
Janssen COVID-19
vaccine → 1 dose only
